Landsats-1, -2, and -3, although not defined as mapping satellites, are in fact effectively recording the Earth in a form suitable for presentation as small-scale image maps. These spacecraft have demonstrated the effectiveness of Earth sensing, which must now move from the research to the operational phase. Landsat-D is designed to continue the research effort, but NASA, whose charter precludes operations, has not defined an operational system. An operational Landsat has previously been proposed in technical terms, but this concept was limited to the orthographic (2-dimensional) mode demonstrated by Landsat-1, -2, and -3. Mapping involves topography as well as planimetry, and a satellite compatible with the Landsat that also resolves the 3-dimensional mode of topography is proposed. Such a satellite requires very high stability and pointing accuracy. The current state-of-the-art permits such a satellite to be built and flown in a mode suitable for automated modeling of the Earth's surface in 3- as well as 2-dimensional modes. The satellite would be complementary to or could be combined with the operational Landsat previously proposed and it is suggested it be designated the Automated Mapping Satellite or Mapsat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78932","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1978, Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-932, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78932.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0932/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":500107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0932/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22983,"text":"ofr78410 - 1978 - Hydrologic data for urban storm runoff from three localities in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-28T15:37:29","indexId":"ofr78410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-410","title":"Hydrologic data for urban storm runoff from three localities in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Urban storm-runoff data, collected from 1975 to 1977, on three catchment areas in the Denver, Colo., metropolitan area are presented. The catchment are predominantly a single-family residential catchment area in Littleton, a multifamily residential and commercial catchment area in Lakewood, and a high-density residential and commercial catchment area in Denver. Precipitation, rainfall-runoff, snowmelt-runoff, water-quality (common constituents, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, and solids, trace elements, and pesticides), and catchment-area data are necessary to use the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's Storm Water Management Model II. The urban storm-runoff data may be used by planning, water-management, and environmental-protection agencies to assess the impact of urban storm runoff on the hydrologic system. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78410","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ellis, S.R., 1978, Hydrologic data for urban storm runoff from three localities in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-410, Report: vi, 135 p.; 3 Plates: 23.89 x 16.22 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78410.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 135 p.; 3 Plates: 23.89 x 16.22 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365231,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0410/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52372,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0410/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52373,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0410/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52374,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.3369140625,\n 39.52522954427751\n ],\n [\n -104.61181640625,\n 39.52522954427751\n ],\n [\n -104.61181640625,\n 39.9897471840457\n ],\n [\n -105.3369140625,\n 39.9897471840457\n ],\n [\n -105.3369140625,\n 39.52522954427751\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e901","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Sherman R.","contributorId":41010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Sherman","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8650,"text":"ofr78473 - 1978 - Effects of coal mine subsidence in the western Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8650,"text":"ofr78473 - 1978 - Effects of coal mine subsidence in the western Powder River basin, Wyoming","indexId":"ofr78473","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of coal mine subsidence in the western Powder River basin, Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5913,"text":"pp1164 - 1980 - Effects of coal mine subsidence in the Sheridan, Wyoming, area","indexId":"pp1164","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of coal mine subsidence in the Sheridan, Wyoming, area"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5913,"text":"pp1164 - 1980 - Effects of coal mine subsidence in the Sheridan, Wyoming, area","indexId":"pp1164","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of coal mine subsidence in the Sheridan, Wyoming, area"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T20:17:02.933063","indexId":"ofr78473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-473","title":"Effects of coal mine subsidence in the western Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Analyses of the surface effects of past underground coal mining in the western Powder River Basin suggest that underground mining of strippable coal deposits will damage the environment more over long periods of time than will modern surface mining, provided proper restoration procedures are followed after surface mining. Subsidence depressions and pits are a continuing hazard to the environment and to man's activities 5-20 km north of Sheridan, Wyo., above mines that were abandoned 25-80 years ago where the overburden is weak and is less than about 60 m thick. In addition, fires commonly start by spontaneous combustion when water and air enter the abandoned mine workings via subsidence cracks and pits. The fires can then spread to unmined coal as they create more cavities, more subsidence, and more cracks and pits through which air can circulate.
In modern surface mining operations the total land surface underlain by minable coal is removed to expose the coal. The coal is removed, the overburden and topsoil are replaced, and the land regraded and revegetated. The land, although disturbed, can be more easily restored and put back into use than land underlain by abandoned underground mine workings in areas where the overburden is less than about 60 m thick. The resource recovery of modern surface mining also is much greater than that of underground mining procedures.
Although present-day underground mining technology is advanced as compared to that of 25-80 years ago, subsidence resulting from mining of thick coal beds beneath overburden less than about 60 m thick by underground methods can cause greater damage to surface drainage, ground water, and vegetation than can properly designed surface mining operations. This report briefly discusses the geology and surface and underground effects of former large-scale underground mining in a 50 km2 area north of Sheridan, Wyo. and describes some environmental consequences and problems caused by mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78473","usgsCitation":"Dunrud, C., and Osterwald, F.W., 1978, Effects of coal mine subsidence in the western Powder River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-473, iii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78473.","productDescription":"iii, 71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424155,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0473/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.73961450431369,\n 44.834802347205994\n ],\n [\n -107.73961450431369,\n 42.749396299259615\n ],\n [\n -106.16856958243883,\n 42.749396299259615\n ],\n [\n -106.16856958243883,\n 44.834802347205994\n ],\n [\n -107.73961450431369,\n 44.834802347205994\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db6160ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunrud, C. Richard","contributorId":48964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunrud","given":"C. Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterwald, Frank W.","contributorId":98301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterwald","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20762,"text":"ofr78176 - 1978 - Recent and projected changes in Dead Sea level and effects on mineral production from the sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T20:25:47.485204","indexId":"ofr78176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-176","title":"Recent and projected changes in Dead Sea level and effects on mineral production from the sea","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data for the Dead Sea area were reviewed to assess the probable magnitude and rate of change of the water level of the Dead Sea. Historical average annual Dead Sea levels range from a minimum of 399.4 meters below sea level in about 1818 to a maximum of 388.6 meters below in 1896. Present levels are rapidly approaching the historical low. There is a close correlation between Dead Sea level and accumulated departure from the mean of long-term rainfall except for the most recent period since 1964. During that period rainfall has been near the long-term average but water levels have continued to decline, in part due to abstractions for irrigation in the Jordan River basin.
The dissolved-solids concentration of Dead Sea water presently is approximately 322,000 milligrams per liter and is generally well mixed throughout. This concentration is at the saturation level, resulting in continuous precipitation of some salts. The increase in dissolved solids to the present high concentration has resulted in an evaporation rate less than that estimated in previous reports. Evaporation rate from the North Basin is estimated at 1,310 millimeters per year at present. The evaporation rate from the South Basin was not estimated due to extensive existing or planned modifications for mineral production facilities.
Water budget computations were performed at various inflow rates in order to project water-level changes for 50 years. Computations assumed closure of the South Basin by existing and proposed mineral extraction facilities. The projected 50-year changes ranged from a decline of 51 meters with no inflow from any sources to a rise of 10.2 meters when average annual inflow from the Jordan River was 750 cubic hectometers. An average annual inflow to the Sea of 900 cubic hectometers from all sources is required to stabilize the Sea at the present level. Principal impact of declining water levels on proposed potash production facilities in Jordan would be an increase in power requirements.
A cursory review of a proposed plan to divert water from the Mediterranean Sea into the Dead Sea to generate electric power and stabilize water levels indicates a very limited impact on chemical, physical, and ecological characteristics of the Dead Sea in the near future. Water-budget computations indicate that if all but 200 cubic hectometers of tributaries' waters were utilized for irrigation and other purposes, a maximum diversion of 700 cubic hectometers per year into the Dead Sea would be possible without significantly raising long-term average water levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development","usgsCitation":"Sauer, S.P., 1978, Recent and projected changes in Dead Sea level and effects on mineral production from the sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-176, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78176.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0176/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Israel, Jordan, West Bank","otherGeospatial":"Dead Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.36773681640625,\n 30.954057859276126\n ],\n [\n 35.6011962890625,\n 30.954057859276126\n ],\n [\n 35.6011962890625,\n 31.826231907142883\n ],\n [\n 35.36773681640625,\n 31.826231907142883\n ],\n [\n 35.36773681640625,\n 30.954057859276126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, Stanley P.","contributorId":38966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20781,"text":"ofr791088 - 1978 - Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr791088","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1088","title":"Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter","docAbstract":"The collection and analysis of detailed information on the surface of natural terrain are important aspects of radar-backscattering modeling. Radar is especially sensitive to surface-relief changes in the millimeter- to-decimeter scale four conventional K-band (~1-cm wavelength) to L-band (~25-cm wavelength) radar systems. Surface roughness statistics that characterize these changes in detail have been generated by a comprehensive set of seven programmed calculations for radar-backscatter modeling from sets of field measurements. The seven programs are 1) formatting of data in readable form for subsequent topographic analysis program; 2) relief analysis; 3) power spectral analysis; 4) power spectrum plots; 5) slope angle between slope reversals; 6) slope angle against slope interval plots; and 7) base length slope angle and curvature. This complete Fortran IV software package, 'Terrain Analysis', is here presented for the first time. It was originally developed a decade ago for investigations of lunar morphology and surface trafficability for the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791088","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., Pike, R.J., and Berlin, G.L., 1978, Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1088, 1 v. ; 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791088.","productDescription":"1 v. ; 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50332,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, Gerald G.","contributorId":12511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":183240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlin, Graydon Lennis","contributorId":58667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Graydon","email":"","middleInitial":"Lennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11762,"text":"ofr78334 - 1978 - Calibration of a simple oilspill trajectory model using the Argo Merchant spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:19:24","indexId":"ofr78334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-334","title":"Calibration of a simple oilspill trajectory model using the Argo Merchant spill","docAbstract":"An oil spill risk analysis was conducted to determine the relative envionmental hazards of developing oil in different regions of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf lease area. The study analyzed the probability of spill occurrence, likely paths of the spills, and locations in space and time of such objects as recreational and biological resources likely to be vulnerable. These results combined to yield estimates of the overall oilspill risk associated with development of the proposed lease area. This risk is compared to the existing oilspill risk from existing leases in the area. The analysis implicityly includes estimates of weathering rates and slick dispersion and an indication of the possible mitigating effects of cleanups. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78334","usgsCitation":"Wyant, T., 1978, Calibration of a simple oilspill trajectory model using the Argo Merchant spill: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-334, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78334.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr78334.jpg"},{"id":284489,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0334/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.35,36.79 ], [ -71.35,42.78 ], [ -62.78,42.78 ], [ -62.78,36.79 ], [ -71.35,36.79 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd500ce4b0b290850f319b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyant, Timothy","contributorId":26672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyant","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9347,"text":"ofr78486 - 1978 - Mass movement and storms in the drainage basin of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California — A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-23T21:18:54.649675","indexId":"ofr78486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-486","title":"Mass movement and storms in the drainage basin of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California — A progress report","docAbstract":"Numerous active landslides are clearly significant contributors to high sediment loads in the Redwood Creek basin. Field and aerial-photograph inspections indicate that large mass-movement features, such as earthflows and massive streamside debris slides, occur primarily in terrain underlain by unmetamorphosed or slightly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. These features cannot account for stream sediment derived from schist. Observed lithologic heterogeneity of stream sediment therefore suggests that large-scale mass movement is only one part of a complex suite of processes supplying sediment to streams in this basin. Other significant sediment contributors include various forms of fluvial erosion and small-scale discrete mass failures, particularly on oversteepened hillslopes adjacent to perennial streams. Photo-interpretive studies of landslide and timber-harvest history adjacent to Redwood Creek, together with analysis of regional precipitation and runoff records for six flood-producing storms between 1953 and 1975, indicate that loci and times of significant streamside landsliding are influenced by both local storm intensity and streamside logging. Analysis of rainfall records and historic accounts indicates that the individual storms comprising a late-19th-century series of storms in northwestern California were similar in magnitude and spacing to those of the past 25 years. The recent storms apparently initiated more streamside landslides than comparable earlier storms, which occurred prior to extensive road construction and timber harvest. \r\n\r\nField observations and repeated surveys of stake arrays at 10 sites in the basin indicate that earthflows are especially active during prolonged periods of moderate rainfall; but that during brief intense storms, fluvial processes are the dominant erosion mechanism. Stake movement occurs mostly during wet winter months. Spring and summer movement was detected at some moist streamside sites. Surveys of stake arrays in two recently logged areas did not indicate exceptionally rapid rates of movement in three years following timber harvest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78486","usgsCitation":"Harden, D.R., Janda, R.J., and Nolan, K.M., 1978, Mass movement and storms in the drainage basin of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California — A progress report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-486, Report: v, 161 p.; 2 Plates: 32.90 × 25.11 inches and 29.10 × 32.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78486.","productDescription":"Report: v, 161 p.; 2 Plates: 32.90 × 25.11 inches and 29.10 × 32.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396392,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53769.htm"},{"id":37062,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0486/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0486/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37064,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0486/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37063,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0486/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Redwood Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1,\n 40.6833\n ],\n [\n -123.6883,\n 40.6833\n ],\n [\n -123.6883,\n 41.3597\n ],\n [\n -124.1,\n 41.3597\n ],\n [\n -124.1,\n 40.6833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, Deborah Reid","contributorId":10042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"Reid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janda, Richard J.","contributorId":13235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janda","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nolan, K. Michael","contributorId":71943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9220,"text":"ofr78479 - 1978 - A progress report on estuary modeling by the finite-element method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T19:49:23.889397","indexId":"ofr78479","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-479","title":"A progress report on estuary modeling by the finite-element method","docAbstract":"Various schemes are investigated for finite-element modeling of two-dimensional surface-water flows. The first schemes investigated combine finite-element spatial discretization with split-step time stepping schemes that have been found useful in finite-difference computations. Because of the large number of numerical integrations performed in space and the large sparse matrices solved, these finite-element schemes were found to be economically uncompetitive with finite-difference schemes. A very promising leapfrog scheme is proposed which, when combined with a novel very fast spatial integration procedure, eliminates the need to solve any matrices at all. Additional problems attacked included proper propagation of waves and proper specification of the normal-flow boundary condition. This report indicates work in progress and does not come to a definitive conclusion as to the best approach for finite-element modeling of surface-water problems. The results presented herein represent findings obtained between September 1973 and July 1976.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78479","usgsCitation":"Gray, W., 1978, A progress report on estuary modeling by the finite-element method: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-479, iii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78479.","productDescription":"iii, 79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426385,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0479/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0479/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, William G.","contributorId":105308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"William G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8490,"text":"ofr781093 - 1978 - Postulated model of uranium occurrence in the central mining area, Marysvale District, west-central Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8490,"text":"ofr781093 - 1978 - Postulated model of uranium occurrence in the central mining area, Marysvale District, west-central Utah","indexId":"ofr781093","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Postulated model of uranium occurrence in the central mining area, Marysvale District, west-central Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64982,"text":"i1177 - 1979 - Uranium in the central mining area, Marysvale district, west central Utah","indexId":"i1177","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Uranium in the central mining area, Marysvale district, west central Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64982,"text":"i1177 - 1979 - Uranium in the central mining area, Marysvale district, west central Utah","indexId":"i1177","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Uranium in the central mining area, Marysvale district, west central Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T20:59:27.512346","indexId":"ofr781093","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1093","title":"Postulated model of uranium occurrence in the central mining area, Marysvale District, west-central Utah","docAbstract":"Uranium in the central mining area of Marysvale, Utah occurs in hydrothermal veins cutting granitic and volcanic rocks in the eastern source area of the Mount Belknap Volcanics. A preliminary model for the origin of the veins envisages deposition in near-surface fractures above an unexposed pluton that may host a porphyry-type ore deposit. This model is based on the work in progress by the U.S. Geological Survey, and embodies all presently available data from field mapping, literature study, fluid inclusion studies, and diverse geochemical and isotopic studies. Recent advances in uranium geochemistry have been particularly helpful. The work is not yet complete so this model should be considered as a progress report suggesting possible targets for exploration and testing; such testing would in turn lead to refinements in the model and to a clearer understanding of vein-type uranium deposits in general.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr781093","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., and Steven, T.A., 1978, Postulated model of uranium occurrence in the central mining area, Marysvale District, west-central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1093, Report: i, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 15.17 x 19.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781093.","productDescription":"Report: i, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 15.17 x 19.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":407368,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1093/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407367,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Marysvale District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.25,38.446 ], [ -112.25,38.522 ], [ -112.167,38.522 ], [ -112.167,38.446], [ -112.25,38.446 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6839e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Charles G.","contributorId":85940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steven, Thomas August","contributorId":73174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"August","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10570,"text":"ofr78845 - 1978 - Geologic interpretation of gravity data from the Date Creek basin and adjacent areas, west-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T21:06:24.569281","indexId":"ofr78845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-845","title":"Geologic interpretation of gravity data from the Date Creek basin and adjacent areas, west-central Arizona","docAbstract":"A gravity survey of the Date Creek Basin and adjacent areas was conducted in June 1977 to provide information for the interpretation of basin geology. A comparison of facies relations in the locally uraniferous Chapin Wash Formation and the position of the Anderson mine gravity anomaly in the Date Creek Basin suggested that a relationship between gravity lows and the development of thick lacustrine sections in the region might exist. A second-order residual gravity map derived from the complete Bouguer gravity map for the survey area (derived from survey data and pre-existing U.S. Department of Defense data) shows an excellent correspondence between gravity lows and sediment-filled basins and suggests considerable variation in basin-fill thickness. Using the Anderson mine anomaly as a model, gravity data and facies relations suggest that the southeastern flank of the Aguila Valley gravity low and the gravity low at the western end of the Hassayampa Plain are likely areas for finding thick sections of tuffaceous lacustrine rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78845","usgsCitation":"Otton, J.K., and Wynn, J.C., 1978, Geologic interpretation of gravity data from the Date Creek basin and adjacent areas, west-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-845, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78845.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408002,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74941.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":38402,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0845/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0845/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Date Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a54a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wynn, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":81081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11439,"text":"ofr7826 - 1978 - Contact-metasomatic magnetite deposit, Medfra Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T17:39:06.707771","indexId":"ofr7826","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-26","title":"Contact-metasomatic magnetite deposit, Medfra Quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"A small contact-metasomatic magnetite deposit was discovered in the Medfra quadrangle, Alaska, in 1976. It occurs at the contact between a Cretaceous or early Tertiary quartz monzonite stock and Paleozoic limestone and dolomite. The ore is a magnetite-clinohumite-hematite rock that contains up to 60 volume percent magnetite and 76 weight percent total iron expressed as FeO. Computer modelling of data derived from a ground-level magnetometer survey yielded an estimate of the shape and volume of the deposit. The volume is grossly estimated at 11,6003m .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7826","usgsCitation":"Throckmorton, M., and Patton, W.W., 1978, Contact-metasomatic magnetite deposit, Medfra Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-26, i, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7826.","productDescription":"i, 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420668,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Medfra Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156,63 ], [ -156,64 ], [ -153,64 ], [ -153,63 ], [ -156,63 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a28a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Throckmorton, M.L.","contributorId":97914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Throckmorton","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, William Wallace","contributorId":77129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8453,"text":"ofr78266 - 1978 - Five-day recorder seismic system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:05","indexId":"ofr78266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-266","title":"Five-day recorder seismic system","docAbstract":"The 10-day recorder seismic system used by the USGS since 1965 has been modified substantially to improve its dynamic range and frequency response, to decrease its power consumption and physical complexity, and to make its recordings more compatible with other NCER systems to facilitate data processing. The principal changes include:\r\n\r\n 1. increasing tape speed from 15/160 ips to 15/80 ips (reducing running time from 10 days to 5 days with a 14' reel of 1 mil tape),\r\n\r\n 2. increasing the FM center frequency by a factor of 4, from 84.4 Hz to 337.6 Hz,\r\n\r\n 3. replacing the original amplifiers and FM modulators with new low-power units,\r\n\r\n 4. replacing the chronometer with a higher quality time code generator (with IRIG-C) to permit automation of data retrieval,\r\n\r\n 5. eliminating the amplifier/WWVB radio field case by incorporating these elements, along with the new TCG, in the weatherproof tape-recorder box,\r\n\r\n 6. reducing the power consumption of the motor-drive circuit by removal of a redundant component.\r\n\r\nIn the new system, the tape-recorder case houses all components except the seismometers, the WWVB antenna, the 70-amp-hour 12-VDC battery (which powers the system for 5 days), and the cables to connect these external elements to the recorder box.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this report are:\r\n\r\n 1. to describe the new 5-day-recorder seismic system in terms of its constituent parts and their functions,\r\n\r\n 2. to describe modifications to parts of the original system that were retained and to document new or replacement components with appropriate circuit diagrams and constructional details,\r\n\r\n 3. to provide detailed instructions for the correct adjustment or alignment of the system in the laboratory, and\r\n\r\n 4. to provide detailed instructions for installing and operating the system in the field. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78266","usgsCitation":"Criley, E., Eaton, J.P., and Ellis, J., 1978, Five-day recorder seismic system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-266, 85 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; (86 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78266.","productDescription":"85 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; (86 p. - PGS)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_78_266.gif"},{"id":14390,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ede4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Criley, Ed","contributorId":30626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Jim","contributorId":12035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8444,"text":"ofr77727 - 1977 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"ofr77727","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2056","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":55894,"text":"ofr6961 - 1969 - Study of flood hydrographs for small drainage basins in Wyoming--progress report","indexId":"ofr6961","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Study of flood hydrographs for small drainage basins in Wyoming--progress report"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2056","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2056","title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","docAbstract":"A flood-hydrograph study has defined the magnitude and frequency of flood volumes and flood peaks that can be expected from drainage basins smaller than 11 square miles in the plains and valley areas of Wyoming. Rainfall and runoff data, collected for 9 years on a seasonal basis (April through September), were used to calibrate a rainfall-runoff model on each of 22 small basins. Long-term records of runoff volume and peak discharge were synthesized for these 22 basins. \r\n\r\nFlood volumes and flood peaks of specific recurrence intervals (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years) were then related to basin characteristics with a high degree of correlation. Flood volumes were related to drainage area, maximum relief, and basin slope. Flood peaks were related to drainage area, maximum relief, basin slope, and channel slope. An investigation of ponding behind a highway embankment, with available storage capacity and with a culvert to allow outflow, has shown that the single fast-rising peak is most important in culvert design. Consequently, a dimensionless hydrograph defines the characteristic shape of flood hydrographs to be expected from small drainage basins in Wyoming. For design purposes, a peak and volume can be estimated from basin characteristics and used with the dimensionless hydrograph to produce a synthetic single-peak hydrograph. Incremental discharges of the hydrograph can be routed along a channel, where a highway fill and culvert are to be placed, to help determine the most economical size of culvert if embankment storage is to be considered.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2056","usgsCitation":"Craig, G.S., and Rankl, J.G., 1978, Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2056, vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2056.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68018f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, Gordon S.","contributorId":78310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankl, James G.","contributorId":93026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4288,"text":"cir795 - 1978 - Estimation of ground motion parameters","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7123,"text":"ofr78509 - 1978 - Estimation of ground motion parameters","indexId":"ofr78509","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of ground motion parameters"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4288,"text":"cir795 - 1978 - Estimation of ground motion parameters","indexId":"cir795","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of ground motion parameters"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir795","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"795","title":"Estimation of ground motion parameters","docAbstract":"Strong motion data from western North America for earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5 are examined to provide the basis for estimating peak acceleration, velocity, displacement, and duration as a function of distance for three magnitude classes. A subset of the data (from the San Fernando earthquake) is used to assess the effects of structural size and of geologic site conditions on peak motions recorded at the base of structures. Small but statistically significant differences are observed in peak values of horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement recorded on soil at the base of small structures compared with values recorded at the base of large structures. The peak acceleration tends to b3e less and the peak velocity and displacement tend to be greater on the average at the base of large structures than at the base of small structures. In the distance range used in the regression analysis (15-100 km) the values of peak horizontal acceleration recorded at soil sites in the San Fernando earthquake are not significantly different from the values recorded at rock sites, but values of peak horizontal velocity and displacement are significantly greater at soil sites than at rock sites.\r\n\r\nSome consideration is given to the prediction of ground motions at close distances where there are insufficient recorded data points. As might be expected from the lack of data, published relations for predicting peak horizontal acceleration give widely divergent estimates at close distances (three well known relations predict accelerations between 0.33 g to slightly over 1 g at a distance of 5 km from a magnitude 6.5 earthquake). After considering the physics of the faulting process, the few available data close to faults, and the modifying effects of surface topography, at the present time it would be difficult to accept estimates less than about 0.8 g, 110 cm/s, and 40 cm, respectively, for the mean values of peak acceleration, velocity, and displacement at rock sites within 5 km of fault rupture in a magnitude 6.5 earthquake. These estimates can be expected to change as more data become available.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir795","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B., Oliver, A., and Page, R., 1978, Estimation of ground motion parameters: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 795, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir795.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1978/0795/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31399,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1978/0795/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a44c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":148728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyner, W. B.","contributorId":70746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oliver, A.A.","contributorId":85572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":8282,"text":"ofr7895 - 1978 - Tsunami microprocessor tide system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T14:07:26.235893","indexId":"ofr7895","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-95","title":"Tsunami microprocessor tide system","docAbstract":"A Tsunami Microprocessor Tide System was developed to replace the Advanced Tsunami Tide System. The use of microprocessor based systems will reduce manpower and hardware costs from $4,000 per advanced system to $400 per microprocessor system. In addition to the cost reduction; the capacity, capability, and flexibility of the microprocessor systems were increased over the conventional systems. The microprocessor system can store up to 80 tide words as compared to 40 for the original systems. The microprocessor system can easily change data output formats from 11-bit ASCII to 8-bit ASCII codes, change tide sensors from float sensors to either crystal or bubbler sensors, and change other desired commands such as end of transmission (EOT) commands by simple software modifications.
The new Tsunami Microprocessor Tide System is programmed to operate in an \"Interrogate\" mode over the GOES Satellite Network. The Tsunami Microprocessor Tide System was developed for use in the Tsunami Warning Network. This system could be used in any water level measuring system because with simple software changes it could operate over standard radio link telemetry systems or over dial-up telephone circuit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7895","usgsCitation":"Clark, H., and Heckendorn, G.L., 1978, Tsunami microprocessor tide system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-95, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7895.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0095/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6241f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Harold","contributorId":102076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heckendorn, Gary L.","contributorId":12036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckendorn","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19430,"text":"ofr781016 - 1978 - Results and interpretation of exploratory drilling near the Picacho Fault, south-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr781016","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1016","title":"Results and interpretation of exploratory drilling near the Picacho Fault, south-central Arizona","docAbstract":"Modern surface faulting along the Picacho fault, east of Picacho, Arizona, has been attributed to ground-water withdrawal. In September 1977, three exploratory test holes were drilled 5 km east of Picacho and across the Picacho fault to investigate subsurface conditions and the mechanism of the faulting. The holes were logged by conventional geophysical and geologic methods. Piezometers were set in each hole and have been monitored since September 1977. The drilling indicates that the unconsolidated alluvium beneath the surface fault is approximately 310 m thick. Drilling and piezometer data and an associated seismic refraction survey indicate that the modern faulting is coincident with a preexisting, high-angle, normal fault that offsets units within the alluvium as well as the underlying bedrock. Piezometer and neutron log data indicate that the preexisting fault behaves as a partial ground-water barrier. Monitoring of the piezometers indicates that the magnitude of the man-induced difference in water level across the preexisting fault is seasonal in nature, essentially disappearing during periods of water-level recovery. The magnitude of the seasonal difference in water level, however, appears to be sufficient to account for the modern fault offset by localized differential compaction caused by a difference in water level across the preexisting fault. In addition, repeated level surveys since September 1977 of bench marks across the surface fault and near the piezometers have indicated fault movement that corresponds to fluctuations of water level.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr781016","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T.L., 1978, Results and interpretation of exploratory drilling near the Picacho Fault, south-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1016, ii, 38 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (41 p., 3 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781016.","productDescription":"ii, 38 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (41 p., 3 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1016/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48904,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1016/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48905,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1016/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48906,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1016/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4437","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":180889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9965,"text":"ofr79202 - 1978 - Direct solution algorithm for the two-dimensional ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr79202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-202","title":"Direct solution algorithm for the two-dimensional ground-water flow model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79202","usgsCitation":"Larson, S.P., 1978, Direct solution algorithm for the two-dimensional ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-202, 25 p. :ill. ;27 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79202.","productDescription":"25 p. :ill. ;27 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37766,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S. P.","contributorId":34903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8225,"text":"ofr78320 - 1978 - Eolian sand and interbedded organic horizons at Kealok Creek on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: possible regional implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-18T19:24:01.902152","indexId":"ofr78320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-320","title":"Eolian sand and interbedded organic horizons at Kealok Creek on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: possible regional implications","docAbstract":"Eolian sand has long been recognized as a widespread but minor facies of supposedly dominantly marine sediments of the Gubik Formation of the Arctic Coastal Plain (Smith and Mertie, 1930; Black, 1951 and 1964; O'Sullivan, 1961). Descriptions of eolian landforms of the coastal plain have been published by several authors, including Black (1951), Rickert and Tedrow (1967), and Walker (1967 and 1973). Many of the dunes discussed by these authors are associated with modern floodplains. Black (1951), however, outlined an area of stabilized longitudinal, parabolic, and multicyclic dunes occurring over an area of 12,950 sq km west of the Colville River, which includes the area discussed in this report. Black (1951, p. 93) characterized the dunes as being most abundant on crests of ridges and other topographic irregularities, and pointed out that they are commonly associated with the cut banks of large lakes and streams. He described the longitudinal dunes as generally less than 1,000 m long, but as much as 2,500 m in length and stated that they \"...appear to be only a few feet thick, although some may be as much as 10 to 20 feet thick.\" Field investigations during the summer of 1977 on the Arctic Coastal Plain (Williams and others, 1977) disclosed that, over at least a portion of this area, the ridges upon which the small dunes described by Black are superimposed, and the cut banks associated with the dunes, consist of eolian deposits that comprise the major part of the Gubik Formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78320","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.D., and Robinson, S., 1978, Eolian sand and interbedded organic horizons at Kealok Creek on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: possible regional implications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-320, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78320.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0320/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0320/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Coastal Plain, Kealok Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.87451671608443,\n 71.08867605115762\n ],\n [\n -154.87451671608443,\n 70.23422213524944\n ],\n [\n -151.3603994579238,\n 70.23422213524944\n ],\n [\n -151.3603994579238,\n 71.08867605115762\n ],\n [\n -154.87451671608443,\n 71.08867605115762\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60213c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, S.W.","contributorId":30985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10764,"text":"ofr78445 - 1978 - Chemical, physical, biochemical, and bacteriological characteristics at selected stream sites in Puerto Rico, 1976-77","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T19:46:23.772413","indexId":"ofr78445","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-445","title":"Chemical, physical, biochemical, and bacteriological characteristics at selected stream sites in Puerto Rico, 1976-77","docAbstract":"In 1969, the Caribbean District of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, initiated the operation of a network to monitor some parameters indicative of water-quality changes at selected stream sites. The initial network consisted of 18 stations, which were expanded to 20 in 1971, and to 30 in 1973 (Reed and others, 1971, 1972, Quinones, 1975).
In 1974, at the request of the Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico, the network was modified to conform with the Environmental Protection Agency National Water Quality Surveillance System. Under the revised concept, monitoring stations were established at sites near the headwaters and mouths of the principal rivers in Puerto Rico. Most of the stations in the p-evious network were located at sites downstream in the valleys in order that the overall water-quality conditions in the principal rivers could be monitored. The purpose of the present network is to monitor changes in water quality between the upstream and downstream stations. The expanded network consisted of 58 stations. During 1976, five had been discontinued. One other was added late in 1976. Progress reports have been published in 1976 (Quinones and others) and 1977 (Quinones and others). Most of the stations in the original network have been maintained, thus providing sore degree of continuity. The monitoring stations used in this report are shown in figure 1 and listed in table 2.
This report summarizes the results of the network operation from July 1976 to August 1977.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78445","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Marquez, F., Vasquez, P., and Pena Cortes, R., 1978, Chemical, physical, biochemical, and bacteriological characteristics at selected stream sites in Puerto Rico, 1976-77: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-445, iii, 145 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78445.","productDescription":"iii, 145 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426381,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0445/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0445/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:21","indexId":"ofr78155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-155","title":"A simple-harmonic model for depicting the annual cycle of seasonal temperatures of streams","docAbstract":"Due to economic or operational constraints, stream-temperature records cannot always be collected at all sites where information is desired or at frequencies dictated by continuous or near-continuous surveillance requirements. For streams where only periodic measurements are made during the year, and that are not appreciably affected by regulation or by thermal loading , a simple harmonic function may adequately depict the annual seasonal cycle of stream temperature at any given site. Resultant harmonic coefficients obtained from available stream-temperature records may be used in the following ways: (1) To interpolate between discrete measurements by solving the harmonic function at specified times, thereby filling in estimates of stream-temperature values; (2) to characterize areal or regional patterns of natural stream-temperature values; (2) to characterize areal or regional patterns of natural stream-temperature conditions; and (3) to detect and to assess any significant at a site brought about by streamflow regulation or basin development. Moreover, less-than-daily or sampling frequencies at a given site may give estimates of annual variation of stream temperatures that are statistically comparable to estimates obtained from a daily or continuous sampling scheme. The latter procedure may result in potential savings of resources in network operations, with negligible loss in information on annual stream-temperature variations. (Woodard -USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78155","usgsCitation":"Steele, T.D., 1978, A simple-harmonic model for depicting the annual cycle of seasonal temperatures of streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-155, iii, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.; (36 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78155.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.; (36 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0155/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39130,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Timothy Doak","contributorId":88723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"Doak","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8165,"text":"ofr78815 - 1978 - Exploration geophysics calculator programs for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable calculators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:07","indexId":"ofr78815","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-815","title":"Exploration geophysics calculator programs for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable calculators","docAbstract":"Program listing, instructions, and example problems are given for 12 programs for the interpretation of geophysical data, for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable hand-held calculators. These are (1) gravity anomaly over 2D prism with = 9 vertices--Talwani method; (2) magnetic anomaly (?T, ?V, or ?H) over 2D prism with = 8 vertices?Talwani method; (3) total-field magnetic anomaly profile over thick sheet/thin dike; (4) single dipping seismic refractor--interpretation and design; (5) = 4 dipping seismic refractors--interpretation; (6) = 4 dipping seismic refractors?design; (7) vertical electrical sounding over = 10 horizontal layers--Schlumberger or Wenner forward calculation; (8) vertical electric sounding: Dar Zarrouk calculations; (9) magnetotelluric planewave apparent conductivity and phase angle over = 9 horizontal layers--forward calculation; (10) petrophysics: a.c. electrical parameters; (11) petrophysics: elastic constants; (12) digital convolution with = 10-1ength filter.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78815","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.L., and Watts, R.D., 1978, Exploration geophysics calculator programs for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable calculators: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-815, 74 leaves :ill. ;27 cm.; (75 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78815.","productDescription":"74 leaves :ill. ;27 cm.; (75 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0815/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0815/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8d17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, David L.","contributorId":95447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Raymond D.","contributorId":105713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}