The Northern Great Plains, an area of about 250,000 square miles in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, is underlain by an accumulation of sediments eroded from the Black Hills and from mountains to the west. Principal aquifers are areally extensive beds of sandstone within these sedimentary rocks, some at great depths. Anticipated future water needs dictate that available ground-water supplies be evaluated for management of this natural resource. The U.S. Geological Survey has started (1978) a 4-year study of the Northern Great Plains aquifer system. The objective of this study is to define availability and quality of ground water and to predict the effects of using this resource. To achieve this objective, the ground-water system will be described in terms of spatial distribution, hydraulics, geology, and geochemistry. Once described, the ground-water system will be simulated by mathematical models that will be used to define responses of the system to various management alternatives and assumed development patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7934","usgsCitation":"Dinwiddie, G.A., 1979, Plan of study for the northern Great Plains regional aquifer-system analysis in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-34, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7934.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains Regional Aquifer-System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 41.95131994679697\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinwiddie, George A.","contributorId":21135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinwiddie","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10593,"text":"ofr79840 - 1979 - Palladium, platinum, and rhodium concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Kizildag and Guleman areas, Turkey, and the Faryab and Esfandagheh-Abdasht areas, Iran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:48:30.315389","indexId":"ofr79840","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-840","title":"Palladium, platinum, and rhodium concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Kizildag and Guleman areas, Turkey, and the Faryab and Esfandagheh-Abdasht areas, Iran","docAbstract":"The Kizildag and Guleman areas, Turkey, and the Faryab and Esfandagheh-Abdasht areas, Iran, have produced chromite from ophiolite complexes consisting of harzburgite tectonite, dunite tectonite containing chromitite, pyroxenite, wehrlite, and gabbro. Forty-six samples from these complexes were analyzed in order to investigate the possibility of platinum-group metals being present that could be produced as byproducts. The results, however, indicate concentrations of palladium, platinum, and rhodium ranging up to 46 ppb (parts per billion), 55 ppb, and 24 ppb, respectively. The concentration levels and ratios of these metals are similar to other alpine ultramafic bodies that have been analyzed by modern analytical techniques. Ten samples from massive sulfide deposits in the Gunes and Ergani-Maden areas, Turkey, and the Sheikh Ali mine, Iran, were analyzed also. The results of the analysis suggests a low potential for byproduct palladium, platinum, and rhodium production in these ophiolite-associated massive sulfide deposits.
The four ultramafic and mafic areas in Turkey and Iran under consideration have, and are, producing in 1978 chromite from podiform chromitites in alpine-type complexes. Because of the known association of chromitites and platinum-group metals, a collection of chromitites was made to check their palladium, platinum, and rhodium content to determine if economic concentrations might exist. Also, inasmuch as such rocks are thought to represent parts of the oceanic crust and upper mantle, data on platinum-group elements from these rocks can provide information to design geochemical models for the distribution of these elements. During the field excursions of the CENTO Working Group on Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks and Their Associated Ore Deposits, the Kizildag and Gunes areas, Turkey, were sampled in 1974 and the Guleman area, Turkey; Faryab and Esfandagheh-Abdasht areas, Iran, were sampled in 1975. In addition, samples of massive sulfide ores from the Ergani-Maden area, Turkey, were also collected for analysis, and the results included here.
In this report the geologic framework of these areas is briefly examined as a background for interpreting the concentrations of palladium, platinum, and rhodium in the chromitites and ultramafic and mafic rocks. Comparisons of these analyses with analyses from other areas containing similar rocks show few differences in concentration or proportions of these three platinum-group metals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79840","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"Page, N.J., Engin, T., and Haffty, J., 1979, Palladium, platinum, and rhodium concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Kizildag and Guleman areas, Turkey, and the Faryab and Esfandagheh-Abdasht areas, Iran: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-840, ii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79840.","productDescription":"ii, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403631,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0840/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0840/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran, Turkey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42.626953125,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n 46.845703125,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n 46.845703125,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n 42.626953125,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n 42.626953125,\n 36.80928470205937\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689ac9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":46492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engin, Tandogan","contributorId":21959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engin","given":"Tandogan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haffty, Joseph","contributorId":79450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haffty","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1142,"text":"wsp1757O - 1979 - The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18481,"text":"ofr78892 - 1978 - The corrosive well waters of Egypt's Western Desert","indexId":"ofr78892","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"The corrosive well waters of Egypt's Western Desert"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1142,"text":"wsp1757O - 1979 - The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert","indexId":"wsp1757O","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"chapter":"O","title":"The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1757O","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"O","title":"The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert","docAbstract":"The discovery that ground waters of Egypt's Western Desert are highly corrosive is lost in antiquity. Inhabitants of the oases have been aware of the troublesome property for many decades and early investigators mention it in their reports concerning the area. Introduction of modern well-drilling techniques and replacements of native wood casing with steel during the 20th century increased corrosion problems and, in what is called the New Valley Project, led to an intense search for causes and corrective treatments. This revealed that extreme corrosiveness results from combined effects of relatively acidic waters with significant concentrations of destructive sulfide ion; unfavorable ratios of sulfate and chloride to less aggressive ions; mineral equilibria and electrode potential which hinder formation of protective films; relative high chemical reaction rates because of abnormal temperatures, and high surface velocities related to well design. \r\n\r\nThere is general agreement among investigators that conventional corrosion control methods such as coating metal surfaces, chemical treatment of the water, and electrolytic protection with impressed current and sacrificial electrodes are ineffective or impracticable for wells in the Western Desert's New Valley. Thus, control must be sought through the use of materials more resistant to corrosion than plain carbon steel wherever well screens and casings are necessary. Of the alternatives considered, stainless steel appears to. be the most promising where high strength and long-term services are required and the alloy's relatively high cost is acceptable. Epoxy resin-bonded fiberglass and wood appear to be practicable, relatively inexpensive alternatives for installations which do. not exceed their strength limitations. Other materials such as high strength aluminum and Monel Metal have shown sufficient promise to. merit their consideration in particular locations and uses. The limited experience with pumping in these desert wells leaves uncertainties concerning the durability of conventional pump designs. \r\n\r\nEgypt's New Valley Project provides an excellent opportunity for continuing study of the corrosion problems that concern ground-water developers in many parts of the world.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757O","usgsCitation":"Clarke, F., 1979, The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, v, 55 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757O.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757o/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25923,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757o/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66890d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Frank Eldridge","contributorId":107255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank Eldridge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3821,"text":"cir816 - 1979 - Program and plans of the U.S. Geological Survey for producing information needed in National Seismic hazards and risk assessment, fiscal years 1980-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"cir816","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"816","title":"Program and plans of the U.S. Geological Survey for producing information needed in National Seismic hazards and risk assessment, fiscal years 1980-84","docAbstract":"In accordance with the provisions of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-124), the U.S. Geological Survey has developed comprehensive plans for producing information needed to assess seismic hazards and risk on a national scale in fiscal years 1980-84. These plans are based on a review of the needs of Federal Government agencies, State and local government agencies, engineers and scientists engaged in consulting and research, professional organizations and societies, model code groups, and others.\r\n\r\nThe Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act provided an unprecedented opportunity for participation in a national program by representatives of State and local governments, business and industry, the design professions, and the research community. The USGS and the NSF (National Science Foundation) have major roles in the national program. The ultimate goal of the program is to reduce losses from earthquakes. Implementation of USGS research in the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program requires the close coordination of responsibility between Federal, State and local governments.\r\n\r\nThe projected research plan in national seismic hazards and risk for fiscal years 1980-84 will be accomplished by USGS and non-USGS scientists and engineers. The latter group will participate through grants and contracts. The research plan calls for (1) national maps based on existing methods, (2) improved definition of earthquake source zones nationwide, (3) development of improved methodology, (4) regional maps based on the improved methodology, and (5) post-earthquake investigations. Maps and reports designed to meet the needs, priorities, concerns, and recommendations of various user groups will be the products of this research and provide the technical basis for improved implementation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir816","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1979, Program and plans of the U.S. Geological Survey for producing information needed in National Seismic hazards and risk assessment, fiscal years 1980-84: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 816, iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir816.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0816/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30891,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0816/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e0e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3789,"text":"cir809 - 1979 - Status of surface-water modeling in the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"cir809","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"809","title":"Status of surface-water modeling in the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is active in the development and use of models for the analysis of various types of surface-water problems. Types of problems for which models have been, or are being developed, include categories such as the following: (1)specialized hydraulics, (2)flow routing in streams, estuaries, lakes, and reservoirs, (3) sedimentation, (4) transport of physical, chemical, and biological constituents, (5) surface exchange of heat and mass, (6) coupled stream-aquifer flow systems, (7) physical hydrology for rainfall-runoff relations, stream-system simulations, channel geometry, and water quality, (8) statistical hydrology for synthetic streamflows, floods, droughts, storage, and water quality, (9) management and operation problems, and (10) miscellaneous hydrologic problems. Following a brief review of activities prior to 1970, the current status of surface-water modeling is given as being in a developmental, verification, operational, or continued improvement phase. A list of recently published selected references, provides useful details on the characteristics of models.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir809","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M.E., and Yotsukura, N., 1979, Status of surface-water modeling in the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 809, iii, 17 p. ; 26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir809.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. ; 26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0809/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30861,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0809/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a10b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Marshall E.","contributorId":55813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yotsukura, Nobuhiro","contributorId":81884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yotsukura","given":"Nobuhiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16540,"text":"ofr791344 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Sand Creek, Decatur County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:08:53.764921","indexId":"ofr791344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1344","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Sand Creek, Decatur County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in Sand Creek was used to develop alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows. The Greensburg wastewater-treatment facility is the only point-source waste Load affecting Sand Creek in the vicinity of Greensburg. Nonpoint, unrecorded waste loads seemed to be significant during three water-quality surveys done by the Indiana State Board of Health.
Natural streamflow in Sand Creek during the summer and annual 7-day, 10-year low flow is zero, so no benefit from dilution is provided. Current (1978) ammonia-nitrogen and dissolved-oxygen concentrations of effluent from the Greensburg wastewater-treatment facility will not meet Indiana stream water-quality standards for ammonia toxicity and dissolved oxygen.
Model simulations indicate that benthic-oxygen demand, nitrification, and the dissolved-oxygen concentration of the wastewater effluent are the most significant factors affecting the in-stream dissolved-oxygen concentrations during summer low flows. The model predicts that with a benthic-oxygen demand of 1.5 grams per square meter per day at 20° Celsius the stream has no additional waste-load assimilative capacity.
The model also indicates that if the deoxygenation rate for nitrogenous biochemical-oxygen demand ranges from 0.2 to 1.0 day-1 at 20° Celsius and the in-stream ammonia-nitrogen toxicity standard is not exceeded, the minimum dissolved-oxygen concentration of the stream is primarily controlled by the dissolved-oxygen concentration of the wastewater effluent and the benthic-oxygen demand. If the deoxygenation rate for nitrogenous biochemical-oxygen demand is 3.5 day-1 or greater at 20° Celsius, then even with an effluent total ammonia-nitrogen concentration of 2.5 milligrams per liter the minimum 24-hour average in-stream dissolved-oxygen concentration of at least 5 milligrams per liter cannot be met during summer low flows.
Current carbonaceous biochemical-oxygen demand loads from the Greensburg wastewater-treatment facility are sufficient to maintain an average dissolved-oxygen concentration of 5 milligrams per liter, the State's water-quality standard for streams during winter low flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791344","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W.G., Crawford, C.G., and Peters, J.G., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Sand Creek, Decatur County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1344, viii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791344.","productDescription":"viii, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430616,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1344/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Decatur County","otherGeospatial":"Sand Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.2977,39.4534],[-85.2966,39.268],[-85.4403,39.1954],[-85.5664,39.1325],[-85.688,39.1307],[-85.6881,39.1746],[-85.6878,39.2009],[-85.6873,39.2476],[-85.6865,39.2621],[-85.6859,39.3197],[-85.6852,39.3274],[-85.6851,39.3387],[-85.6849,39.3505],[-85.6302,39.3515],[-85.6296,39.4503],[-85.6302,39.453],[-85.2977,39.4534]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Decatur\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abaec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":173016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":173017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":16541,"text":"ofr791534 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for the Mississinewa River, Grant County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-26T19:45:50.688198","indexId":"ofr791534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1534","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for the Mississinewa River, Grant County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in the Mississinewa River was used to develop alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows.
The hydrology of the Mississinewa River downstream from Gas City is controlled primarily by two factors: low slopes, typical of the Tipton Till Plain, and a 10-foot dam at river mile 35.90 in Marion. All point-source waste loads affecting the modeled segment of the Mississinewa River are in the four incorporated municipalities of Fairmount, Jonesboro, Gas City, and Marion, in a primarily agricultural area.
Model simulations indicate that algal photosynthesis and nitrification are the most significant factors affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentration of the Mississinewa River during summer low flows. Natural reaeration, without photosynthesis, is not sufficient to maintain an average dissolved-oxygen concentration of at least 5 milligrams per liter in the stream, the State's water-quality standard.
Projected carbonaceous and nitrogenous biochemical-oxygen demand loads, from the Indiana State Board of Health, for Owens-Illinois, Inc., and the Gas City and Marion wastewater-treatment facilities will result in violations of the in-stream dissolved-oxygen standard. Fairmount and Jonesboro, because of their distance from the Mississinewa, do not significantly affect the water quality of the modeled segment.
Model simulations also indicate that, during winter low flows, ammonia toxicity, rather than dissolved oxygen, is the limiting water-quality criterion in the Mississinewa River downstream from the Gas City wastewater-treatment facility.
Calculations of the stream's assimilative capacity indicate that future waste discharge in the Mississinewa River basin will probably be limited to the reach downstream from the Marion dam (river mile 35.90).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791534","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W.G., Crawford, C.G., and Peters, J.G., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for the Mississinewa River, Grant County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1534, vii, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791534.","productDescription":"vii, 98 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426012,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1534/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Grant County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.6385,40.6542],[-85.5609,40.6546],[-85.4476,40.6541],[-85.4453,40.567],[-85.4454,40.4799],[-85.4448,40.3933],[-85.4451,40.3792],[-85.5784,40.3794],[-85.8621,40.3784],[-85.8624,40.407],[-85.8641,40.5666],[-85.8645,40.6528],[-85.7869,40.6533],[-85.6742,40.654],[-85.6385,40.6542]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Grant\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab8b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":173019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":173020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11015,"text":"ofr79512 - 1979 - Particulate organic carbon in San Francisco Bay, California, 1971-1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T20:34:01.48716","indexId":"ofr79512","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-512","title":"Particulate organic carbon in San Francisco Bay, California, 1971-1977","docAbstract":"The organic-carbon content of suspended particulate matter is determined by wet oxidation and analysis of the resulting CO2 with an infrared analyzer. Modifications of methods and improved designs of apparatus are presented.
Results of particulate organic carbon (POC) analyses from 1971 through 1977 show that concentrations in North San Francisco Bay (estuary) typically decrease from the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers to Golden Gate (seaward). Median winter (November through February) concentrations decrease from 85 to 30 µg-at./L seaward. During March through October, median concentrations are higher and ranges are wider. Concentrations frequently exceed 250 µg-at./L in the upper estuary.
POC concentrations in South San Francisco Bay are highest at the southern reach. POC is more abundant during March through October than during winter, but POC is not as abundant in South San Francisco Bay as it is in the estuary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79512","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., and Dedini, L.A., 1979, Particulate organic carbon in San Francisco Bay, California, 1971-1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-512, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79512.","productDescription":"30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408424,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0512/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0512/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.41653442382812,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -121.94412231445314,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -121.94412231445314,\n 37.80978395301097\n ],\n [\n -122.41653442382812,\n 37.80978395301097\n ],\n [\n -122.41653442382812,\n 37.41925395973696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":162382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dedini, Lee A.","contributorId":87942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dedini","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10499,"text":"ofr79566 - 1979 - Mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T18:10:51.314344","indexId":"ofr79566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-566","title":"Mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, Texas","docAbstract":"A mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, TX., was developed to evaluate the effects of release schedules on discharges from the Toledo Bend Reservoir compared to discharges under natural conditions. Using the discharge at Tatum, TX., the rainfall over the basin, and the discharge release schedule for the reservoir, discharge hydrographs for the natural and reservoir-controlled conditions can be computed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79566","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sabine River Compact Administration","usgsCitation":"Neely, B., 1979, Mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-566, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79566.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Ruliff, Tatum","otherGeospatial":"Sabine River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.7735595703125,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -93.7298583984375,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -93.7298583984375,\n 31.994100723260804\n ],\n [\n -94.7735595703125,\n 31.994100723260804\n ],\n [\n -94.7735595703125,\n 30.41078179084589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neely, Braxtel L.","contributorId":37335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"Braxtel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10498,"text":"ofr79678 - 1979 - Elevations and discharges produced by a simulated flood wave on the lower Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas, caused by a theoretical dam failure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T12:20:34","indexId":"ofr79678","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-678","title":"Elevations and discharges produced by a simulated flood wave on the lower Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas, caused by a theoretical dam failure","docAbstract":"The Toledo Bend Reservoir is located on the lower Sabine River between Louisiana and Texas. The objective of this study was to calculate the flood wave that would result from the theoretical failure of 25 percent of Toledo Bend Dam and route the wave downstream to Orange, Tex. Computations assumed failure (1) at the peak of the 100-year flood when discharge of the Sabine River would be 102,000 cubic feet per second and (2) when the average discharge would be 10,000 cubic feet per second. Two techniques were used in the dam-break model. The method of characteristics was used to propagate the shock wave after the dam fails. The linear implicit finite-difference solution was used to route the flood wave after the shock wave has dissipated.
The magnitude of the flood was determined for sites near Burkeville, Bon Wier, Ruliff, and Orange, Tex., along the lower Sabine River. For these sites, respectively, the following peak elevations were calculated: 119, 82, 31, and 13 feet for the 100-year flood and 110, 75, 27, and 9 feet for the average discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79678","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sabine River Compact Administration","usgsCitation":"Neely, B., and Stiltner, G.J., 1979, Elevations and discharges produced by a simulated flood wave on the lower Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas, caused by a theoretical dam failure: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-678, Report: iii, 15 p.; 1 Plate: 15.62 x 24.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79678.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 15 p.; 1 Plate: 15.62 x 24.28 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0678/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":352730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0678/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":352731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0678/figure-11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sabine River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -93.0,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -93.0,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 29.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neely, Braxtel L.","contributorId":37335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"Braxtel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stiltner, Gloria J.","contributorId":12491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiltner","given":"Gloria","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16942,"text":"ofr79718 - 1979 - Catalog of earthquakes in southern Alaska: January-March 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T18:54:06.329341","indexId":"ofr79718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-718","title":"Catalog of earthquakes in southern Alaska: January-March 1978","docAbstract":"The National Center for Earthquake Research of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a program of telemetered seismic recording in south-central Alaska in 1971. The principal objectives of this program have been to use data recorded by this network to precisely locate earthquakes in the active seismic zones of southern Alaska, to delineate seismically active faults, to assess seismic risk, to document potential premonitory earthquake phenomena, to investigate current tectonic deformation, and to study the structure and physical properties of the crust and upper mantle. A task fundamental to all of these goals is the routine cataloging of earthquake parameters for earthquakes located within and adjacent to the seismograph network.
The initial network of 10 stations, 7 around Cook Inlet and 3 near Valdez, was installed in 1971. Each summer since then additions or modifications to the network have been made. By the Fall of 1973, 26 stations extended from western Cook Inlet to eastern Prince William Sound, and 4 stations were located between Cordova and Yakutat. A year later 20 additional stations were installed. Thirteen of these were placed along the eastern Gulf of Alaska with support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Program to investigate the seismicity of the outer continental shelf (OCS) region of interest for oil exploration. During the subsequent years the region covered by the network has remained relatively fixed while effort has been made to improve the instrumentation and installation of the stations in order to make them more reliable.
This earthquake catalog presents origin times, focal coordinates and magnitudes for 384 shocks occurring in the first quarter of 1978. Readings from a total of 62 stations were used to locate the shocks, including 11 stations operated by the NOAA Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (formerly Palmer Observatory), and 5 stations operated by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska (U. of A.).
Earthquakes in south-central Alaska as small as magnitude 3.0 have been routinely located by the National Earthquake Information Service of the USGS and its predecessor since the great Alaska earthquake of 1964 and published in the reports \"Preliminary Determination of Epicenters\" (PDE). In contrast the shocks included in this catalog are as small as magnitude 1.0 and most are smaller than magnitude 3.0. Data for the larger historic earthquakes in south-central Alaska have been tabulated by Meyers (1976).
The locations of the stations of the USGS seismograph network are plotted in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1 along with the additional stations from which readings were obtained. The USGS stations have single, vertical-component seismometers except for GLB, PNL, RDT, SKN, and VLZ which also have two horizontal seismometers.
Water samples were collected from 31 wells and springs in eastern Idaho and western Wyoming to help evaluate the potential geothermal resources in the Teton River area, Idaho. The water analyses included the common anions and cations, oxygen-18, deuterium, and several minor elements. Actual temperatures of the sampled thermal waters ranged from 23° to 49°C. Estimated aquifer temperatures, as derived from geochemical thermometers, ranged from 45° to 145°C based on silica concentrations and 45° to 205°C based on sodium-potassium-calcium ratios. Using the cation thermometer, two analyses indicated aquifer temperatures that were lower than the actual measured temperatures. Estimated temperatures using a mixing-model method ranged from 205° to 320°C, the higher temperature being of questionable value. The different methods used to estimate aquifer temperatures showed little correlation. On the basis of isotope data, the warm waters may be of local meteoric origin and have not been heated enough to react significantly with the aquifer rocks, or they originated as precipitation at high altitude and great distance from the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79687","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Crosthwaite, E., 1979, Chemical analyses of ground water related to geothermal investigations in the Teton River area, eastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-687, i, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79687.","productDescription":"i, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0687/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0687/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Teton River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.912434,43.755291 ], [ -111.912434,43.962399 ], [ -111.591358,43.962399 ], [ -111.591358,43.755291 ], [ -111.912434,43.755291 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosthwaite, E. G.","contributorId":83098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10395,"text":"ofr791661 - 1979 - Primary and secondary faulting in the Najd fault system, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:31","indexId":"ofr791661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1661","title":"Primary and secondary faulting in the Najd fault system, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Najd fault system is a major transcurrent (strike-slip) fault system of Proterozoic age in the Arabian Shield. The system is a braided complex of parallel and curved en echelon faults. Complex arrays of secondary structures including strike-slip, oblique-slip, thrust, and normal faults, together with folds and dike swarms, are associated with some major faults, particularly near their terminations. The secondary structures indicate that compressional and extensional and dilational conditions existed synchronously in different parts of the fault zone. The outcrop traces of faults and syntectonic dikes have been used to interpret the configuration of principal compressive stresses during formation of parts of the secondary fracture systems. Second-order deformation was a series of separate events in a complex episodic faulting history. Comparison with model studies indicates that master faults extended in length in stages and periodically developed arrays of secondary structures. Propagation of the major faults took place along splay trajectories, which inter-connected to form a subparallel sheeted and braided zone. Interpretation of the aeromagnetic maps indicates that the Najd system is broader at depth than the outcropping fault complex, and that more continuous structures underlie arrays of faults at surface. The fault pattern is mechanically explicable in terms of simple shear between rigid blocks beneath the exposed structures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791661","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.M., 1979, Primary and secondary faulting in the Najd fault system, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1661, i, 26 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791661.","productDescription":"i, 26 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1661/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38227,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1661/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, John McMahon","contributorId":10429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"McMahon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8451,"text":"ofr791252 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Wildcat Creek, Howard County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T20:25:46.879375","indexId":"ofr791252","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1252","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Wildcat Creek, Howard County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in Wildcat Creek was used to predict alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows.
The model indicates that benthic-oxygen demand is the most significant factor affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentrations in Wildcat Creek during summer low flows. The Indiana stream dissolved-oxygen standard should be met if the Kokomo wastewater-treatment facility meets its current National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit restrictions (average monthly 5-day biochemical-oxygen demand of 5 milligrams per liter and maximum weekly 5-day biochemical-oxygen demand of 7.5 milligrams per liter) and benthic-oxygen demand becomes negligible.
Ammonia-nitrogen toxicity may also be a water-quality limitation in Wildcat Creek. Ammonia-nitrogen waste loads for the Kokomo wastewater-treatment facility, projected by the Indiana State Board of Health, will result in stream ammonia-nitrogen concentrations that exceed the State standard (2.5 milligrams per liter during summer months and 4.0 milligrams per liter during winter months).
The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in South Fork Wildcat Creek was used to predict alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows.
Natural streamflow during the 7-day, 10-year low flow is zero, so no benefit from dilution is provided. The Indiana State Board of Health's projected ammonia-nitrogen concentration for the Frankfort wastewater-treatment facility will violate the in-stream total ammonia-nitrogen standards of 2.5 milligrams per liter and 4.0 milligrams per liter during summer and winter low flows, respectively.
The model indicates that nitrification and algal respiration were significant factors affecting the dissolved-oxygen dynamics of South Fork Wildcat Creek during two water-quality surveys.
Stream water quality during the two water-quality surveys was degraded by the discharge of wastewater receiving only primary treatment. Benthic deposits resulting from this wastewater discharge seem to exert a considerable oxygen demand. The discharge of partially treated wastewater should be eliminated when a new wastewater-treatment facility becomes operational in mid-1979. Therefore, benthic-oxygen demand due to benthic deposits should become negligible at that time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Crawford, C.G., Wilber, W.G., and Peters, J.G., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for South Fork Wildcat Creek, Clinton County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1074, vii, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791074.","productDescription":"vii, 66 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":140526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":422753,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clinton County","otherGeospatial":"South Fork Wildcat Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.6667,\n 40.45\n ],\n [\n -86.2417,\n 40.45\n ],\n [\n -86.2417,\n 40.1583\n ],\n [\n -86.6667,\n 40.1583\n ],\n [\n -86.6667,\n 40.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ab96a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":157738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":157737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10359,"text":"ofr791354 - 1979 - Possible uranium mineralization, Mineral Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr791354","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1354","title":"Possible uranium mineralization, Mineral Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"The Mineral Mountains block in west-central Utah is a horst whose core stands structurally high relative to all nearby basin-and-range fault blocks. Rocks of the Mineral Mountains range from Precambrian to Quaternary in age, but mostly consist of Tertiary granitic rocks. The range lies with the Wah Wah-Tusher mineral belt. Lead, silver, gold, and tungsten have been mined commercially. \r\n\r\nDuring a geochemical survey conducted in the summer of 1978, 30 water samples and 29 stream-sediment samples were collected from the Mineral Mountains area. The interpretation of simple plots of uranium concentrations and the results of a Q-mode factor analysis indicate that potential exists for uranium mineral deposits within the Mineral Mountains. The most favorable areas are in the granitic pluton near its contacts with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The most likely source of the uranium anomalies is uraninite-bearing epigenic veins along faults and fractures within the pluton. Three hypothetical models are proposed to account for the uranium mineralization.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791354","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., McHugh, J., and Ficklin, W.H., 1979, Possible uranium mineralization, Mineral Mountains, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1354, iii, 48 p. :ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791354.","productDescription":"iii, 48 p. :ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1354/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1354/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, W. Roger","contributorId":60191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McHugh, John B.","contributorId":64651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficklin, Walter H.","contributorId":52565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22004,"text":"ofr791525 - 1979 - Paleontologic and stratigraphic relations of phosphate beds in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr791525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1525","title":"Paleontologic and stratigraphic relations of phosphate beds in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","docAbstract":"Phosphorite crops out in the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes in rocks of Late Cretaceous age as strata composed mostly of pelletal carbonate fluorapatite. One stratum of Santonian age near the base of the Galembo Member of the La Luna Formation crops out at many places in the Departments of Santander and Norte de Santander and may be of commercial grade. This stratum is more than one meter thick at several places near Lebrija and near Sardinata, farther south it is locally one meter thick or more near the base of the Guadalupe Formation in the Department of Boyaca. Other phosphorite beds are found at higher stratigraphic levels in the Galembo Member and the Guadalupe Formation, and at some places these may be commercial also. A stratigraphically lower phosphorite occurs below the Galembo Member in the Capacho Formation (Cenomanian age) in at least one area near the town of San Andres, Santander. A phosphorite or pebbly phosphate conglomerate derived from erosion of the Galembo Member forms the base of the Umir Shale and the equivalent Colon Shale at many places.\r\n\r\nDeposition of the apatite took place upon the continental shelf in marine water of presumed moderate depth between the Andean geosyncline and near-shore detrital deposits adjacent to the Guayana shield. Preliminary calculations indicate phosphorite reserves of approximately 315 million metric tons in 9 areas, determined from measurements of thickness, length of the outcrop, and by projecting the reserves to a maximum of 1,000 meters down the dip of the strata into the subsurface. Two mines were producing phosphate rock in 1969; one near Turmeque, Boyaca, and the other near Tesalia, Huila.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791525","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Maughan, E.K., Zambrano O., F., Mojica G., P., Abozaglo M., J., Pachon P., F., and Duran R., R., 1979, Paleontologic and stratigraphic relations of phosphate beds in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1525, iii, 101 p., 7 over-size sheets :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791525.","productDescription":"iii, 101 p., 7 over-size sheets :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51469,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51470,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51471,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51472,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51473,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51474,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51475,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, Edwin K.","contributorId":85172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zambrano O., Francisco","contributorId":54606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zambrano O.","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mojica G., Pedro","contributorId":67102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mojica G.","given":"Pedro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abozaglo M., Jacob","contributorId":74776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abozaglo M.","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pachon P., Fernando","contributorId":15226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pachon P.","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duran R., Raul","contributorId":106521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duran R.","given":"Raul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":10326,"text":"ofr79952 - 1979 - Seismic, magnetic, and geotechnical properties of a landslide and clinker deposits, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr79952","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-952","title":"Seismic, magnetic, and geotechnical properties of a landslide and clinker deposits, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"Exploitation of vast coal and other resources in the Powder River Basin has caused recent, rapid increases in population and in commercial and residential development and has prompted land utilization studies. Two aspects of land utilization were studied for this report: (1) the seismic and geotechnical properties of a landslide and (2) the seismic, magnetic, and geotechnical properties of clinker deposits. \r\n\r\n(1) The landslide seismic survey revealed two layers in the slide area. The upper (low-velocity) layer is a relatively weak mantle of colluvium and unconsolidated and weathered bedrock that ranges in thickness from 3.0 to 7.5 m and has an average seismic velocity of about 390 m/s. It overlies high-velocity, relatively strong sedimentary bedrock that has velocities greater than about 1330 m/s. The low-velocity layer is also present at the other eight seismic refraction sites in the basin; a similar layer has also been \r\nreported in the Soviet Union in a landslide area over similar bedrock. The buried contact of the low- and high-velocity layers is relatively smooth and is nearly parallel with the restored topographic surface. There is no indication that any of the high-velocity layer (bedrock) has been displaced or removed. \r\n\r\nThe seismic data also show that the shear modulus of the low-velocity layer is only about one-tenth that of the high-velocity layer and the shear strength (at failure) is only about one-thirtieth. Much of the slide failure is clearly in the shear mode, and failure is, therefore, concluded to be confined to the low-velocity layer. The major immediate factor contributing to landslide failure is apparently the addition of moisture to the low-velocity layer. \r\n\r\nThe study implies that the low-velocity layer can be defined over some of the basin by seismic surveys and that they can help predict or delineate potential slides. Preventative actions that could then be taken include avoidance, dewatering, prevention of saturation, buttressing the toe, and unloading the head. The low-velocity layer is usually less than about 5 m thick and may be excavated by dozing, whereas the bedrock must be blasted. Thus, it would seem economically feasible to underpin a structure to nonweathered bedrock or, perhaps, to remove the low-velocity layer prior to construction. \r\n\r\n(2) Many coal beds in the Powder River Basin have burned along their outcrops, and the resulting intense heat has baked and fused the overlying clastic (sedimentary) rocks into clinkers. The clinkers are very magnetic and a buried edge of a single layer of burn can easily be located by magnetic prospecting methods. Location of the edge is very important in estimating unburned coal deposits, locating clinker quarries, and planning drilling of seismic reflection lines.\r\n\r\nThe clinkers are very porous and highly fractured,-and seismic and geotechnical tests show that they have relatively low strength and competency. Many of the laboratory tests, however, are inherently biased because the clinkers are so highly fractured that only competent samples are selected. The laboratory tests, for example, show that clinkers must be loosened by heavy ripping tractors or blasting, whereas the field data and practical experience indicate that clinkers may be mined with light equipment. \r\n\r\nHeavy structures such as coal silos and bridge abutments may have to be sited on clinkers. However, differential settlement may occur, with failure in the shear mode, because chimneys of relatively greater strength occur among the weaker clinkers. Preliminary data indicate that the chimneys may be located by magnetic or possibly seismic surveys. Special foundation-preparation techniques could be used or, perhaps, the chimneys could be avoided altogether at a construction site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79952","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., 1979, Seismic, magnetic, and geotechnical properties of a landslide and clinker deposits, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-952, iv, 47 p.:ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79952.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.:ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0952/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38176,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0952/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C.H.","contributorId":19148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38700,"text":"pp813N - 1979 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Lower Mississippi region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:51:09.30903","indexId":"pp813N","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"N","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Lower Mississippi region","docAbstract":"The Lower Mississippi Region comprises an area of 102,400 square miles (265,200 square kilometers). Almost all this area is in the physiographic province known as the Gulf Coastal Plain. Three small areas on the northwest boundary of the region are in the Interior Highlands.
\nThe Lower Mississippi Region has an abundance of ground water. The geologic structure in that part of the region within the Coastal Plain is an elongated trough which has been filled with permeable materials, resulting in vast subsurface reservoirs. Except in local areas where continued large withdrawals have caused significant water-level declines, these reservoirs are full.
\nRecharge to the region's aquifers is primarily from rainfall. Annual rainfall in most of the region is well distributed throughout the year and is sufficient to satisfy evapotranspiration requirements and still provide recharge to the aquifers.
\nAn estimated 844 billion cubic feet (24 billion cubic meters) of fresh ground water is available for withdrawal annually in the region. Only about one-third of this quantity is being utilized. Therefore, on this basis alone, the region still has much potential for ground-water development.
\nThe Coastal Plain aquifers within the Lower Mississippi Region contain large reserves of saltwater in the downdip limits of the aquifers. The quantity of saltwater in the region is several times that of freshwater. As desalinization techniques are developed and as more uses are found for saltwater, this reserve could become an important source of water for the region.
\nAt present (1976), the most productive and potentially productive aquifers or aquifer systems in the region are the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer of Quaternary age and the Sparta Sand and the Memphis aquifer (Memphis Sand in Tennessee) of Tertiary age. The Sparta Sand and the Memphis aquifer are heavily utilized and have shown significant water-level declines. However, selected well hydrographs indicate that water levels may be stabilizing under present pumping conditions. The Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer is the most extensive high-yielding aquifer in the region; yields of several thousand gallons per minute may be obtained at depths of less than 200 feet (61 meters).
\nTo obtain maximum benefit from the vast quantities of ground water in the region, adequate attention must be given to the effects of proposed development upon the ground-water regime. Knowledge of the geologic structure and hydraulic properties of the aquifer systems is essential to an evaluation of the effects of such development. Some studies have been made in sufficient detail to provide this knowledge, but additional studies are needed.
\nActivities that could cause significant changes in the groundwater regime should be undertaken only after all available information has been considered. Failure to seek out and use such information may result in inefficient development of the groundwater resource and, in some instances, degradation of the quality of the resource.
\nSome changes always result from ground-water development. The possible changes can be grouped into three categories: hydraulic, water quality, and those affecting the physical framework of the aquifers. Generally, they are small in magnitude and areal extent. Because these changes occur below the ground surface, they are unknown to the ground-water user unless they noticeably affect the quantity or quality of water produced or cause obvious physical effects, such as land subsidence.
\nGreat advances have been made in hydrologic technology in recent years. Predictive models have been developed that make it possible for the hydroiogist to simulate aquifer responses to proposed development or other stresses. These models would be invaluable tools in progressive water-resources planning and management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813N","usgsCitation":"Terry, J.E., Hosman, R., and Bryant, C.T., 1979, Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Lower Mississippi region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, v., 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813N.","productDescription":"v., 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392894,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5069.htm"},{"id":119918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813n/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813n/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 29.611670115197406\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 29.113775395114416\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 29.113775395114416\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -92.8564453125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -93.3837890625,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -93.1640625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 34.452218472826566\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 38.7712163724427\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -90.274658203125,\n 38.108627664321276\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 37.046408899699564\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 37.142803443716836\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 37.22158045838649\n ],\n [\n -88.516845703125,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 37.49229399862877\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -87.176513671875,\n 37.501010429493284\n ],\n [\n -87.198486328125,\n 36.958671131530316\n ],\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 36.74768773190056\n ],\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 36.615527631349224\n ],\n [\n -87.38525390624999,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -87.593994140625,\n 35.51434313431818\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 35.08395557927643\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 34.76869145755273\n ],\n [\n -88.319091796875,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -88.52783203125,\n 31.512995857454676\n ],\n [\n -88.4619140625,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -88.450927734375,\n 30.50548389892728\n ],\n [\n -88.714599609375,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69967c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terry, J. E.","contributorId":87930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hosman, R. L.","contributorId":42978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosman","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryant, C. T.","contributorId":7263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26864,"text":"wri7999 - 1979 - Probable hydrologic effects of a hypothetical failure of Mackay Dam on the Big Lost River Valley from Mackay, Idaho to the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-05T11:29:47","indexId":"wri7999","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-99","title":"Probable hydrologic effects of a hypothetical failure of Mackay Dam on the Big Lost River Valley from Mackay, Idaho to the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","docAbstract":"Mackay Dam is an irrigation reservoir on the Big Lost River, Idaho, approximately 7.2 kilometers northwest of Mackay, Idaho. Consequences of possible rupture of the dam have long concerned the residents of the river valley. The presence of reactors and of a management complex for nuclear wastes on the reservation of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), near the river , give additional cause for concern over the consequences of a rupture of Mackay Dam. The objective of this report is to calculate and route the flood wave resulting from the hypothetical failure of Mackay Dam downstream to the INEL. Both a full and a 50 percent partial breach of this dam are investigated. Two techniques are used to develop the dam-break model. The method of characteristics is used to propagate the shock wave after the dam fails. The linear implicit finite-difference solution is used to route the flood wave after the shock wave has dissipated. The time of travel of the flood wave, duration of flooding, and magnitude of the flood are determined for eight selected sites from Mackay Dam, Idaho, through the INEL diversion. At 4.2 kilometers above the INEL diversion, peak discharges of 1,550.2 and 1,275 cubic meters per second and peak flood elevations of 1,550.3 and 1,550.2 meters were calculated for the full and partial breach, respectively. Flood discharges and flood peaks were not compared for the area downstream of the diversion because of the lack of detailed flood plain geometry. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7999","usgsCitation":"Druffel, L., Stiltner, G.J., and Keefer, T.N., 1979, Probable hydrologic effects of a hypothetical failure of Mackay Dam on the Big Lost River Valley from Mackay, Idaho to the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-99, v, 47 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7999.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366249,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0099/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Mackay Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.73115539550781,\n 43.94611396680085\n ],\n [\n -113.6700439453125,\n 43.94611396680085\n ],\n [\n -113.6700439453125,\n 43.97626348608208\n ],\n [\n -113.73115539550781,\n 43.97626348608208\n ],\n [\n -113.73115539550781,\n 43.94611396680085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druffel, Leroy","contributorId":95069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druffel","given":"Leroy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stiltner, Gloria J.","contributorId":12491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiltner","given":"Gloria","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keefer, Thomas N.","contributorId":43752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29277,"text":"wri7927 - 1979 - Estimating the gas and dye quantities for modified tracer technique measurements of stream reaeration coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T14:50:03","indexId":"wri7927","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-27","title":"Estimating the gas and dye quantities for modified tracer technique measurements of stream reaeration coefficients","docAbstract":"Measuring the reaeration coefficient of a stream with a modified tracer technique has been accomplished by injecting either ethylene or ethylene and propane together and a rhodamine-WT dye solution into the stream. The movement of the tracers through the stream reach after injection is described by a one-dimensional diffusion equation. The peak concentrations of the tracers at the downstream end of the reach depend on the concentrations of the tracers in the stream at the injection site, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, the mean water velocity, the length of the reach, and the duration of the injection period. The downstream gas concentrations also depend on the gas desorption coefficients of the reach. The concentrations of the tracer gases in the stream at the injection site depend on the flow rates of the gases through the injection diffusers, the efficiency of the gas absorption process, and the stream discharge. The concentration of dye in the stream at the injection site depends on the flow rate of the dye solution, the concentration of the dye solution, and the stream discharge. Equations for estimating the gas flow rates, the quantities of the gases, the dye concentration, and the quantity of dye together with procedures for determining the variables in these equations are presented. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7927","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 1979, Estimating the gas and dye quantities for modified tracer technique measurements of stream reaeration coefficients: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-27, viii, 42 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7927.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369231,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26964,"text":"wri7964 - 1979 - Quantity and quality of urban runoff from three localities in the Denver Metropolitan area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T11:35:30","indexId":"wri7964","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-64","title":"Quantity and quality of urban runoff from three localities in the Denver Metropolitan area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Considerable variation in constituent concentrations was shown in urban runoff data for 1975-77 from three metropolitan Denver drainage basins. Constituent concentrations, greatest during initial rainfall runoff, generally peaked midday of snowmelt runoff, corresponding with maximum melting and runoff. Instantaneous loads of constituents were largely a function of discharge. Days since last street sweeping or antecedent precipitation had no apparent effect; snowmelt-runoff loads apparently increased with number of days snow had been on the ground. Urban storm runoff may significantly contribute total ammonia nitrogen, total nonfiltrable residue, total copper, total iron, total lead, and total zinc; and snowmelt runoff may significantly contribute sodium and chloride, to local receiving waters. Data from two basins were used for calibration and verification of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Management Model II for rainfall-runoff modeling of flow and total nitrogen. The model assumption that land-surface loads of total nitrogen are directly proportional to number of days prior to storm during which accumulated rainfall was less than 1.0 inch was not substantiated. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7964","usgsCitation":"Ellis, S.R., and Alley, W., 1979, Quantity and quality of urban runoff from three localities in the Denver Metropolitan area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-64, vi, 60 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7964.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367669,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0064/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.556640625,\n 39.364032338047984\n ],\n [\n -104.5184326171875,\n 39.364032338047984\n ],\n [\n -104.5184326171875,\n 40.09908414736847\n ],\n [\n -105.556640625,\n 40.09908414736847\n ],\n [\n -105.556640625,\n 39.364032338047984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Sherman R.","contributorId":41010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Sherman","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, William M.","contributorId":93030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27838,"text":"wri7996 - 1979 - Revision of the documentation for a model for calculating effects of liquid waste disposal in deep saline aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T07:14:43","indexId":"wri7996","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-96","title":"Revision of the documentation for a model for calculating effects of liquid waste disposal in deep saline aquifers","docAbstract":"The model developed under this contract is a modified version of the deep well disposal model developed by INTERCOMP Resource Development and Engineering, Inc., for the U.S. Geological Survey (A model for calculating effects of liquid waste disposal in deep saline aquifers). The model is a finite-difference numerical solution of the partial differential equations describing (1) single phase fluid flow in aquifer, (2) energy transport by convection and conduction, and (3) contaminant transport dissolved in the fluid by convection and dispersion. Both the energy and the contaminant transports include molecular diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion.
The objective of the contract was to modify the original version of the model for more general applications. Some of the major features are as follows:
(1) Fluid density is permitted to be a function of fluid pressure, temperature and contaminant concentration, the viscosity can be described as a function of pressure and temperature.
(2) Aquifer heterogeneities in the hydrological properties can be described on a numerical grid block basis.
(3) Free water surface is permitted to exist in the aquifer for shallow ground water applications.
(4) Contaminant may absorb on rock surface or decay according to a first order reaction. The absorption is described by a linear adsorption isotherm function of rock type in the aquifer.
(5) The model is extremely flexible in providing a wide choice of boundary conditions. These include natural flow in the aquifer, aquifer influence functions around the perimeter of the grid in recognition that the gridded region does not have no-flow boundaries, heat losses into the overlying impermeable strata, and the wellbore heat and pressure drop calculations coupled to the aquifer flow equations.
(6) The model offers the option of selecting as iterative or direct solution technique, and selecting central or backward finite-difference approximations in both time and space.
(7) Virtually any aquifer can be modeled by proper grid block description in three dimensions. In addition, the model is fully transient. The major limitation of the model arises using second-order correct (central-difference) finite-difference approximation in space. To avoid numerical oscillations in the solution, the user must restrict grid block and time step sizes depending upon the magnitude of the dispersivity.
Channel-routing models were used to route hypothetical releases from reservoirs in the upper Tioga River basin, Pennsylvania. These releases were routed northward down the Tioga River to Lindley, Erwins, and Corning, New York: combined with flows routed down the Cohocton River from Campbell to Corning, New York; and then routed southeastward down the Chemung River from Corning to Chemung, New York. The models used to route the flows of Cohocton and Chemung Rivers accounted for bank-storage discharge and streamflow depletion by well pumpage. In general, 17 water years of concurrent streamflow data were available for model calibration and verification.
\nThree hypothetical reservoir releases were made from the reservoirs and routed to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, using the models developed in this study and models developed downstream to Wilkes-Barre in a previous study. A hypothetical makeup water requirement of 65 cubic feet per second was assumed. Two historical low-flow periods were investigated. The first hypothetical release investigated was a constant 100 cubic feet per second, and the second release was a constant 70 cubic feet per second. The third scheme was a hypothetical release of 100 cubic feet per second for three days followed by a constant 70 cubic feet per second for the duration of the period considered. Constant 100 cubic feet per second releases arrived downstream more quickly than constant 70 cubic feet per second releases for both test periods, but delivered more water than required to satisfy the assumed makeup requirement. The third release scheme was generally the most efficient of the three schemes tested.
\nAlthough inherent modeling errors exist in all the simulated data, the accuracy of the estimated routed reservoir releases at the downstream sites is considered good.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7985","usgsCitation":"Armbruster, J.T., 1979, Flow routing in the Susquehanna River Basin: Part III -- Routing reservoir releases in the Tioga and Chemung rivers system, Pennsylvania, and New York, 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-85, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7985.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri7985.jpg"},{"id":310279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0085/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Chemung River, Tioga River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5030517578125,\n 41.176586696571015\n ],\n [\n -77.5030517578125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -75.74523925781249,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -75.74523925781249,\n 41.176586696571015\n ],\n [\n -77.5030517578125,\n 41.176586696571015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e488de4b07f02db51dabb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbruster, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":37707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}