The intrusive center at Lake George, at the western margin of the Pikes Peak batholith (1030 m.y.) of central Colorado, contains rocks of both the potassic and sodic differentiation trends recognized in the batholith. Finer grained variants of the Pikes Peak Granite initially formed a texturally zoned stock 8 kilometers in diameter that cut the dominant coarse-grained granite of the batholith. This granite stock (potassic trend) was later intruded by partial ring dikes of quartz syenite to fayalite granite and by a central stock of quartz syenite to syenomonzonite (sodic trend). Xenoliths of alkali gabbro, diorite porphyry, and granodiorite are included within rocks of both differentiation trends. All major rock types of the intrusive center are thought to be derivatives of alkali basaltic magma from the mantle, modified by fractional crystallization and reaction melting of crustal rocks. The geometry of the intrusive center was controlled by ring-dike/cauldron-subsidence mechanisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Wobus, R.A., and Anderson, R.S., 1978, Petrology of the Precambrian intrusive center at Lake George, southern Front Range, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 1, p. 81-94.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range, Lake George","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.64041137695312,\n 38.78941577989049\n ],\n [\n -104.81231689453125,\n 38.78941577989049\n ],\n [\n -104.81231689453125,\n 39.386325215154336\n ],\n [\n -105.64041137695312,\n 39.386325215154336\n ],\n [\n -105.64041137695312,\n 38.78941577989049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wobus, R. A.","contributorId":70745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wobus","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R. S.","contributorId":255428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":846690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233069,"text":"70233069 - 1978 - Porphyry copper exploration model for northern Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:02:22.246142","indexId":"70233069","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T10:57:26","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porphyry copper exploration model for northern Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"The regional tectonic pattern of the porphyry copper province of northern Sonora, Mexico, is similar to, but more complex than, the Colorado mineral belt. Four northeast-trending shear zones, spaced at 30- to 50-kilometer intervals from Hermosillo, Mexico, north to Nogales, Mexico, are interpreted from analysis of lineament data from Landsat-1 images. From comparison with other areas, these zones are believed to have Precambrian ancestry. North-northwest-trending lineaments, which commonly occur along range fronts, are interpreted to be the principal basin and range faults. North-south- and west-northwest-trending lineaments are believed to be related to lesser faults and fractures. Areas of hydrothermal alteration have been mapped on a regional scale by use of digital image-processing techniques. These altered areas occur on the flanks of the northeast-trending shear zones, generally near intersections with north-northwest-trending lineaments. This tectonic framework with associated alteration is similar to patterns in the Colorado Plateau, the porphyry copper province of Arizona, and central Mexico and is supported by relationships found in limited local mapping. The pattern of northeast-trending shear zones and north-northwest-trending faults in northern Sonora closely resembles the tectonic framework of the Colorado mineral belt. The younger sedimentary and volcanic cover, however, has not been eroded in Sonora as it has been in the Colorado mineral belt. This comparison with the Colorado mineral belt suggests that mineral deposits are most likely to be found in altered areas where a northeast-trending shear zone is intersected by north-northwest-trending faults. Seven areas with these characteristics have been defined in Sonora and are being evaluated by means of regional geophysical and geochemical data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., 1978, Porphyry copper exploration model for northern Sonora, Mexico: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 1, p. 51-58.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.5,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 31.5\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 31.5\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 29.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70233060,"text":"70233060 - 1978 - Hydrochemistry and hydrodynamics of injecting an iron-rich pickling liquor into a dolomitic sandstone: A laboratory study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T15:56:23.445751","indexId":"70233060","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T10:32:49","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry and hydrodynamics of injecting an iron-rich pickling liquor into a dolomitic sandstone: A laboratory study","docAbstract":"Waste pickling liquor containing high concentrations of iron salts was injected into cores of quartzite, sandstone, and dolomite in a laboratory study to determine what effect this procedure might have on the permeability of these rock types. Experiments were performed at field conditions 40°C and 13.8 MPa (megapascals) in a high-pressure triaxial chamber similar to that used in rock-mechanics testing but modified to allow downstream sample collection of effluent liquids and direct visual monitoring at in-situ conditions. Five samples were tested, ranging in effective porosity from 2.9 to 13 percent and in lithology from a quartzite to a dolomite. Hydraulic conductivity of the quartzitic samples remained unchanged during injection of over 50 pore volumes of pickling liquor, but significant decreases in the hydraulic conductivity of dolomitic samples were observed. Chemical analyses of effluents from a dolomitic sample suggest that carbonate minerals were dissolving and iron was precipitating. Clogging of pore space by CO2 entrapment or by CaCl2 precipitation did not seem to play a role in decreasing hydraulic conductivity because injection into a dolomitic core of more than 140 pore volumes of HCl at a concentration similar to that of the pickling liquor caused only a slight decrease in hydraulic conductivity compared with the decrease observed when an additional 30 pore volumes of pickling liquor were subsequently injected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ragone, S.E., Riley, F.S., and Dingman, R.J., 1978, Hydrochemistry and hydrodynamics of injecting an iron-rich pickling liquor into a dolomitic sandstone: A laboratory study: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 1, p. 1-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ragone, Stephen E.","contributorId":74374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragone","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riley, Francis S.","contributorId":93028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dingman, Robert James","contributorId":60190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70119857,"text":"70119857 - 1978 - A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T09:31:00","indexId":"70119857","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T09:28:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method","docAbstract":"The technique of estimating wildlife population size and density using the belt or line-transect sampling method has been used in many past projects, such as the estimation of density of waterfowl nestling sites in marshes, and is being used currently in such areas as the assessment of Pacific porpoise stocks in regions of tuna fishing activity. A mathematical framework for line-transect methodology has only emerged in the last 5 yr. In the present article, we extend this mathematical framework to a line-transect estimator based upon a log-linear model approach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1936648","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Burnham, K., and Crain, B., 1978, A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method: Ecology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936648.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291925,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1936648"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8c5e4b008eaa4f3f5f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crain, B.R.","contributorId":19482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000144,"text":"1000144 - 1978 - Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T09:09:28","indexId":"1000144","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Using ovaries sampled seasonally from Lake Michigan bloaters in 1968-1969, we determined that one complement or modal group of eggs is produced each year and spawned mainly during January, February, and March. Fecundities estimated for 65 fish taken in October ranged from 3,230 eggs in one medium-size bloater (241 mm long) to 18,768 in the longest (305 mm). We regressed these estimates on lengths and weights of the parental fish to provide a quantitative basis for later evaluating long-term changes in reproductive potential. The resulting rectilinear regression on weight accounted for 75% of the total variation in fecundity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Emery, L., and Brown, E.H., 1978, Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 107, no. 6, p. 785-789, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"789","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, Lee","contributorId":18726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012613,"text":"70012613 - 1978 - Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T14:50:43.55147","indexId":"70012613","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","docAbstract":"Preliminary investigations at Salar de Uyuni and the nearby salars (salt pans) of Coipasa and Empexa in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano show the presence of widespread lithium-rich brines. Widely scattered brine samples from Salar de Uyuni, which has an area of about 9000 km2 and is the largest salt pan on earth, show lithium values ranging from 80 to 1500 ppm. High values of 300–700 ppm are most prevalent in an area of about 2500 km2 in the east-central and southeastern part of the salar. A few brine samples in small areas in Coipasa and Empexa Salars have values ranging from 170 to 580 ppm Li. All the brines are essentially saturated with halite and are moderately high in sulfate (5000–15,000 ppm SO4) but low in carbonate (<500 ppm HCO3). Potassium and magnesium values are relatively high, chiefly in the range of 2000–20,000 ppm, and the
The crystalline saline material and brines in these salars are residual from a former large lake, Lago Minchin, that occupied much of the southern Bolivian Altiplano during late Pleistocene time, augmented by saline material carried to the salars by streams since final drying of this lake. Thermal springs associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Quaternary age may have been a major source of the lithium.
Data from lowest and highest occurrence events in several stratigraphic sections are analyzed by means of a paired comparison model with ties. The model produces an estimated relative geochronological ordering of these events. This ordering must be compared with actual observations for revision and interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer","doi":"10.1007/BF02048490","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., and Beaver, R., 1978, The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 261-272, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02048490.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb15de4b08c986b3252f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaver, R.J.","contributorId":35467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007844,"text":"1007844 - 1978 - Reproduction of chaparral shrubs after fire: A comparison of sprouting and seeding strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T16:30:20.097048","indexId":"1007844","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction of chaparral shrubs after fire: A comparison of sprouting and seeding strategies","docAbstract":"Most studies of metabolic rates and energy requirements in aquatic animals have been conducted using indirect methods wherein heat production estimates were based on O2 consumed and CO2 produced. The purpose of the present study was to determine the feasibility of direct calorimetry as a method for measuring heat production of fish and to determine the effect of environmental temperature and body size on the metabolic rate of several species. An adiabatic bomb calorimeter was modified to hold living fish and to measure small increments of heat. Heat production of rainbow, brook and lake trout, and Atlantic salmon weighting 1 to 4 g each was measured at temperatures ranging from 3° to 18°. Heat production of rainbow trout having individual body weights from 0.85 to 57.0 g was measured at 15°. Direct calorimetry was found to be a satisfactory method for measuring heat production of fish. Tests were reproducible and could be completed in 6 to 8 hours. The heat production changed linearly with temperature over the range tested. Regression equations for heat production for fish weighing 1 to 4 g were: for rainbow trout, HP = 0.59 + 0.0525T; for Atlantic salmon, HP = 0.66 + 0.0339T; for brook trout, HP = 0.37 + 0.0770T; and for lake trout, HP = 0.41 + 0.0680T where HP is kcal/kg/hr and T is temperature. The effect of size on metabolic rate was linear from 1 to 4 g and proportional to W0.63 from 4 to 57 g.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1093/jn/108.6.1017","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.R., Rumsey, G.L., and Scott, M.L., 1978, Net energy maintenance requirements of salmonids as measured by direct calorimetry: Effect of body size and environmental temperature: Journal of Nutrition, v. 108, no. 6, p. 1017-1024, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/108.6.1017.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1017","endPage":"1024","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. R.","contributorId":31699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":75090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162505,"text":"70162505 - 1978 - Earthquake history of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:07:34","indexId":"70162505","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Wyoming","docAbstract":"Forty-five earthquakes of moderate intensity (V or greater) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MM) and extent have originated in Wyoming from 1894 to 1976. Many shocks have occurred in Yellowstone National Park, including an intensity VII event in June 1975. the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake, centered just west of the park, was felt (MM VII) in northwestern Wyoming. Many aftershocks from this earthquake were reported in Yellowstone Park (MM V-VI) through December 1959, and numerous shocks of lesser intensities continued through 1963.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1978, Earthquake history of Wyoming: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 150-154.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75551e4b0b28f1184d815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174924,"text":"70174924 - 1978 - Field and modeling studies of San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:11:11","indexId":"70174924","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field and modeling studies of San Francisco Bay","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on technical, environmental, socio-economic and regulatory aspects of coastal zone management","conferenceDate":"1978","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"Conomos, T.J., Nichols, F., Cheng, R.T., and Peterson, D.H., 1978, Field and modeling studies of San Francisco Bay, Symposium on technical, environmental, socio-economic and regulatory aspects of coastal zone management, San Francisco, CA, 1978, p. 1917-1927.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1917","endPage":"1927","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2723388671875,\n 38.04268357749736\n ],\n [\n -122.28195190429686,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -122.35748291015625,\n 38.1334763895322\n ],\n [\n -122.40005493164062,\n 38.146437584588824\n ],\n [\n -122.48245239257812,\n 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5791f22ee4b0a1ebd3ad4c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, F.H.","contributorId":88020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012578,"text":"70012578 - 1978 - Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:06","indexId":"70012578","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","docAbstract":"A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the \"geothermal resource base\", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the \"accessible resource base\", and it in turn is divided into \"useful\" and \"residual\" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the \"geothermal resource\". This in turn is divided into \"economic\" and \"subeconomic\" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains \"identified\" and \"undiscovered\" components. \"Reserve\" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a \"recovery factor\". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (??e) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during \"industrial\" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Muffler, P., and Cataldi, R., 1978, Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 53-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0.","startPage":"53","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1208202/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55cae4b0c8380cd6d2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, P.","contributorId":66850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cataldi, R.","contributorId":59806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cataldi","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012461,"text":"70012461 - 1978 - Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T16:50:43.585741","indexId":"70012461","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","title":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","docAbstract":"The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (Am. J. Sci.13, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.
Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K2O- FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K2O:Al2O3 plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K2O·Al2O3· 2SiO2 (‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·3SiO2, and from K2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 (leucite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·5SiO2, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.
As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.
A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012438,"text":"70012438 - 1978 - Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012438","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The very low-frequency (VLF) induction method has found exceptional utility in studying various volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii because: (1) significant anomalies result exclusively from ionically conductive magma or still-hot intrusions (> 800??C) and the attendant electrolytically conductive hot groundwater; (2) basalt flows forming the bulk of Kilauea have very high resistivities at shallow depths that result in low geologic noise levels and relatively deep depths of investigation (???100 m); and (3) the azimuths to two of the usable transmitters (NLK and NPM) are aligned favorably with most of the principal geologic features. Measurements of the tilt angle and ellipticity of the polarization ellipse of the magnetic field, using a simple, hand-held receiver, have been used to: (1) delineate the lateral extent of shallow, partially solidified lava lakes, active lava tubes, and recent intrusive dikes; (2) obtain an indication of the attitude of some recent dikes; (3) show that many eruptive fissures cool faster than their intrusive counterparts; (4) show that some fumarolic areas are underlain by shallow, highly altered, and conductive zones; and (5) provide control information for interpreting data obtained with other electrical techniques. Complementary measurements of scalar apparent resistivity and surface impedance phase, using a new attachment for the VLF receiver, have substantially increased the utility of VLF studies in Kilauea. They provide better lateral resolution of conductors and reduce the ambiguity in interpretation. Notwithstanding recent advances in theoretical modeling techniques, the excellent quality of some of the data warrants extension of interpretive techniques, particularly for quantitatively characterizing the configuration and conductivity of small-dimension bodies. These VLF induction methods should have wide application to studies of active volcanic regions in other parts of the world and could provide some insights into the workings of larger-scaled geothermal systems. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zablocki, C., 1978, Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 3, no. 1-2, p. 155-195.","startPage":"155","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zablocki, C.J.","contributorId":52178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012657,"text":"70012657 - 1978 - Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012657","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","docAbstract":"In regions of tectonic extension, vertical convective transport of heat in the lithosphere is inevitable. The resulting departure of lithosphere temperature and thickness from conduction-model estimates depends upon the mechanical mode of extension and upon how rapidly extension is (and has been) taking place. Present knowledge of these processes is insufficient to provide adequate constraints on thermal models. The high and variable regional heat flow and the intense local heat discharge at volcanic centers in the Basin and Range province of the United States could be accounted for by regional and local variations in extensional strain rate without invoking anomalous conductive heat flow from the asthenosphere. Anomalous surface heat flow typical of the province could be generated by distributed extension at average rates of about 1/2 to 1%/m.y., similar to rates estimated from structural evidence. To account for higher heat flow in subregions like the Battle mountain High, these rates would be increased by a factor of about 3, and locally at active bimodal volcanic centers, by an order of magnitude more. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879732","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., 1978, Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 34-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732.","startPage":"34","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732"},{"id":222092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3001e4b0c8380cd5d2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012451,"text":"70012451 - 1978 - Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:28:39.183849","indexId":"70012451","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules","docAbstract":"Fractionation of Co and Sc between garnets, olivines, and clino- and orthopyroxenes, separated from a suite of Salt Lake Crater ultramafic nodules that equilibrated at the same T and P, is strongly dependent on Fe contents. This observation suggests that petrogenetic equilibrium models of partial melting and crystal fractionation must take into account effects of magma composition, if they are to describe quantitatively geochemical evolutionary trends.
New data are given in this report for (1) Pb isotopic compositions and U, Th, and Pb concentrations of basalts from the island of Hawaii; (2) redetermined Pb isotopic compositions of some abyssal tholeiites; and (3) U, Th, and Pb concentrations of altered and fresh abyssal basalts, and basalt genesis and mantle evolution are discussed. The Th/U ratios of abyssal and Japanese tholeiites are distinctly lower than those of tholeiites and alkali basalts from other areas. It is thought that these low values reflect a part of the mantle depleted in large ionic lithophile elements. Thus a mantle evolution model is presented, in which Th/U ratios of the depleted zone in the mantle have decreased to ∼2, and U/Pb ratios have increased, showing an apparent ∼1.5-b.y. isochron trend in the 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb plot. The Pb isotopic compositions of basalts from the island of Hawaii are distinct for each of the five volcanoes, and within each volcano, Pb's of tholeiites and alkali basalts are similar. An interaction between partially melted material (hot plume?) of the asthenosphere and the lithosphere is suggested to explain the trend in the Pb isotopic compositions of Hawaiian basalts.
A single crystal of untwinned orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite sample 15415, with composition (Mg1.14Fe0.80Mn0.02Ca0.04)(Si1.97Al0.03)O6, has a unit cell in space groupPbca witha = 18.310(15)Å,b = 8.904(10)Å,c = 5.214(7)Å, containing 2 formula units. A set of 742 counter-measured intensity data made with MoKα radiation has been used to refine the crystal structure in isotropic thermal mode toR = 0.116. Anisotropic refinement led toR = 0.092, but thermal parameters are distorted by non-random errors resulting from poor crystal texture. The resulting structure is in close agreement with that obtained by Ghose [9] for a hypersthene from Greenland. A parameterq, which gives (MgqFe1−q) for cation siteM(1) and (Mg1.14−qFeq−0.18Ca0.04) for siteM(2), was included in the least-squares analysis, yieldingq = 0.90(1).
This orthopyroxene has the high degree of cation order expected of pyroxenes subjected to Apollonian metamorphism at lower than 500–600°C. No evidence exists for a subsequent thermal event of sufficient intensity to disorder the pyroxene. On the basis of previous laboratory studies of argon-release patterns of lunar plagioclase and order-disorder kinetics of terrestrial pyroxenes, we attribute the reported isotopic age (3.9–4.1 AE) to cessation of metamorphism, perhaps caused by impact excavation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90063-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Stephen, H.J., and Konnert, J., 1978, The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 37, no. 3, p. 476-484, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90063-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"484","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa74e4b08c986b322840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephen, Huebner J.","contributorId":31899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"Huebner","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konnert, J.A.","contributorId":17640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konnert","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012572,"text":"70012572 - 1978 - Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry-The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012572","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry-The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico","docAbstract":"This summary of geochemical exploration in the Basin and Range Province is another in the series of reviews of geochemical-exploration applications covering a large region; this series began in 1975 with a summary for the Canadian Cordillera and Canadian Shield, and was followed in 1976 by a similar summary for Scandinavia (Norden). Rather than adhering strictly to the type of conceptual models applied in those papers, we have made use of generalized landscape geochemistry models related to the nature of concealment of ore deposits. This study is part of a continuing effort to examine and evaluate geochemical-exploration practices in different areas of the world. Twenty case histories of the application of geochemical exploration in both district and regional settings illustrate recent developments in techniques and approaches. Along with other published reports these case histories, exemplifying generalized models of concealed deposits, provide data used to evaluate geochemical-exploration programs and specific sample media. Because blind deposits are increasingly sought in the Basin and Range Province, the use of new sample media or anomaly-enhancement techniques is a necessity. Analysis of vapors or gases emanating from blind deposits is a promising new technique. Certain fractions of stream sediments show anomalies that are weak or not detected in conventional minus 80-mesh fractions. Multi-element analysis of mineralized bedrock may show zoning patterns that indicate depth or direction of ore. Examples of the application of these and other, more conventional methods are indicated in the case histories. The final section of this paper contains a brief evaluation of the applications of all types of sample media to geochemical exploration in the arid environment of the Basin and Range Province. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T., and McCarthy, J.H., 1978, Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry-The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 9, no. 2-3, p. 113-276.","startPage":"113","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"164","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9aae4b0c8380cd4d700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T.G.","contributorId":55014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30152,"text":"wri7876 - 1978 - Effects of paved surfaces on recharge to the Floridan aquifer in east-central Florida: A conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:09:09.072627","indexId":"wri7876","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-76","title":"Effects of paved surfaces on recharge to the Floridan aquifer in east-central Florida: A conceptual model","docAbstract":"The proportionate amount of surface area that can be paved in Floridan aquifer recharge areas in east-central Florida without reducing the net recharge to the Floridan aquifer is a function of many variables that include rainfall, depth to water table, depth to potentiometric surface of the Floridan, evaporation from paved areas, evapotranspiration from unpaved areas, runoff, pattern of paving, and leakance coefficient of the confining beds. Equations that incorporate those variables, except pattern of paving, are developed and coupled to produce a conceptual model that estimates relative amounts of water available for recharge and percentage of unpaved area below which Floridan aquifer recharge rates must increase. The model is not intended to be used as a basis for engineering design. Rather, its purpose is to show approximate mathematical interrelations of rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration, percentage of paving, and Floridan aquifer recharge, and to make quantitative estimates of amounts of water available for Floridan aquifer recharge before and after paving. The allowable percentage of paving calculated in four examples ranges from 86.8 percent to 3.6 percent. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7876","usgsCitation":"Effects of paved surfaces on recharge to the Floridan aquifer in east-central Florida: A conceptual model; 1978; WRI; 78-76; Tibbals, C. H.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398826,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0076/wri7876.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 78-76"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 28.97931203672246\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 28.97931203672246\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 27.137368359795584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314