The tectonic setting comprising the West Shasta mining district has often been compared with that of primitive island arcs. Concentrations of uranium, thorium, and lead and lead isotope compositions were determined for Devonian ores and rocks of the West Shasta district, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, to help evaluate the tectonic classification. The lead isotope pattern is found to be complex. From comparison of the data with those on younger ores and rocks in the region and with those isotopic patterns found in modern tectonic terranes, however, a number of conclusions are possible. A lead isotope point for the Devonian oceanic mantle is now well established from this study on the West Shasta district. This isotopic composition is in agreement with that suggested by Slawson in 1983--i.e., from a sample of massive sulfide ore from the Golinsky deposit--with a 206 Pb/ 204 Pb of 17.830, a 207 Pb/ 204 Pb of 15.450, and a 208 Pb/ 204 Pb of 37.313. If the Devonian mantle is analogous to the modern mantle, the determined value is probably at the more radiogenic end of the Devonian oceanic mantle array.Some samples of volcanic rocks and ores that have elevated values of 207 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb indicate that subducted pelagic sediments or interaction of the magmas with other sediments downsection have been involved to varying degrees in the generation of magmas. The high ratios were not attained by addition of lead to the volcanic rocks or ores during subsequent magmatic events, such as intrusion of the Permian Pit River stock to the east or of the Cretaceous Shasta Bally batholith that crops out to the south and west and may underlie part of the district. Some values of 207 Pb/ 204 Pb are sufficiently high as to suggest that West Shasta may have developed nearer a continent than was previously supposed. Lead isotope data for Quaternary volcanic rocks are somewhat more radiogenic than for Cretaceous ores and plutonic rocks. Permo-Triassic ores are again a bit less radiogenic. The isotopic differences between the Permo-Triassic and Quaternary data could be accounted for by a value for 238 U/ 204 Pb of 10.42 in common source material. Using this value of 238 U/ 204 Pb to calculate even further back to 400 m.y., the resulting ratios are found to fall very close to the \"best value\" for the lead isotope mixing line between the Devonian mantle and pelagic sediments. We interpret this intersection to be the \"mean value\" for the assimilated Devonian sediment lead--18.250 for 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and 15.582 for 207 Pb/ 204 Pb. As deduced for the lead isotope composition for the Devonian mantle at this location, the pelagic sediment, lead isotope composition also is toward the more radiogenic end of the values expected for pelagic sediments in the Devonian. Lack of sediments in the observed volcanic section of the West Shasta district suggests a submerged volcanic-arc setting (as interpreted by others for the Troodos and Samail ophiolites) rather than an island-arc situation (such as the Green Tuff area of Japan) or an incipient spreading ridge setting (that might have grown to be a subaerial Iceland). The elevated values of 207 Pb/ 204 Pb for some samples suggest a submerged volcanic are whereas the exceedingly low values of thorium--which is not easily mobilized during alteration events--for both basaltic andesites and plagiorhyolites is suggestive of depleted source material such as is found for most oceanic spreading centers. Elevated values of 207 Pb/ 204 Pb are exceedingly rare in midocean ridge basalts and low contents of thorium are known in island arcs, so a submerged volcanic arc is the preferred interpretation. Some similarity exists between the 206 Pb/ 204 Pb values of Devonian ores having elevated values of 207 Pb/ 204 Pb and those of the Permo-Triassic ores of the East Shasta district, as mentioned by Slawson in 1983. This similarity is now confirmed to be a coincidence. We find it due first of all to some incorporation of sediment lead in the magmas, followed later by some migration of radiogenic lead--probably locally derived--into the ores during subsequent events. Because there was some postdepositional lead migration into the ores, some migration of copper also into the ores cannot be excluded. Lead, especially radiogenic lead, however, is more mobile than copper. As the migrating lead is deduced to have been locally derived from the observed section rather than exotically derived, any copper added was probably locally derived also.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2136","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., Delevaux, M., and Albers, J.P., 1985, The plumbotectonics of the West Shasta mining district, eastern Klamath Mountains, California: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2136-2148, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2136.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2136","endPage":"2148","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baea1e4b08c986b324221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delevaux, M.H.","contributorId":27853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delevaux","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Albers, J. P.","contributorId":81505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012995,"text":"70012995 - 1985 - Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:46:21","indexId":"70012995","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images","docAbstract":"Digital image transformation and rectification can be described in three categories: (1) digital rectification of spacecraft pictures on workable stereoplotters; (2) digital correction of radar image geometry; and (3) digital reconstruction of shaded relief maps and perspective views including stereograms. Digital rectification can make high-oblique pictures workable on stereoplotters that would otherwise not accommodate such extreme tilt angles. It also enables panoramic line-scan geometry to be used to compile contour maps with photogrammetric plotters. Rectifications were digitally processed on both Viking Orbiter and Lander pictures of Mars as well as radar images taken by various radar systems. By merging digital terrain data with image data, perspective and three-dimensional views of Olympus Mons and Tithonium Chasma, also of Mars, are reconstructed through digital image processing. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1985, Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images: Photogrammetria, v. 40, no. 2, p. 119-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7.","startPage":"119","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269810,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90006-7"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0161e4b0c8380cd4fbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012993,"text":"70012993 - 1985 - Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:57:49.484978","indexId":"70012993","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Subdividing thick sedimentary units into model layers based solely on stratigraphy can lead to serious violation of groundwater flow modeling restraints and produce erroneous results. Borehole geophysical data can be used to suggest relative permeabilities and delineate model layers that are more likely to have uniform hydraulic properties than layers delineated by stratigraphic definitions alone. The uniformity within layers emphasizes the permeability contrast between layers, thereby allowing a quasi three-dimensional approach. These methods are applied to the thick sedimentary units of the Gulf Coastal Plain, USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Weiss, J.S., and Williamson, A.K., 1985, Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 6, p. 767-774.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d0ce4b08c986b31d5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, J. S.","contributorId":63414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012984,"text":"70012984 - 1985 - Interpretation with a Donnan-based concept of the influence of simple salt concentration on the apparent binding of divalent ions to the polyelectrolytes polystyrenesulfonate and dextran sulfate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T08:11:02","indexId":"70012984","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2423,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation with a Donnan-based concept of the influence of simple salt concentration on the apparent binding of divalent ions to the polyelectrolytes polystyrenesulfonate and dextran sulfate","docAbstract":"It has been shown that the apparent enhancement of divalent metal ion binding to polyions such as polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and dextran sulfate (DS) by decreasing the ionic strength of these mixed counterion systems (M2+, M+, X-, polyion) can be anticipated with the Donnan-based model developed by one of us (J.A.M.). Ion-exchange distribution methods have been employed to measure the removal by the polyion of trace divalent metal ion from simple salt (NaClO4)-polyion (NaPSS) mixtures. These data and polyion interaction data published earlier by Mattai and Kwak for the mixed counterion systems MgCl2-LiCl-DS and MgCl2-CsCl-DS have been shown to be amenable to rather precise analysis by this model. ?? 1985 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/j100270a036","issn":"00223654","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., Baldwin, R.F., and Reddy, M., 1985, Interpretation with a Donnan-based concept of the influence of simple salt concentration on the apparent binding of divalent ions to the polyelectrolytes polystyrenesulfonate and dextran sulfate: Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 89, no. 24, p. 5303-5307, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100270a036.","startPage":"5303","endPage":"5307","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269600,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100270a036"}],"volume":"89","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d89e4b0c8380cd63632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Robert F.","contributorId":96415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012980,"text":"70012980 - 1985 - NATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70012980","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"NATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.","docAbstract":"National Water Information System (NWIS) has been designed as an interactive, distributed data system. It will integrate the existing, diverse data-processing systems into a common system. It will also provide easier, more flexible use as well as more convenient access and expanded computing, dissemination, and data-analysis capabilities. The NWIS is being implemented as part of a Distributed Information System (DIS) being developed by the Survey's Water Resources Division. The NWIS will be implemented on each node of the distributed network for the local processing, storage, and dissemination of hydrologic data collected within the node's area of responsibility. The processor at each node will also be used to perform hydrologic modeling, statistical data analysis, text editing, and some administrative work.","conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology (Preprints of Papers).","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Soc","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, USA","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M.D., 1985, NATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY., International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology (Preprints of Papers)., Los Angeles, CA, USA, p. 94-96.","startPage":"94","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6135e4b0c8380cd71844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Melvin D.","contributorId":94305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012977,"text":"70012977 - 1985 - A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-26T16:56:59.96196","indexId":"70012977","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)","docAbstract":"Microprocessor technology has permitted the development of a General Earthquake-Observation System (GEOS) useful for most seismic applications. Central-processing-unit control via robust software of system functions that are isolated on hardware modules permits field adaptability of the system to a wide variety of active and passive seismic experiments and straightforward modification for incorporation of improvements in technology. Various laboratory tests and numerous deployments of a set of the systems in the field have confirmed design goals, including: wide linear dynamic range (16 bit/96 dB); broad bandwidth (36 hr to 600 Hz; greater than 36 hr available); selectable sensor-type (accelerometer, seismometer, dilatometer); selectable channels (1 to 6); selectable record mode (continuous, preset, trigger); large data capacity (1. 4 to 60 Mbytes); selectable time standard (WWVB, master, manual); automatic self-calibration; simple field operation; full capability to adapt system in the field to a wide variety of experiments; low power; portability; and modest costs. System design goals for a microcomputer-controlled system with modular software and hardware components as implemented on the GEOS are presented. The systems have been deployed for 15 experiments, including: studies of near-source strong motion; high-frequency microearthquakes; crustal structure; down-hole wave propagation; teleseismicity; and earth-tidal strains.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750061783","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R., Fletcher, J.B., Jensen, E., Maxwell, G., VanSchaack, J., Warrick, R., Cranswick, E., Johnston, M., and McClearn, R., 1985, A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1783-1825, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750061783.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"1783","endPage":"1825","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404449,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/6/1783/118804/A-general-earthquake-observation-system-GEOS"}],"volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1448e4b0c8380cd5499d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jensen, E.G.","contributorId":19962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maxwell, G.L.","contributorId":88376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"VanSchaack, J.R.","contributorId":49515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanSchaack","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warrick, R.E.","contributorId":43774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McClearn, R.","contributorId":13374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClearn","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70012971,"text":"70012971 - 1985 - Adjustment of geochemical background by robust multivariate statistics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T11:19:38.58121","indexId":"70012971","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adjustment of geochemical background by robust multivariate statistics","docAbstract":"Conventional analyses of exploration geochemical data assume that the background is a constant or slowly changing value, equivalent to a plane or a smoothly curved surface. However, it is better to regard the geochemical background as a rugged surface, varying with changes in geology and environment. This rugged surface can be estimated from observed geological, geochemical and environmental properties by using multivariate statistics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90046-9","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Zhou, D., 1985, Adjustment of geochemical background by robust multivariate statistics: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 24, no. 2, p. 207-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90046-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6f6e4b0c8380cd4775b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, D.","contributorId":98037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012963,"text":"70012963 - 1985 - Low-frequency electrical properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:30:17.506077","indexId":"70012963","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low-frequency electrical properties","docAbstract":"In the interpretation of induced polarization data, it is commonly assumed that metallic mineral polarization dominantly or solely causes the observed response. However, at low frequencies, there is a variety of active chemical processes which involve the movement or transfer of electrical charge. Measurements of electrical properties at low frequencies (such as induced polarization) observe such movement of charge and thus monitor many geochemical processes at a distance. Examples in which this has been done include oxidation-reduction of metallic minerals such as sulfides, cation exchange on clays, and a variety of clay-organic reactions relevant to problems in toxic waste disposal and petroleum exploration. By using both the frequency dependence and nonlinear character of the complex resistivity spectrum, these reactions may be distinguished from each other and from barren or reactionless materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441880","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G., 1985, Low-frequency electrical properties: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2492-2503, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441880.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2492","endPage":"2503","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a55e4b0c8380cd68cac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012961,"text":"70012961 - 1985 - Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012961","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.","docAbstract":"Radiometric characteristics have been examined of the Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mappers (TMs) that can be established without absolute calibration of spectral data. This analysis is based on radiometrically and geometrically raw (B-type) data of both uniform (flat-field) and high-contrast scenes. Subscenes selected for uniform radiance were used to characterized subtle radiometric differences and noise problems. Although the general performance of the Thematic Mappers is excellent, various anomalies that have a magnitude of a few digital levels (DN) or less are quantified. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, H.H., Cook, D., Eliason, E.M., and Eliason, P., 1985, Intraband radiometric performance of the Landsat Thematic Mappers.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 9, p. 1331-1350.","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1350","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dbfe4b0c8380cd637f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, D.A.","contributorId":30364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eliason, P.T.","contributorId":58777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012959,"text":"70012959 - 1985 - Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T16:18:44","indexId":"70012959","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana","docAbstract":"The crest-stage gage program in Louisiana was evaluated to determine if the data were adequate for use in developing regional flood-frequency equations and to determine if any crest-stage gage stations could be discontinued. An abundance of data at many crest-stage gage stations and a lack of data for urban areas and flat-slope areas indicated a need for a shift in the number, type, and locations of gages. Correlations and comparisons of annual peak discharges and watershed characteristics of 96 existing stations resulted in the elimination of 72 stations and the addition of one new station, reducing the total network to 25 stations that could be used for future flood-frequency analyses.
The adequacy of the reduced network for development and verification of regional flood-frequency equations was tested by comparing a set of regional flood-frequency equations developed using data from the full network with a set developed using data from the reduced network. The results indicate that the crest-stage gage network can be reduced to 25 stations and still provide adequate information for future flood-frequency analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00190.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Herbert, R.A., Carlson, D.D., and Wiche, G.J., 1985, Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 21, no. 6, p. 953-965, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00190.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"965","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.940346,29.657234],[-88.944435,29.658806],[-88.941605,29.674833],[-88.911751,29.699348],[-88.873611,29.758043],[-88.867973,29.79133],[-88.84301,29.82596],[-88.836296,29.855221],[-88.843277,29.86381],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.828247,29.920717],[-88.837379,29.944878],[-88.835495,29.974138],[-88.840866,29.995613],[-88.857368,30.027826],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.855583,30.034414],[-88.841225,30.012789],[-88.824158,29.970461],[-88.817017,29.93425],[-88.818146,29.889109],[-88.826538,29.847092],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-89.486709,29.621003],[-89.535202,29.648567],[-89.621109,29.657101],[-89.632698,29.671724],[-89.64975,29.672941],[-89.641228,29.635773],[-89.647324,29.625414],[-89.684486,29.624804],[-89.688141,29.615055],[-89.684486,29.602867],[-89.668648,29.580322],[-89.684486,29.563263],[-89.681092,29.534487],[-89.699698,29.523423],[-89.700501,29.515967],[-89.665813,29.49002],[-89.63533,29.489294],[-89.617558,29.468298],[-89.596533,29.456303],[-89.589536,29.437662],[-89.577096,29.433692],[-89.548686,29.465723],[-89.528429,29.454702],[-89.531943,29.425679],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.487308,29.393346],[-89.47714,29.411241],[-89.457303,29.393148],[-89.380001,29.391785],[-89.355528,29.381569],[-89.340304,29.381412],[-89.336589,29.378228],[-89.347615,29.365],[-89.350694,29.349544],[-89.32317,29.343982],[-89.303766,29.357455],[-89.283028,29.356467],[-89.2653,29.345352],[-89.24087,29.310081],[-89.224192,29.313792],[-89.200389,29.344418],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.179547,29.339608],[-89.165015,29.303039],[-89.140275,29.291085],[-89.129688,29.265632],[-89.100106,29.25022],[-89.095544,29.238028],[-89.105833,29.231608],[-89.106244,29.215912],[-89.10065,29.206314],[-89.090724,29.199992],[-89.068265,29.204166],[-89.067371,29.208636],[-89.029103,29.220956],[-89.015192,29.211561],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.00529,29.164949],[-89.013254,29.16328],[-89.024269,29.170043],[-89.047233,29.157833],[-89.03873,29.14238],[-89.032004,29.144747],[-89.023942,29.1337],[-89.051953,29.106554],[-89.062335,29.070234],[-89.09126,29.066931],[-89.105009,29.073641],[-89.121542,29.069074],[-89.143453,29.047591],[-89.162326,29.011713],[-89.16985,29.008703],[-89.186061,29.017993],[-89.18215,29.025486],[-89.189893,29.032635],[-89.197871,29.029701],[-89.211144,29.040813],[-89.217201,29.067275],[-89.225865,29.07866],[-89.23631,29.084605],[-89.254726,29.083261],[-89.25364,29.064954],[-89.259354,29.058358],[-89.29109,29.053097],[-89.315389,29.039081],[-89.32485,29.013805],[-89.338249,29.012935],[-89.383814,28.947434],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.419865,28.929709],[-89.408157,28.965341],[-89.398104,28.977016],[-89.375049,28.985368],[-89.334735,29.040335],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.374522,29.084174],[-89.405654,29.086936],[-89.411154,29.105838],[-89.409371,29.127855],[-89.432932,29.149023],[-89.455829,29.190991],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.5366,29.236212],[-89.606651,29.252023],[-89.671781,29.289028],[-89.697258,29.296679],[-89.782149,29.311132],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.853699,29.34064],[-89.820824,29.377486],[-89.816155,29.393518],[-89.826049,29.415589],[-89.843553,29.421677],[-89.845075,29.434615],[-89.832898,29.463536],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-89.902179,29.460011],[-89.932598,29.429288],[-89.95543,29.428527],[-89.991961,29.463536],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.032298,29.427005],[-90.029468,29.388136],[-90.036374,29.363661],[-90.031815,29.344251],[-90.034275,29.322661],[-90.028536,29.307083],[-90.013778,29.30271],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.019517,29.282213],[-90.057094,29.281331],[-90.060511,29.267729],[-90.070622,29.262537],[-90.101231,29.259804],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-90.073355,29.227282],[-90.073355,29.210611],[-90.04291,29.211765],[-90.005718,29.240627],[-89.969981,29.255753],[-89.959509,29.267677],[-89.951175,29.266124],[-89.950756,29.260801],[-90.022029,29.216065],[-90.104162,29.150407],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.223587,29.085075],[-90.245283,29.085824],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.349891,29.063681],[-90.325514,29.075138],[-90.29293,29.078761],[-90.253141,29.093772],[-90.250044,29.108067],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.234405,29.128824],[-90.248629,29.13837],[-90.280516,29.142521],[-90.27832,29.150691],[-90.302846,29.175098],[-90.300885,29.196171],[-90.293183,29.199789],[-90.275851,29.193668],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.286621,29.225694],[-90.311663,29.237954],[-90.311523,29.256374],[-90.332796,29.276956],[-90.367166,29.274128],[-90.372565,29.258923],[-90.387924,29.252786],[-90.383857,29.235606],[-90.399465,29.201046],[-90.432912,29.188132],[-90.443954,29.19583],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.467233,29.202549],[-90.494928,29.216713],[-90.46832,29.227532],[-90.462866,29.249809],[-90.450674,29.263739],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.526216,29.276492],[-90.552005,29.278512],[-90.565436,29.285111],[-90.582525,29.276037],[-90.589724,29.248521],[-90.583924,29.242886],[-90.565378,29.242475],[-90.544547,29.230683],[-90.544311,29.224292],[-90.556501,29.219913],[-90.560889,29.204261],[-90.618413,29.20329],[-90.624161,29.210366],[-90.633819,29.209128],[-90.645612,29.175867],[-90.636973,29.164572],[-90.647042,29.12858],[-90.677724,29.118742],[-90.700893,29.12147],[-90.718035,29.116611],[-90.731239,29.122886],[-90.764189,29.113374],[-90.773458,29.100133],[-90.799444,29.087377],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.79872,29.054841],[-90.765188,29.049403],[-90.7253,29.066616],[-90.692205,29.059607],[-90.63924,29.072848],[-90.637495,29.066608],[-90.730899,29.042259],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.844849,29.048721],[-90.841226,29.054266],[-90.844593,29.06728],[-90.862757,29.094863],[-90.877583,29.104891],[-90.898215,29.131342],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-90.981458,29.171211],[-91.000096,29.169481],[-91.023955,29.174784],[-91.031786,29.182188],[-91.094015,29.187711],[-91.129141,29.215863],[-91.199647,29.221287],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.334885,29.298775],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.291821,29.311357],[-91.276647,29.329825],[-91.266589,29.361218],[-91.251546,29.368659],[-91.238515,29.371999],[-91.222377,29.360703],[-91.207299,29.360703],[-91.197465,29.369882],[-91.200087,29.38955],[-91.218463,29.407235],[-91.211999,29.420931],[-91.221166,29.436421],[-91.258226,29.446954],[-91.265649,29.472362],[-91.2813,29.481547],[-91.294325,29.476894],[-91.335742,29.485886],[-91.356625,29.515191],[-91.402214,29.511914],[-91.420449,29.515745],[-91.447345,29.544749],[-91.468748,29.544299],[-91.517274,29.52974],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.525523,29.551904],[-91.537445,29.565888],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.570589,29.638312],[-91.625114,29.626195],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.627286,29.662132],[-91.626826,29.684753],[-91.618479,29.710816],[-91.621512,29.735429],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.667128,29.745822],[-91.710935,29.738993],[-91.737253,29.74937],[-91.752259,29.748264],[-91.783674,29.740689],[-91.85864,29.703121],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.875637,29.722316],[-91.878355,29.751025],[-91.859151,29.783331],[-91.854677,29.807436],[-91.869998,29.828328],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-91.90689,29.83094],[-91.915989,29.815654],[-91.940723,29.817008],[-91.983871,29.794516],[-92.056398,29.772313],[-92.107486,29.744429],[-92.144431,29.716418],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-92.111787,29.62177],[-92.093419,29.618694],[-92.02532,29.625647],[-92.000371,29.613143],[-91.965031,29.608019],[-91.935024,29.612239],[-91.922825,29.633173],[-91.898996,29.63701],[-91.882318,29.62977],[-91.863018,29.633739],[-91.841294,29.62962],[-91.838297,29.616041],[-91.821693,29.606049],[-91.784976,29.595204],[-91.774686,29.576387],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.711654,29.55427],[-91.765448,29.520844],[-91.771927,29.504871],[-91.770516,29.488953],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-91.800121,29.486828],[-91.821576,29.473925],[-91.8385,29.478874],[-91.862324,29.502393],[-91.878746,29.502937],[-91.906175,29.518052],[-91.969312,29.536893],[-92.02681,29.566805],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.158624,29.581616],[-92.21259,29.562479],[-92.25186,29.539354],[-92.309357,29.533026],[-92.402165,29.551269],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-92.744126,29.617608],[-92.974305,29.71398],[-93.088182,29.749125],[-93.226934,29.777519],[-93.295573,29.775071],[-93.344993,29.759618],[-93.475252,29.769242],[-93.68364,29.747153],[-93.766048,29.7295],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.87002,29.735482],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.893862,29.767289],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.91636,29.824968],[-93.86357,29.857177],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.818998,29.914822],[-93.807815,29.954549],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.741078,30.021571],[-93.737446,30.037283],[-93.722791,30.051162],[-93.70082,30.056274],[-93.70058,30.063666],[-93.716405,30.069122],[-93.734085,30.08613],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.69498,30.135185],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.717397,30.193439],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.706608,30.281187],[-93.714319,30.294282],[-93.738699,30.303794],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.756352,30.356166],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.722314,30.420729],[-93.702665,30.429947],[-93.6978,30.440583],[-93.716678,30.494006],[-93.710117,30.5064],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.712454,30.588479],[-93.681235,30.596102],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.654971,30.670184],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.609544,30.723139],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.607757,30.757657],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.563243,30.806218],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.558608,30.868822],[-93.567451,30.878524],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.556493,30.901451],[-93.551942,30.918646],[-93.530936,30.924534],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.549841,30.967118],[-93.567972,30.977981],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.516943,31.023662],[-93.516407,31.02955],[-93.532069,31.055264],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.526044,31.070773],[-93.546644,31.082989],[-93.551034,31.091111],[-93.549717,31.10516],[-93.539619,31.121844],[-93.544888,31.148844],[-93.53683,31.15862],[-93.533307,31.184463],[-93.55254,31.185605],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.607288,31.205403],[-93.604319,31.220794],[-93.616007,31.23396],[-93.613942,31.259375],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.668928,31.297975],[-93.68688,31.305166],[-93.663892,31.361953],[-93.66892,31.3664],[-93.671644,31.393352],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.697603,31.428409],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.749476,31.46869],[-93.74987,31.478929],[-93.730998,31.492119],[-93.726736,31.5116],[-93.739318,31.51505],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.780835,31.525384],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.818582,31.554826],[-93.834923,31.58621],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.827852,31.616551],[-93.818717,31.614556],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.818037,31.647892],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.804479,31.685664],[-93.802452,31.693186],[-93.814587,31.707444],[-93.819048,31.728858],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.822598,31.773559],[-93.834649,31.783309],[-93.839951,31.798597],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.874822,31.840611],[-93.884117,31.847606],[-93.889197,31.867693],[-93.901888,31.880063],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.927672,31.891497],[-93.938002,31.906917],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-94.029283,31.995865],[-94.041833,31.992402],[-94.042964,33.019219],[-93.073167,33.017898],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-91.173308,32.986088],[-91.201842,32.961212],[-91.199415,32.952314],[-91.214027,32.93032],[-91.199775,32.908512],[-91.170235,32.899391],[-91.15169,32.901935],[-91.134041,32.917676],[-91.131304,32.926919],[-91.137863,32.952756],[-91.130721,32.962257],[-91.137524,32.96955],[-91.135517,32.979657],[-91.111757,32.988361],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.080355,32.962794],[-91.081913,32.944768],[-91.064804,32.926464],[-91.064449,32.901064],[-91.070602,32.888659],[-91.105631,32.858396],[-91.143559,32.844739],[-91.161669,32.812465],[-91.164397,32.785821],[-91.157614,32.776033],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.154461,32.742339],[-91.123152,32.742798],[-91.054481,32.722259],[-91.063946,32.702926],[-91.118258,32.674075],[-91.152081,32.641508],[-91.151318,32.615919],[-91.141148,32.597209],[-91.119854,32.584795],[-91.049796,32.607188],[-91.038415,32.636443],[-91.025769,32.646573],[-91.014286,32.640482],[-91.0035,32.624845],[-91.010228,32.601927],[-91.03617,32.579556],[-91.080398,32.556442],[-91.061685,32.536448],[-90.994481,32.506331],[-90.988278,32.49119],[-91.004206,32.48214],[-91.038106,32.49044],[-91.093741,32.549128],[-91.116708,32.500139],[-91.116008,32.48314],[-91.095308,32.458741],[-91.052907,32.438442],[-91.029606,32.433542],[-90.993863,32.45085],[-90.96959,32.43949],[-90.966255,32.421027],[-90.99408,32.403862],[-91.004506,32.368144],[-90.993625,32.354047],[-90.912363,32.339454],[-90.897762,32.35436],[-90.89206,32.370579],[-90.878289,32.374548],[-90.882161,32.357552],[-90.905173,32.315497],[-90.933991,32.290343],[-90.951351,32.283199],[-90.963079,32.296285],[-90.979475,32.293702],[-90.982985,32.270294],[-90.969403,32.25252],[-90.98029,32.243601],[-90.983434,32.221305],[-90.991227,32.214662],[-91.001192,32.215173],[-91.021507,32.236149],[-91.039007,32.242349],[-91.050307,32.237949],[-91.061408,32.21865],[-91.071108,32.22605],[-91.083708,32.22645],[-91.113009,32.20655],[-91.133587,32.213432],[-91.162062,32.199035],[-91.174552,32.154978],[-91.165452,32.13429],[-91.113866,32.125731],[-91.08163,32.133992],[-91.053175,32.124237],[-91.048507,32.150152],[-91.058907,32.171251],[-91.057647,32.177354],[-91.050207,32.178451],[-91.00619,32.156957],[-91.004106,32.146152],[-91.017606,32.125153],[-91.030799,32.120566],[-91.034707,32.101053],[-91.080008,32.079154],[-91.082308,32.047555],[-91.103708,32.050255],[-91.139309,32.081754],[-91.16031,32.070354],[-91.16131,32.059755],[-91.15141,32.049255],[-91.088108,32.034455],[-91.075908,32.016828],[-91.104108,31.990357],[-91.16441,31.982557],[-91.18481,31.965557],[-91.19321,31.935658],[-91.18471,31.935058],[-91.18321,31.916159],[-91.20101,31.909159],[-91.234899,31.876863],[-91.267712,31.86266],[-91.266612,31.851161],[-91.245624,31.833165],[-91.255611,31.812662],[-91.269212,31.809162],[-91.284912,31.818362],[-91.293413,31.86016],[-91.333814,31.853261],[-91.345714,31.842861],[-91.365529,31.761628],[-91.355214,31.758063],[-91.325973,31.76151],[-91.286045,31.772062],[-91.263043,31.766995],[-91.259611,31.76129],[-91.263406,31.754468],[-91.275545,31.745515],[-91.338663,31.750005],[-91.365034,31.748184],[-91.371804,31.742948],[-91.397115,31.711364],[-91.395715,31.644165],[-91.401015,31.620365],[-91.421116,31.611565],[-91.436716,31.612665],[-91.474318,31.625365],[-91.497665,31.645371],[-91.515462,31.630372],[-91.517233,31.61346],[-91.488618,31.587466],[-91.466317,31.586066],[-91.422716,31.597065],[-91.403915,31.589766],[-91.405415,31.576466],[-91.414915,31.562166],[-91.443916,31.542466],[-91.479718,31.530366],[-91.511217,31.532612],[-91.52292,31.519841],[-91.515157,31.50338],[-91.518148,31.483483],[-91.513366,31.444396],[-91.500046,31.42052],[-91.472065,31.395925],[-91.471098,31.376917],[-91.47887,31.364955],[-91.504163,31.36495],[-91.521836,31.37517],[-91.532336,31.390275],[-91.539458,31.414021],[-91.537002,31.423184],[-91.545013,31.433026],[-91.565179,31.423447],[-91.576265,31.410498],[-91.578334,31.399067],[-91.568953,31.377629],[-91.55568,31.386413],[-91.546207,31.38248],[-91.548967,31.347255],[-91.507977,31.312943],[-91.508858,31.291644],[-91.515614,31.27821],[-91.564192,31.261633],[-91.637672,31.26768],[-91.654027,31.255753],[-91.652019,31.242691],[-91.644356,31.234414],[-91.601616,31.208573],[-91.588939,31.188959],[-91.591502,31.173118],[-91.624217,31.133729],[-91.626476,31.119125],[-91.61857,31.107328],[-91.56415,31.06683],[-91.559907,31.054119],[-91.564397,31.038965],[-91.578413,31.02403],[-91.636942,30.999416],[-89.728147,31.002431],[-89.73554,30.999715],[-89.728563,30.994396],[-89.736086,30.974446],[-89.727072,30.967395],[-89.735686,30.966573],[-89.756333,30.943498],[-89.744448,30.920577],[-89.750073,30.91293],[-89.7626,30.913736],[-89.758719,30.897319],[-89.773553,30.896862],[-89.770027,30.882254],[-89.779194,30.875185],[-89.768237,30.866392],[-89.771722,30.854677],[-89.783384,30.856022],[-89.780947,30.848542],[-89.790805,30.832131],[-89.781168,30.820123],[-89.785894,30.815962],[-89.800049,30.819078],[-89.804065,30.803247],[-89.811171,30.798921],[-89.806763,30.789069],[-89.816418,30.796054],[-89.821078,30.792523],[-89.831537,30.76761],[-89.826053,30.742322],[-89.816075,30.739366],[-89.83687,30.734661],[-89.836945,30.728201],[-89.828061,30.725018],[-89.83006,30.71631],[-89.845801,30.707314],[-89.835848,30.699555],[-89.835478,30.691166],[-89.847201,30.670038],[-89.837894,30.672514],[-89.841787,30.665557],[-89.852263,30.662934],[-89.836047,30.657298],[-89.821868,30.644024],[-89.818081,30.634019],[-89.823278,30.60823],[-89.814563,30.606152],[-89.818527,30.592688],[-89.807118,30.587337],[-89.808184,30.568795],[-89.790318,30.567524],[-89.803887,30.560581],[-89.794532,30.556554],[-89.791046,30.545046],[-89.780246,30.544607],[-89.775355,30.538848],[-89.768133,30.51502],[-89.76057,30.515761],[-89.758575,30.505942],[-89.726154,30.49256],[-89.715886,30.477797],[-89.68341,30.451793],[-89.678514,30.414012],[-89.683686,30.405873],[-89.657191,30.356515],[-89.629727,30.339287],[-89.626606,30.315457],[-89.639872,30.307281],[-89.64344,30.287682],[-89.631411,30.279662],[-89.631789,30.256924],[-89.614156,30.244595],[-89.615856,30.223195],[-89.596655,30.211796],[-89.574454,30.181697],[-89.562253,30.182397],[-89.541453,30.195397],[-89.533352,30.194797],[-89.524504,30.180753],[-89.537493,30.171745],[-89.562825,30.168667],[-89.587062,30.150648],[-89.617542,30.156422],[-89.640989,30.138612],[-89.656986,30.118381],[-89.678156,30.10829],[-89.683712,30.076018],[-89.72957,30.059628],[-89.731452,30.05104],[-89.7163,30.02811],[-89.724649,30.022454],[-89.733323,30.022054],[-89.763216,30.042108],[-89.818561,30.043328],[-89.857558,30.004439],[-89.844202,29.955645],[-89.829023,29.939228],[-89.804463,29.932588],[-89.748492,29.945831],[-89.727933,29.95878],[-89.71291,29.946349],[-89.742727,29.935894],[-89.746273,29.928221],[-89.742479,29.90817],[-89.711158,29.879287],[-89.692004,29.868722],[-89.660568,29.862909],[-89.613159,29.87216],[-89.598129,29.881409],[-89.591194,29.897018],[-89.592346,29.917253],[-89.574997,29.959455],[-89.574425,29.983738],[-89.58136,29.994722],[-89.501587,30.034037],[-89.494064,30.040972],[-89.499275,30.058893],[-89.493484,30.072191],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.458946,30.06345],[-89.418465,30.049747],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.368637,30.047256],[-89.372375,30.036671],[-89.422813,30.015495],[-89.432785,30.008022],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.432785,29.978752],[-89.40538,29.965672],[-89.379227,29.963804],[-89.378601,29.919588],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.331894,29.91585],[-89.315453,29.923208],[-89.273315,29.99382],[-89.250534,30.002361],[-89.243706,29.997236],[-89.249969,29.975597],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.231178,29.925484],[-89.244843,29.93004],[-89.280144,29.924915],[-89.318306,29.898149],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.289253,29.880499],[-89.241425,29.88961],[-89.236298,29.886763],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.269897,29.859997],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.383217,29.830385],[-89.372971,29.82526],[-89.345634,29.820135],[-89.342781,29.798496],[-89.33197,29.790524],[-89.318306,29.788815],[-89.277298,29.807608],[-89.277298,29.799635],[-89.284134,29.795649],[-89.284706,29.770021],[-89.269325,29.760912],[-89.271034,29.756355],[-89.305199,29.756926],[-89.337662,29.779135],[-89.354179,29.781412],[-89.367271,29.775148],[-89.386063,29.788815],[-89.394608,29.784828],[-89.399162,29.770592],[-89.428207,29.74155],[-89.42421,29.697638],[-89.44812,29.703316],[-89.530258,29.74375],[-89.560181,29.735472],[-89.572922,29.746616],[-89.634048,29.752981],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.644562,29.710957],[-89.618446,29.700768],[-89.592979,29.702042],[-89.599663,29.690262],[-89.596802,29.684212],[-89.573883,29.674025],[-89.53376,29.670204],[-89.487915,29.630405],[-89.486709,29.621003]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Louisiana\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fdae4b0c8380cd64891","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbert, Richard A.","contributorId":6451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, Darrell D.","contributorId":63000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012957,"text":"70012957 - 1985 - Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:45:57.678143","indexId":"70012957","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems","docAbstract":"Observations of large salinity variations and vent temperatures in the range of 380–400°C suggest that boiling or two-phase separation may be occurring in some seafloor geothermal systems. Consideration of flow rates and the relatively small differences in density between vapors and liquids at the supercritical pressures at depth in these systems suggests that boiling is occurring under closed-system conditions. Salinity and temperature of boiling vents can be used to estimate the pressure-temperature point in the subsurface at which liquid seawater first reached the two-phase boundary. Data are reviewed to construct phase diagrams of coexisting brines and vapors in the two-phase region at pressures corresponding to those of the seafloor geothermal systems. A method is developed for calculating the enthalpy and entropy of the coexisting mixtures, and results are used to construct adiabats from the seafloor to theP-T two-phase boundary. Results for seafloor vents discharging at 2300 m below sea level indicate that a 385°C vent is composed of a brine (7% NaCl equivalent) in equilibrium with a vapor (0.1% NaCl). Brine constitutes 45% by weight of the mixture, and the fluid first boiled at approximately 1 km below the seafloor at 415°C, 330 bar. A 400°C vent is primarily vapor (88 wt.%, 0.044% NaCl) with a small amount of brine (26% NaCl) and first boiled at 2.9 km below the seafloor at 500°C, 520 bar. These results show that adiabatic decompression in the two-phase region results in dramatic cooling of the fluid mixture when there is a large fraction of vapor.
The analytical solutions developed in the first paper can be used to interpret the results of cross-hole tests conducted in anisotropic porous or fractured media. In the particular case where the injection and monitoring intervals are short relative to the distance between them, the test results can be analyzed graphically. From the transient variation of hydraulic head in a given monitoring interval, one can determine the directional hydraulic diffusivity, Kd(e)/Ss, and the quantity D/Ss, by curve matching. (Here Kd(e) is directional hydraulic conductivity parallel to the unit vector, e, pointing from the injection to the monitoring interval, Ss is specific storage, and D is the determinant of the hydraulic conductivity tensor, K.) The principal values and directions of K, together with Ss, can then be evaluated by fitting an ellipsoid to the square roots of the directional diffusivities. Ideally, six directional measurements are required. In practice, a larger number of measurements is often necessary to enable fitting an ellipsoid to the data by least squares. If the computed [Kd(e)/ss]½ values fluctuate so severely that a meaningful least squares fit is not possible, one has a direct indication that the subsurface does not behave as a uniform anisotropic medium on the scale of the test. Test results from a granitic rock near Oracle in southern Arizona are presented to illustrate how the method works for fractured rocks. At the site, the Oracle granite is shown to respond as a near-uniform, anisotropic medium, the hydraulic conductivity of which is strongly controlled by the orientations of major fracture sets. The cross-hole test results are shown to be consistent with the results of more than 100 single-hole packer tests conducted at the site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i011p01667","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Neuman, S.P., Stiles, G.K., and Simpson, E.S., 1985, Field determination of the three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor of anisotropic media: 2. Methodology and application to fractured rocks: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 11, p. 1667-1676, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i011p01667.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1667","endPage":"1676","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fb0e4b0c8380cd539a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuman, Shlomo P.","contributorId":189795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neuman","given":"Shlomo","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, Gary K.","contributorId":91175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stiles","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simpson, Eugene S.","contributorId":116654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012948,"text":"70012948 - 1985 - Correlation of ash-flow tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:43:02.071606","indexId":"70012948","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of ash-flow tuffs","docAbstract":"Discrimination and correlation of ash-flow sheets is important in structurally complex, long-lived volcanic fields where such sheets provide the best keys to the regional stratigraphic framework. Three-dimensional complexities resulting from pulsatory eruptions, sectorial emplacement, mechanical sorting during outflow, thermal and compositional zoning of magmas, the physical zoning of cooling units, and structural and erosional disruption can make such correlation and discrimination difficult. When lithologic, magnetic, petrographic, chemical, and isotopic criteria for correlating ash-flow sheets are critically evaluated, many problems and pitfalls can be identified. Distinctive phenocrysts, pumice clasts, and lithic fragments are among the more reliable criteria, as are high-precision K-Ar ages and thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) directions in unaltered welded tuff. Chemical correlation methods should rely principally upon welded or nonwelded pumice blocks, not upon the ash-flow matrix, which is subject to fractionation, mixing, and contamination during emplacement. Compositional zoning of most large sheets requires that many samples be analyzed before phenocryst, glass, or whole-rock chemical trends can be used confidently as correlation criteria.
We have identified a large, anomalously limonitic area in Cenozoic gravels on Lordsburg Mesa near Lordsburg, New Mexico, using Landsat images. Our interpretation of the geophysical and geochemical data suggests the exploration hypothesis that the Lordsburg Mesa limonite anomaly is the surface expression of a chemical trap that may contain concentrations of uranium similar to calcrete-uranium deposits. Ground water originating in the Big Burro Mountains, where uranium vein deposits are known, drains through the Lordsburg Mesa area. This ground water is apparently forced near the surface by a buried bed-rock ridge along the west side of the limonite anomaly. The resulting changes in ground-water chemistry may be precipitating uranium along the eastern margin of the limonite anomaly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.3.575","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Erdman, J.A., McCarthy, J., and Reimer, G., 1985, Remotely sensed limonite anomaly on Lordsburg Mesa, New Mexico: Possible implications for uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 3, p. 575-590, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.3.575.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222385,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa71ce4b0c8380cd8521b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H.","contributorId":8451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012917,"text":"70012917 - 1985 - Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:14:20.587013","indexId":"70012917","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective","docAbstract":"In this review of developments in the field of remote sensing from a geophysical perspective, the subject is limited to the electromagnetic spectrum from 0.4 mu m to 25 cm. Three broad energy categories are covered: solar reflected, thermal infrared, and microwave.The reflected solar region has been the most intensely studied. Photointerpretation of images from individual spectral bands or from color composites remains the most widely used method of analysis. New instrumentation and digital processing, based on analysis of laboratory and field spectra, provide significant advances that are beginning to be applied to resource exploration. Color compositing techniques have been effectively used to detect the characteristic spectral reflectance features of iron oxides and hydroxyl-bearing materials in satellite multispectral data for mapping areas of hydrothermal alteration. Airborne spectrometers can now detect individual spectral features of many minerals which are diagnostic of different stages of hydrothermal alteration. Evolution was from discrimination, based on empirical experience, to mineralogic identification and leading to quantification. Current developments also indicate new, promising extensions to vegetated terrains.Advances in thermal infrared studies are due to development of thermal models that permit mapping of physical property variations and to detection of spectral differences that provide important compositional information. Analysis techniques are still in their infancy, and thermal satellite data remain appropriate only for regional investigations.Microwave data have been acquired mainly with radar systems, which can provide very high resolution from space, but use of textural and slope information has had limited application. Long-wavelength radiation has been shown to penetrate dry materials, and this may be applicable in extremely arid regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441885","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1985, Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2595-2610, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441885.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2595","endPage":"2610","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa713e4b0c8380cd851eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012914,"text":"70012914 - 1985 - Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:21:37.730521","indexId":"70012914","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984","docAbstract":"Public statements about volcanic activity at Mount St. Helens include factual statements, forecasts, and predictions. A factual statement describes current conditions but does not anticipate future events. A forecast is a comparatively imprecise statement of the time, place, and nature of expected activity. A prediction is a comparatively precise statement of the time, place, and ideally, the nature and size of impending activity. A prediction usually covers a shorter time period than a forecast and is generally based dominantly on interpretations and measurements of ongoing processes and secondarily on a projection of past history. The three types of statements grade from one to another, and distinctions are sometimes arbitrary.
Forecasts and predictions at Mount St. Helens became increasingly precise from 1975 to 1982. Stratigraphic studies led to a long-range forecast in 1975 of renewed eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, possibly before the end of the century. On the basis of seismic, geodetic and geologic data, general forecasts for a landslide and eruption were issued in April 1980, before the catastrophic blast and landslide on 18 May 1980. All extrusions except two from June 1980 to the end of 1984 were predicted on the basis of integrated geophysical, geochemical, and geologic monitoring. The two extrusions that were not predicted were preceded by explosions that removed a substantial part of the dome, reducing confining pressure and essentially short-circuiting the normal precursors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-3707(85)90044-4","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D.A., Casadevall, T.J., Dzurisin, D., Holcomb, R.T., Newhall, C.G., Malone, S.D., and Weaver, C., 1985, Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 397-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(85)90044-4.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a131ee4b0c8380cd54518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newhall, C. G.","contributorId":93056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70012882,"text":"70012882 - 1985 - Temporal fluctuations in grain size, organic materials and iron concentrations in intertidal surface sediment of San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:56:11","indexId":"70012882","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal fluctuations in grain size, organic materials and iron concentrations in intertidal surface sediment of San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The physical and chemical characteristics of the oxidized surface sediment in an estuary fluctuate temporally in response to physical forces and apparently-fluctuating inputs. These characteristics, which include grain size and concentrations of organic materials and iron, will influence both trace-metal geochemistry and bioavailability. Temporal trends in the abundance of fine particles, total organic carbon content (TOC), absorbance of extractable organic material (EOM), and concentration of extractable iron in the sediment of San Francisco Bay were assessed using data sets containing approximately monthly samples for periods of two to seven years. Changes in wind velocity and runoff result in monthly changes in the abundance of fine particles in the intertidal zone. Fine-grained particles are most abundant in the late fall/early winter when runoff is elevated and wind velocities are low; particles are coarser in the summer when runoff is low and wind velocities are consistently high. Throughout the bay, TOC is linearly related to fine particle abundance (r = 0.61). Temporal variability occurs in this relationship, as particles are poor in TOC relative to percent of fine particles in the early rainy season. Iron-poor particles also appear to enter the estuary during high runoff periods; while iron is enriched on particle surfaces in the summer. Concentrations of extractable iron and absorbance of EOM vary strongly from year to year. Highest absorbances of EOM occurred in the first year following the drought in 1976-77, and in 1982 and 1983 when river discharge was unusually high. Extractable-iron concentrations were also highest in 1976-77, but were very low in 1982 and 1983.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00048689","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Thomson-Becker, E.A., and Luoma, S.N., 1985, Temporal fluctuations in grain size, organic materials and iron concentrations in intertidal surface sediment of San Francisco Bay: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 91-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048689.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187501,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 37.37888785004527\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba50ee4b08c986b320797","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomson-Becker, E. A.","contributorId":29961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomson-Becker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012880,"text":"70012880 - 1985 - Managing mapping data using commercial data base management software.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70012880","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing mapping data using commercial data base management software.","docAbstract":"Electronic computers are involved in almost every aspect of the map making process. This involvement has become so thorough that it is practically impossible to find a recently developed process or device in the mapping field which does not employ digital processing in some form or another. This trend, which has been evolving over two decades, is accelerated by the significant improvements in capility, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of electronic devices. Computerized mapping processes and devices share a common need for machine readable data. Integrating groups of these components into automated mapping systems requires careful planning for data flow amongst them. Exploring the utility of commercial data base management software to assist in this task is the subject of this paper. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Elassal, A., 1985, Managing mapping data using commercial data base management software.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 8, p. 1133-1136.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1136","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c93e4b0c8380cd69d4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elassal, A.A.","contributorId":67653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elassal","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012844,"text":"70012844 - 1985 - Crustal refraction profile of the Long Valley caldera, California, from the January 1983 Mammoth Lakes earthquake swarm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T16:06:54.832392","indexId":"70012844","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal refraction profile of the Long Valley caldera, California, from the January 1983 Mammoth Lakes earthquake swarm","docAbstract":"Seismic-refraction profiles recorded north of Mammoth Lakes, California, using earthquake sources from the January 1983 swarm complement earlier explosion refraction profiles and provide velocity information from deeper in the crust in the area of the Long Valley caldera. Eight earthquakes from a depth range of 4.9 to 8.0 km confirm the observation of basement rocks with seismic velocities ranging from 5.8 to 6.4 km/sec extending at least to depths of 20 km. The data provide further evidence for the existence of a partial melt zone beneath Long Valley caldera and constrain its geometry. This evidence is in the form of pronounced secondary arrivals, which we interpret as waves that have propagated through a volume with low Q (the magma chamber) and reflected from the lower boundary of the southern edge of this volume at depths of 18 to 20 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750010211","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Luetgert, J.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1985, Crustal refraction profile of the Long Valley caldera, California, from the January 1983 Mammoth Lakes earthquake swarm: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 1, p. 211-221, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750010211.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/1/211/118669/Crustal-refraction-profile-of-the-Long-Valley"},{"id":222171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.01763916015625,\n 37.61858263247881\n ],\n [\n -118.93592834472656,\n 37.61858263247881\n ],\n [\n -118.93592834472656,\n 37.665342132088284\n ],\n [\n -119.01763916015625,\n 37.665342132088284\n ],\n [\n -119.01763916015625,\n 37.61858263247881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2e6e4b0c8380cd4b487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":364657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012826,"text":"70012826 - 1985 - Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:53:44.5747","indexId":"70012826","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States","docAbstract":"Data from the United States Oil and Gas File (TOTL) developed by the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, are used to characterize the lithology, location (state and basin), geologic age, year of discovery, depth to top of pay, porosity, permeability, water saturation, volume of crude oil and nonassociated gas originally in place, and net-pay thickness of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States. Distributions of these parameters, representing thousands of reservoirs, establish a framework to which individual carbonate reservoirs can be compared, and provide insights into geologic processes affecting reservoir characteristics.
Limestone reservoirs are more numerous in the United States than dolomite reservoirs (by a ratio of about 3 to 1) because limestones are more abundant than dolomites. However, in the eight states that account for over 90% of United States carbonate reservoirs, there is a statistical tendency for carbonate reservoirs to occur preferentially in dolomites. Dolomite reservoirs, on the average, are larger and deeper than those of limestone, yet they often have lower matrix porosities and permeabilities. This line of investigation offers supplemental evidence that dolomitization tends to improve the reservoir properties of a given formation, and that effective fracture systems at reservoir depths are more likely to occur in dolomites than in limestones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD4627F9-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., Krystinik, K.B., and Halley, R., 1985, Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 5, p. 733-741, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD4627F9-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"741","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf30e4b0c8380cd8742f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krystinik, Katherine B.","contributorId":77989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krystinik","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012809,"text":"70012809 - 1985 - COMPARISON OF RECORDING CURRENT METERS USED FOR MEASURING VELOCITIES IN SHALLOW WATERS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:41:50","indexId":"70012809","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"COMPARISON OF RECORDING CURRENT METERS USED FOR MEASURING VELOCITIES IN SHALLOW WATERS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA.","docAbstract":"The authors determine the feasibility of collecting reliable current-meter data in shallow water under natural conditions. The study involved field testing four types of recording current meters (different speed sensors) and comparing data recorded by the meters under different field conditions. Speeds recorded by the current meters at slack water and during maximum flows were compared during calm and windy conditions at various tide levels.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Engineering and the Environment - Conference Record.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Gartner, J.W., and Oltmann, R.N., 1985, COMPARISON OF RECORDING CURRENT METERS USED FOR MEASURING VELOCITIES IN SHALLOW WATERS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA., in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), San Diego, CA, USA, p. 731-737.","startPage":"731","endPage":"737","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dae4b0c8380cd4b429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":77524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oltmann, Richard N.","contributorId":63377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012795,"text":"70012795 - 1985 - Error bounds in cascading regressions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:10:56","indexId":"70012795","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Error bounds in cascading regressions","docAbstract":"Cascading regressions is a technique for predicting a value of a dependent variable when no paired measurements exist to perform a standard regression analysis. Biases in coefficients of a cascaded-regression line as well as error variance of points about the line are functions of the correlation coefficient between dependent and independent variables. Although this correlation cannot be computed because of the lack of paired data, bounds can be placed on errors through the required properties of the correlation coefficient. The potential meansquared error of a cascaded-regression prediction can be large, as illustrated through an example using geomorphologic data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01034754","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Karlinger, M., and Troutman, B., 1985, Error bounds in cascading regressions: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 3, p. 287-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01034754.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a48e4b0c8380cd522ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}