Preliminary investigations at Salar de Uyuni and the nearby salars (salt pans) of Coipasa and Empexa in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano show the presence of widespread lithium-rich brines. Widely scattered brine samples from Salar de Uyuni, which has an area of about 9000 km2 and is the largest salt pan on earth, show lithium values ranging from 80 to 1500 ppm. High values of 300–700 ppm are most prevalent in an area of about 2500 km2 in the east-central and southeastern part of the salar. A few brine samples in small areas in Coipasa and Empexa Salars have values ranging from 170 to 580 ppm Li. All the brines are essentially saturated with halite and are moderately high in sulfate (5000–15,000 ppm SO4) but low in carbonate (<500 ppm HCO3). Potassium and magnesium values are relatively high, chiefly in the range of 2000–20,000 ppm, and the
The crystalline saline material and brines in these salars are residual from a former large lake, Lago Minchin, that occupied much of the southern Bolivian Altiplano during late Pleistocene time, augmented by saline material carried to the salars by streams since final drying of this lake. Thermal springs associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Quaternary age may have been a major source of the lithium.
Data from lowest and highest occurrence events in several stratigraphic sections are analyzed by means of a paired comparison model with ties. The model produces an estimated relative geochronological ordering of these events. This ordering must be compared with actual observations for revision and interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer","doi":"10.1007/BF02048490","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., and Beaver, R., 1978, The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 261-272, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02048490.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb15de4b08c986b3252f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaver, R.J.","contributorId":35467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012421,"text":"70012421 - 1978 - The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012421","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3570,"text":"The Moon and the Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes","docAbstract":"The bulk composition of the Moon was determined by the conditions in the solar nebula during its formation, and may be quantitatively estimated from the premise that the terrestrial planets were formed by cosmochemical processes similar to those recorded in the chondrites. The calculations are based on the Ganapathy-Anders 7-component model using trace element indicators, but incorportate improved geophysical data and petrological constraints. A model Moon with 40 ppb U, a core 2% by weight (1.8% metal with ???35% Ni and 0.2% FeS) and Mg/(Fe2++Mg)?????0.75 meets the trace element restrictions, and has acceptable density, heat flow and moment of inertia ratio. The high Ni content of the core permits low-Ti mare basalts to equilibrate with metal, yet still retain substantial Ni. The silicate resembles the Taylor-Jakes?? composition (and in some respects the waif Ganapathy-Anders Model 2a), but has lower SiO2. Minor modifications of the model composition (U=30-35 ppb) yield a 50% melt approximating Apollo 15 green glass and a residuum of olivine plus 3 to 4% spinel; the low SiO2, favors spinel formation, and, contrary to expectation, Cr is not depleted in the liquid. There may no longer be any inconsistency between the cosmochemical approach and arguments based on experimental petrology. ?? 1978 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon and the Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00897296","issn":"01650807","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Hertogen, J., and Anders, E., 1978, The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes: The Moon and the Planets, v. 18, no. 4, p. 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00897296.","startPage":"465","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897296"},{"id":222014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badebe4b08c986b323e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hertogen, J.","contributorId":90042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hertogen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, E.","contributorId":64803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012540,"text":"70012540 - 1978 - Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012540","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks","docAbstract":"We review transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline solids. The results are expected to be pertinent to crystalline rocks undergoing deformation in the depth range 5 to 20 km, corresponding to depths of focus of many major earthquakes. Transient creep data for crystalline rocks at elevated temperatures are analyzed but are poorly understood because of lack of information on the deformation processes which, at low to moderate pressure, are likely to be semibrittle in nature. Activation energies for transient creep at high effective confining pressure are much higher than those found for atmospheric pressure tests in which thermally-activated microfracturing probably dominates the creep rate. Empirical transient creep equations are extrapolated at 200?? to 600??C, stresses from 0.1 to 1.0 kbar, to times ranging from 3.17??102 to 3.17??108 years. At the higher temperatures, appreciable transient creep strains may take place but the physical significance of the results is in question because the flow mechanisms have not been determined. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate careful research on this important topic. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876540","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Carter, N., and Kirby, S.H., 1978, Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 807-839, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876540.","startPage":"807","endPage":"839","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205171,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876540"},{"id":221954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f9e4b08c986b326f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, N.L.","contributorId":58395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012657,"text":"70012657 - 1978 - Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012657","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","docAbstract":"In regions of tectonic extension, vertical convective transport of heat in the lithosphere is inevitable. The resulting departure of lithosphere temperature and thickness from conduction-model estimates depends upon the mechanical mode of extension and upon how rapidly extension is (and has been) taking place. Present knowledge of these processes is insufficient to provide adequate constraints on thermal models. The high and variable regional heat flow and the intense local heat discharge at volcanic centers in the Basin and Range province of the United States could be accounted for by regional and local variations in extensional strain rate without invoking anomalous conductive heat flow from the asthenosphere. Anomalous surface heat flow typical of the province could be generated by distributed extension at average rates of about 1/2 to 1%/m.y., similar to rates estimated from structural evidence. To account for higher heat flow in subregions like the Battle mountain High, these rates would be increased by a factor of about 3, and locally at active bimodal volcanic centers, by an order of magnitude more. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879732","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., 1978, Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 34-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732.","startPage":"34","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732"},{"id":222092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3001e4b0c8380cd5d2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007844,"text":"1007844 - 1978 - Reproduction of chaparral shrubs after fire: A comparison of sprouting and seeding strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T16:30:20.097048","indexId":"1007844","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction of chaparral shrubs after fire: A comparison of sprouting and seeding strategies","docAbstract":"The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (Am. J. Sci.13, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.
Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K2O- FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K2O:Al2O3 plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K2O·Al2O3· 2SiO2 (‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·3SiO2, and from K2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 (leucite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·5SiO2, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.
As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.
A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012578,"text":"70012578 - 1978 - Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:06","indexId":"70012578","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","docAbstract":"A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the \"geothermal resource base\", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the \"accessible resource base\", and it in turn is divided into \"useful\" and \"residual\" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the \"geothermal resource\". This in turn is divided into \"economic\" and \"subeconomic\" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains \"identified\" and \"undiscovered\" components. \"Reserve\" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a \"recovery factor\". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (??e) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during \"industrial\" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Muffler, P., and Cataldi, R., 1978, Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 53-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0.","startPage":"53","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1208202/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55cae4b0c8380cd6d2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, P.","contributorId":66850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cataldi, R.","contributorId":59806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cataldi","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000144,"text":"1000144 - 1978 - Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T09:09:28","indexId":"1000144","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Using ovaries sampled seasonally from Lake Michigan bloaters in 1968-1969, we determined that one complement or modal group of eggs is produced each year and spawned mainly during January, February, and March. Fecundities estimated for 65 fish taken in October ranged from 3,230 eggs in one medium-size bloater (241 mm long) to 18,768 in the longest (305 mm). We regressed these estimates on lengths and weights of the parental fish to provide a quantitative basis for later evaluating long-term changes in reproductive potential. The resulting rectilinear regression on weight accounted for 75% of the total variation in fecundity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Emery, L., and Brown, E.H., 1978, Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 107, no. 6, p. 785-789, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"789","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, Lee","contributorId":18726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10513,"text":"ofr78130 - 1978 - The architecture of the porphyry-metal system as a prospecting stratagem in the Southern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-13T13:39:11.539377","indexId":"ofr78130","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-130","title":"The architecture of the porphyry-metal system as a prospecting stratagem in the Southern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"A model of the porphyry-metal system characteristic of the consanguineous Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous rocks and associated ores of the southern Rocky Mountains is constructed from the bits and pieces exposed in the Colorado mineral belt and the San Juan volcanic field. Hydrothermally altered rocks in a part of the areas of mineralized rock associated with the Platoro caldera are matched against the model, to locate and to characterize latent mineral deposits for optimal prospecting and exploration. The latent deposits are two stockwork molybdenite deposits (porphyry-molybdenum) and one or two copper-gold-silver chimney deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78130","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., 1978, The architecture of the porphyry-metal system as a prospecting stratagem in the Southern Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-130, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78130.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38364,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168598,"text":"70168598 - 1978 - Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T08:30:51","indexId":"70168598","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift","docAbstract":"Modern surveying instruments, such as geodimeters, are capable of measuring distances in the range of 1 to 30 kilometers with remarkable precision. Indeed, the present limitation upon the precision of measurement is not the resolution of the instruments themselves but rather the uncertainty introduced by variations in the velocity of light in the atmosphere between the two endpoints of the measured distance. This capability in precise distance measurement can be applied to earthquake studies by using repeated distance measurements to determine changes in the distance between monuments located along the major faults. Such measurements have been made along the San Andreas fault since late 1959, and, as a result, a wealth of data on crustal deformation in that area is now available. In fact, geodimeter measurements of this type furnish a more stable measure of secular strain (change in the ratio of length to length) than any continuously recording strain meter. The superiority of the geodimeter measurement stems principally from the long base line measured which averages over local inhomogeneities (cracks and joints in the rock, inclusions, and so forth).
\nThis article describes the important features of the measurement technique as well as some results for the region of the southern California uplift.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., and Savage, J., 1978, Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 131-135.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -116.1474609375,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c52e4b059daa47c9ac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162505,"text":"70162505 - 1978 - Earthquake history of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:07:34","indexId":"70162505","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Wyoming","docAbstract":"Forty-five earthquakes of moderate intensity (V or greater) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MM) and extent have originated in Wyoming from 1894 to 1976. Many shocks have occurred in Yellowstone National Park, including an intensity VII event in June 1975. the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake, centered just west of the park, was felt (MM VII) in northwestern Wyoming. Many aftershocks from this earthquake were reported in Yellowstone Park (MM V-VI) through December 1959, and numerous shocks of lesser intensities continued through 1963.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1978, Earthquake history of Wyoming: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 150-154.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75551e4b0b28f1184d815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199454,"text":"70199454 - 1977 - Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T14:33:40","indexId":"70199454","displayToPublicDate":"2018-09-18T14:22:54","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3446,"text":"Southern Economic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling","docAbstract":"There is currently some dissatisfaction with macroeconomic approaches to modeling the supply of domestic crude oil. One problem that has been pointed out is that the estimated supply responses of new discoveries brought about by price increases appear to be unrealistically high. Because data frequently used in these models are highly aggregated over time and include diverse geologic regions, this criticism may not be unwarranted. Moreover, with highly aggregated data testable hypotheses relating to operator behavior at the field level are limited. Because of the somewhat decentralized nature of firm decision making, operator field behavior significantly affects the wildcat drilling rate and hence the interarrival times, i.e., temporal sequence, of expected discoveries.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Southern Economic Association","doi":"10.2307/1057299","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Drew, L.J., 1977, Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling: Southern Economic Journal, v. 44, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.2307/1057299.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L. J.","contributorId":118947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178610,"text":"70178610 - 1977 - Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T15:17:25","indexId":"70178610","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931","docAbstract":"[No abstract]
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1977, Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 4, p. 30-31.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"583ff369e4b04fc80e437295","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654531,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162637,"text":"70162637 - 1977 - Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T12:25:03","indexId":"70162637","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri","title":"Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri","docAbstract":"Relative growth and survival of offspring from matings of hatchery and wild Deschutes River (Oregon) summer steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, were measured to determine if hatchery fish differ genetically from wild fish in traits that can affect the stock–recruitment relationship of wild populations. Sections of four natural streams and a hatchery pond were each stocked with genetically marked (lactate dehydrogenase genotypes) eyed eggs or unfed swim-up fry from each of three matings: hatchery × hatchery (HH), hatchery × wild (HW), and wild × wild (WW). In streams, WW fish had the highest survival and HW fish the highest growth rates when significant differences were found; in the hatchery pond, HH fish had the highest survival and growth rates. The hatchery fish were genetically different from wild fish and when they interbreed with wild fish may reduce the number of smolts produced. Hatchery procedures can be modified to reduce the genetic differences between hatchery and wild fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing ","doi":"10.1139/f77-015","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., and McIntyre, J., 1977, Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 34, no. 1, p. 123-128, https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":" Deschutes River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 42.0125705565935\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 42.0125705565935\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 44.429857265397246\n ],\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 44.429857265397246\n ],\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 42.0125705565935\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c6e4b07ca61bfea54f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.D.","contributorId":27006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10170,"text":"ofr77549 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"ofr77549","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"70043185","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T18:11:48.744298","indexId":"70043185","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","docAbstract":"Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from data on historical magnitude and length of surface rupture should be based upon the correct regression. For example, the regression of magnitude on the logarithm of the length of surface rupture L can be used to estimate magnitude, but the regression of log L on magnitude cannot. Regression estimates are most probable values, and estimates of maximum values require consideration of one-sided confidence limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder,CO","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3C464:AOLSMO%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mark, R., 1977, Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes: Geology, v. 5, no. 8, p. 464-466, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3C464:AOLSMO%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"466","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5114daf7e4b0ca7af0743afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046170,"text":"70046170 - 1977 - Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49297,"text":"ofr76795 - 1976 - Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge leakage areas of artesian aquifers","indexId":"ofr76795","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge leakage areas of artesian aquifers"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046170,"text":"70046170 - 1977 - Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers","indexId":"70046170","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T16:41:27","indexId":"70046170","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers","docAbstract":"As a result of continuous pumping since the 1890's, a regional cone of depression encompassing 363 km2 has developed within the artesian Miocene Cheswold aquifer at Dover, Del. The aquifer is not being recharged significantly by leakage near the center of the cone, nor is major recharge induced in the updip subcrop area. The source of pumped water is apparently an area of about 65 km2 northwest of Dover, where vertical leakage is substantial. This area was delineated by use of a digital aquifer model and streamflow data. A model of the unconfined aquifer was used to compute the unconfined aquifer's natural discharge to streams, assuming no leakage to underlying artesian aquifers. The area of substantial leakage to the underlying Cheswold was delineated as being coincident with that area where model-computed values of stream discharge were substantially larger than actual values of stream discharge determined in the field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Johnston, R.H., and Leahy, P.P., 1977, Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 491-496.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272964,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","city":"Dover","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.85,\n 38.89\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -75.645,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -75.64,\n 38.89\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 38.89\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a72363e4b09db86f875cba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Richard H.","contributorId":95860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leahy, P. 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This modernized metric system constitutes an international \"language\" by means of which communications throughout the world's scientific and economic communities may be improved. This publication is designed to familiarize the reader with the SI units of measurement that correspond to the common units frequently used in programs of the Geological Survey. In the near future, SI units will be used exclusively in most publications of the Survey; the conversion factors provided herein will help readers to obtain a \"feel\" for each unit and to \"think metric.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039189","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Conversion factors: SI metric and U.S. customary units: General Information Product, 7 p. (11 columns), https://doi.org/10.3133/70039189.","productDescription":"7 p. (11 columns)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":259133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd9e4b0c8380cd4dfe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040772,"text":"70040772 - 1977 - Analog-model prediction of the hydrologic effects of sanitary sewerage in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-16T11:11:30","indexId":"70040772","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":263,"text":"Long Island Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"LIWR-6","title":"Analog-model prediction of the hydrologic effects of sanitary sewerage in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York","language":"English","publisher":"Nassau County Department of Public Works","publisherLocation":"Mineola, NY","usgsCitation":"Kimmel, G., Ku, H., Harbaugh, A., Sulam, D., and Getzen, R., 1977, Analog-model prediction of the hydrologic effects of sanitary sewerage in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York: Long Island Water Resources Bulletin LIWR-6, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76e7be4b0e93eb366ee60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmel, G.E.","contributorId":23976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmel","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ku, H.F.H.","contributorId":53012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"H.F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sulam, D.J.","contributorId":99610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulam","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Getzen, R.T.","contributorId":21281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getzen","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70001078,"text":"70001078 - 1977 - The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70001078","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks","docAbstract":"Detailed analysis of textural and chemical criteria in rocks of the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondack Highlands suggests that development of garnet in silica-saturated rocks of the suite occurs according to the reaction: {Mathematical expression}, where ?? is a function of the distribution of Fe and Mg between the several coexisting ferromagnesian phases. Depending upon the relative amounts of Fe and Mg present, quartz may be either a reactant or a product. Using an aluminum-fixed reference frame, this reaction can be restated in terms of a set of balanced partial reactions describing the processes occurring in spatially separated domains within the rock. The fact that garnet invariably replaces plagioclase as opposed to the other reactant phases indicates that the aluminum-fixed model is valid as a first approximation. This reaction is univariant and produces unzoned garnet. It differs from a similar equation proposed by de Waard (1965) for the origin of garnet in Adirondack metabasic rocks, i.e. 6 Orthopyroxene+2 Anorthite = Clinopyroxene+Garnet+2 Quartz, the principle difference being that iron oxides (ilmenite and/or magnetite) are essential reactant phases in the present reactions. The product assemblage (garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase ?? orthopyroxene ?? quartz) is characteristic of the clinopyroxene-almandine subfacies of the granulite facies. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00372280","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"McLelland, J.M., and Whitney, P., 1977, The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 161-181, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372280.","startPage":"161","endPage":"181","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372280"}],"volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648689","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLelland, J. M.","contributorId":85604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLelland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001085,"text":"70001085 - 1977 - The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001085","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern","docAbstract":"The radial pattern of syenite and syenodiorite dikes of the Spanish Peaks region is analysed using theories of elasticity and dike emplacement. The three basic components of Ode??'s model for the dike pattern (a pressurized, circular hole; a rigid, planar boundary; and uniform regional stresses) are adopted, but modified to free the regional stresses from the constraint of being orthogonal to the rigid boundary. Dike areal density, the White Peaks intrusion, the strike of the upturned Mesozoic strata, and the contact between these strata and the intensely folded and faulted Paleozoic rocks are used to brient the rigid boundary along a north-south line. The line of dike terminations locates the rigid boundary about 8 km west of West Peak. The location of a circular plug, Goemmer Butte, is chosen as a point of isotropic stress. A map correlating the location of isotropic stress points with regional stress parameters is derived from the theory and used to determine a regional stress orientation (N82E) and a normalized stress magnitude. The stress trajectory map constructed using these parameters mimics the dike pattern exceptionally well. The model indicates that the regional principal stress difference was less than 0.05 times the driving pressure in the West Peak intrusion. The regional stress difference probably did not exced 5 MN/m2. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637098","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Muller, O., and Pollard, D.D., 1977, The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 69-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637098.","startPage":"69","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19053,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637098"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muller, O.H.","contributorId":93609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"O.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, D. D.","contributorId":72914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001077,"text":"70001077 - 1977 - State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70001077","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine","docAbstract":"The experimental flow data for rocks and minerals are reviewed and found to fit a law of the form {Mathematical expression} where {Mathematical expression} This law reduces to the familiar power-law stress dependency at low stress and to an exponential stress dependency at high stress. Using the material flow law parameters for olivine, stress profiles with depth and strain rate are computed for a representative range of temperature distributions in the lithosphere. The results show that the upper 15 to 25 km of the oceanic lithosphere must behave elastically or fail by fracture and that the remainder deforms by exponential law flow at intermediate depths and by power-law flow in the rest. A model computation of the gravitational sliding of a lithospheric plate using olivine rheology exhibits a very sharp decoupling zone which is a consequence of the combined effects of increasing stress and temperature on the flow law, which is a very sensitive function of both. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637106","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., 1977, State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637106.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637106"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001008,"text":"70001008 - 1977 - Entropy, materials, and posterity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001008","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entropy, materials, and posterity","docAbstract":"Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work - be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states. But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder - for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard. Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities - beauty, leisure, love, or gold - low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue. The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind. ?? 1977 Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01989599","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Cloud, P., 1977, Entropy, materials, and posterity: Geologische Rundschau, v. 66, no. 1, p. 678-696, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01989599.","startPage":"678","endPage":"696","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19033,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989599"},{"id":203740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloud, P.","contributorId":65973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloud","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000748,"text":"70000748 - 1977 - Survey of trace elements in coals and coal-related materials by neutron activation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000748","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2438,"text":"Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey of trace elements in coals and coal-related materials by neutron activation analysis","docAbstract":"Utilizing primarily instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and other analytical methods as many as 61 elements were quantitatively surveyed in 170 U.S. whole coals, 70 washed coals, and 40 bench samples. Data on areal and vertical distributions in various regions were obtained along with extensive information on the mode of occurrence of various elements in the coal matrix itself. ?? 1977 Akade??miai Kiado??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02520217","issn":"01340719","usgsCitation":"Ruch, R., Cahill, R., Frost, J., Camp, L., and Gluskoter, H., 1977, Survey of trace elements in coals and coal-related materials by neutron activation analysis: Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, v. 38, no. 1-2, p. 415-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02520217.","startPage":"415","endPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19012,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02520217"},{"id":203609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6885c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruch, R.R.","contributorId":80804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruch","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cahill, R.A.","contributorId":66393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frost, J.K.","contributorId":45436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Camp, L.R.","contributorId":108235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gluskoter, H.J.","contributorId":75957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}