A computer program for simulating one-dimensional subcritical, gradually varied, unsteady flow in a stream has been developed and documented. Given upstream and downstream boundary conditions and channel geometry data, roughness coefficients, stage, and discharge can be calculated anywhere within the reach as a function of time.
The program uses a linear implicit finite-difference technique that discritizes the partial differential equations. Then it arranges the coefficients of the continuity and momentum equations into a. pentadiagonal matrix for solution. Because it is a reasonable compromise between computational accuracy, speed and ease of use, the technique is one of the most commonly used.
The upstream boundary condition is a depth hydrograph. However, options also allow the boundary condition to be discharge or water-surface elevation. The downstream boundary condition is a depth which may be constant, self-setting, or unsteady. The reach may be divided into uneven increments and the cross sections may be nonprismatic and may vary from one to the other. Tributary and lateral inflow may enter the reach.
The digital model will simulate such common problems as (1) flood waves, (2) releases from dams, and (3) channels where storage is a consideration. It may also supply the needed flow information for mass-transport simulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7859","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1978, Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-59, iii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7859.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359489,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36857,"text":"fwsobs78_16 - 1978 - Stream channel modification in Hawaii. Part A: statewide inventory of streams, habitat factors, and associated biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:46","indexId":"fwsobs78_16","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/16","title":"Stream channel modification in Hawaii. Part A: statewide inventory of streams, habitat factors, and associated biota","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Timal, A., 1978, Stream channel modification in Hawaii. Part A: statewide inventory of streams, habitat factors, and associated biota: FWS/OBS 78/16, pt. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"pt. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a528f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Timal, A.A.","contributorId":94360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timal","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36880,"text":"fwsobs78_01 - 1978 - A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"fwsobs78_01","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/01","title":"A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bloom, S.G., Cornaby, B.W., and Martin, W.E., 1978, A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment: FWS/OBS 78/01, ix, 153 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"ix, 153 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloom, Sanford G.","contributorId":42273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloom","given":"Sanford","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornaby, Barney W.","contributorId":25222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornaby","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, William E.","contributorId":86406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27462,"text":"wri7877 - 1978 - Computer modeling of ground-water availability in the Pootatuck River Valley, Newtown, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri7877","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-77","title":"Computer modeling of ground-water availability in the Pootatuck River Valley, Newtown, Connecticut","docAbstract":"A hydrologic analysis of the stratified drift in Newtown, Conn., based on available data, test drilling, seismic refraction profiling, and the stream-aquifer connection was performed using a digital computer model. Simulated pumping indicates that a total of 4.0 million gallons of water per day (Mgal/d) can be withdrawn from the stream-aquifer system. A minimum of 2.5 Mgal/d is available for future development since Fairfield Hills Hospital is capable of withdrawing 1.5 Mgal/d. Induced recharge from the Pootatuck River supplies 65 percent, or 2.6 Mgal/d of the total pumpage, and captured ground-water outflow supplies the remaining 35 percent of 1.4 Mgal/d. The predicted yields are for long-term average hydrologic conditions; usually dry or extended drought periods would significantly reduce the water available from the aquifer. The quality of surface water in the valley as shown by seven samples from five sites, meets the Connecticut standards for public drinking water except for excessive coliform bacteria. Ground-water quality also meets these standards, as indicated by analyses of 20 samples from 14 wells and 1 spring, but high manganese (up to 15 mg/L) and iron (up to 1.7 mg/L) would require treatment prior to use. Trace metals from one surface-water and four ground-water samples are also within these standards, except for the high cadmium concentration of 26 micrograms per liter in water from one well. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri7877","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., and Handman, E.H., 1978, Computer modeling of ground-water availability in the Pootatuck River Valley, Newtown, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-77, xi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7877.","productDescription":"xi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0077/report.pdf","size":"13261","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0077/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a796c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handman, Elinor H.","contributorId":31748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handman","given":"Elinor","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26304,"text":"wri78115 - 1978 - Water chemistry of the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek basins, Redwood National Park, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T20:55:02.181341","indexId":"wri78115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-115","title":"Water chemistry of the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek basins, Redwood National Park, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California","docAbstract":"A 2-year study was made in the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek drainage basins of Redwood National Park to determine existing chemical water-quality conditions and to identify the effects of logging on water quality in the main stems and tributaries of the two basins.
Overall, the chemical water quality of the main stems and the tributaries is excellent, suitable for most beneficial uses. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 25 milligrams per liter in the Redwood Creek basin and 21 milligrams per liter in the Mill Creek basin during the rainy season to 139 and 49 during the dry season. Water shifts from a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type toward a calcium bicarbonate type from the end of the wet season to the end of the dry season. It shifts back toward a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type from the end of the dry season to the end of the wet season. The pH shifts with the water type from a median value of 6.80 in the rainy season to 7.37 in the dry season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are generally too low to support nuisance algae but are high enough, in some streams, to support modest populations, particularly in the main stem where light levels are high. Trace-metal concentrations are low, typical of clean streams.
Evidence suggests that dissolved calcium and bicarbonate in stream water is produced by weathering of the Franciscan assemblage underlying the basins but that chlorides are transported inland from the ocean as dry fallout and spray and in rain. Exposure of the surface soils to the elements, either by logging or by natural causes such as sparse vegetation, seems to accelerate weathering, which leads to a calcium bicarbonate water type. Logging accelerates weathering most in the tributary watersheds with regoliths derived from sandstone and least in those with regoliths derived from schist; however, the data suggest that the rate of weathering in a schistose watershed can increase dramatically if soil disruption is extensive.
Studies during storms indicated that specific conductance and alkalinity were two to three times as likely to decrease at the discharge peak in logged watersheds as in forested ones. This suggests that overland flow containing lower concentrations of soil-derived dissolved solids than flow from other sources is a larger component of peak flow in logged watersheds than in forested watersheds.
Comparing a storm in November 1974 to one in February 1975, nitrate concentration increased significantly from November to February in a stream draining a logged watershed and decreased significantly in a stream draining a forested watershed. Then from the rainy season to the dry season, nitrate decreased in both logged and forested watersheds. This pattern suggests that soil nitrate produced by fixation and organic decomposition early in the rainy season tends to wash out of logged watersheds but be taken up in tree growth in forested watersheds. As the dry season progresses, base flow containing little nitrate enters the streams, causing a decrease in nitrate concentration. By contrast, the other plant nutrients--phosphorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium, and dissolved organic carbon--all decreased in streams from the November 1974 storm to the February 1975 storm and changed little from the rainy season through the dry season. This pattern suggests that these materials tend to accumulate in the soil during the dry season and be washed out and diluted as the rainy season progresses. Very little reaches the water table due to soil absorption so that little appears in the base flow during the dry season.
Alaska has enormous surface-water resources, but many of the streams are frozen for most of the year and most contain glacial silt that makes them unacceptable for human use. These factors lend special significance to ground water as a water-supply source, even though perennially frozen ground (permafrost) profoundly modifies ground-water flow systems in much of Alaska north of the maritime southern coast and southeastern panhandle areas. Frozen ground is a virtually impermeable layer that restricts recharge, discharge, and movement of ground water, acts as a confining layer and limits the volume of unconsolidated deposits and bedrock in which water may be stored.
\nGround water is an untested resource in most of Alaska, but in many areas potential development of ground water far exceeds current use. Alluvium of major river valleys, such as the Yukon, Tanana, Kuskokwim and Susitna Rivers, probably contains the most extensive aquifers in the State. Large amounts of ground water are also stored in glacial outwash aquifers that underlie coastal basins and valleys, such as those at Kenai and Anchorage in the Cook Inlet lowland. Individual wells yielding more than 1,000 gallons per minute have been developed in the Tanana River valley, Cook Inlet lowland, and the coastal valleys at Seward and Juneau. Comparable yields should be possible in other areas that have similar geohydrologic environments. No major aquifers have been identified in glacial and glaciolacustrine deposits of interior valleys or in deltaic deposits. Major bedrock aquifers have been identified only in carbonate rocks of the Brooks Range and on the north side of the Alaska Range. Springs issuing from the carbonate rocks of the Brooks Range have discharges as great as 16,000 gallons per minute.
\nMost ground-water recharge occurs beneath reaches of stream channels that are losing flow to the ground-water system. Most ground-water discharge also takes place along reaches of stream channels. This discharge augments streamflows during summer and maintains low flows during winter when there is no surface-water runoff. On the basis of a streamflow hydrograph separation technique and using the 60 percent flow-duration value as an indicator of ground-water discharge, it is estimated that 25 percent of the total volume of streamflow in Alaska (exclusive of coastal, maritime environments) is contributed by ground-water discharge.
\nThe thawing of frozen ground in the permafrost regions of Alaska causes construction and engineering problems. Disturbance of the ground surface disrupts the natural thermal equilibrium and tends to thaw part of the permafrost. Thawing can cause loss of strength, a decrease in volume, and an increase in erosion potential, particularly if the frozen ground is fine grained and poorly drained.
\nPresent deficiencies in the ground-water information base are obvious limiting factors to ground-water development in Alaska. There is a need to extend the ground-water data-collection network and to pursue special research into the quantitative aspects of ground-water hydrology in cold regions, particularly the continuous permafrost zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813P","usgsCitation":"Zenone, C., and Anderson, G.S., 1978, Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, vi., 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813P.","productDescription":"vi., 28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813p/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65555,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813p/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": 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Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-06T14:43:58","indexId":"wri7867","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-67","title":"Predictive analyses of ground-water discharges in the Willow Creek Watershed, northeast Nebraska","docAbstract":"Ground-water discharge to Willow Creek, which drains a 204 mi2 watershed in northeast Nebraska was predicted for six combinations of conditions of climate and ground-water development. A digital model of the ground water/surface-water system was stressed with recharge and withdrawal functions determined from a linear reservoir model of the soil zone.
The geohydrologic system includes a regional aquifer which containssand and gravel ranging in age from Pliocene through Pleistocene. The regional aquifer is unconfined in the western part of the watershed and confined in the eastern part. The confining layer, or blue clay, in the east is of Pleistocene age and comprises principally saturated eolian silts with very fine sand interbeds overlying a basal lacustrine clay. Where unconfined conditions exist in the regional aquifer, perennial flow of Willow Creek is sustained principally by ground-water discharge. Where confined conditions exist, the low hydraulic conductivity of the blue clay effectively isolates the regional aquifer from Willow Creek.
The stream-aquifer models were tested by comparing simulated against measured water levels and streamflow during 1975 and 1976. Agreement between simulated and observed values was obtained by modifying initial estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity and specific storage.
Future ground-water discharge to Willow Creek (base flow) was simulated by super-imposing different patterns of ground-water withdrawals upon variations from average recharge for a monthly climatic sequence identical with the period 1931 to 1954. Frequency analyses of the simulated monthly base flows showed that they would be less than 12 feet3 per second at least 50 percent of the time under all but completely undeveloped conditions. Simulated water-level declines in the regional aquifer at the end of the pumping season after a drought period similar to that of the 1930's were less than 5 feet where unconfined conditions exist and were more than 80 feet where confined conditions exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7867","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Lower Elkhorn Natural Resources District and Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln","usgsCitation":"Dugan, J.T., and Lappala, E.G., 1978, Predictive analyses of ground-water discharges in the Willow Creek Watershed, northeast Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-67, v, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7867.","productDescription":"v, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Willow Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.97744750976562,\n 41.964085349226664\n ],\n [\n -97.24067687988281,\n 41.964085349226664\n ],\n [\n -97.24067687988281,\n 42.36919824433563\n ],\n [\n -97.97744750976562,\n 42.36919824433563\n ],\n [\n -97.97744750976562,\n 41.964085349226664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugan, Jack T.","contributorId":102456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lappala, Eric G.","contributorId":23182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lappala","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26436,"text":"wri7889 - 1978 - Hydrologic evaluation of part of central Volusia County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T21:30:08.897838","indexId":"wri7889","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-89","title":"Hydrologic evaluation of part of central Volusia County, Florida","docAbstract":"Municipal wells close to the Atlantic Coast cannot be expected to supply the steadily increasing population of Volusia County, Florida, indefinitely without causing saltwater intrusion problems. Therefore, new wells will be drilled away from the coast. The source of water for the planned artesian aquifer well field will be leakage from the water-table aquifer above. A digital model of the leaky aquifer system indicates that long-term yield of about 20 million gallons per day can be expected without the cone of depression dropping low enough to cause saltwater intrusion. Some types of land development could remove potential recharge from the area. Model tests with decreased leakage indicate that a large amount of potential recharge water would have to be removed from the system to effect an appreciable lowering of the cone of depression. Lowering the recharge potential by 20 percent apparently would have little effect on the cone. Lowering the recharge potential by 60 percent would, according to the model, increase the maximum depth of the cone by 27 percent. Land development that would redistribute potential recharge, rather than drain it away from the system, would have little effect on the aquifer beneath the well field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7889","usgsCitation":"Bush, P.W., 1978, Hydrologic evaluation of part of central Volusia County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-89, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7889.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411746,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35276.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158124,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95601,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Volusia County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.192,\n 29.2\n ],\n [\n -81.192,\n 29.067\n ],\n [\n -81.133,\n 29.067\n ],\n [\n -81.133,\n 29.2\n ],\n [\n -81.192,\n 29.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605642","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, P. W.","contributorId":14826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44685,"text":"wri78114 - 1978 - The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"wri78114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-114","title":"The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers in Mississippi","docAbstract":"The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers, of Cretaceous age, are in the Selma Group in northern Mississippi. The aquifers contain freshwater in an area of about 4,400 square miles in northern Mississippi. Water produced from the aquifers by public water systems and numerous industries in 1975 averaged about 4 Mgal/d. Regional water-level declines have been very small and the aquifers have a moderate potential for future development. The aquifers are used in some areas where there are no other significant sources of ground water. The most common problems in developing water supplies are low yields to wells and hard water. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri78114","usgsCitation":"Boswell, E.H., 1978, The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-114, scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78114.","productDescription":"scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db68193d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boswell, E. H.","contributorId":38954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28261,"text":"wri7838 - 1978 - Quantitative hydrogeology of the Upper Republican Natural Resources District, southwest Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T13:15:18","indexId":"wri7838","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-38","title":"Quantitative hydrogeology of the Upper Republican Natural Resources District, southwest Nebraska","docAbstract":"Ground-water use for irrigation from the Ogallala Formation }'as in-creased rapidly in the Upper Republican Natural Resources District in southwest Nebraska. Water levels declined as much as 16 feet between 1952 and 1975. Discharge of the aquifer to streams was reduced by as much as 19 percent between 1967 and 1975. Quantification of the hydrogeologic system was provided by the development, testing and use of simulation models describing the soil zone and ground-water/surface-water system. Models were linked through source-sink terms. The ground-water/surface-water model was used.to predict changes in water levels and streamflow caused by unrestricted irrigation-well installation and by no new wells after 1975. Water levels may decline as much as 140 feet in two areas by 2000 if installation of new wells is unrestricted. By 2000, water-level declines o-er the remainder of the area would be less than 60 feet under continued development and less than 40 feet with no new wells after 1975. The base flow of Frenchman, Stinking Water, and Spring Creeks coulA be reduced by more than.90 percent with no new well and eliminated by 1992 under continued development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7838","usgsCitation":"Lappala, E.G., 1978, Quantitative hydrogeology of the Upper Republican Natural Resources District, southwest Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-38, viii, 199 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7838.","productDescription":"viii, 199 p.","numberOfPages":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349793,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0038/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-101.3432,40.6973],[-101.3421,40.3517],[-101.3234,40.351],[-101.3258,40.3152],[-101.3224,40.0042],[-101.3694,40.0043],[-101.4107,40.0045],[-101.5453,40.0043],[-101.6233,40.0042],[-101.7787,40.0039],[-101.8612,40.0039],[-102.0485,40.0039],[-102.0493,40.3495],[-102.0494,40.4401],[-102.0501,40.6983],[-102.0502,40.7492],[-102.0504,41.0019],[-102.0504,41.0037],[-101.3618,41.0035],[-101.248,41.005],[-101.2446,40.7827],[-101.2456,40.6974],[-101.3432,40.6973]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Chase\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635dcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lappala, Eric G.","contributorId":23182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lappala","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28358,"text":"wri787 - 1978 - A rainfall-runoff modeling procedure for improving estimates of T-year (annual) floods for small drainage basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri787","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-7","title":"A rainfall-runoff modeling procedure for improving estimates of T-year (annual) floods for small drainage basins","docAbstract":"Maps depicting the influence of a climatic factor, C, on the magnitude of synthetic T-year (annual) floods were prepared for a large portion of the eastern United States. The climatic factors were developed by regression analysis of flood data using a parametric rainfall-runoff model and long-term rainfall records. Map estimates of C values and calibrated values of rainfall-runoff model parameters were used as variables in a synthetic T-year flood relation to compute ' map-model ' flood estimates for 98 small drainage basins in a six-state study area. Improved estimates of T-year floods were computed as a weighted average of the map-model estimate and an observed estimate, with the weights proportional to the relative accuracies of the two estimates. The accuracy of the map-model estimates was appraised by decomposing components of variance into average time-sampling error associated with the observed estimates and average map-model error. Map-model estimates have an accuracy, in terms of equivalent length of observed record, that ranges from 6 years for the 1.25-year flood up to 30 years for the 50- and 100-year flood. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri787","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R.W., and Liscum, F., 1978, A rainfall-runoff modeling procedure for improving estimates of T-year (annual) floods for small drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-7, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri787.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57162,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a870a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, Robert W.","contributorId":7697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28263,"text":"wri7811 - 1978 - Effects of urban development on the flood-flow characteristics of the Walnut Creek Basin, Des Moines Metropolitan area, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-18T09:32:36","indexId":"wri7811","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-11","title":"Effects of urban development on the flood-flow characteristics of the Walnut Creek Basin, Des Moines Metropolitan area, Iowa","docAbstract":"This report deals with the probable impact of urban development on the magnitude and frequency of flooding in the lower reach of the Walnut creek Basin.
Stream-modeling techniques, which include complete definition of unit hydroqraphs and precipitation loss-rate criteria, were utilized to evaluate the effects of urban development as measured by percentages of impervious area over the basin. A mathematical model, called HEC-1, was calibrated by using concurrent rainfall-runoff data collected at three gaging stations in the basin. The model parameters were regionalized to allow future users to estimate the model parameters for ungaged areas within the basin.
Long-term rainfall data recorded at two nearby stations were employed as basic input to the calibrated model to generate annual peak discharges corresponding to selected degrees of urbanization. Results are presented in tables and graphs, which compare the pre-urban and urban flood flow characteristics of the lower reach of the Walnut Creek basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7811","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Natural Resources Council","usgsCitation":"Lara, O.G., 1978, Effects of urban development on the flood-flow characteristics of the Walnut Creek Basin, Des Moines Metropolitan area, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-11, v, 31 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7811.","productDescription":"v, 31 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369212,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0011/report.pdf"},{"id":318303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.55545043945312,\n 41.57384762780053\n ],\n [\n -93.61793518066406,\n 41.68829673005491\n ],\n [\n -93.68728637695312,\n 41.793328494130215\n ],\n [\n -93.75801086425781,\n 41.8496161693754\n ],\n [\n -93.84178161621094,\n 41.87671893034394\n ],\n [\n -93.93928527832031,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -94.03953552246094,\n 41.91556321720713\n ],\n [\n -94.15695190429688,\n 41.883365022797314\n ],\n [\n -94.185791015625,\n 41.841431946284054\n ],\n [\n -94.17137145996094,\n 41.75133640385731\n ],\n [\n -94.12467956542969,\n 41.66932147792171\n ],\n [\n -94.09446716308594,\n 41.60209386160467\n ],\n [\n -94.06837463378906,\n 41.56665570423207\n ],\n [\n -93.97430419921875,\n 41.51886045990478\n ],\n [\n -93.78822326660156,\n 41.52657175967685\n ],\n [\n -93.66600036621094,\n 41.553297150595185\n ],\n [\n -93.61793518066406,\n 41.572820259168125\n ],\n [\n -93.55545043945312,\n 41.57384762780053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60fea0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lara, Oscar G.","contributorId":19555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lara","given":"Oscar","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28235,"text":"wri7818 - 1978 - Unsteady solute-transport simulation in streamflow using a finite-difference model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T14:56:19","indexId":"wri7818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-18","title":"Unsteady solute-transport simulation in streamflow using a finite-difference model","docAbstract":"This report documents a rather simple, general purpose, one-dimensional, one-parameter, mass-transport model for field use. The model assumes a well-mixed conservative solute that may be coming from an unsteady source and is moving in unsteady streamflow. The quantity of solute being transported is in the units of concentration. Results are reported as such. An implicit finite-difference technique is used to solve the mass transport equation. It consists of creating a tridiagonal matrix and using the Thomas algorithm to solve the matrix for the unknown concentrations at the new time step. The computer program pesented is designed to compute the concentration of a water-quality constituent at any point and at any preselected time in a one-dimensional stream. The model is driven by the inflowing concentration of solute at the upstream boundary and is influenced by the solute entering the stream from tributaries and lateral ground-water inflow and from a source or sink. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7818","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1978, Unsteady solute-transport simulation in streamflow using a finite-difference model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-18, iii, 54 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7818.","productDescription":"iii, 54 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369492,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0018/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e397c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36789,"text":"fwsobs78_90 - 1978 - An empirical transport model for evaluating entrainment of aquatic organisms by power plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:56","indexId":"fwsobs78_90","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/90","title":"An empirical transport model for evaluating entrainment of aquatic organisms by power plants","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Boreman, J., Goodyear, C.P., and Christensen, S.W., 1978, An empirical transport model for evaluating entrainment of aquatic organisms by power plants: FWS/OBS 78/90, xiii, 67 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"xiii, 67 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boreman, John","contributorId":83979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boreman","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodyear, C. Phillip","contributorId":76803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Phillip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, Sigurd W.","contributorId":94155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Sigurd","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27400,"text":"wri77128 - 1978 - Reaeration capacity of the Rock River between Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin and Rockton, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T10:05:26","indexId":"wri77128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-128","title":"Reaeration capacity of the Rock River between Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin and Rockton, Illinois","docAbstract":"The reaeration capacity of the Rock River from Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, to Rockton, Illinois, was determined using the energy-dissipation model. The model was calibrated using data from radioactive-tracer measurements in the study reach. Reaeration coefficients (K2) were computed for the annual minimum 7-day mean discharge that occurs on the average of once in 10 years (Q7,10). A time-of-travel model was developed using river discharge, slope, and velocity data from three dye studies. The model was used to estimate traveltime for the Q7,10 for use in the energy-dissipation model. During one radiotracer study, 17 mile per hour winds apparently increased the reaeration coefficient about 40 times. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri77128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grant, R.S., 1978, Reaeration capacity of the Rock River between Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin and Rockton, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-128, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77128.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0128/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56260,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Koshkonong, Rock River, Rockton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 42.49741548732684\n ],\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 42.86086645611156\n ],\n [\n -88.75991821289062,\n 42.86086645611156\n ],\n [\n -88.75991821289062,\n 42.49741548732684\n ],\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 42.49741548732684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, R. Stephen","contributorId":83125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39588,"text":"pp813J - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:28:12.000689","indexId":"pp813J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"J","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes Regions, as a whole, has abundant supplies of water. Nearly 805,000 billion cubic feet of water is contained in the Great Lakes. An additional 35,000 billion cubic feet of potable ground water is available from storage in the region. Estimated ground-water discharge to the streams and lakes of the region is 26 billion gallons per day.
\nDespite this abundance of water, the United States part of the Great Lakes basin is faced with many water-related problems, most of which involve water quality and water supply. Other problems concern periods of low flow in streams, preservation of wetlands, detrimental effects of erosion, and flooding. The significance of ground water in these problems is often overlooked.
\nGround water can be an alternative to surface water as a source of supply, or it can be used conjunctively with surface water to provide flexibility in water-supply management. Ground water supplied approximately 1,800 million gallons per day of the 39,900 million gallons. per day used in the Great Lakes Region in 1970. The ground-water contribution was only 4.5 percent of the water used. Thus, ground water represents a potential source of supply for much of the region. It also can be used, where conditions permit, to maintain lake levels and flow in streams, to dilute poor quality surface water, and to maintain or create wetlands and ponds.
\nIn managing water resources, ground water and surface water should be considered parts of a single system. Management includes not only planning and controlling the development but also monitoring the effects of this development. Recent advances in ground-water hydrology have provided methods to resolve some of the development and management questions that formerly slowed the development of ground water.
\nAll of the States in the Great Lakes Region have some regulations to control the development or protect the quality of the ground water. These regulations, however, are not as comprehensive as those governing surface water. Future legislation could be designed to encourage the development of ground water and, at the same time, to protect the resource.
\nEfficient development and management of ground-water resources requires a through knowledge of the system. Reports on ground water are available for about 80 percent of tbe Great Lakes Region. Most of these reports, however, are not sufficiently detailed to be useful in comprehensive planning. As ground-water development continues, quantitative groundwater studies, utilizing models as predictive tools, will enable this development to proceed in an efficient manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813J","usgsCitation":"Weist, W.G., 1978, Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, vi., 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813J.","productDescription":"vi., 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392891,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5065.htm"},{"id":119833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67174,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813j/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.234375,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -75.3662109375,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 42.84375132629023\n ],\n [\n -78.31054687499999,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 41.11246878918086\n ],\n [\n -85.69335937499999,\n 41.14556973100947\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 41.14556973100947\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -92.6806640625,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -94.52636718749999,\n 47.54687159892238\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 48.04870994288686\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 48.545705491847464\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 49.724479188713005\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 49.63917719651036\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 49.866316729538674\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 49.89463439573421\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 49.63917719651036\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -83.1884765625,\n 48.864714761802794\n ],\n [\n -78.44238281249999,\n 47.66538735632654\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 46.255846818480336\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 45.336701909968106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699692","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weist, William G. Jr.","contributorId":21527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weist","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26398,"text":"wri783 - 1978 - Quality and movement of ground water in Otter Creek - Dry Creek basin, Cortland County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T21:03:04.34674","indexId":"wri783","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-3","title":"Quality and movement of ground water in Otter Creek - Dry Creek basin, Cortland County, New York","docAbstract":"A steady increase in the chloride and nitrate content of water in a sand and gravel aquifer of glacial origin in the Cortland, N.Y., area prompted a study to obtain data on the extent and source of these constituents. Chloride concentration in the upper part of the aquifer increased generally from 2 mg/liter in 1930 to 20 mg/liter in 1976, and nitrate concentration (as nitrogen) in the upper part of the aquifer increased from 1 mg/liter in 1930 to an average of 4 mg/liter in 1976. Although the ground water is normally very hard, its quality generally meets State standards for source waters used for drinking. Road salting and farming seem to be the primary cause of chloride increases, although septic systems may be a major source locally. Farm-animal waste, sewage systems, and fertilizers are the major contributors of nitrate to ground water. Flow in the aquifer system in the Otter Creek-Dry Creek basin was simulated with a digital-computer model. The model was calibrated by comparing measured water levels in the aquifer with those determined by the model. The major sources of recharge are from precipitation and seepage from losing reaches of the streams. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri783","usgsCitation":"Buller, W., Nichols, W.J., and Harsh, J.F., 1978, Quality and movement of ground water in Otter Creek - Dry Creek basin, Cortland County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-3, ix, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri783.","productDescription":"ix, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392694,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35242.htm"},{"id":55190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Cortland County","otherGeospatial":"Otter Creek - Dry Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.267,\n 42.542\n ],\n [\n -76.162,\n 42.542\n ],\n [\n -76.162,\n 42.625\n ],\n [\n -76.267,\n 42.625\n ],\n [\n -76.267,\n 42.542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db643c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buller, William","contributorId":16449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buller","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, Wallace J.","contributorId":81106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nichols","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harsh, J. F.","contributorId":77535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harsh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29138,"text":"wri77109 - 1978 - Methods of estimating recharge to the Floridan aquifer in northeast Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-05T11:00:22","indexId":"wri77109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-109","title":"Methods of estimating recharge to the Floridan aquifer in northeast Florida","docAbstract":"Recharge to the principal artesian aquifer in a six-county area in northeast Florida was calculated using closed contour methods , water budgets, and formulas for computing leakage through confining beds. Each estimate was tested in a computer model of groundwater flow to see which estimate was best. Calculations of flow medway between the 24- and 21-meter potentiometric contours show a total flow of 164,000 cubic meters per day, a significant part ofm which must be recharged within the closed 24-meter controur. Flow midway between the 18- and 15-meter contours was calculated to be 342,000 cubic meters per day. A water budget for the same area in water year 1972 indicates a potential recharge rate of 2,570,000 cubic meters per day. Digital modeling of ground-water flow in northeast Florida shows that the recharge rate calculated by closed contour is insufficient to balance the natural discharge of the regional ground-water system, whereas the rate calculated from water budgets is too great. Therefore, the best way to simulate the recharge mechanism of the northeast Florida flow model may be with a constant head boundary, rather than with constant flux. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri77109","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., 1978, Methods of estimating recharge to the Floridan aquifer in northeast Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-109, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77109.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366222,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -81.134033203125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -81.134033203125,\n 30.798474179567823\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 30.798474179567823\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 29.248063243796576\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bcdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26763,"text":"wri7890 - 1978 - Users guide for distributed routing rainfall-runoff model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri7890","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-90","title":"Users guide for distributed routing rainfall-runoff model","docAbstract":"A computer program of a watershed model for routing urban flood discharges through a branched system of pipes or natural channels using rainfall as input has been developed and documented. The model combines soil-moisture-accounting and rainfall-excess components developed by Dawdy and others (1972) with the kinematic-wave routing method presented by Leclerc and Schaake (1973). (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center, National Space Technology Laboratories,","doi":"10.3133/wri7890","usgsCitation":"Dawdy, D., Schaake, J.C., and Alley, W., 1978, Users guide for distributed routing rainfall-runoff model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-90, iv, 146 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7890.","productDescription":"iv, 146 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0090/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55653,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cbe4b07f02db5d83e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawdy, D.R.","contributorId":99956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawdy","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaake, John C. Jr.","contributorId":76359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaake","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alley, William M.","contributorId":93030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30195,"text":"wri7796 - 1978 - Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T11:24:56","indexId":"wri7796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-96","title":"Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida","docAbstract":"The sand-and-gravel aquifer is the only freshwater aquifer in southern Escambia County, Fla. Problems related to the development of the aquifer include sustained yield, contamination, and saltwater intrusion. A digital model was applied to the sand-and-gravel aquifer in central and southern Escambia County treating the aquifer 's 'main producing zone ' as a discrete, leaky, confined aquifer. Under conditions of no pumping, most values for the final-head matrix agreed with assumed values within 4 feet in the area of principal interest. Discharge per unit land area was 1.04 cubic feet per second per square mile, in close agreement with the base runoff streams maintained by the aquifer. Total natural aquifer discharge within the area of principal interest determined by the model was 159 million gallons per day. The applicability of the present non-unique calibration for predicting the effects of pumping is questionable; a multilayered model may be required. Effluent infiltrating from holding lagoons for spray irrigation at the Scenic Hills Sewage Plant may have affected the quality of local perched ground water in the sand-and-gravel aquifer. Observation wells drilled near areas of heavy pumping around Bayou Chico indicated no saltwater intrusion. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7796","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., 1978, Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-96, iv, 57 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7796.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -87.08862304687499,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -87.08862304687499,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.306503259848835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trapp, Henry Jr.","contributorId":6034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trapp","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29726,"text":"wri7872 - 1978 - Gas-driven pump for ground-water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T15:15:06","indexId":"wri7872","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-72","title":"Gas-driven pump for ground-water samples","docAbstract":"Observation wells installed for artificial-recharge research and other wells used in different ground-water programs are frequently cased with small-diameter steel pipe. To obtain samples from these small-diameter wells in order to monitor water quality, and to calibrate solute-transport models, a small-diameter pump with unique operating characteristics is required that causes a minimum alternation of samples during field sampling. A small-diameter gas-driven pump was designed and built to obtain water samples from wells of two-inch diameter or larger. The pump is a double-piston type with the following characteristics: (1) The water sample is isolated from the operating gas, (2) no source of electricity is ncessary, (3) operation is continuous, (4) use of compressed gas is efficient, and (5) operation is reliable over extended periods of time. Principles of operation, actual operation techniques, gas-use analyses and operating experience are described. Complete working drawings and a component list are included. Recent modifications and pump construction for high-pressure applications also are described. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7872","usgsCitation":"Signor, D.C., 1978, Gas-driven pump for ground-water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-72, Report: iv, 25 p.; 4 Plates: 43.32 x 27.07 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7872.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 25 p.; 4 Plates: 43.32 x 27.07 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365881,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365882,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0072/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0072/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365883,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0072/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0072/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365885,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0072/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b12e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signor, Donald C.","contributorId":13220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28811,"text":"wri7857 - 1978 - Flood profiles for Peace River, south-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T12:17:09","indexId":"wri7857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-57","title":"Flood profiles for Peace River, south-central Florida","docAbstract":"This report presents flood heights and profiles for a 70-mile reach of Peace River from Bartow to Arcadia, Fla. The flood heights were calculated using the U.S. Geological Survey step-backwater model. Profiles were prepared for floods having expected recurrence intervals of 2, 2.33, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years. Flood-peak discharges used in the step-backwater analyses were determined by weighting stream gaging-station data with data from a regional analysis. Land-surface elevation data for 183 cross sections - including values of Manning 's roughness coefficient - also were used in the backwater analysis. Flood height data are generally accurate to + or - 0.5 foot. They indicate that most roads and two bridges in the study reach will be inundated by some of the floods evaluated. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri7857","usgsCitation":"Murphy, W.R., Hammett, K., and Reeter, C.V., 1978, Flood profiles for Peace River, south-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-57, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7857.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276468,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0057/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddbe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, W. R. Jr.","contributorId":72355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeter, C. V.","contributorId":97154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeter","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44086,"text":"ofr78265 - 1978 - Susceptibility of coastal plain aquifers to contamination, Fairfax County, Virginia; a computer composite map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"ofr78265","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-265","title":"Susceptibility of coastal plain aquifers to contamination, Fairfax County, Virginia; a computer composite map","docAbstract":"A map is presented that classifies the Coastal Plain of Fairfax County, Virginia according to the susceptibility of the principal sand aquifers to contamination from surface sources. The following classification is used: (1) areas where leachate can readily enter the principal sand aquifers, (2) areas offering great natural protection against migration of leachate into the aquifers, and, (3) areas where the contamination risk is uncertain and onsite investigations are needed. Approximately 20 percent of the area is in the high-risk category. The map is computer generated and was made by combining four source maps depicting those hydrogeologic factors related to movement of contaminants into the aquifers. These factors are (1) lithologic character of the upper 25 feet of sediments, (2) clay thickness above uppermost sand aquifer, (3) hydraulic gradient direction and head difference between water table and artesian head in principal aquifer, and (4) areal occurrence of moderate to high transmissiviry aquifers. The map is designed to be used by planners with little or no earth-science background, however, a technical discussion for hydrologists and geologists is also provided. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78265","usgsCitation":"Johnston, R.H., and Van Driel, J.N., 1978, Susceptibility of coastal plain aquifers to contamination, Fairfax County, Virginia; a computer composite map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-265, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78265.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81478,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0265/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Richard H.","contributorId":95860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Driel, J. Nicholas","contributorId":80688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Driel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}