The Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles comprise an area of approximately 117 square miles (304 sq km) in portions of Albemarle, Augusta, and Nelson counties in north-central Virginia. Included in the quadrangles are portions of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces and two major regional structures - the Blue Ridge anticlinoriurm and the Massanutten synclinorium.
The rocks of the Blue Ridge anticlorium are complexly folded and faulted and consist of five sequences, the oldest being the Precambrian gneisses that include the Lovingston and Pedlar formations. Unconformably overlying these rocks or in fault contact with them is a sequence of Precambrian(?) stratified rock units including the metamorphosed, fluvial, sedimentary, and basic volcanic strata of the Swift Run and Catoctin formations. These are overlain by a sequence of Cambrian clastic rocks that include the Weverton, Harpers, and Antietarn formations. The Massanutten synclinorium within the study area is formed from the overlying Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate sequence that includes the Shady, Waynesboro, Elbrook, Conococheague, Chepultepec, Beekmantown, New Market, and Lincolnshire formations. These carbonate rocks are overlain by the Ordovician clastic sequence of the Martinsburg Formation. Many of these rock units are locally intruded by diabase dikes of Triassic age and are IocalIy covered by alluvial Quaternary sediments.
The intensity of deformation increases from northwest to southeast with recumbent folds, thrust faults, and zones of cataclastic rocks present in the southeastern half of the area. All of the rocks are altered with the metamorphic rank being somewhat greater to the southeast.
Sources of agricultural limestone, limestone aggregate, and in limited quantities high-calcium Iimestone are present. Ceramic clay, crushed stone. sand and gravel, and iron and manganese have been produced in small quantities.
Fourteen environmental geologic units having similar geologic factors - bedrock, residuum, and soil properties - affecting land modification have been delineated. Each is briefly evaluated with respect to slope stability, erodibility, and response to excavation or other types of land modification. Rockfall, karst. cave areas, and floodprone regions have been delineated.
","largerWorkTitle":"Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication","publisher":"Commonwealth of Virginia, Dept. of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Charlottesville, VA","usgsCitation":"Gathright, T.M., Henika, W.S., and Sullivan, J.L., 1977, Geology of the Waynesboro East and Waynesboro West Quadrangles, Virginia, v. 3, 53 p.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/PUB_3.pdf","text":"Document"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Albemarle County, Augusta County, Nelson County","city":"Waynesboro","otherGeospatial":"Waynesboro East quadrangle, Waynesboro West Quadrangle","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gathright, Thomas M. II","contributorId":207266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gathright","given":"Thomas","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henika, William S.","contributorId":178188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henika","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, John L.","contributorId":207277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168651,"text":"70168651 - 1977 - Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T13:42:57.763237","indexId":"70168651","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa","docAbstract":"Muscatine Island is a wide segment of the west bank of the Mississippi River flood plain that covers about 50 square miles in Muscatine and Louisa Counties; the project area encompasses the 30 square miles in Muscatine County. The flood plain is underlain by thick, permeable alluvial deposits that comprise a water-table aquifer that is developed extensively for water supplies in the area. The aquifer consists principally of sand and gravel, interbedded with lenses of silt and clay. Its saturated thickness ranges from about 40 to 140 feet. The transmissivity and storage coefficients of the aquifer range from about 20,000 ft.2/day and 0.15. respectively, in the western part of the Island to about 39,500 ft.2/day and 0.24 in the eastern part. The amount of water stored in the aquifer, under normal conditions, is about 100 billion gallons.
\nDischarge from the aquifer is principally by pumpage, which has increased from about 1 mgd (million gallons per day) in 1906 to about 37 mgd in 1970. About 2.5 mgd is normally lost to seepage and evapotranspiration along a 9-mile reach of Muscatine Slough in Muscatine County. About 0.9 mgd is discharged by evaporation from gravel pits.
\nRecharge to the aquifer is by induced infiltration from the Mississippi River, seepage from the river during major flood events, precipitation, and seepage from the underlying limestone bedrock. Induced infiltration provides about 80 to 85 percent of the water withdrawn from the principal pumping centers along the river and also replaces about 70 to 80 percent of the water that is evaporated from the gravel pits; this amounted to about 30 mgd in 1971. Additional significant recharge from the river occurs during major floods, when prolonged high stages provide the head for considerable underflow to the aquifer. Recharge from precipitation on the Island was calculated to average about 6inches per year or about 0.3 mgd per square mile. Seepage from bedrock is significant and is attributed to the increased head differential between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the areas of major pumping.
\nThe chemical constituents of water from the aquifer are generally within the recommended limits established by the U. S. Public Health Service for drinking water.
\nStresses on the hydrologic system have affected the position and configuration of the water table and the chemical quality of the ground water. The large-scale withdrawals, which began at the principal pumping centers in 1946, have caused the water table to decline from about 1 foot in the interior of the Island to about 5 feet near the edges of the main pumping centers; the decline was more than 8 feet under the pumping centers. A slight increase in hardness of water from riverward wells in the pumping centers is attributed to the induced infiltration of slightly harder river water; a noticeable increase in hardness and iron content in water from landward wells is attributed to seepage of water from the bedrock. In the central irrigated area, which is underlain by very permeable, highly drained soils that are mulched with organic fertilizers, the nitrate content of the ground water is as high as 46 mg/l (milligrams per liter). Land-use practices have had, and probably will continue to have, an impact on the quality and quantity of water available in the system.
\nThe hydrologic system in 1971 was in dynamic equilibrium or in near-equilibrium with the stresses imposed on it to that date. This equilibrium would be disturbed by any additional stresses on the system and water levels would change until a new equilibrium was established. The effects of future stresses can be reasonably predicted by developing a digital model of the system. The data to develop such a model are available in this report. Continued and expanded monitoring of water levels would provide data for better model verification. Periodic monitoring of nitrate and other chemical constituents would permit early detection of changes in concentration before the concentrations reached excessive levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey, the United States Geological Survey, and the Board of Water and Light Trustees of the City of Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Hansen, R., and Steinhilber, W.L., 1977, Geohydrology of Muscatine Island, Muscatine County, Iowa: Water Supply Bulletin 11, viii, 60 p.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70168651.JPG"},{"id":493177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168651/IGS_wsb_11.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.95","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Muscatine","otherGeospatial":"Muscatine Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.23252868652344,\n 41.22773259388589\n ],\n [\n -91.23252868652344,\n 41.45199070565348\n ],\n [\n -90.98533630371094,\n 41.45199070565348\n ],\n [\n -90.98533630371094,\n 41.22773259388589\n ],\n [\n -91.23252868652344,\n 41.22773259388589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc3fdce4b059daa47e45a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, R.E.","contributorId":57109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhilber, W. L.","contributorId":79456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232942,"text":"70232942 - 1977 - Geochemical and petrological studies of a uraniferous granite from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T17:04:58.437791","indexId":"70232942","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T11:48:21","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and petrological studies of a uraniferous granite from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Granite rocks from the Granite Mountains, Wyo. have been proposed as the source of uranium deposits in the Crooks Gap, Gas Hills and Shirley Basin uranium districts, Wyoming. We have divided these granitic rocks into four units: (1) a biotitic phase which forms the dominant unit at the western end of the Granite Mountains, (2) a leucocratic phase which was found from 215 to 405 metres in drill hole GM-1, (3) silicified zones which crosscut the granitic rocks and form topographic highs, and (4) fractured zones, in drill hole GM-1, which seem to have been hydrothermally altered. The biotitic phase is hypidiomorphic-granular to xenomorphic-granular alkali granite with anomalously high contents of U (10 parts per million), Th (50 ppm), and Pb (50 ppm). Fission-track studies show that uranium is located in zircon, sphene, apatite, monzite, xenotime, biotite, chlorite, epidote, and magnetite; no intergranular uranium was found. The leucocratic phase is mineralogically similar to the biotitic phase, but contains less than half as much iron. It is xenomorphic granular and commonly contains rounded and retrograded garnets, which suggests that this phase is either metamorphic or contaminated with metamorphic materials. The leucocratic phase has anomalously high contents of U (8 ppm) and Pb (55 ppm), but has a low Th content (10 ppm). The silicified phase and fracture zones exhibit cataclastic and crystalloblastic textures and are highly variable in mineralogy. Potassium-bearing minerals are generally absent. Microcline is replaced by albite and (or) quartz, and biotite is replaced by clinozoisite. Uranium values may be anomalously high in the fracture zones. One sample contains 1100 ppm radium-equivalent uranium. In this and other uranium-rich samples from the fracture zones, the uranium is associated with iron oxides which commonly fill microfractures. According to our model and currently available data, an alkali granite is the best crystalline source rock for uranium, especially if it is unmetamorphosed and rapidly exposed to near-surface conditions for the first time when a favorable basin existed nearby.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J.S., Bunker, C.M., Bush, C.A., Doering, W.P., and Scott, J.H., 1977, Geochemical and petrological studies of a uraniferous granite from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 61-81.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"81","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Granite Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.24417114257812,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -107.33230590820312,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -107.33230590820312,\n 42.76314586689492\n ],\n [\n -108.24417114257812,\n 42.76314586689492\n ],\n [\n -108.24417114257812,\n 42.439674178149424\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunker, C. M.","contributorId":75138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doering, W. P.","contributorId":7270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doering","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, J. H.","contributorId":15204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70232936,"text":"70232936 - 1977 - Application of a hydrometeorological model to the south-central Sierra Nevada of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T16:08:19.394798","indexId":"70232936","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T10:53:25","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a hydrometeorological model to the south-central Sierra Nevada of California","docAbstract":"A hydrometeorological streamflow-prediction model (HM model) developed for the North Cascades of Washington has been tested in the south-central Sierra Nevada of California. Twenty-four drainages ranging in mean altitude from 770 to 3,160 metres, including several of the major ones such as those of the Kern, Kings, and Merced Rivers, were examined. Eight U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration precipitation stations were evaluated. Of these, three proved to be of significant value for nearly all the drainages used. Results are given for predictions on February 1, March 1, and April 1 of monthly runoff of five major drainages for the April-September season. Also demonstrated is the April 1 prediction of a daily hydrograph for the April-September season for 2 diverse years. The altitude distribution of storage and runoff, both observed and predicted, is determined by using several drainages with different area-altitude profiles. Results of this calculation for two drainages show that, on the average, approximately 50 percent of the April-July runoff originates above 2,800 m. The influence of subsequent precipitation on prediction accuracy is determined by relating prediction error and actual precipitation occurring after the prediction day. Results for three basins show that about 75 percent of the error of a January-September prediction on January 1 is due to precipitation occurring during the prediction season. Comparisons of prediction accuracy are made for five major drainages: the Kern River near Kernville; the Kings River below North Fork, near Trimmer (inflow to Pine Flat Dam); the Kings River at Piedra; the Merced River at Pohono Bridge, near Yosemite; and the Merced River below Merced Falls Dam, near Snelling. The accuracy of the HM model appears to be about 24 percent higher than existing operational methods in predicting the April-July runoff on April 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tangborn, W.V., and Rasmussen, L.A., 1977, Application of a hydrometeorological model to the south-central Sierra Nevada of California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 33-48.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.97619628906249,\n 36.9367208722872\n ],\n [\n -119.15222167968751,\n 36.9367208722872\n ],\n [\n -119.15222167968751,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -119.97619628906249,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -119.97619628906249,\n 36.9367208722872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tangborn, Wendell V.","contributorId":32152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangborn","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, Lowell A.","contributorId":36930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Lowell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232978,"text":"70232978 - 1977 - Chemical variability in the Lakeview Mountains pluton, southern California batholith: A comparison of the methods of correspondence analysis and extended Q-mode factor analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T15:13:03.911843","indexId":"70232978","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T09:58:48","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Chemical variability in the Lakeview Mountains pluton, southern California batholith: A comparison of the methods of correspondence analysis and extended Q-mode factor analysis","title":"Chemical variability in the Lakeview Mountains pluton, southern California batholith: A comparison of the methods of correspondence analysis and extended Q-mode factor analysis","docAbstract":"An extended method of Q-mode factor analysis that has been described previously offers a number of important advantages over conventional Q-mode factor analysis and correspondence analysis when applied to compositional data. Among these are the ability to compute the compositions, in the original units of the data, represented by the reference axes. The only special requirement of the data is that the values for each observation sum to a constant. Mathematically derived reference axes, such as the principal-components and varimax axes, commonly represent compositions that are partly negative. Even where no negative values are present, these compositions are comparatively difficult to interpret in petrologic terms and impossible or inappropriate to include in petrogenetic models. A model has been developed for the Lakeview Mountains pluton which employs vectors representing the compositions of melanocratic schlieren, leucocratic schlieren, and inclusions as the reference axes. When the effect of the inclusions is removed, the compositional zoning in the pluton is like that found in otherwise similar plutons in the Sierra Nevada batholith. The genetic implication of the model is that the inclusions were separated from the magma at least in its marginal parts. In the central part of the pluton, the inclusions were either separated to a lesser extent than in the marginal parts, or were reincorporated into the magma.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miesch, A., and Morton, D.M., 1977, Chemical variability in the Lakeview Mountains pluton, southern California batholith: A comparison of the methods of correspondence analysis and extended Q-mode factor analysis: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 103-116.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lakeview Mountains, Lakeview Mountains pluton, Southern California batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.3175048828125,\n 33.6008944080788\n ],\n [\n -116.32873535156249,\n 33.6008944080788\n ],\n [\n -116.32873535156249,\n 34.129994745824746\n ],\n [\n -117.3175048828125,\n 34.129994745824746\n ],\n [\n -117.3175048828125,\n 33.6008944080788\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009905,"text":"70009905 - 1977 - Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:02:43","indexId":"70009905","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems","docAbstract":"Qualitative chemical geothermometers utilize anomalous concentrations of various \"indicator\" elements in groundwaters, streams, soils, and soil gases to outline favorable places to explore for geothermal energy. Some of the qualitative methods, such as the delineation of mercury and helium anomalies in soil gases, do not require the presence of hot springs or fumaroles. However, these techniques may also outline fossil thermal areas that are now cold. Quantitative chemical geothermometers and mixing models can provide information about present probable minimum subsurface temperatures. Interpretation is easiest where several hot or warm springs are present in a given area. At this time the most widely used quantitative chemical geothermometers are silica, Na/K, and Na-K-Ca. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(77)90007-4","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., 1977, Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems: Geothermics, v. 5, no. 1-4, p. 41-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(77)90007-4.","startPage":"41","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268138,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(77)90007-4"},{"id":219726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f57de4b0c8380cd4c25e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010852,"text":"70010852 - 1977 - Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:09:55.293207","indexId":"70010852","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters","docAbstract":"Calculation of chemical equilibria in 351 hot springs and surface waters from selected geothermal areas in the western United States indicate that the solubility of the mineral fluorite, CaF2, provides an equilibrium control on dissolved fluoride activity. Waters that are undersaturated have undergone dilution by non-thermal waters as shown by decreased conductivity and temperature values, and only 2% of the samples are supersaturated by more than the expected error. Calculations also demonstrate that simultaneous chemical equilibria between the thermal waters and calcite as well as fluorite minerals exist under a variety of conditions.
Testing for fluorite solubility required a critical review of the thermodynamic data for fluorite. By applying multiple regression of a mathematical model to selected published data we have obtained revised estimates of the pK (10,96), ΔGof (−280.08 kcal/mole), ΔHof (−292.59 kcal/mole), S° (16.39 cal/deg/mole) and CoP (16.16 cal/deg/mole) for CaF2 at 25°C and 1 atm. Association constants and reaction enthalpies for fluoride complexes with boron, calcium and iron are included in this review. The excellent agreement between the computer-based activity products and the revised pK suggests that the chemistry of geothermal waters may also be a guide to evaluating mineral solubility data where major discrepancies are evident.
Conventional K-Ar ages of tholeiitic basalts of the Ferrar Group in the central Transantarctic Mountains indicate significant loss of radiogenic 40Ar from this unit over much of its outcrop area. Argon loss varies inversely with amount of devitrified matrix in the basalts, which have not been thermally or tectonically disturbed since extrusion. 40Ar/19Ar age-spectra of these tholeiites are generally discordant and indicate significant inhomogeneity in the distribution of radiogenic 40Ar with respect to 39Ar, but are distinctly different from release patterns of thermally disturbed samples. Amounts of argon redistribution vary directly with amounts of devitrification and are reflected in progressive modification of the age spectra. A model of redistribution of radiogenic 40Ar by devitrification of originally glassy matrix is suggested that is consistent with disturbance of the conventional K-Ar systematics as well as the 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra. Samples with substantial redistribution but minor loss of radiogenic argon yield age spectra whose apparent ages decrease from low-temperature to high-temperature steps, similar to those reported for some lunar basalts, breccias, and soils. Modification of all the age spectra is attributed to redistribution of radiogenic 40Ar during progressive devitrification, although 39Ar-recoil effects suggested by Turner and Cadogan (1974) may be a factor in some cases. Where devitrification involves most potassium sites within the basalt, 40Ar/39Ar age-plateaux may be formed that have no geologic significance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(77)90184-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., Sutter, J.F., and Elliot, D., 1977, Interpretation of discordant 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra of mesozoic tholeiites from Antarctica: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90184-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d70e4b0c8380cd6358a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutter, J. F.","contributorId":59779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliot, D.H.","contributorId":40670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003124,"text":"1003124 - 1977 - Demographic features of a lapland longspur population near Barrow, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T09:40:18","indexId":"1003124","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic features of a lapland longspur population near Barrow, Alaska","docAbstract":"Breeding density, clutch size, hatching and fledging success, and survival of adult Lapland Longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) were monitored over a 7-year period near the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, Alaska. Nesting begins as soon as the tundra starts to clear of snow and appears to be timed so that the young of the year reach independence before the end of adult insect emergence. Arthropod prey become abruptly scarce after the period of insect emergence and thus probability of success for late broods is low. Time of nesting is also discussed in relation to factors of predation and timing of molt. At least 42.9% of males and 45.4% of females survived the next season after 1 year of age. Maximum longevity observed for both sexes is 6 years. Mean clutch size for all years investigated was 5.06 eggs per clutch. Clutch size showed both yearly and seasonal variation. The data indicate that timing of nesting is the chief factor in the observed clutch size differences, further modified by habitat quality, second nesting attempts, and probably age of female. Over a 4-year period the longspur breeding population on a 17-ha study plot declined from 15 to 2 breeding females. Life-table analysis indicates that low fledgling success for 3 consecutive years apparently was the main cause of this decline. Overall mean egg success was 44.0%, but close to 60% in 4 years considered more \"normal.\" The low egg success was due to 3 consecutive years of high predation, which may have been related to the disrupted lemming cycle of the Barrow region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Custer, T.W., and Pitelka, F.A., 1977, Demographic features of a lapland longspur population near Barrow, Alaska: The Auk, v. 94, no. 3, p. 505-525.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"525","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4085218"}],"volume":"94","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f780a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitelka, Frank A.","contributorId":58508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitelka","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009930,"text":"70009930 - 1977 - Estimation of the probability of success in petroleum exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:19","indexId":"70009930","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of the probability of success in petroleum exploration","docAbstract":"A probabilistic model for oil exploration can be developed by assessing the conditional relationship between perceived geologic variables and the subsequent discovery of petroleum. Such a model includes two probabilistic components, the first reflecting the association between a geologic condition (structural closure, for example) and the occurrence of oil, and the second reflecting the uncertainty associated with the estimation of geologic variables in areas of limited control. Estimates of the conditional relationship between geologic variables and subsequent production can be found by analyzing the exploration history of a \"training area\" judged to be geologically similar to the exploration area. The geologic variables are assessed over the training area using an historical subset of the available data, whose density corresponds to the present control density in the exploration area. The success or failure of wells drilled in the training area subsequent to the time corresponding to the historical subset provides empirical estimates of the probability of success conditional upon geology. Uncertainty in perception of geological conditions may be estimated from the distribution of errors made in geologic assessment using the historical subset of control wells. These errors may be expressed as a linear function of distance from available control. Alternatively, the uncertainty may be found by calculating the semivariogram of the geologic variables used in the analysis: the two procedures will yield approximately equivalent results. The empirical probability functions may then be transferred to the exploration area and used to estimate the likelihood of success of specific exploration plays. These estimates will reflect both the conditional relationship between the geological variables used to guide exploration and the uncertainty resulting from lack of control. The technique is illustrated with case histories from the mid-Continent area of the U.S.A. ?? 1977 Plenum Publishing Corp.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02047411","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1977, Estimation of the probability of success in petroleum exploration: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 409-427, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02047411.","startPage":"409","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204901,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047411"},{"id":218981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb7e4b0c8380cd52849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010945,"text":"70010945 - 1977 - Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T11:09:46.651678","indexId":"70010945","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya","docAbstract":"New and more complete compositional data are presented for a large number of water samples from the Lake Magadi area, Kenya. These water samples range from dilute inflow (<0.1 g/kg dissolved solids) to very concentrated brines (>300 g/kg dissolved solids). Five distinct hydrologic stages can be recognized in the evolution of the water compositions: dilute streamflow, dilute ground water, saline ground water (or hot spring reservoir), saturated brines, and residual brines. Based on the assumption that chloride is conserved in the waters during evaporative concentration, these stages are related to each other by the concentration factors of about 1:28:870:7600:16,800.
Dilute streamflow is represented by perennial streams entering the Rift Valley from the west. All but one (Ewaso Ngiro) of these streams disappear in the alluvium and do not reach the valley floor. Dilute ground water was collected from shallow pits and wells dug into lake sediments and alluvial channels. Saline ground water is roughly equivalent to the hot springs reservoir postulated by Eugster (1970) and is represented by the hottest of the major springs. Saturated brines represent surficial lake brines just at the point of saturation with respect to trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O), while residual brines are essentially interstitial to the evaporite deposit and have been subjected to a complex history of precipitation and re-solution.
The new data confirm the basic hydrologic model presented by Eugster (1970) which has now been refined, particularly with respect to the early stages of evaporative concentration. Budget calculations show that only bromide is conserved as completely as chloride. Sodium follows chloride closely until trona precipitation, whereas silica and sulfate are largely lost during the very first concentration' step (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water). A large fraction of potassium and all calcium plus magnesium are removed during the first two concentration steps (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water-saline ground water). Carbonate and bicarbonate are the dominant anions, and mechanisms by which they are extracted from the solution include precipitation of alkali and alkaline-earth carbonates, and degassing, as well as precipitation and re-solution of efflorescent crusts. Much sulfate is apparently lost from solution by sorption as well as subsurface reduction.
Seasonal runoff, principally from the valley floor north of Lake Magadi, is considered to be the principal recharge to the Magadi ground water system. Evaporative concentration is the overall process responsible for the chemical evolution of the brines. This includes not only simple evaporation, but also mineral precipitation as films and cements in the unsaturated zone, re-solution, and reprecipitation of efflorescent crusts, with consequent recycling of salts. In fact, a large fraction of the solutes are acquired through dissolution of efflorescent crusts.
Data were obtained for borehole brines from as deep as 297 m. They show the existence of two distinct brine bodies below the present lake, one shallow, coexistent with bedded salts, and highly concentrated (260 g/kg average dissolved solids), and the other deeper in lacustrine sediments or fractured lavas, and only half as concentrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Jones, B., Eugster, H., and Rettig, S., 1977, Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, no. 1, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3333e4b0c8380cd5edfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rettig, S.L.","contributorId":42592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettig","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169194,"text":"70169194 - 1977 - Earthquakes, October-November 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:08:23","indexId":"70169194","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, October-November 1976","docAbstract":"October brought two damaging earthquakes to Ecuador and New Guinea. The Ecuador earthquake, although only magnitude 5.5, caused casualties and damage. The new Guinea earthquake, a major quake, caused a loss of life and damage. Two major earthquakes were experienced during November, in eastern Turkey on November 24 and in northern Chile on November 30. The Turkey earthquake was devastating as usual in that area. Other areas of the world experienced strong earthquakes-Iran, China, Solomon Islands, and the Philippine Islands; some caused death and damage.
\nThe United States experienced a number of moderate earthquakes, but no signigicant damage sustained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes, October-November 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 32-36.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be39e4b0f59b85e02e0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168592,"text":"70168592 - 1977 - Evaluating the intensity of U.S. earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T15:05:41","indexId":"70168592","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the intensity of U.S. earthquakes","docAbstract":"The intensity scale based on the Modified Mercalli Scale of 1931 (MM scale) measures the effects of seismic shaking. Intensity estimations are often the only representation of the size of an earthquake when small shocks occur in areas far removed from seismograph stations that can record them instrumentally. The impossibility of setting up and maintaining instruments to measure ground motion everywhere that earthquakes occur makes the intensity scale a necessary and useful method to estimate earthquake effects.
\nThe effects of seismic shaking are objective. All observers can agree these are real occurences and not subjective speculation. Reliable intensity evaluations are based not on a single factor on any scale but on consistent combinations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Simon, R., and Stover, C., 1977, Evaluating the intensity of U.S. earthquakes: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 4, p. 24-29.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c52e4b059daa47c9ac3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, R.","contributorId":45242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stover, C.","contributorId":156344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stover","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2052,"text":"wsp2044 - 1977 - Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T21:01:47.597359","indexId":"wsp2044","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2044","title":"Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","docAbstract":"A solute-transport model that can be used to predict the movement of dissolved chemicals in flowing ground water was applied to a problem of ground-water contamination at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colo. The model couples a finite-difference solution to the ground-water flow equation with the method-of-characteristics solution to the solute-transport equation. \r\n\r\nFrom 1943 to 1956 liquid industrial wastes containing high chloride concentrations were disposed into unlined ponds at the Arsenal. Wastes seeped out of the unlined disposal ponds and spread for many square miles in the underlying shallow alluvial aquifer. Since 1956 disposal has been into an asphalt-lined reservoir, which contributed to a decline in ground-water contamination by 1972. The simulation model quantitatively integrated the effects of the major factors that controlled changes in chloride concentrations and accurately reproduced the 30-year history of chloride ground-water contamination. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of the simulation results indicates that the geologic framework of the area markedly restricted the transport and dispersion of dissolved chemicals in the alluvium. Dilution, from irrigation recharge and seepage from unlined canals, was an important factor in reducing the level of chloride concentrations downgradient from the Arsenal. Similarly, recharge of uncontaminated water from the unlined ponds since 1956 has helped to dilute and flush the contaminated ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2044","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1977, Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2044, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2044.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27579,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25388.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.87200017342937\n ],\n [\n -104.90544337744733,\n 39.87200017342937\n ],\n [\n -104.90544337744733,\n 39.79752238121182\n ],\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.79752238121182\n ],\n [\n -104.7864619925063,\n 39.87200017342937\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69994b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162470,"text":"70162470 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:09:33","indexId":"70162470","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Vermont","docAbstract":"Seven earthquakes of intensity V or greater on the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM) are known to have originated within Vermont. Many additional shocks centered in other New England States and Canada have been strongly felt in Vermont.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1977, Earthquake history of Vermont: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 5, p. 27-28.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75550e4b0b28f1184d80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009838,"text":"70009838 - 1977 - Orientale and Caloris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:52:48","indexId":"70009838","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orientale and Caloris","docAbstract":"Applications of experimental explosion-crater data to Orientale and recent geologic mapping of the basin have produced a new stratigraphy and genetic model for Orientale that are also applicable to Caloris. The inner-basin scarp of Orientale is thought to be a bench separating the upper parts of the basin from its deep bowl-shaped interior. The elongated and complexly fractured domes of the basin floor formed by inward compression in the terminal stages of the cratering sequence. The Inner Montes Rook are considered a central peak ring. The Montes Rook and the nonlineated knobby and associated smoother materials that overlie the Cordillera scarp around much of its circumference are the uppermost parts of the overturned rim flap which formed early in the cratering event. The knobs and smaller massifs are probably coherent blocks quarried from deep within the moon. They were among the last materials to leave the basin and had little radial momentum unlike the lineated Hevelius which formed earlier by disaggregation of the rim flap, secondary cratering, and the ground surge. The Cordillera scarp, best seen on the east side of the basin but poorly developed and discontinuous on the west, is a primary feature formed early in the crater excavation process by basinward motions of the walls and the fractured zone beyond the rim of the expanding cavity. The Cordillera scarp is overlain by ejecta over most of its extent, and post-basin internal slumping, previously thought to be important, must be a subordinate process in development of the scarp. The basin fill in Caloris has no counterpart in Orientale but the materials between the most prominent scarp and the weakly developed outer scarp appear to be the degraded and possibly mantled equivalents of the massifs and knobs associated with the Montes Rook. The radially lineated terrain that generally lies beyond the outer scarp of Caloris is considered the subdued counterpart of the Hevelius Formation, which generally shows the same relation to the Cordillera scarp at Orientale. Thus, the prominent innermost scarp of the Caloris basin is the equivalent of the Montes Rook. Beyond this scarp is the overturned flap covered by large blocks and massifs derived from a deep horizon in Mercury where the bedrock is more coherent than the upper impact-brecciated layers. The radially lineated deposits, as in Orientale, are earlier-arriving basin ejecta and secondary-crater materials mixed with the pre-basin surface all of which were modified by the ground surge. This comparison between Orientale and Caloris suggests that one or more buried ring structures should be present inside Caloris and that Mercury is also layered internally as is the moon. The differences in spacing and development of the ring structures or circumferential scarps of Orientale and Caloris are probably gravitational effects. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(77)90033-4","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"McCauley, J., 1977, Orientale and Caloris: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 15, no. 2-3, p. 220-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90033-4.","startPage":"220","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267351,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90033-4"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a708fe4b0c8380cd760c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009822,"text":"70009822 - 1977 - Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:54:28.352299","indexId":"70009822","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity","docAbstract":"Witherspoon, P.A. and Gale, J.E., 1977. Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity. Eng. Geol., 11(1): 23-55. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of fractured rocks are considered with regard to the role they play in induced seismicity. In many cases, the mechanical properties of fractures determine the stability of a rock mass. The problems of sampling and testing these rock discontinuities and interpreting their non-linear behavior are reviewed. Stick slip has been proposed as the failure mechanism in earthquake events. Because of the complex interactions that are inherent in the mechanical behavior of fractured rocks, there seems to be no simple way to combine the deformation characteristics of several sets of fractures when there are significant perturbations of existing conditions. Thus, the more important fractures must be treated as individual components in the rock mass. In considering the hydraulic properties, it has been customary to treat a fracture as a parallel-plate conduit and a number of mathematical models of fracture systems have adopted this approach. Non-steady flow in fractured systems has usually been based on a two-porosity model, which assumes the primary (intergranular) porosity contributes only to storage and the secondary (fracture) porosity contributes only to the overall conductivity. Using such a model, it has been found that the time required to achieve quasi-steady state flow in a fractured reservoir is one or two orders of magnitude greater than it is in a homogeneous system. In essentially all of this work, the assumption has generally been made that the fractures are rigid. However, it is clear from a review of the mechanical and hydraulic properties that not only are fractures easily deformed but they constitute the main flow paths in many rock masses. This means that one must consider the interaction of mechanical and hydraulic effects. A considerable amount of laboratory and field data is now available that clearly demonstrates this stress-flow behavior. Two approaches have been used in attempting to numerically model such behavior: (1) continuum models, and (2) discrete models. The continuum approach only needs information as to average values of fracture spacing and material properties. But because of the inherent complexity of fractured rock masses and the corresponding decrease in symmetry, it is difficult to develop an equivalent continuum that will simulate the behavior of the entire system. The discrete approach, on the other hand, requires details of the fracture geometry and material properties of both fractures and rock matrix. The difficulty in obtaining such information has been considered a serious limitation of discrete models, but improved borehole techniques can enable one to obtain the necessary data, at least in shallow systems. The possibility of extending these methods to deeper fracture systems needs more investigation. Such data must be considered when deciding whether to use a continuum or discrete model to represent the interaction of rock and fluid forces in a fractured rock system, especially with regard to the problem of induced seismicity. When one is attempting to alter the pressure distribution in a fault zone by injection or withdrawal of fluids, the extent to which this can be achieved will be controlled in large measure by the behavior of the fractures that communicate with the borehole. Since this is essentially a point phenomenon, i.e., the changes will propagate from a relatively small region around the borehole, the use of a discrete model would appear to be preferable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(77)90018-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Witherspoon, P.A., and Gale, J., 1977, Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity: Engineering Geology, v. 11, no. 1, p. 23-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(77)90018-7.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qv695b7","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5358e4b0c8380cd6ca03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witherspoon, P. A.","contributorId":8219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witherspoon","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, J.E.","contributorId":68025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001447,"text":"1001447 - 1977 - Use of natural basin wetlands by breeding waterfowl in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T20:08:00.3671","indexId":"1001447","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of natural basin wetlands by breeding waterfowl in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Use of basin wetlands by breeding populations of 12 species of waterfowl was investigated in 1965 and during 1967-69 throughout the prairie pothole region of North Dakota. Data were obtained primarily by random sampling techniques. Of the total population occupying natural basin wetlands 55 percent occupied seasonal and 36 percent occupied semipermanent wetlands. Seasonal wetlands contained 60 percent of the population of dabbling ducks, while semipermanent wetlands supported 75 percent of the population of diving ducks. On basins with ponded water, highest concentrations of breeding pairs occurred on temporary, seasonal, and semipermanent wetlands; moderate concentrations were recorded on ephemeral, fen, and undifferentiated tillage wetlands, and low concentrations occurred on permanent and alkali wetlands. The proportion of basins that retained ponded water had a direct bearing on the value of each type of wetland to breeding waterfowl. Relative values of the more intermittent types of wetlands are greatly increased during years of ample precipitation.","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3800601","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H., and Stewart, R.E., 1977, Use of natural basin wetlands by breeding waterfowl in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 41, no. 2, p. 243-253, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800601.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"253","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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E.","contributorId":93426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162472,"text":"70162472 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:11:05","indexId":"70162472","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Tennessee","docAbstract":"The western part of the State was shaken strongly by the New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes of 1811-12 and by earthquakes in 1843 and 1895. The area has also experienced minor shocks. Additional activity has occurred in the eastern part of the State, near the North Carolina border. Forty shocks of intensity V (Modified Mercalli scale) or greater have been cataloged as occurring within the State. Many other earthquakes centered in bordering States have affected points in Tennessee. The following summary covers only hose shocks of intensity VI or greater.
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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190917,"text":"70190917 - 1977 - Climatologic and hydrologic data, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, water years 1975 and 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-17T16:43:17","indexId":"70190917","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"29","title":"Climatologic and hydrologic data, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, water years 1975 and 1976","docAbstract":"This report contains climatologic and hydrologic data that were collected as a part of an investigation of the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, by the U.S. Geological Survey. The data apply mainly to water years 1975 and 1976, which includes the period from October 1974 through September 1976. Included also are some earlier ground-water data not previously published. Similar reports will be published periodically during the data-collection phase of the project, which ends September 1979.
The investigation encompasses the collection and interpretation of a variety of climatologic, hydrologic, and geologic information in and near the southeastern Uinta Basin in order to (1) define the natural hydrologic system according to the occurrence, use, quantity, and quality of water; (2) define various hydrologic characteristics such as the seasonal and areal distribution of temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and streamflow; (3) determine the water demands that might be imposed on the hydrologic system as a result of oil-shale development; and (3) develop simulation models that could be used to predict the effects of various water-use plans that would satisfy these demands .
The data collection during water years 1975 and 1976 was carried out in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the U. S. Environmental Protect:ion Agency.
Twelve earthquakes of intensity V or greater (Modified Mercalli scale) have centered within the borders of South Dakota. All the shocks were rather localized, except that of 1911 which was felt over an area of approximately 100,000 km2. Some earthquakes from neighboring States were felt strongly in South Dakota.
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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162469,"text":"70162469 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:05:02","indexId":"70162469","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Virginia","docAbstract":"Virginia is a State of considerable seismic activity, although the earthquakes are rarely strong. Thirty-five shocks, intensity MM V or greater (Modified Mercalli Scale), are listed with epicenters within its borders. The locations of several of the older events are not precise; thus, the above count i subject to alteration. A detailed study of Virginia earthquakes by G. A. Bollinger and M. G. Hopper of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University listed 137 shocks (71 from 1774 to 1899, 66 from 1900 to 1970). Many of these were felt with intensities below MM V.
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A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197178,"text":"70197178 - 1977 - Implications of a magnetic model of the Long Valley caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T15:50:48","indexId":"70197178","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of a magnetic model of the Long Valley caldera, California","docAbstract":"A quantitative magnetic model of Long Valley, California, shows that the magnetic field above this caldera is dominated by intracaldera Bishop tuff, part of the ash flow tuff whose eruption precipitated the caldera collapse. We propose that about half of the 350 km3 of intracaldera Bishop tuff, or that part beneath the resurgent dome, has been subjected to extensive hydrothermal alteration. The heat that produced this alteration is apparently associated with the residual magma chamber, and much of the formation may still be hot (>200°C). The magnetic minerals in the remaining intracaldera Bishop tuff have not been drastically altered, presumably because the tuff was not heated sufficiently. As a result, the tuff may not be very hot today. The model also reveals the existence of parts of two large precaldera mountains beneath the caldera fill. The resolving power attained in this investigation was possible because we were dealing with large, magnetically distinct lithologic units and a large amount of geological and geophysical data were available constraints to produce the solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB082i020p03030","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Berkman, F., and Mankinen, E.A., 1977, Implications of a magnetic model of the Long Valley caldera, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 82, no. 20, p. 3030-3038, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB082i020p03030.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3030","endPage":"3038","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.25,\n 37.3333\n ],\n [\n -118.5833,\n 37.3333\n ],\n [\n -118.5833,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 37.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff5002e4b0da30c1bfdc64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.L.","contributorId":7681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berkman, F.","contributorId":205041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berkman","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009983,"text":"70009983 - 1977 - Techniques for the conversion to carbon dioxide of oxygen from dissolved sulfate in thermal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:03:30","indexId":"70009983","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Techniques for the conversion to carbon dioxide of oxygen from dissolved sulfate in thermal waters","docAbstract":"The fractionation of oxygen isotopes between dissolved sulfate ions and water provides a useful geothermometer for geothermal waters. The oxygen isotope composition of dissolved sulfate may also be used to indicate the source of the sulfate and processes of formation. The methods described here for separation, purification and reduction of sulfate to prepare carbon dioxide for mass spectrometric analysis are modifications of methods by Rafter (1967), Mizutani (1971), Sakai and Krouse (1971), and Mizutani and Rafter (1969). ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(77)90009-8","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Nehring, N., Bowen, P., and Truesdell, A., 1977, Techniques for the conversion to carbon dioxide of oxygen from dissolved sulfate in thermal waters: Geothermics, v. 5, no. 1-4, p. 63-66, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(77)90009-8.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268139,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(77)90009-8"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba437e4b08c986b3201a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nehring, N.L.","contributorId":21157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, P.A.","contributorId":51453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":357585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011115,"text":"70011115 - 1977 - Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T13:30:27","indexId":"70011115","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock","docAbstract":"Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted to investigate two factors which could influence the use of the hydrofrac technique for in-situ stress determinations; the possible dependence of the breakdown pressure upon the rate of borehole pressurization, and the influence of pre-existing cracks on the orientation of generated fractures. The experiments have shown that while the rate of borehole pressurization has a marked effect on breakdown pressures, the pressure at which hydraulic fractures initiate (and thus tensile strength) is independent of the rate of borehole pressurization when the effect of fluid penetration is negligible. Thus, the experiments indicate that use of breakdown pressures rather than fracture initiation pressures may lead to an erroneous estimate of tectonic stresses. A conceptual model is proposed to explain anomalously high breakdown pressures observed when fracturing with high viscosity fluids. In this model, initial fracture propagation is presumed to be stable due to large differences between the borehole pressure and that within the fracture. In samples which contained pre-existing fractures which were 'leaky' to water, we found it possible to generate hydraulic fractures oriented parallel to the direction of maximum compression if high viscosity drilling mud was used as the fracturing fluid. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(77)90196-6","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M.D., Rummel, F., Jung, R., and Raleigh, C., 1977, Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 14, no. 2, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(77)90196-6.","productDescription":"p.49-58","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":265951,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(77)90196-6"},{"id":221646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a410be4b0c8380cd65262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rummel, F.","contributorId":25432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rummel","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jung, R.","contributorId":21839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}