This report demonstrates two techniques for evaluating risks in the operation of a water-supply system. Both rely on reconstructed historical streamflow data to develop estimates of the probabilities of certain specific events occurring in the future. These techniques are applied to the Occoquan Reservoir which was experiencing an unprecedented low level of storage in the autumn of 1977. The two techniques are used respectively to evaluate the overall adequacy of the existing reservoir and to evaluate the risks in the 1977 crisis.
In the first technique, the general risk analysis model (GRAM), simulations of the reservoir's contents are carried out under a set of assumptions about withdrawal rates and emergency procedures. The results of the GRAM simulation for the Occoquan Reservoir are in the form of estimates of the probabilities that in any year certain emergency procedures will have to be invoked. These estimates are given for a range of rates of withdrawals and for four different stages of emergency actions. Also given are the estimated probabilities of entering emergency conditions in one year given that an emergency had occurred in the previous year. Due to the year-to-year persistence of low flows, these latter (conditional) probabilities are higher than the former (marginal) probabilities.
The second technique used is position analysis. In this procedure probability distributions of future storages are estimated under existing storage conditions and an assumed rate of withdrawal from the reservoir. The position analysis which was initialized at the October 1, 1977, conditions indicates that the probability of entering a Stage III emergency (the prohibition of all uses of water nonessential to life, health, and safety) in the autumn of 1977 or winter of 1978 was 10 percent at that time. However, with a reduction in water use by 8 million gallons per day, this probability would have fallen to 4 percent.
If a long reconstructed historical streamflow record is available to a water supply agency, then the agency will have the capability to undertake its own risk analyses. It can carry out comparisons of alternative operating policies by using techniques such as GRAM. It can also evaluate short-term risk of different plans of operation during crisis situations by using position analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78452","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., 1978, Risk analyses for a water-supply system; Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince William counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-452, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78452.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0452/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413061,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0452/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax County, Prince William County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.36749999999999,38.6175 ], [ -77.36749999999999,38.75 ], [ -77.11749999999999,38.75 ], [ -77.11749999999999,38.6175 ], [ -77.36749999999999,38.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b447c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30195,"text":"wri7796 - 1978 - Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T11:24:56","indexId":"wri7796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-96","title":"Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida","docAbstract":"The sand-and-gravel aquifer is the only freshwater aquifer in southern Escambia County, Fla. Problems related to the development of the aquifer include sustained yield, contamination, and saltwater intrusion. A digital model was applied to the sand-and-gravel aquifer in central and southern Escambia County treating the aquifer 's 'main producing zone ' as a discrete, leaky, confined aquifer. Under conditions of no pumping, most values for the final-head matrix agreed with assumed values within 4 feet in the area of principal interest. Discharge per unit land area was 1.04 cubic feet per second per square mile, in close agreement with the base runoff streams maintained by the aquifer. Total natural aquifer discharge within the area of principal interest determined by the model was 159 million gallons per day. The applicability of the present non-unique calibration for predicting the effects of pumping is questionable; a multilayered model may be required. Effluent infiltrating from holding lagoons for spray irrigation at the Scenic Hills Sewage Plant may have affected the quality of local perched ground water in the sand-and-gravel aquifer. Observation wells drilled near areas of heavy pumping around Bayou Chico indicated no saltwater intrusion. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7796","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., 1978, Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-96, iv, 57 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7796.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -87.08862304687499,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -87.08862304687499,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.306503259848835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trapp, Henry Jr.","contributorId":6034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trapp","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56618,"text":"fwsobs78_69 - 1978 - A conceptual ecological model for Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:09","indexId":"fwsobs78_69","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/69","title":"A conceptual ecological model for Chesapeake Bay","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Green, K.A., 1978, A conceptual ecological model for Chesapeake Bay: FWS/OBS 78/69, v, 22 p. : ill.; 28 cm.","productDescription":"v, 22 p. : ill.; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afd04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Katherine A.","contributorId":104150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47638,"text":"wri7859 - 1978 - Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:44:48","indexId":"wri7859","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-59","title":"Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model","docAbstract":"A computer program for simulating one-dimensional subcritical, gradually varied, unsteady flow in a stream has been developed and documented. Given upstream and downstream boundary conditions and channel geometry data, roughness coefficients, stage, and discharge can be calculated anywhere within the reach as a function of time.
The program uses a linear implicit finite-difference technique that discritizes the partial differential equations. Then it arranges the coefficients of the continuity and momentum equations into a. pentadiagonal matrix for solution. Because it is a reasonable compromise between computational accuracy, speed and ease of use, the technique is one of the most commonly used.
The upstream boundary condition is a depth hydrograph. However, options also allow the boundary condition to be discharge or water-surface elevation. The downstream boundary condition is a depth which may be constant, self-setting, or unsteady. The reach may be divided into uneven increments and the cross sections may be nonprismatic and may vary from one to the other. Tributary and lateral inflow may enter the reach.
The digital model will simulate such common problems as (1) flood waves, (2) releases from dams, and (3) channels where storage is a consideration. It may also supply the needed flow information for mass-transport simulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7859","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1978, Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-59, iii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7859.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359489,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6490,"text":"pp1053 - 1978 - Potential effects of deep-well waste disposal in western New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:56","indexId":"pp1053","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1053","title":"Potential effects of deep-well waste disposal in western New York","docAbstract":"Mathematical and laboratory models were used to observe, respectively, the hydraulic and chemical reactions that may take place during proposed injection of a highly acidic, iron-rich waste pickle liquor into a deep waste-disposal well in western New York. Field temperature and pressure conditions were simulated in the tests. Hydraulic pressure in the middle stages of the initial (1968) injection test had probably hydraulically fractured the Cambrian sandstone-dolomite formation adjacent to the borehole. Transmissivity of the formation is 13 feet squared per day. The proposed rate of injection (72,000 gallons per day) of waste pickle liquor would approach a wellhead pressure of 600 pounds per square inch in about a year. Hydraulic fracturing would reoccur at about 580 pounds per square inch. The measurable cone of influence would extend about 22 miles after injection for 1 year. Chemical reactions between acidic wastes and brine-saturated dolomite would create precipitates that would drastically reduce the permeability of the unfractured part of the dolomite. Nondolomitic sandstone permeability would not be affected by chemical reactions, but the pores might be plugged by the iron-bearing waste. The digital model can be used for qualitative predictions on a regional scale. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1053","usgsCitation":"Waller, R.M., Turk, J.T., and Dingman, R.J., 1978, Potential effects of deep-well waste disposal in western New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1053, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1053.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33940,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a49b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, Roger Milton","contributorId":22320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Milton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dingman, Robert James","contributorId":60190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32604,"text":"pp1099B - 1978 - Land use and land cover information and air-quality planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"pp1099B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1099","chapter":"B","title":"Land use and land cover information and air-quality planning","docAbstract":"The land use and land cover information developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site project has been proven useful when used in an improved technique for estimating emissions, diffusion, and impact patterns of sulfur dioxide (S02) and particulate matter. \r\n\r\nImplementation of plans to control air quality requires land use and land cover information, which, until this time, has been inadequate. The land use and land cover data were used in updating information on the sources of point and area emissions of S02 and particulate matter affecting the Norfolk-Portsmouth area of Virginia for the 1971-72 winter (Dec.-Jan.-Feb.) and the annual 1972 period, and for a future annual period-1985. This emission information is used as input to the Air Quality Display Model of the Environmental Protection Agency to obtain diffusion and impact patterns for the three periods previously mentioned. The results are: (1) During the 1971-72 winter, estimated S02 amounts over an area with southwest-northeast axis in the central section of Norfolk exceeded both primary and secondary levels, (2) future annual levels of S02, estimated by anticipated residential development and point-source changes, are not expected to cause serious deterioration of the region's present air quality, and (3) for the 1971-72 winter, and annual 1972, period the diffusion results showed that both primary and secondary standards for particulate matter are regularly exceeded in central Norfolk and Portsmouth. In addition, on the basis of current control programs, the 1985 levels of particulate matter are expected to exceed the presently established secondary air-quality standards through central Norfolk and Portsmouth and in certain areas of Virginia Beach. \r\n\r\nLand use and land cover information can be used to estimate emissions for inputs to diffusion models and to interpret the implications of diffusion patterns for: (1) Implementing various control strategies, (2) selecting sites of air sampling stations, and (3) predicting the effects that proposed changes in land use and land cover might have on emission patterns and air quality.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1099B","usgsCitation":"Reed, W., and Lewis, J., 1978, Land use and land cover information and air-quality planning: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1099, p. B1-B43, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1099B.","productDescription":"p. B1-B43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1099b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60461,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1099b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae055","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, W.E.","contributorId":79935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, J.E.","contributorId":37388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6527,"text":"pp1029 - 1978 - Hydraulic geometry of river cross sections; theory of minimum variance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:01","indexId":"pp1029","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1029","title":"Hydraulic geometry of river cross sections; theory of minimum variance","docAbstract":"This study deals with the rates at which mean velocity, mean depth, and water-surface width increase with water discharge at a cross section on an alluvial stream. Such relations often follow power laws, the exponents in which are called hydraulic exponents. The Langbein (1964) minimum-variance theory is examined in regard to its validity and its ability to predict observed hydraulic exponents. The variables used with the theory were velocity, depth, width, bed shear stress, friction factor, slope (energy gradient), and stream power. Slope is often constant, in which case only velocity, depth, width, shear and friction factor need be considered. The theory was tested against a wide range of field data from various geographic areas of the United States. The original theory was intended to produce only the average hydraulic exponents for a group of cross sections in a similar type of geologic or hydraulic environment. The theory does predict these average exponents with a reasonable degree of accuracy. An attempt to forecast the exponents at any selected cross section was moderately successful. Empirical equations are more accurate than the minimum variance, Gauckler-Manning, or Chezy methods. Predictions of the exponent of width are most reliable, the exponent of depth fair, and the exponent of mean velocity poor. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1029","usgsCitation":"Williams, G.P., 1978, Hydraulic geometry of river cross sections; theory of minimum variance: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1029, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1029.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34006,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a22c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Garnett P.","contributorId":100361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Garnett","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20429,"text":"ofr78974 - 1978 - Determination of peak discharge from rainfall data for urbanized basins, Wichita, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T15:55:40","indexId":"ofr78974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-974","title":"Determination of peak discharge from rainfall data for urbanized basins, Wichita, Kansas","docAbstract":"Rainfall and runoff data from urbanized drainage basins in the Wichita area, Kansas, were used to evaluate the Soil Conservation Service synthetichydrograph method of computing flood hydrographsfrom rainfall data. The method was tested on six basins where the impervious surface ranged from 11 percent on the least urbanized basin to 40 percent on the most urbanized. Twenty-two of the largest storm events for which peak discharges had been observed were used in the test. After modification of the method for this particular area, results showed an average error of 20 percent, disregarding sign, with an apparent bias of 8 percent. However, uncertainties in some of the data make it impractical to adjust for bias.
Application of the modified method using data on rainfall, impervious surface, soils, land use, channel slope, length of main channel, and drainage area is described for a hypothetical basin. As an alternative to more complete and complex modeling by digital computer, a peak discharge for drainage design can be calculated by applying the SCS method to a standardized \"design storm\" for a specified recurrence interval. The method is sensitive to soil conditions and land use; therefore, accurate information on these factors is necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78974","usgsCitation":"Peek, C., and Jordan, P.R., 1978, Determination of peak discharge from rainfall data for urbanized basins, Wichita, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-974, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78974.","productDescription":"49 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0974/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0974/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Wichita","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.48992919921875,\n 37.55600941380355\n ],\n [\n -97.20634460449219,\n 37.55600941380355\n ],\n [\n -97.20634460449219,\n 37.82876846980744\n ],\n [\n -97.48992919921875,\n 37.82876846980744\n ],\n [\n -97.48992919921875,\n 37.55600941380355\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6976a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peek, C.O.","contributorId":44573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peek","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, P. R.","contributorId":7282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8689,"text":"ofr78542 - 1978 - Playback Station #2 for Cal Net and 5-day-recorder tapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-02T01:01:38","indexId":"ofr78542","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-542","title":"Playback Station #2 for Cal Net and 5-day-recorder tapes","docAbstract":"A second system (Playback Station #2) has been set up to play back Cal Net 1\" tapes and 5-day-recorder 1/2\" tapes. As with the first playback system (Playback Station #1) the tapes are played back on a Bell and Howell VR3700B tape deck and the records are written out on a 16-channel direct-writing Siemens \"0scillomink.\" Separate reproduce heads, tape guides, and tape tension sensor rollers are required for playing back 111 tapes and 1/2\" tapes, but changing these tape deck components is a simple task that requires only a few minutes. The discriminators, patch panels, selector switches, filters, time code translators, and signal conditioning circuits for the time code translators and for the tape-speed-compensation signal are all mounted in an equipment rack that stands beside the playback tape deck. Changing playback speeds (15/16 ips or 3 3/4 ips) or changing from Cal Net tapes to 5-day-recorder tapes requires only flipping a few switches and/or changing a few patch cables on the patch panel (in addition to changing the reproduce heads, etc., to change from 1\" tape to 1/2\" tape). For the Cal Net tapes, the system provides for playback of 9 data channels (680 Hz thru 3060 Hz plus 400 Hz) and 3 time signals (IRIG-E, IRIG-C, and WWVB) at both 15/16 ips (x1 speed) and 3 3/4 ips (x4 speed). Available modes of compensation (using either a 4688 Hz reference or a 3125 Hz reference) are subtractive, capstan, capstan plus subtractive, or no compensation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78542","usgsCitation":"Eaton, J.P., 1978, Playback Station #2 for Cal Net and 5-day-recorder tapes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-542, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78542.","productDescription":"49 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":142693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_78_542.gif"},{"id":257114,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0542/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36880,"text":"fwsobs78_01 - 1978 - A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"fwsobs78_01","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/01","title":"A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bloom, S.G., Cornaby, B.W., and Martin, W.E., 1978, A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment: FWS/OBS 78/01, ix, 153 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"ix, 153 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloom, Sanford G.","contributorId":42273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloom","given":"Sanford","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornaby, Barney W.","contributorId":25222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornaby","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, William E.","contributorId":86406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61147,"text":"mf900J - 1978 - Map showing anomalous lead distribution in stream sediment concentrates, Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles, exclusive of the Black Range Primitive Area, Sierra and Grant counties, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T10:22:53","indexId":"mf900J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"900","chapter":"J","title":"Map showing anomalous lead distribution in stream sediment concentrates, Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles, exclusive of the Black Range Primitive Area, Sierra and Grant counties, New Mexico","docAbstract":"This map shows the distribution of anomalous lead in the two sample fractions, magnetic (M-1) and nonmagnetic (NM-1) plotted on a base which includes sample localities, topography, and generalized geology modified from Hedlund (1975a, b). It is part of a series of maps for several metals that accompany this folio. Distributions of the lead values are shown on the accompanying histograms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf900J","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.C., Alminas, H.V., Nishi, J.M., and Crim, W., 1978, Map showing anomalous lead distribution in stream sediment concentrates, Hillsboro and San Lorenzo quadrangles, exclusive of the Black Range Primitive Area, Sierra and Grant counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 900, 49.9 x 41.9 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf900J.","productDescription":"49.9 x 41.9 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0900-J/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":183164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0900-J/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Grant County, Sierra County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108,32.75 ], [ -108,33 ], [ -107.5,33 ], [ -107.5,32.75 ], [ -108,32.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658fef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, K. C.","contributorId":49344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alminas, H. V.","contributorId":83926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishi, J. M.","contributorId":89886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishi","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crim, W.C.","contributorId":69231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crim","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":8788,"text":"ofr78528 - 1978 - Impact of flow regulation and power plant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River - Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8788,"text":"ofr78528 - 1978 - Impact of flow regulation and power plant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River - Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia","indexId":"ofr78528","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Impact of flow regulation and power plant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River - Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5903,"text":"pp1108 - 1979 - Impact of flow regulation and powerplant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River— Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia","indexId":"pp1108","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Impact of flow regulation and powerplant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River— Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5903,"text":"pp1108 - 1979 - Impact of flow regulation and powerplant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River— Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia","indexId":"pp1108","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Impact of flow regulation and powerplant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River— Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T19:29:00.532679","indexId":"ofr78528","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-528","title":"Impact of flow regulation and power plant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River - Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia","docAbstract":"A calibrated and verified transient flow temperature model was used to evaluate the effects of flow regulation and powerplant loadings on the natural temperature regime of the Chattahoochee River in northeast Georgia. Estimates were made of both instantaneous and average natural temperatures in the river during an eight-day period in August 1976. Differences between the computed average natural temperature and an independent estimate of natural temperature based on observed equilibrium temperatures were less than 0.5°C. The combined thermal effects of flow regulation and powerplant effluents resulted in mean daily river temperatures downstream of the powerplants about equal to or less than computed mean natural temperatures during the period of interest. An independent analysis of historical river and air-temperature data, although considerably less accurate than model computations, provided substantially the same result. The range and rates of change of computed natural diurnal temperature fluctuations were considerably less than those presently observed (1976) in the river. The models also were used to simulate summer river temperatures using estimated year 2000 flow conditions and meteorologic data collected during 1976. Except during periods of peak water-supply demand, differences between computed year 2000 river temperatures and observed present-day temperatures were less than 2°C.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78528","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., Jobson, H.E., and Land, L.F., 1978, Impact of flow regulation and power plant effluents on the flow and temperature regimes of the Chattahoochee River - Atlanta to Whitesburg, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-528, xii, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78528.","productDescription":"xii, 115 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0528/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0528/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta, Whitesburg","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.06301879882812,\n 33.519644153199245\n ],\n [\n -85.0506591796875,\n 33.39705230475205\n ],\n [\n -84.9298095703125,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -84.42169189453125,\n 33.701492795584365\n ],\n [\n -84.3255615234375,\n 33.87725673930016\n ],\n [\n -84.23355102539064,\n 34.04469442222683\n ],\n [\n -84.37225341796875,\n 34.067449577393454\n ],\n [\n -85.06301879882812,\n 33.519644153199245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9de5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11843,"text":"ofr781077B - 1978 - Analyses and descriptions of geochemical samples, Mountain Lake Wilderness Study Area, Virginia and West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:45","indexId":"ofr781077B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1077","chapter":"B","title":"Analyses and descriptions of geochemical samples, Mountain Lake Wilderness Study Area, Virginia and West Virginia","docAbstract":"Semiquantitative emission spectrographic analyses for 64 elements on 95 stream sediment and 122 rock samples from Mountain Lake Wilderness Study Area, Giles and Craig Counties, Virginia and Monroe County, West Virginia, are reported here in detail. Locations for all samples are in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. Brief descriptions of rock samples are also included. Rocks analysed are mostly sandstone. Samples of hematitic sandstone of the Rose Hill Formation and limonite-cemented sandstone of the Rocky Gap Sandstone contain high values of iron; these rocks are submarginal iron resources. Some of these iron-rich samples have a little more barium, copper, cobalt, lead, silver, and/or zinc than in average sandstone, but they do not suggest the presence of economic deposits of these metals. A few samples of Tuscarora Quartzite contain moderate amounts of manganese. These are from a submarginal manganese resource. No other obviously anomalous-values related to mineralized rock are present in the data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr781077B","usgsCitation":"Mei, L., Fletcher, J., Rait, N., and Lesure, F., 1978, Analyses and descriptions of geochemical samples, Mountain Lake Wilderness Study Area, Virginia and West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1077, 25 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781077B.","productDescription":"25 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1077b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1077b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mei, Leung","contributorId":40204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mei","given":"Leung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, J.D.","contributorId":24928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rait, Norma","contributorId":44128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rait","given":"Norma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lesure, F. G.","contributorId":7694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesure","given":"F. G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":163861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23554,"text":"ofr78356 - 1978 - Linear ground-water flow, flood-wave response program for programmable calculators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr78356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-356","title":"Linear ground-water flow, flood-wave response program for programmable calculators","docAbstract":"Two programs are documented which solve a discretized analytical equation derived to determine head changes at a point in a one-dimensional ground-water flow system. The programs, written for programmable calculators, are in widely divergent but commonly encountered languages and serve to illustrate the adaptability of the linear model to use in situations where access to true computers is not possible or economical. The analytical method assumes a semi-infinite aquifer which is uniform in thickness and hydrologic characteristics, bounded on one side by an impermeable barrier and on the other parallel side by a fully penetrating stream in complete hydraulic connection with the aquifer. Ground-water heads may be calculated for points along a line which is perpendicular to the impermeable barrie and the fully penetrating stream. Head changes at the observation point are dependent on (1) the distance between that point and the impermeable barrier, (2) the distance between the line of stress (the stream) and the impermeable barrier, (3) aquifer diffusivity, (4) time, and (5) head changes along the line of stress. The primary application of the programs is to determine aquifer diffusivity by the flood-wave response technique. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78356","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1978, Linear ground-water flow, flood-wave response program for programmable calculators: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-356, iv, 69 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78356.","productDescription":"iv, 69 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113011,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0356/report.pdf","size":"1974","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, John Michael","contributorId":99171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8225,"text":"ofr78320 - 1978 - Eolian sand and interbedded organic horizons at Kealok Creek on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: possible regional implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-18T19:24:01.902152","indexId":"ofr78320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-320","title":"Eolian sand and interbedded organic horizons at Kealok Creek on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: possible regional implications","docAbstract":"Eolian sand has long been recognized as a widespread but minor facies of supposedly dominantly marine sediments of the Gubik Formation of the Arctic Coastal Plain (Smith and Mertie, 1930; Black, 1951 and 1964; O'Sullivan, 1961). Descriptions of eolian landforms of the coastal plain have been published by several authors, including Black (1951), Rickert and Tedrow (1967), and Walker (1967 and 1973). Many of the dunes discussed by these authors are associated with modern floodplains. Black (1951), however, outlined an area of stabilized longitudinal, parabolic, and multicyclic dunes occurring over an area of 12,950 sq km west of the Colville River, which includes the area discussed in this report. Black (1951, p. 93) characterized the dunes as being most abundant on crests of ridges and other topographic irregularities, and pointed out that they are commonly associated with the cut banks of large lakes and streams. He described the longitudinal dunes as generally less than 1,000 m long, but as much as 2,500 m in length and stated that they \"...appear to be only a few feet thick, although some may be as much as 10 to 20 feet thick.\" Field investigations during the summer of 1977 on the Arctic Coastal Plain (Williams and others, 1977) disclosed that, over at least a portion of this area, the ridges upon which the small dunes described by Black are superimposed, and the cut banks associated with the dunes, consist of eolian deposits that comprise the major part of the Gubik Formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78320","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.D., and Robinson, S., 1978, Eolian sand and interbedded organic horizons at Kealok Creek on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska: possible regional implications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-320, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78320.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0320/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0320/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Coastal Plain, Kealok Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.87451671608443,\n 71.08867605115762\n ],\n [\n -154.87451671608443,\n 70.23422213524944\n ],\n [\n -151.3603994579238,\n 70.23422213524944\n ],\n [\n -151.3603994579238,\n 71.08867605115762\n ],\n [\n -154.87451671608443,\n 71.08867605115762\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60213c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, S.W.","contributorId":30985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8453,"text":"ofr78266 - 1978 - Five-day recorder seismic system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:05","indexId":"ofr78266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-266","title":"Five-day recorder seismic system","docAbstract":"The 10-day recorder seismic system used by the USGS since 1965 has been modified substantially to improve its dynamic range and frequency response, to decrease its power consumption and physical complexity, and to make its recordings more compatible with other NCER systems to facilitate data processing. The principal changes include:\r\n\r\n 1. increasing tape speed from 15/160 ips to 15/80 ips (reducing running time from 10 days to 5 days with a 14' reel of 1 mil tape),\r\n\r\n 2. increasing the FM center frequency by a factor of 4, from 84.4 Hz to 337.6 Hz,\r\n\r\n 3. replacing the original amplifiers and FM modulators with new low-power units,\r\n\r\n 4. replacing the chronometer with a higher quality time code generator (with IRIG-C) to permit automation of data retrieval,\r\n\r\n 5. eliminating the amplifier/WWVB radio field case by incorporating these elements, along with the new TCG, in the weatherproof tape-recorder box,\r\n\r\n 6. reducing the power consumption of the motor-drive circuit by removal of a redundant component.\r\n\r\nIn the new system, the tape-recorder case houses all components except the seismometers, the WWVB antenna, the 70-amp-hour 12-VDC battery (which powers the system for 5 days), and the cables to connect these external elements to the recorder box.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this report are:\r\n\r\n 1. to describe the new 5-day-recorder seismic system in terms of its constituent parts and their functions,\r\n\r\n 2. to describe modifications to parts of the original system that were retained and to document new or replacement components with appropriate circuit diagrams and constructional details,\r\n\r\n 3. to provide detailed instructions for the correct adjustment or alignment of the system in the laboratory, and\r\n\r\n 4. to provide detailed instructions for installing and operating the system in the field. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78266","usgsCitation":"Criley, E., Eaton, J.P., and Ellis, J., 1978, Five-day recorder seismic system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-266, 85 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; (86 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78266.","productDescription":"85 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; (86 p. - PGS)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_78_266.gif"},{"id":14390,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ede4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Criley, Ed","contributorId":30626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Jim","contributorId":12035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28811,"text":"wri7857 - 1978 - Flood profiles for Peace River, south-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T12:17:09","indexId":"wri7857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-57","title":"Flood profiles for Peace River, south-central Florida","docAbstract":"This report presents flood heights and profiles for a 70-mile reach of Peace River from Bartow to Arcadia, Fla. The flood heights were calculated using the U.S. Geological Survey step-backwater model. Profiles were prepared for floods having expected recurrence intervals of 2, 2.33, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years. Flood-peak discharges used in the step-backwater analyses were determined by weighting stream gaging-station data with data from a regional analysis. Land-surface elevation data for 183 cross sections - including values of Manning 's roughness coefficient - also were used in the backwater analysis. Flood height data are generally accurate to + or - 0.5 foot. They indicate that most roads and two bridges in the study reach will be inundated by some of the floods evaluated. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri7857","usgsCitation":"Murphy, W.R., Hammett, K., and Reeter, C.V., 1978, Flood profiles for Peace River, south-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-57, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7857.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276468,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0057/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddbe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, W. R. Jr.","contributorId":72355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeter, C. V.","contributorId":97154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeter","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28235,"text":"wri7818 - 1978 - Unsteady solute-transport simulation in streamflow using a finite-difference model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T14:56:19","indexId":"wri7818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-18","title":"Unsteady solute-transport simulation in streamflow using a finite-difference model","docAbstract":"This report documents a rather simple, general purpose, one-dimensional, one-parameter, mass-transport model for field use. The model assumes a well-mixed conservative solute that may be coming from an unsteady source and is moving in unsteady streamflow. The quantity of solute being transported is in the units of concentration. Results are reported as such. An implicit finite-difference technique is used to solve the mass transport equation. It consists of creating a tridiagonal matrix and using the Thomas algorithm to solve the matrix for the unknown concentrations at the new time step. The computer program pesented is designed to compute the concentration of a water-quality constituent at any point and at any preselected time in a one-dimensional stream. The model is driven by the inflowing concentration of solute at the upstream boundary and is influenced by the solute entering the stream from tributaries and lateral ground-water inflow and from a source or sink. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7818","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1978, Unsteady solute-transport simulation in streamflow using a finite-difference model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-18, iii, 54 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7818.","productDescription":"iii, 54 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369492,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0018/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e397c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66275,"text":"i1087 - 1978 - Channel migration of the White River in the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T11:09:56","indexId":"i1087","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1087","title":"Channel migration of the White River in the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","docAbstract":"The White River is the largest stream in the southeastern part of the Uinta Basin in Utah and Colorado. This map shows the changes that have occurred in the location of the main channel of the river from 1936 to 1974. The map indicated that certain reaches of the river are subject to different rates of channel migration. Also shown is the boundary of the flood plain, which is mapped at the point of abrupt break in slope. This map documents the position of the river channel prior to any withdrawals of water or alteration of the flow characteristics of the white river that may occur in order to meet water requirements principally associated with the proposed oil-shale industry or other development in the area.
The channel locations were determined from aerial photographs taken at four different time periods for the following Federal agencies: In 1936, U.S. Soil Conservation Services; 1953, U.S. Corps of Engineers; 1965, U.S. Geological Survey; and in 1974, U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The 1936 delineation, which is actually based upon photographs that were taken in 1936 and 1937, was made by projection of the original photographs on a base map that was prepared from 1:24,000 scale topographic maps. The 1953, 1965, and 1974 delineations were produced from stereographic models. The 1965 delineation was compiled from photographs that were taken during 1962-65. The delineation is labeled as 1965 for simplicity, however, because the photographs for 1965 cover about 60 percent of the study read of the river, and because no changed were discernable in those areas of repetitive photographic coverage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i1087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Jurado, A., and Fields, F.K., 1978, Channel migration of the White River in the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1087, 1 Map: 33.95 x 39.64 Inches; Cover: 9.20 x 11.87 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1087.","productDescription":"1 Map: 33.95 x 39.64 Inches; Cover: 9.20 x 11.87 inches","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":255735,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1087/plate-1.pdf","text":"Map I-1087","size":"8.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":8,"text":"Cover"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1087/report.pdf","text":"Folio Cover","size":"29.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1087/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin, White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.70083333333334,39.916666666666664 ], [ -109.70083333333334,40.1175 ], [ -109,40.1175 ], [ -109,39.916666666666664 ], [ -109.70083333333334,39.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jurado, Antonio","contributorId":73264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurado","given":"Antonio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fields, Fred K.","contributorId":69981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18534,"text":"ofr78932 - 1978 - Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-17T19:21:08.391072","indexId":"ofr78932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-932","title":"Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system","docAbstract":"Landsats-1, -2, and -3, although not defined as mapping satellites, are in fact effectively recording the Earth in a form suitable for presentation as small-scale image maps. These spacecraft have demonstrated the effectiveness of Earth sensing, which must now move from the research to the operational phase. Landsat-D is designed to continue the research effort, but NASA, whose charter precludes operations, has not defined an operational system. An operational Landsat has previously been proposed in technical terms, but this concept was limited to the orthographic (2-dimensional) mode demonstrated by Landsat-1, -2, and -3. Mapping involves topography as well as planimetry, and a satellite compatible with the Landsat that also resolves the 3-dimensional mode of topography is proposed. Such a satellite requires very high stability and pointing accuracy. The current state-of-the-art permits such a satellite to be built and flown in a mode suitable for automated modeling of the Earth's surface in 3- as well as 2-dimensional modes. The satellite would be complementary to or could be combined with the operational Landsat previously proposed and it is suggested it be designated the Automated Mapping Satellite or Mapsat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78932","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1978, Proposed parameters for an automated mapping satellite (Mapsat) system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-932, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78932.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0932/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":500107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0932/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8165,"text":"ofr78815 - 1978 - Exploration geophysics calculator programs for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable calculators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:07","indexId":"ofr78815","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-815","title":"Exploration geophysics calculator programs for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable calculators","docAbstract":"Program listing, instructions, and example problems are given for 12 programs for the interpretation of geophysical data, for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable hand-held calculators. These are (1) gravity anomaly over 2D prism with = 9 vertices--Talwani method; (2) magnetic anomaly (?T, ?V, or ?H) over 2D prism with = 8 vertices?Talwani method; (3) total-field magnetic anomaly profile over thick sheet/thin dike; (4) single dipping seismic refractor--interpretation and design; (5) = 4 dipping seismic refractors--interpretation; (6) = 4 dipping seismic refractors?design; (7) vertical electrical sounding over = 10 horizontal layers--Schlumberger or Wenner forward calculation; (8) vertical electric sounding: Dar Zarrouk calculations; (9) magnetotelluric planewave apparent conductivity and phase angle over = 9 horizontal layers--forward calculation; (10) petrophysics: a.c. electrical parameters; (11) petrophysics: elastic constants; (12) digital convolution with = 10-1ength filter.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78815","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.L., and Watts, R.D., 1978, Exploration geophysics calculator programs for use on Hewlett-Packard models 67 and 97 programmable calculators: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-815, 74 leaves :ill. ;27 cm.; (75 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78815.","productDescription":"74 leaves :ill. ;27 cm.; (75 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0815/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0815/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8d17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, David L.","contributorId":95447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Raymond D.","contributorId":105713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26740,"text":"wri78134 - 1978 - Land use, land cover, and drainage on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, Eastern North Carolina, 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T17:19:29.617438","indexId":"wri78134","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-134","title":"Land use, land cover, and drainage on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, Eastern North Carolina, 1974","docAbstract":"A land use, land cover, and drainage map of the 2,000-square-mile Albermarle-Pamlico peninsula of eastern North Carolina has been prepared, at a scale of 1:125,000, as part of a larger study of the effects of large-scale land clearing on regional hydrology. The peninsula includes the most extensive area of wetland in North Carolina and one of the largest in the country. In recent years the pace of land clearing on the peninsula has accelerated as land is being converted from forest, swamp, and brushland to agricultural use. Conversion of swamps to intensive farming operations requires profound changes in the landscape. Vegetation is uprooted and burned and ditches and canals are dug to remove excess water. What is the impact of these changes on ground-water supplies and on the streams and surrounding coastal waters which receive the runoff This map will aid in answering these and similar questions that have arisen about the patterns of land use and the artificial drainage system that removes excess water from the land. By showing both land use and drainage, this map can be used to identify those areas where water-related problems may occur and help assess the nature and causes of these problems. The map covers the entire area east of the Suffolk Scarp, an area of about 2,000 square miles, for the year 1974 using data from 1974-76. Land use and land cover were compiled and modified from the U.S. Geological Survey 's Rocky Mount and Manteo LUDA maps. Additional information came from U.S. Geological Survey orthophotoquads, Landsat imagery, and field checking. Drainage was mapped from orthophotoquads, some field inspection, and 7-1/2 minute topographic quadrangle maps.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri78134","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C., 1978, Land use, land cover, and drainage on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, Eastern North Carolina, 1974: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-134, 2 Plates: 47.94 x 30.89 inches and 47.90 x 31.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78134.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 47.94 x 30.89 inches and 47.90 x 31.02 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492647,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":492646,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":492648,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0134/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albemarle-Pamplico Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.046875,\n 34.44315867450577\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 36.57142382346277\n ],\n [\n -74.99267578125,\n 36.57142382346277\n ],\n [\n -74.99267578125,\n 34.44315867450577\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 34.44315867450577\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniel, C.C.","contributorId":53427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30040,"text":"wri7729 - 1978 - Predicted water-level and water-quality effects of artificial recharge in the Upper Coachella Valley, California, using a finite-element digital model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:25:51","indexId":"wri7729","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-29","title":"Predicted water-level and water-quality effects of artificial recharge in the Upper Coachella Valley, California, using a finite-element digital model","docAbstract":"From 1936 to 1974, water levels declined more than 100 feet in the Palm Springs area and 60 feet in the Palm Desert area of the upper Coachella Valley, Calif. Water from the Colorado River Aqueduct is presently being recharged to the basin. The dissolved-solids concentration of native ground water in the recharge area is about 210 mg/liter and that of recharge water ranges from 600 to 750 mg/liter. A finite-element model indicates that without recharge the 1974 water levels in the Palm Springs area will decline 200 feet by the year 2000 because of pumpage. If the aquifer is recharged at a rate from about 7 ,500 acre-feet per year in 1973 increasing to 61,200 acre-feet per year in 1990 and thereafter, the water level in the Palm Springs area will decline about 20 feet below the 1974 level by 1991 and recover to the 1974 level by 2000. The solute-transport finite-element model of the recharge area indicates that the artificial recharge plume (bounded by the 300-mg/liter line) will move about 1.1 miles downgradient of the recharge ponds by 1981 and about 4.5 miles from the ponds by 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7729","usgsCitation":"Swain, L.A., 1978, Predicted water-level and water-quality effects of artificial recharge in the Upper Coachella Valley, California, using a finite-element digital model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-29, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7729.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":345749,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0029/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eb03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Lindsay A.","contributorId":7323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8282,"text":"ofr7895 - 1978 - Tsunami microprocessor tide system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T14:07:26.235893","indexId":"ofr7895","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-95","title":"Tsunami microprocessor tide system","docAbstract":"A Tsunami Microprocessor Tide System was developed to replace the Advanced Tsunami Tide System. The use of microprocessor based systems will reduce manpower and hardware costs from $4,000 per advanced system to $400 per microprocessor system. In addition to the cost reduction; the capacity, capability, and flexibility of the microprocessor systems were increased over the conventional systems. The microprocessor system can store up to 80 tide words as compared to 40 for the original systems. The microprocessor system can easily change data output formats from 11-bit ASCII to 8-bit ASCII codes, change tide sensors from float sensors to either crystal or bubbler sensors, and change other desired commands such as end of transmission (EOT) commands by simple software modifications.
The new Tsunami Microprocessor Tide System is programmed to operate in an \"Interrogate\" mode over the GOES Satellite Network. The Tsunami Microprocessor Tide System was developed for use in the Tsunami Warning Network. This system could be used in any water level measuring system because with simple software changes it could operate over standard radio link telemetry systems or over dial-up telephone circuit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7895","usgsCitation":"Clark, H., and Heckendorn, G.L., 1978, Tsunami microprocessor tide system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-95, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7895.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0095/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6241f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Harold","contributorId":102076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heckendorn, Gary L.","contributorId":12036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckendorn","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68512,"text":"ha592 - 1978 - Backwater at bridges and densely wooded flood plains, Bogue Chitto near Summit, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T09:11:34","indexId":"ha592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"592","title":"Backwater at bridges and densely wooded flood plains, Bogue Chitto near Summit, Mississippi","docAbstract":"New techniques for predicting water-surface profiles, needed in the design of economical, structurally sound, and environmentally compatible stream crossings, are under investigation. The investigation has accelerated with the advent of digital computers capable of analyzing large quatities of data. Among the techniques is the development of two-dimensional (2-D) digital models. Field data are essential for development and evaluation of these techniques for predicting water-surface profiles. This atlas is one of a series that provide a wide range of field data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha592","usgsCitation":"Colson, B., Ming, C.O., and Arcement, G.J., 1978, Backwater at bridges and densely wooded flood plains, Bogue Chitto near Summit, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 592, 3 Plates: 43.80 x 43.67 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha592.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 43.80 x 43.67 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha592.PNG"},{"id":327455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/592/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":327456,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/592/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":327457,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/592/plate-3.pdf"}],"scale":"800000","country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","city":"Summit","otherGeospatial":"Bogue Chitto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.35963058471678,\n 31.283538899497486\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 31.272755598200142\n ],\n [\n -90.42340278625487,\n 31.311261726268274\n ],\n [\n -90.40846824645996,\n 31.323067120154334\n ],\n [\n -90.35963058471678,\n 31.283538899497486\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ad83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colson, B.E.","contributorId":71546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colson","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ming, C. O.","contributorId":9266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arcement, George J. garcemen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arcement","given":"George","email":"garcemen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":278365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}