Ground-water discharge to Willow Creek, which drains a 204 mi2 watershed in northeast Nebraska was predicted for six combinations of conditions of climate and ground-water development. A digital model of the ground water/surface-water system was stressed with recharge and withdrawal functions determined from a linear reservoir model of the soil zone.
The geohydrologic system includes a regional aquifer which containssand and gravel ranging in age from Pliocene through Pleistocene. The regional aquifer is unconfined in the western part of the watershed and confined in the eastern part. The confining layer, or blue clay, in the east is of Pleistocene age and comprises principally saturated eolian silts with very fine sand interbeds overlying a basal lacustrine clay. Where unconfined conditions exist in the regional aquifer, perennial flow of Willow Creek is sustained principally by ground-water discharge. Where confined conditions exist, the low hydraulic conductivity of the blue clay effectively isolates the regional aquifer from Willow Creek.
The stream-aquifer models were tested by comparing simulated against measured water levels and streamflow during 1975 and 1976. Agreement between simulated and observed values was obtained by modifying initial estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity and specific storage.
Future ground-water discharge to Willow Creek (base flow) was simulated by super-imposing different patterns of ground-water withdrawals upon variations from average recharge for a monthly climatic sequence identical with the period 1931 to 1954. Frequency analyses of the simulated monthly base flows showed that they would be less than 12 feet3 per second at least 50 percent of the time under all but completely undeveloped conditions. Simulated water-level declines in the regional aquifer at the end of the pumping season after a drought period similar to that of the 1930's were less than 5 feet where unconfined conditions exist and were more than 80 feet where confined conditions exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7867","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Lower Elkhorn Natural Resources District and Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln","usgsCitation":"Dugan, J.T., and Lappala, E.G., 1978, Predictive analyses of ground-water discharges in the Willow Creek Watershed, northeast Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-67, v, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7867.","productDescription":"v, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Willow Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.97744750976562,\n 41.964085349226664\n ],\n [\n -97.24067687988281,\n 41.964085349226664\n ],\n [\n -97.24067687988281,\n 42.36919824433563\n ],\n [\n -97.97744750976562,\n 42.36919824433563\n ],\n [\n -97.97744750976562,\n 41.964085349226664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugan, Jack T.","contributorId":102456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lappala, Eric G.","contributorId":23182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lappala","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20781,"text":"ofr791088 - 1978 - Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr791088","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1088","title":"Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter","docAbstract":"The collection and analysis of detailed information on the surface of natural terrain are important aspects of radar-backscattering modeling. Radar is especially sensitive to surface-relief changes in the millimeter- to-decimeter scale four conventional K-band (~1-cm wavelength) to L-band (~25-cm wavelength) radar systems. Surface roughness statistics that characterize these changes in detail have been generated by a comprehensive set of seven programmed calculations for radar-backscatter modeling from sets of field measurements. The seven programs are 1) formatting of data in readable form for subsequent topographic analysis program; 2) relief analysis; 3) power spectral analysis; 4) power spectrum plots; 5) slope angle between slope reversals; 6) slope angle against slope interval plots; and 7) base length slope angle and curvature. This complete Fortran IV software package, 'Terrain Analysis', is here presented for the first time. It was originally developed a decade ago for investigations of lunar morphology and surface trafficability for the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791088","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., Pike, R.J., and Berlin, G.L., 1978, Terrain-analysis procedures for modeling radar backscatter: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1088, 1 v. ; 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791088.","productDescription":"1 v. ; 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50332,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, Gerald G.","contributorId":12511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":183240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlin, Graydon Lennis","contributorId":58667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Graydon","email":"","middleInitial":"Lennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18298,"text":"ofr78963 - 1978 - Floods of July 19-20, 1977 in the Johnstown area, western Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-27T11:57:22","indexId":"ofr78963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-963","title":"Floods of July 19-20, 1977 in the Johnstown area, western Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Intense rainfall on the evening of July 19 and early morning hours of July 20, 1977, resulted in moderate to record flooding throughout much of an eight-county area of southwest Pennsylvania. In a 400-square-mile area directly north and east of Johnstown, rainfall totals of 6 to 12 inches were measured in a six to eight-hour period. Flood peaks having recurrence intervals greater than 100 years were recorded at several sites, primarily in the Conemaugh River basin. Runoff rates were as high as 2,390 cubic feet per second per square mile, in a 5.86-square-mile drainage area in the Little Conemaugh River basin. The Conemaugh River at Seward, which drains 715 square miles, had a peak discharge of 161 cubic feet per second per square mile. The flood waters claimed at least 78 lives and caused total losses in excess of $300 million. Also, seven earthfill dams, used mainly for water supply in the Johnstown area, failed. This report describes the storm and the associated flooding. A tabulation of peak gage heights and discharges for the July 1977 flood and for the maximum flood previously known is included for 57 sites. Data pertaining to the dams that failed are included also. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Harrisburg, PA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78963","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania.Department of Environmental Resources and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pittsburgh District","usgsCitation":"Brua, S.A., 1978, Floods of July 19-20, 1977 in the Johnstown area, western Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-963, viii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78963.","productDescription":"viii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"72","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0963/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279466,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0963/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Johnstown","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.02122497558594,\n 40.27350122374328\n ],\n [\n -78.80870819091797,\n 40.27350122374328\n ],\n [\n -78.80870819091797,\n 40.37427447537182\n ],\n [\n -79.02122497558594,\n 40.37427447537182\n ],\n [\n -79.02122497558594,\n 40.27350122374328\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brua, Stan A.","contributorId":58292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brua","given":"Stan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68275,"text":"ha612 - 1978 - Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9712,"text":"ofr78127 - 1978 - Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska","indexId":"ofr78127","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68275,"text":"ha612 - 1978 - Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska","indexId":"ha612","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-17T20:49:19.59126","indexId":"ha612","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"612","title":"Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data for the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion of south-central Alaska are summarized to provide a basis for planning water resources development, identifying water problems and evaluating existing water quality and availability. Average annual precipitation, measured at a few coastal locations in this maritime climatic zone, ranges from 23 to 127 inches. Mean annual runoff for the Kodiak Island group ranges from 4 to 8 cfs/sq mi. A maximum instantaneous runoff of 457 cfs/sq mi has been determined from a small basin on Kodiak Island. Lowest measured stream discharges range from no flow to 0.91 cfs/sq mi. Surface water is the primary source of water supplies for the city of Kodiak and other communities. The geology of the subregion is characterized by metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks with only a thin mantle of unconsolidated material. A few small, alluvium-filled coastal valleys offer the most favorable conditions for ground-water development, but moderate yields (50-100 gal/min) have been obtained from wells in fractured bedrock. Water in streams and lakes generally has a dissolved-solids concentration less than 60 mg/L, and the water varies from a calcium-bicarbonate type to a sodium-chloride type. The chemical composition of ground waters has a dilute calcium-bicarbonate type in unconsolidated materials and a sodium-bicarbonate type in bedrock. The dissolved solids in the groundwater ranges from 170 to 250 mg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha612","usgsCitation":"Jones, S.H., Madison, R.J., and Zenone, C., 1978, Water resources of the Kodiak-Shelikof subregion, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 612, 2 Plates: 45.59 x 35.20 inches and 45.81 x 35.39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha612.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 45.59 x 35.20 inches and 45.81 x 35.39 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414363,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16008.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":89681,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/612/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/612/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak-Shelikof subregion","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.667,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -159.667,\n 55.5\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 55.5\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -159.667,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Stanley H.","contributorId":98729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madison, R. J.","contributorId":84734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zenone, Chester","contributorId":8094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenone","given":"Chester","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26304,"text":"wri78115 - 1978 - Water chemistry of the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek basins, Redwood National Park, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T20:55:02.181341","indexId":"wri78115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-115","title":"Water chemistry of the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek basins, Redwood National Park, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California","docAbstract":"A 2-year study was made in the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek drainage basins of Redwood National Park to determine existing chemical water-quality conditions and to identify the effects of logging on water quality in the main stems and tributaries of the two basins.
Overall, the chemical water quality of the main stems and the tributaries is excellent, suitable for most beneficial uses. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 25 milligrams per liter in the Redwood Creek basin and 21 milligrams per liter in the Mill Creek basin during the rainy season to 139 and 49 during the dry season. Water shifts from a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type toward a calcium bicarbonate type from the end of the wet season to the end of the dry season. It shifts back toward a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type from the end of the dry season to the end of the wet season. The pH shifts with the water type from a median value of 6.80 in the rainy season to 7.37 in the dry season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are generally too low to support nuisance algae but are high enough, in some streams, to support modest populations, particularly in the main stem where light levels are high. Trace-metal concentrations are low, typical of clean streams.
Evidence suggests that dissolved calcium and bicarbonate in stream water is produced by weathering of the Franciscan assemblage underlying the basins but that chlorides are transported inland from the ocean as dry fallout and spray and in rain. Exposure of the surface soils to the elements, either by logging or by natural causes such as sparse vegetation, seems to accelerate weathering, which leads to a calcium bicarbonate water type. Logging accelerates weathering most in the tributary watersheds with regoliths derived from sandstone and least in those with regoliths derived from schist; however, the data suggest that the rate of weathering in a schistose watershed can increase dramatically if soil disruption is extensive.
Studies during storms indicated that specific conductance and alkalinity were two to three times as likely to decrease at the discharge peak in logged watersheds as in forested ones. This suggests that overland flow containing lower concentrations of soil-derived dissolved solids than flow from other sources is a larger component of peak flow in logged watersheds than in forested watersheds.
Comparing a storm in November 1974 to one in February 1975, nitrate concentration increased significantly from November to February in a stream draining a logged watershed and decreased significantly in a stream draining a forested watershed. Then from the rainy season to the dry season, nitrate decreased in both logged and forested watersheds. This pattern suggests that soil nitrate produced by fixation and organic decomposition early in the rainy season tends to wash out of logged watersheds but be taken up in tree growth in forested watersheds. As the dry season progresses, base flow containing little nitrate enters the streams, causing a decrease in nitrate concentration. By contrast, the other plant nutrients--phosphorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium, and dissolved organic carbon--all decreased in streams from the November 1974 storm to the February 1975 storm and changed little from the rainy season through the dry season. This pattern suggests that these materials tend to accumulate in the soil during the dry season and be washed out and diluted as the rainy season progresses. Very little reaches the water table due to soil absorption so that little appears in the base flow during the dry season.
In 1969, the Caribbean District of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, initiated the operation of a network to monitor some parameters indicative of water-quality changes at selected stream sites. The initial network consisted of 18 stations, which were expanded to 20 in 1971, and to 30 in 1973 (Reed and others, 1971, 1972, Quinones, 1975).
In 1974, at the request of the Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico, the network was modified to conform with the Environmental Protection Agency National Water Quality Surveillance System. Under the revised concept, monitoring stations were established at sites near the headwaters and mouths of the principal rivers in Puerto Rico. Most of the stations in the p-evious network were located at sites downstream in the valleys in order that the overall water-quality conditions in the principal rivers could be monitored. The purpose of the present network is to monitor changes in water quality between the upstream and downstream stations. The expanded network consisted of 58 stations. During 1976, five had been discontinued. One other was added late in 1976. Progress reports have been published in 1976 (Quinones and others) and 1977 (Quinones and others). Most of the stations in the original network have been maintained, thus providing sore degree of continuity. The monitoring stations used in this report are shown in figure 1 and listed in table 2.
This report summarizes the results of the network operation from July 1976 to August 1977.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78445","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Marquez, F., Vasquez, P., and Pena Cortes, R., 1978, Chemical, physical, biochemical, and bacteriological characteristics at selected stream sites in Puerto Rico, 1976-77: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-445, iii, 145 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78445.","productDescription":"iii, 145 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426381,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0445/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0445/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T20:05:45.390348","indexId":"ofr781019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1019","title":"An instrument system for long-term sediment transport studies on the continental shelf","docAbstract":"A bottom-mounted instrument system has been designed and built to monitor processes of bottom-sediment movement on the Continental Shelf. The system measures bottom current speed and direction, pressure, temperature, and light transmission, and photographs the bottom. The instrument operates in a burst sample mode. The system can be deployed for periods of 2-6 months to monitor intermittent processes of sediment movement such as storms, and to assess seasonal variability. Deployments of the system on the U.S. East Coast Continental Shelf show sediment resuspension and changes in bottom microtopography due to surface waves, tidal currents, and storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr781019","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., and Folger, D.W., 1978, An instrument system for long-term sediment transport studies on the continental shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1019, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781019.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425549,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"East Coast Continental Shelf","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68456c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folger, David W.","contributorId":96663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":178995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27400,"text":"wri77128 - 1978 - Reaeration capacity of the Rock River between Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin and Rockton, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T10:05:26","indexId":"wri77128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-128","title":"Reaeration capacity of the Rock River between Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin and Rockton, Illinois","docAbstract":"The reaeration capacity of the Rock River from Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, to Rockton, Illinois, was determined using the energy-dissipation model. The model was calibrated using data from radioactive-tracer measurements in the study reach. Reaeration coefficients (K2) were computed for the annual minimum 7-day mean discharge that occurs on the average of once in 10 years (Q7,10). A time-of-travel model was developed using river discharge, slope, and velocity data from three dye studies. The model was used to estimate traveltime for the Q7,10 for use in the energy-dissipation model. During one radiotracer study, 17 mile per hour winds apparently increased the reaeration coefficient about 40 times. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri77128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grant, R.S., 1978, Reaeration capacity of the Rock River between Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin and Rockton, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-128, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77128.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0128/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56260,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Koshkonong, Rock River, Rockton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 42.49741548732684\n ],\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 42.86086645611156\n ],\n [\n -88.75991821289062,\n 42.86086645611156\n ],\n [\n -88.75991821289062,\n 42.49741548732684\n ],\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 42.49741548732684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, R. Stephen","contributorId":83125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47638,"text":"wri7859 - 1978 - Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:44:48","indexId":"wri7859","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-59","title":"Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model","docAbstract":"A computer program for simulating one-dimensional subcritical, gradually varied, unsteady flow in a stream has been developed and documented. Given upstream and downstream boundary conditions and channel geometry data, roughness coefficients, stage, and discharge can be calculated anywhere within the reach as a function of time.
The program uses a linear implicit finite-difference technique that discritizes the partial differential equations. Then it arranges the coefficients of the continuity and momentum equations into a. pentadiagonal matrix for solution. Because it is a reasonable compromise between computational accuracy, speed and ease of use, the technique is one of the most commonly used.
The upstream boundary condition is a depth hydrograph. However, options also allow the boundary condition to be discharge or water-surface elevation. The downstream boundary condition is a depth which may be constant, self-setting, or unsteady. The reach may be divided into uneven increments and the cross sections may be nonprismatic and may vary from one to the other. Tributary and lateral inflow may enter the reach.
The digital model will simulate such common problems as (1) flood waves, (2) releases from dams, and (3) channels where storage is a consideration. It may also supply the needed flow information for mass-transport simulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7859","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1978, Unsteady streamflow simulation using a linear implicit finite-difference model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-59, iii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7859.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359489,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56618,"text":"fwsobs78_69 - 1978 - A conceptual ecological model for Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:09","indexId":"fwsobs78_69","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/69","title":"A conceptual ecological model for Chesapeake Bay","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Green, K.A., 1978, A conceptual ecological model for Chesapeake Bay: FWS/OBS 78/69, v, 22 p. : ill.; 28 cm.","productDescription":"v, 22 p. : ill.; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afd04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Katherine A.","contributorId":104150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6490,"text":"pp1053 - 1978 - Potential effects of deep-well waste disposal in western New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:56","indexId":"pp1053","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1053","title":"Potential effects of deep-well waste disposal in western New York","docAbstract":"Mathematical and laboratory models were used to observe, respectively, the hydraulic and chemical reactions that may take place during proposed injection of a highly acidic, iron-rich waste pickle liquor into a deep waste-disposal well in western New York. Field temperature and pressure conditions were simulated in the tests. Hydraulic pressure in the middle stages of the initial (1968) injection test had probably hydraulically fractured the Cambrian sandstone-dolomite formation adjacent to the borehole. Transmissivity of the formation is 13 feet squared per day. The proposed rate of injection (72,000 gallons per day) of waste pickle liquor would approach a wellhead pressure of 600 pounds per square inch in about a year. Hydraulic fracturing would reoccur at about 580 pounds per square inch. The measurable cone of influence would extend about 22 miles after injection for 1 year. Chemical reactions between acidic wastes and brine-saturated dolomite would create precipitates that would drastically reduce the permeability of the unfractured part of the dolomite. Nondolomitic sandstone permeability would not be affected by chemical reactions, but the pores might be plugged by the iron-bearing waste. The digital model can be used for qualitative predictions on a regional scale. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1053","usgsCitation":"Waller, R.M., Turk, J.T., and Dingman, R.J., 1978, Potential effects of deep-well waste disposal in western New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1053, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1053.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33940,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a49b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, Roger Milton","contributorId":22320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Milton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dingman, Robert James","contributorId":60190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30195,"text":"wri7796 - 1978 - Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T11:24:56","indexId":"wri7796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-96","title":"Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida","docAbstract":"The sand-and-gravel aquifer is the only freshwater aquifer in southern Escambia County, Fla. Problems related to the development of the aquifer include sustained yield, contamination, and saltwater intrusion. A digital model was applied to the sand-and-gravel aquifer in central and southern Escambia County treating the aquifer 's 'main producing zone ' as a discrete, leaky, confined aquifer. Under conditions of no pumping, most values for the final-head matrix agreed with assumed values within 4 feet in the area of principal interest. Discharge per unit land area was 1.04 cubic feet per second per square mile, in close agreement with the base runoff streams maintained by the aquifer. Total natural aquifer discharge within the area of principal interest determined by the model was 159 million gallons per day. The applicability of the present non-unique calibration for predicting the effects of pumping is questionable; a multilayered model may be required. Effluent infiltrating from holding lagoons for spray irrigation at the Scenic Hills Sewage Plant may have affected the quality of local perched ground water in the sand-and-gravel aquifer. Observation wells drilled near areas of heavy pumping around Bayou Chico indicated no saltwater intrusion. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7796","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., 1978, Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer under unstressed conditions: with a section on water-quality monitoring, Pensacola, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-96, iv, 57 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7796.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -87.08862304687499,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -87.08862304687499,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.306503259848835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trapp, Henry Jr.","contributorId":6034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trapp","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9330,"text":"ofr78550 - 1978 - MODEL, a computer program for calculating weights and roots of characteristic analysis models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr78550","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-550","title":"MODEL, a computer program for calculating weights and roots of characteristic analysis models","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78550","usgsCitation":"Hanley, J.T., 1978, MODEL, a computer program for calculating weights and roots of characteristic analysis models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-550, i, 34 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78550.","productDescription":"i, 34 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0550/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0550/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648c3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanley, J. Thomas","contributorId":85594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44685,"text":"wri78114 - 1978 - The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"wri78114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-114","title":"The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers in Mississippi","docAbstract":"The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers, of Cretaceous age, are in the Selma Group in northern Mississippi. The aquifers contain freshwater in an area of about 4,400 square miles in northern Mississippi. Water produced from the aquifers by public water systems and numerous industries in 1975 averaged about 4 Mgal/d. Regional water-level declines have been very small and the aquifers have a moderate potential for future development. The aquifers are used in some areas where there are no other significant sources of ground water. The most common problems in developing water supplies are low yields to wells and hard water. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri78114","usgsCitation":"Boswell, E.H., 1978, The Coffee Sand and Ripley aquifers in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-114, scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78114.","productDescription":"scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db68193d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boswell, E. H.","contributorId":38954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8444,"text":"ofr77727 - 1977 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"ofr77727","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2056","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":55894,"text":"ofr6961 - 1969 - Study of flood hydrographs for small drainage basins in Wyoming--progress report","indexId":"ofr6961","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Study of flood hydrographs for small drainage basins in Wyoming--progress report"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1205,"text":"wsp2056 - 1978 - Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","indexId":"wsp2056","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2056","title":"Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming","docAbstract":"A flood-hydrograph study has defined the magnitude and frequency of flood volumes and flood peaks that can be expected from drainage basins smaller than 11 square miles in the plains and valley areas of Wyoming. Rainfall and runoff data, collected for 9 years on a seasonal basis (April through September), were used to calibrate a rainfall-runoff model on each of 22 small basins. Long-term records of runoff volume and peak discharge were synthesized for these 22 basins. \r\n\r\nFlood volumes and flood peaks of specific recurrence intervals (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years) were then related to basin characteristics with a high degree of correlation. Flood volumes were related to drainage area, maximum relief, and basin slope. Flood peaks were related to drainage area, maximum relief, basin slope, and channel slope. An investigation of ponding behind a highway embankment, with available storage capacity and with a culvert to allow outflow, has shown that the single fast-rising peak is most important in culvert design. Consequently, a dimensionless hydrograph defines the characteristic shape of flood hydrographs to be expected from small drainage basins in Wyoming. For design purposes, a peak and volume can be estimated from basin characteristics and used with the dimensionless hydrograph to produce a synthetic single-peak hydrograph. Incremental discharges of the hydrograph can be routed along a channel, where a highway fill and culvert are to be placed, to help determine the most economical size of culvert if embankment storage is to be considered.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2056","usgsCitation":"Craig, G.S., and Rankl, J.G., 1978, Analysis of runoff from small drainage basins in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2056, vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2056.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68018f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, Gordon S.","contributorId":78310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankl, James G.","contributorId":93026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6431,"text":"pp1044A - 1978 - The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11262,"text":"ofr77347 - 1977 - The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California","indexId":"ofr77347","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6431,"text":"pp1044A - 1978 - The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California","indexId":"pp1044A","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T16:29:27.483672","indexId":"pp1044A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1044","chapter":"A","title":"The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California","docAbstract":"Long Valley caldera, an elliptical depression covering 450 km 2 on the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada in east-central California, contains a hot-water convection system with numerous hot springs and measured and estimated aquifer temperatures at depths of 180?C to 280?C. In this study we have synthesized the results of previous geologic, geophysical, geochemical, and hydrologic investigations of the Long Valley area to develop a generalized conceptual and mathematical model which describes the gross features of heat and fluid flow in the hydrothermal system. \r\n\r\nCenozoic volcanism in the Long Valley region began about 3.2 m.y. (million years) ago and has continued intermittently until the present time. The major event that resulted in the formation of the Long Valley caldera took place about 0.7 m.y. ago with the eruption of 600 km 3 or more of Bishop Tuff of Pleistocene age, a rhyolitic ash flow, and subsequent collapse of the roof of the magma chamber along one or more steeply inclined ring fractures. Subsequent intracaldera volcanism and uplift of the west-central part of the caldera floor formed a subcircular resurgent dome about 10 km in diameter surrounded by a moat containing rhyolitic, rhyodacitic, and basaltic rocks ranging in age from 0.5 to 0.05 m.y. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of gravity and seismic studies, we estimate an aver- age thickness of fill of 2.4 km above the precaldera granitic and metamorphic basement rocks. A continuous layer of densely welded Bishop Tuff overlies the basement rocks, with an average thickness of 1.4 km; the fill above the welded Bishop Tuff consists of intercalated volcanic flows and tuffs and fluvial and lacustrine deposits. Assuming the average grain density of the fill is between 2.45 and 2.65 g/cm 3 , we calculate the average bulk porosity of the total fill as from 0.11 to 0.21. Comparison of published values of porosity of the welded Bishop Tuff exposed southeast of the caldera with calculated values indicates average bulk porosity for the welded tuff (including fracture porosity) from 0.05 to 0.10. Because of its continuity and depth and the likelihood of significant fracture permeability in the more competent rocks such as the welded tuff, our model of the hydrothermal system assumes that the Bishop Tuff provides the principal hot-water reservoir. However, because very little direct information exists from drill holes below 300 m, this assumption must be considered tentative. \r\n\r\nLong Valley caldera is drained by the Owens River and several tributaries which flow into Lake Crowley in the southeast end of the caldera. Streamflow and springflow measurements for water years 1964-74 indicate a total inflow to Lake Crowley of about 10,900 L/s. In contrast, the total discharge of hot water from the hydrothermal reservoir is about 300 L/s. For modeling purposes, the ground-water system is considered as comprising a shallow subsystem in the fill above the densely welded Bishop Tuff containing relatively cold ground water, and a deep subsystem or hydrothermal reservoir in the welded tuff containing relatively hot ground water. Hydrologic, isotopic, and thermal data indicate that recharge to the hydrothermal reservoir occurs in the upper Owens River drainage basin along the western periphery of the caldera. Temperature profiles in a 2.11- km-deep test well drilled by private industry in the southeastern part of the caldera suggest that an additional flux of relatively cool ground water recharges the deep subsystem around the northeast rim. Flow in the shallow ground-water subsystem is neglected in the model except in recharge areas and along Hot Creek gorge, where approximately 80 percent of the hot-water discharge from the hydrothermal reservoir moves upward along faults toward springs in the gorge. \r\n\r\nHeat-flow data from the Long Valley region indicate that the resurgent dome overlies a residual magma chamber more circular in plan than the original magma chamber that supplied the Bishop Tuff","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1044A","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., Lewis, R.E., and Olmsted, F.H., 1978, The hydrothermal system of Long Valley Caldera, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1044, Report: 60 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1044A.","productDescription":"Report: 60 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 25.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33842,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104540,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4695.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4695"},{"id":33841,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.0969,\n 37.7778\n ],\n [\n -119.0969,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -118.635,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -118.635,\n 37.7778\n ],\n [\n -119.0969,\n 37.7778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64da25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, Robert Edward","contributorId":73595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olmsted, F. H.","contributorId":24765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmsted","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":36860,"text":"fwsobs78_19 - 1978 - Stream channel modification in Hawaii. Part D: summary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"fwsobs78_19","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/19","title":"Stream channel modification in Hawaii. Part D: summary report","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Parrish, J., 1978, Stream channel modification in Hawaii. Part D: summary report: FWS/OBS 78/19, pt. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"pt. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a51fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrish, J.D.","contributorId":63083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8680,"text":"ofr78336 - 1978 - Proceedings of Conference IV: the use of volunteers in the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, convened under the auspices of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, 2-3 February, 1978, Menlo Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:50:11","indexId":"ofr78336","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-336","title":"Proceedings of Conference IV: the use of volunteers in the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, convened under the auspices of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, 2-3 February, 1978, Menlo Park, California","docAbstract":"There are tens of thousands of people in the United States who could\nplay an important voluntary role in reducing earthquake hazards and are\nprobably willing to do so. Under the Earthquake Hazard Reduction Act of\n1977 the Federal government is significantly increasing its effort \"to\nreduce the risk of life and property from future earthquakes in the\nUnited States through the establishment and maintenance of an effective\nearthquake hazards reduction program.\" This program involves research,\nfor example, by geologists, seismologists, engineers, sociologists,\neducators, and public policy experts sponsored primarily by the U.S.\nGeological Survey and the National Science Foundation. There is a heavy\nemphasis, however, on the implementation of these results in local\ncommunities. When all the research results are available, the benefits\nof these efforts will depend on whether individual citizens living in\nearthquake zones accurately perceive the relative importance of\nearthquake hazards. These individuals can then decide for themselves how\nto modify their own lifestyles to minimize these hazards. Thus, one of\nthe seven objectives of this national program is \"the education of the\npublic, including state and local officials, as to earthquake phenomena,\nthe identification of locations and structures which are especially\nsusceptible to earthquake damage, ways to reduce the adverse consequences\nof an earthquake, and related matters.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78336","usgsCitation":"1978, Proceedings of Conference IV: the use of volunteers in the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, convened under the auspices of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, 2-3 February, 1978, Menlo Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-336, 273 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78336.","productDescription":"273 p.","numberOfPages":"279","costCenters":[{"id":490,"text":"Office of Earthquake Studies","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286549,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0336/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660922","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ward, Peter L.","contributorId":69574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503964,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36880,"text":"fwsobs78_01 - 1978 - A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"fwsobs78_01","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/01","title":"A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bloom, S.G., Cornaby, B.W., and Martin, W.E., 1978, A guide to mathematical models used in steam electric power plant environmental impact assessment: FWS/OBS 78/01, ix, 153 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"ix, 153 p. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloom, Sanford G.","contributorId":42273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloom","given":"Sanford","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornaby, Barney W.","contributorId":25222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornaby","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, William E.","contributorId":86406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161980,"text":"70161980 - 1978 - Simulation model of Cryptomonas ovata population dynamics in southern Kootenay Lake, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:53:41","indexId":"70161980","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation model of Cryptomonas ovata population dynamics in southern Kootenay Lake, British Columbia","docAbstract":"The von Bertalanffy model of body growth is inappropriate for organisms whose growth is restricted to a seasonal period because it assumes that growth rate is invariant with time. Incorporation of a time-varying coefficient significantly improves the capability of the von Bertalanffy equation to describe changing body size of both the bivalve mollusc Macoma balthicain San Francisco Bay and the flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon, in Washington state. This simple modification of the von Bertalanffy model should offer improved predictions of body growth for a variety of other aquatic animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f78-231","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., and Nichols, F.H., 1978, A von Bertalanffy growth model with a seasonally varying coefficient: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 35, no. 11, p. 1479-1482, https://doi.org/10.1139/f78-231.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1479","endPage":"1482","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4bbe4b0fbd3f7fa4c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157215,"text":"70157215 - 1978 - Digital and photographic processing study for shallow seas mapping from landsat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:12:50","indexId":"70157215","displayToPublicDate":"1978-12-31T20:30:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":383,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Digital and photographic processing study for shallow seas mapping from landsat","docAbstract":"The application of contrast stretch and haze removal techniques to Landsat/MSS imagery for shallow seas bathymetry is discussed. The application of these techniques is based upon procedures inherent in the EDIPS system processing. Application of both MSS band 4 and band 5 data are discussed in lx and 3x gain mode. Both quantitative and qualitative (imagery) data are used to demonstrate the existence of bathymetric information after EDIPS processing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70157215","usgsCitation":"Bauer, B.P., and Perry, L., 1978, Digital and photographic processing study for shallow seas mapping from landsat: Technical Report, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70157215.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70157215.JPG"},{"id":309567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70157215/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f7efcae4b05d6c4e4fa9a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Brian P.","contributorId":58946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Lincoln","contributorId":147670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perry","given":"Lincoln","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207277,"text":"70207277 - 1978 - Oxygen isotope composition of subglacially precipitated calcite: Possible paleoclimatic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T06:44:31","indexId":"70207277","displayToPublicDate":"1978-12-31T15:28:58","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope composition of subglacially precipitated calcite: Possible paleoclimatic implications","docAbstract":"Isotopic analyses of subglacially precipitated calcite from near a modern temperate glacier show that the δ18O (= 18O/ 16O relative to standard mean ocean water) of the calcite records the δ18O of the ice from that glacier. It may therefore be possible to determine the δ18O of Pleistocene ice sheets on the basis of isotopic analyses of calcite formed under that ancient ice. This, in turn, would allow estimation of the δ18O of Pleistocene oceans and correction of the paleotemperature scale based on foraminiferal oxygen isotopic analyses. Copyright
","language":"English","publisher":"Science ","doi":"10.1126/science.200.4347.1267","issn":" 00368075","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., and Hallet, B., 1978, Oxygen isotope composition of subglacially precipitated calcite: Possible paleoclimatic implications: Science, v. 200, no. 4347, p. 1267-1270, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.200.4347.1267.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1267","endPage":"1270","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"4347","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallet, B.","contributorId":221246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156426,"text":"70156426 - 1978 - Late Miocene mollusks from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T10:52:33","indexId":"70156426","displayToPublicDate":"1978-11-30T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Miocene mollusks from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"A fauna of bivalve mollusks, scattered gastropods, and an echinoid from exposures of the Skonun Formation in the northeastern part of Graham Island is indicative of an early late Miocene age and correlation with the provincial Wishkahan Stage. The molluscan assemblages are from the upper 600 of the 1800-m-thick marine and nonmarine formation, which appears to be entirely of late Miocene age. The Skonun Formation is the strandline fa.cies of marginal marine and nonmarine deposits of the northwestern part of the Queen Charlotte basin, a Nieogene embayment paralleling the modern mainland coast. The molluscan fauna and associated lignite beds are known from a few widely scattered outcrops; they are indicative of alternating marine and nonmarine to brackish-water environments in the upper part of the formation. The Skonun fauna occurs near the northern boundary of the Pacific Northwest Neogene molluscan province. It is the only marine Neogene molluscan fauna known from the British Columbia coast. The fauna has strong taxonomic ties with the fauna of the Empire Formation of southwestern Oregon and has several species in common with the upper Miocene of the Lituya district, southeastern Alaska, implying that these three faunas are coeval.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Addicott, W.O., 1978, Late Miocene mollusks from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 5, p. 677-689.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"689","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"31.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -133.22296142578125,\n 53.1237017988457\n ],\n [\n -133.22296142578125,\n 54.27645123048291\n ],\n [\n -131.81396484375,\n 54.27645123048291\n ],\n [\n -131.81396484375,\n 53.1237017988457\n ],\n [\n -133.22296142578125,\n 53.1237017988457\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb9e4b0518e3546f01a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Addicott, Warren O.","contributorId":80668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addicott","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}