{"pageNumber":"1579","pageRowStart":"39450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41062,"records":[{"id":70233069,"text":"70233069 - 1978 - Porphyry copper exploration model for northern Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:02:22.246142","indexId":"70233069","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T10:57:26","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porphyry copper exploration model for northern Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The regional tectonic pattern of the porphyry copper province of northern Sonora, Mexico, is similar to, but more complex than, the Colorado mineral belt. Four northeast-trending shear zones, spaced at 30- to 50-kilometer intervals from Hermosillo, Mexico, north to Nogales, Mexico, are interpreted from analysis of lineament data from Landsat-1 images. From comparison with other areas, these zones are believed to have Precambrian ancestry. North-northwest-trending lineaments, which commonly occur along range fronts, are interpreted to be the principal basin and range faults. North-south- and west-northwest-trending lineaments are believed to be related to lesser faults and fractures. Areas of hydrothermal alteration have been mapped on a regional scale by use of digital image-processing techniques. These altered areas occur on the flanks of the northeast-trending shear zones, generally near intersections with north-northwest-trending lineaments. This tectonic framework with associated alteration is similar to patterns in the Colorado Plateau, the porphyry copper province of Arizona, and central Mexico and is supported by relationships found in limited local mapping. The pattern of northeast-trending shear zones and north-northwest-trending faults in northern Sonora closely resembles the tectonic framework of the Colorado mineral belt. The younger sedimentary and volcanic cover, however, has not been eroded in Sonora as it has been in the Colorado mineral belt. This comparison with the Colorado mineral belt suggests that mineral deposits are most likely to be found in altered areas where a northeast-trending shear zone is intersected by north-northwest-trending faults. Seven areas with these characteristics have been defined in Sonora and are being evaluated by means of regional geophysical and geochemical data. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., 1978, Porphyry copper exploration model for northern Sonora, Mexico: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 1, p. 51-58.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              31.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              31.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              29.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70233060,"text":"70233060 - 1978 - Hydrochemistry and hydrodynamics of injecting an iron-rich pickling liquor into a dolomitic sandstone: A laboratory study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T15:56:23.445751","indexId":"70233060","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T10:32:49","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry and hydrodynamics of injecting an iron-rich pickling liquor into a dolomitic sandstone: A laboratory study","docAbstract":"<p>Waste pickling liquor containing high concentrations of iron salts was injected into cores of quartzite, sandstone, and dolomite in a laboratory study to determine what effect this procedure might have on the permeability of these rock types. Experiments were performed at field conditions 40°C and 13.8 MPa (megapascals) in a high-pressure triaxial chamber similar to that used in rock-mechanics testing but modified to allow downstream sample collection of effluent liquids and direct visual monitoring at in-situ conditions. Five samples were tested, ranging in effective porosity from 2.9 to 13 percent and in lithology from a quartzite to a dolomite. Hydraulic conductivity of the quartzitic samples remained unchanged during injection of over 50 pore volumes of pickling liquor, but significant decreases in the hydraulic conductivity of dolomitic samples were observed. Chemical analyses of effluents from a dolomitic sample suggest that carbonate minerals were dissolving and iron was precipitating. Clogging of pore space by CO<sub>2</sub> entrapment or by CaCl<sub>2</sub> precipitation did not seem to play a role in decreasing hydraulic conductivity because injection into a dolomitic core of more than 140 pore volumes of HCl at a concentration similar to that of the pickling liquor caused only a slight decrease in hydraulic conductivity compared with the decrease observed when an additional 30 pore volumes of pickling liquor were subsequently injected.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ragone, S.E., Riley, F.S., and Dingman, R.J., 1978, Hydrochemistry and hydrodynamics of injecting an iron-rich pickling liquor into a dolomitic sandstone: A laboratory study: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 1, p. 1-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ragone, Stephen E.","contributorId":74374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragone","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riley, Francis S.","contributorId":93028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dingman, Robert James","contributorId":60190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70119857,"text":"70119857 - 1978 - A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T09:31:00","indexId":"70119857","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T09:28:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method","docAbstract":"The technique of estimating wildlife population size and density using the belt or line-transect sampling method has been used in many past projects, such as the estimation of density of waterfowl nestling sites in marshes, and is being used currently in such areas as the assessment of Pacific porpoise stocks in regions of tuna fishing activity.  A mathematical framework for line-transect methodology has only emerged in the last 5 yr.  In the present article, we extend this mathematical framework to a line-transect estimator based upon a log-linear model approach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1936648","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Burnham, K., and Crain, B., 1978, A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method: Ecology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936648.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291925,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1936648"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8c5e4b008eaa4f3f5f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crain, B.R.","contributorId":19482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70174924,"text":"70174924 - 1978 - Field and modeling studies of San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:11:11","indexId":"70174924","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field and modeling studies of San Francisco Bay","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on technical, environmental, socio-economic and regulatory aspects of coastal zone management","conferenceDate":"1978","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"Conomos, T.J., Nichols, F., Cheng, R.T., and Peterson, D.H., 1978, Field and modeling studies of San Francisco Bay, Symposium on technical, environmental, socio-economic and regulatory aspects of coastal zone management, San Francisco, CA, 1978, p. 1917-1927.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1917","endPage":"1927","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.2723388671875,\n              38.04268357749736\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.28195190429686,\n              38.08268954483802\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.35748291015625,\n              38.1334763895322\n            ],\n      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J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, F.H.","contributorId":88020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70169187,"text":"70169187 - 1978 - Earthquakes, November-December 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T15:50:37","indexId":"70169187","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, November-December 1977","docAbstract":"<p>Two major earthquakes occurred in the last 2 months of the year. A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck San Juan Province, Argentina, on November 23, causing fatalities and damage. The second major earthquake was a magnitude 7.0 in the Bonin Islands region, an unpopulated area. On December 19, Iran experienced a destructive earthquake, which killed over 500.</p>\n<p>In the United States, the largest earthquake during this reporting period was a magntidue 6.6 in the Andreanof Islands, which are part of the Aleutian Islands chain, on November 4 that caused some minor damage. Northern California was struck by a magnitude 4.8 earthquake on November 22 causing moderate damage in the Willits area. This was the most damaging quake in the United States during the year. Two major earthquakes of magntidues 7.0 or above to 14 for the year.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1978, Earthquakes, November-December 1977: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 3, p. 97-99.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"99","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be35e4b0f59b85e02df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012572,"text":"70012572 - 1978 - Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry-The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012572","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry-The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico","docAbstract":"This summary of geochemical exploration in the Basin and Range Province is another in the series of reviews of geochemical-exploration applications covering a large region; this series began in 1975 with a summary for the Canadian Cordillera and Canadian Shield, and was followed in 1976 by a similar summary for Scandinavia (Norden). Rather than adhering strictly to the type of conceptual models applied in those papers, we have made use of generalized landscape geochemistry models related to the nature of concealment of ore deposits. This study is part of a continuing effort to examine and evaluate geochemical-exploration practices in different areas of the world. Twenty case histories of the application of geochemical exploration in both district and regional settings illustrate recent developments in techniques and approaches. Along with other published reports these case histories, exemplifying generalized models of concealed deposits, provide data used to evaluate geochemical-exploration programs and specific sample media. Because blind deposits are increasingly sought in the Basin and Range Province, the use of new sample media or anomaly-enhancement techniques is a necessity. Analysis of vapors or gases emanating from blind deposits is a promising new technique. Certain fractions of stream sediments show anomalies that are weak or not detected in conventional minus 80-mesh fractions. Multi-element analysis of mineralized bedrock may show zoning patterns that indicate depth or direction of ore. Examples of the application of these and other, more conventional methods are indicated in the case histories. The final section of this paper contains a brief evaluation of the applications of all types of sample media to geochemical exploration in the arid environment of the Basin and Range Province. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T., and McCarthy, J.H., 1978, Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry-The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 9, no. 2-3, p. 113-276.","startPage":"113","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"164","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9aae4b0c8380cd4d700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T.G.","contributorId":55014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012492,"text":"70012492 - 1978 - Empirical model of Skeletonema costatum photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:40:47.965072","indexId":"70012492","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Empirical model of <i>Skeletonema costatum</i> photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary","title":"Empirical model of Skeletonema costatum photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"<p>An empirical model of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Skeletonema costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>photosynthetic rate is developed and fit to measurements of photosynthesis selected from the literature. Because the model acknowledges existence of: 1) a light-temperature interaction (by allowing optimum irradiance to vary with temperature), 2) light inhibition, 3) temperature inhibition, and 4) a salinity effect, it accurately estimates photosynthetic rates measured over a wide range of temperature, light intensity, and salinity. Integration of predicted instantaneous rate of photosynthesis with time and depth yields daily net carbon assimilation (pg C cell<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>day<sup>−1</sup>) in a mixed layer of specified depth, when salinity, temperature, daily irradiance and extinction coefficient are known. The assumption of constant carbon quota (pg C cell<sup>−1</sup>) allows for prediction of mean specific growth rate (day<sup>−1</sup>), which can be used in numerical models of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Skeletonema costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population dynamics.</p><p>Application of the model to northern San Francisco Bay clearly demonstrates the limitation of growth by low light availability, and suggests that large population densities of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S. costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>observed during summer months are not the result of active growth in the central deep channels (where growth rates are consistently predicted to be negative). But predicted growth rates in the lateral shallows are positive during summer and fall, thus offering a testable hypothesis that shoals are the only sites of active population growth by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S. costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(and perhaps other neritic diatoms) in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(78)90040-4","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 1978, Empirical model of Skeletonema costatum photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary: Advances in Water Resources, v. 1, no. 5, p. 267-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(78)90040-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.22039965621613,\n              38.24440703031118\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.57745968735097,\n              38.24440703031118\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.57745968735097,\n              37.3957605043622\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22039965621613,\n              37.3957605043622\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22039965621613,\n              38.24440703031118\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a090ce4b0c8380cd51d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012489,"text":"70012489 - 1978 - Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:31:24.827634","indexId":"70012489","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>The diagenesis of the hydroxy amino acids serine and threonine in foraminiferal tests has been investigated. The decomposition pathways of these amino acids are complex; the principal reactions appear to be dehydration, aldol cleavage and decarboxylation. Stereochemical studies indicate that the α-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) detected in foraminiferal tests is the end product of threonine dehydration pathway. Decomposition of serine and threonine in foraminiferal tests from two well-dated Caribbean deep-sea cores, P6304-8 and -9, has been found to follow irreversible first-order kinetics. Three empirical equations were derived for the disappearance of serine and threonine and the appearance of ABA. These equations can be used as a new geochronological method for dating foraminiferal tests from other deep-sea sediments. Preliminary results suggest that ages deduced from the ABA kinetics equation are most reliable because “species effect” and contamination problems are not important for this nonbiological amino acid. Because of the variable serine and threonine contents of modern foraminiferal species, it is likely that the accurate age estimates can be obtained from the serine and threonine decomposition equations only if a homogeneous species assemblage or single species sample isolated from mixed natural assemblages is used.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90042-0","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bada, J., Shou, M., Man, E., and Schroeder, R.A., 1978, Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 41, no. 1, p. 67-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90042-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe14e4b0c8380cd4eae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bada, J.L.","contributorId":96826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bada","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shou, M.-Y.","contributorId":76888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shou","given":"M.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Man, E.H.","contributorId":91243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Man","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012766,"text":"70012766 - 1978 - Present day serpentinization in New Caledonia, Oman and Yugoslavia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:25:27.010739","indexId":"70012766","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Present day serpentinization in New Caledonia, Oman and Yugoslavia","docAbstract":"Geochemical evidence for modern low-temperature serpentinization has been found in three new localities. Apparently the low-temperature reactions are a common mode of formation of the lizardite-chrysotile and brucite assemblage. Possibly the 18O content of serpentine formed at low temperatures is in part inherited from the pyroxene and olivine. ?? 1978.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90225-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., O’Neil, J.R., and Trescases, J., 1978, Present day serpentinization in New Caledonia, Oman and Yugoslavia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 1, p. 144-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90225-9.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b47e4b0c8380cd7e1df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trescases, J.J.","contributorId":75685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trescases","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012461,"text":"70012461 - 1978 - Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T16:50:43.585741","indexId":"70012461","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K<sub>2</sub>O-FeO-AI<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>: An example of serendipity","title":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","docAbstract":"<p>The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (<i>Am. J. Sci.</i><strong>13</strong>, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (<i>The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks</i>), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K<sub>2</sub>O-FeO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.</p><p>Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K<sub>2</sub>O- FeO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K<sub>2</sub>O:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>· 2SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K<sub>2</sub>O·FeO·3SiO<sub>2</sub>, and from K<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·4SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(leucite) to the isostructural compound K<sub>2</sub>O·FeO·5SiO<sub>2</sub>, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.</p><p>As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.</p><p>A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012451,"text":"70012451 - 1978 - Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:28:39.183849","indexId":"70012451","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Fractionation of Co and Sc between garnets, olivines, and clino- and orthopyroxenes, separated from a suite of Salt Lake Crater ultramafic nodules that equilibrated at the same<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>, is strongly dependent on Fe contents. This observation suggests that petrogenetic equilibrium models of partial melting and crystal fractionation must take into account effects of magma composition, if they are to describe quantitatively geochemical evolutionary trends.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90153-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Glassley, W., and Piper, D., 1978, Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 39, no. 1, p. 173-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90153-X.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f795e4b0c8380cd4cbc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glassley, W.E.","contributorId":88086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassley","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012448,"text":"70012448 - 1978 - Induction of auroral zone electric currents within the Alaska pipeline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012448","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Induction of auroral zone electric currents within the Alaska pipeline","docAbstract":"The Alaskar pipeline is a highly conducting anomaly extending 800 miles (1300 km) from about 62?? to 69?? geomagnetic latitude beneath the most active regions of the ionospheric electrojet current. The spectral behavior of the magnetic field from this current was analyzed using data from standard geomagnetic observatories to establish the predictable patterns of temporal and spatial changes for field pulsation periods between 5 min and 4 hr. Such behavior is presented in a series of tables, graphs and formulae. Using 2- and 3-layer models of the conducting earth, the induced electric fields associated with the geomagnetic changes were established. From the direct relationship of the current to the geomagnetic field variation patterns one can infer counterpart temporal and spatial characteristics of the pipeline current. The relationship of the field amplitudes to geomagnetic activity indices, Ap, and the established occurrence of various levels of Ap over several solar cycles were employed to show that about half of the time the induced currents in the pipe would be under 1 A for the maximum response oscillatory periods near 1 hr. Such currents should be of minimal consequence in corrosion effects for even a section of the pipeline unprotected by sacrificial electrodes. Of greater interest was the result that the extreme surges of current should reach over one-hundred amperes in the pipeline during high activity. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874677","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1978, Induction of auroral zone electric currents within the Alaska pipeline: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 6, p. 1143-1173, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874677.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1173","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205234,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874677"}],"volume":"116","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3aafe4b0c8380cd61eaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012438,"text":"70012438 - 1978 - Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012438","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The very low-frequency (VLF) induction method has found exceptional utility in studying various volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii because: (1) significant anomalies result exclusively from ionically conductive magma or still-hot intrusions (> 800??C) and the attendant electrolytically conductive hot groundwater; (2) basalt flows forming the bulk of Kilauea have very high resistivities at shallow depths that result in low geologic noise levels and relatively deep depths of investigation (???100 m); and (3) the azimuths to two of the usable transmitters (NLK and NPM) are aligned favorably with most of the principal geologic features. Measurements of the tilt angle and ellipticity of the polarization ellipse of the magnetic field, using a simple, hand-held receiver, have been used to: (1) delineate the lateral extent of shallow, partially solidified lava lakes, active lava tubes, and recent intrusive dikes; (2) obtain an indication of the attitude of some recent dikes; (3) show that many eruptive fissures cool faster than their intrusive counterparts; (4) show that some fumarolic areas are underlain by shallow, highly altered, and conductive zones; and (5) provide control information for interpreting data obtained with other electrical techniques. Complementary measurements of scalar apparent resistivity and surface impedance phase, using a new attachment for the VLF receiver, have substantially increased the utility of VLF studies in Kilauea. They provide better lateral resolution of conductors and reduce the ambiguity in interpretation. Notwithstanding recent advances in theoretical modeling techniques, the excellent quality of some of the data warrants extension of interpretive techniques, particularly for quantitatively characterizing the configuration and conductivity of small-dimension bodies. These VLF induction methods should have wide application to studies of active volcanic regions in other parts of the world and could provide some insights into the workings of larger-scaled geothermal systems. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zablocki, C., 1978, Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 3, no. 1-2, p. 155-195.","startPage":"155","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zablocki, C.J.","contributorId":52178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012421,"text":"70012421 - 1978 - The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012421","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3570,"text":"The Moon and the Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes","docAbstract":"The bulk composition of the Moon was determined by the conditions in the solar nebula during its formation, and may be quantitatively estimated from the premise that the terrestrial planets were formed by cosmochemical processes similar to those recorded in the chondrites. The calculations are based on the Ganapathy-Anders 7-component model using trace element indicators, but incorportate improved geophysical data and petrological constraints. A model Moon with 40 ppb U, a core 2% by weight (1.8% metal with ???35% Ni and 0.2% FeS) and Mg/(Fe2++Mg)?????0.75 meets the trace element restrictions, and has acceptable density, heat flow and moment of inertia ratio. The high Ni content of the core permits low-Ti mare basalts to equilibrate with metal, yet still retain substantial Ni. The silicate resembles the Taylor-Jakes?? composition (and in some respects the waif Ganapathy-Anders Model 2a), but has lower SiO2. Minor modifications of the model composition (U=30-35 ppb) yield a 50% melt approximating Apollo 15 green glass and a residuum of olivine plus 3 to 4% spinel; the low SiO2, favors spinel formation, and, contrary to expectation, Cr is not depleted in the liquid. There may no longer be any inconsistency between the cosmochemical approach and arguments based on experimental petrology. ?? 1978 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon and the Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00897296","issn":"01650807","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Hertogen, J., and Anders, E., 1978, The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes: The Moon and the Planets, v. 18, no. 4, p. 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00897296.","startPage":"465","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":505945,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00897296","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":205181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897296"},{"id":222014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badebe4b08c986b323e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hertogen, J.","contributorId":90042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hertogen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, E.","contributorId":64803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010379,"text":"70010379 - 1978 - The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:22:07.880503","indexId":"70010379","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415","docAbstract":"<p>A single crystal of untwinned orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite sample 15415, with composition (Mg<sub>1.14</sub>Fe<sub>0.80</sub>Mn<sub>0.02</sub>Ca<sub>0.04</sub>)(Si<sub>1.97</sub>Al<sub>0.03</sub>)O<sub>6</sub>, has a unit cell in space group<i>Pbca</i><span>&nbsp;</span>with<i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 18.310(15)Å,<i>b</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 8.904(10)Å,<i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.214(7)Å, containing 2 formula units. A set of 742 counter-measured intensity data made with MoK<sub>α</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>radiation has been used to refine the crystal structure in isotropic thermal mode to<i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.116. Anisotropic refinement led to<i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.092, but thermal parameters are distorted by non-random errors resulting from poor crystal texture. The resulting structure is in close agreement with that obtained by Ghose [9] for a hypersthene from Greenland. A parameter<i>q</i>, which gives (<i>Mg</i><sub>q</sub>Fe<sub>1−q</sub>) for cation site<i>M</i>(1) and (Mg<sub>1.14−<i>q</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>q</i>−0.18</sub>Ca<sub>0.04</sub>) for site<i>M</i>(2), was included in the least-squares analysis, yielding<i>q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.90(1).</p><p>This orthopyroxene has the high degree of cation order expected of pyroxenes subjected to Apollonian metamorphism at lower than 500–600°C. No evidence exists for a subsequent thermal event of sufficient intensity to disorder the pyroxene. On the basis of previous laboratory studies of argon-release patterns of lunar plagioclase and order-disorder kinetics of terrestrial pyroxenes, we attribute the reported isotopic age (3.9–4.1 AE) to cessation of metamorphism, perhaps caused by impact excavation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90063-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Stephen, H.J., and Konnert, J., 1978, The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 37, no. 3, p. 476-484, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90063-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"484","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa74e4b08c986b322840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephen, Huebner J.","contributorId":31899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"Huebner","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konnert, J.A.","contributorId":17640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konnert","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010372,"text":"70010372 - 1978 - P-Wave to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients for wedge corners; model experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-04T16:18:05.175253","indexId":"70010372","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2228,"text":"Journal of Computational Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"P-Wave to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients for wedge corners; model experiments","docAbstract":"An analytic solution is not available for the diffraction of elastic waves by wedges; however, numerical solutions of finite-difference type are available for selected wedge angles. The P- to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients at wedge tips have been measured on two-dimensional seismic models for stress-free wedges with wedge angles, ??0, of 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120??. The conversion coefficients show two broad peaks and a minimum as a function of the angle between the wedge face and the direction of the incident P-wave. The minimum occurs for the P wave incident parallel to the wedge face and one maximum is near an incidence angle of 90?? to the wedge face. The amplitude of this maximum, relative to the other, decreases as the wedge angle increases. The asymmetry of the conversion coefficients, CPR(??; ??0), relative to parallel incidence (?? = 0) increases as the wedge angle increases. The locations of the maxima and the minimum as well as the asymmetry can be explained qualitatively. The conversion coefficients are measured with an accuracy of ??5% in those regions where there are no interfering waves. A comparison of the data for the 10?? wedge with the theoretical results for a half plane (0?? wedge) shows good correlation. ?? 1978.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9991(78)90140-7","issn":"00219991","usgsCitation":"Gangi, A., and Wesson, R.L., 1978, P-Wave to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients for wedge corners; model experiments: Journal of Computational Physics, v. 29, no. 3, p. 370-388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(78)90140-7.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"370","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a731ae4b0c8380cd76e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gangi, A.F.","contributorId":52719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gangi","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010359,"text":"70010359 - 1978 - Origin of major element chemical trends in DSDP Leg 37 basalts, Mid-Atlantic Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:25","indexId":"70010359","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of major element chemical trends in DSDP Leg 37 basalts, Mid-Atlantic Ridge","docAbstract":"In this paper we summarize the major element chemical variation for basalts from the Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 37 and relate it to stratigraphic position in each of five drilling sites. Least-squares techniques are successfully used to quantify the nature and extent of alteration in these basalts, and to correct the major element analysis back to a magmatic, or alteration-free, composition on the assumption that alteration takes place in two ways: (1) secondary minerals are introduced into veins and vesicles, and (2) CO2 and H2O react with components in the rock to form a simple alteration assemblage. A chemical stratigraphy is defined for these basalts by grouping lavas whose chemistries are related by low-pressure phenocryst-liquid differentiation as identified by least-squares calculation. Major chemical-stratigraphic units are as much as 200 m thick; correlations of these units can be made between the holes at site 332 (about 100 m apart), but not between the other sites. Compositions of parental magmas are calculated by extrapolating low-pressure variations to a constant value of 9% MgO. The differences in these extrapolated compositions reflect high-pressure processes, and suggest that clinopyroxene may be an important phase in either intermediate-level fractionation of basaltic liquids, or as a residual phase during the partial melting which produces these basaltic liquids. Several of the basaltic liquids calculated as parental to the Leg 37 basalts have CaO contents greater than 14% and indicate that the oceanic mantle is richer in CaO and Al2O3 than values used in pyrolite models for the upper mantle. A model for magma generation and eruption beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge embodies the following characteristics: 1. (1) Separate magma batches are generated in the mantle. 2. (2) Each of these may be erupted directly or stored at shallow depth where significant fractionation takes place. Common fractionation processes are inferred to be gravitative settling of olivine, flotation (?) of plagioclase, and flow differentiation of an olivine-plagioclase-augite assemblage. 3. (3) Eruption of fractionated lava derived from earlier magma batches may alternate with eruption of younger less-fractionated or unfractionated magma. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Byerly, G.R., and Wright, T.L., 1978, Origin of major element chemical trends in DSDP Leg 37 basalts, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 229-279.","startPage":"229","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70e2e4b0c8380cd762f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerly, G. R.","contributorId":6826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerly","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010358,"text":"70010358 - 1978 - An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:18:18.137467","indexId":"70010358","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>An automated, continuous-flow system is utilized to determine specific conductance and pH simultaneously in natural waters. A direct electrometric procedure is used to determine values in the range pH 4–9. The specific conductance measurements are made with an electronically modified, commercially available conductivity meter interfaced to a separate module containing the readout control devices and printer. The system is designed to switch ranges automatically to accommodate optimum analysis of widely varying conductances ranging from a few μmhos cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;to 15,000 μmho cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. Thirty samples per hour can be analyzed. Comparison of manual and automated procedures for 40 samples showed that the average differences were 1.3% for specific conductance and 0.07 units for pH. The relative standard deviation for 25 replicate values for each of five samples was significantly less than 1% for the specific conductance determination; the standard deviation for the pH determination was ⩽ 0.06 pH units.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4","usgsCitation":"Eradmann, D.E., and Taylor, H.E., 1978, An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 99, no. 2, p. 269-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea20e4b0c8380cd4865f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eradmann, D. E.","contributorId":91620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eradmann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012406,"text":"70012406 - 1978 - Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:26:50.772586","indexId":"70012406","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>New data are given in this report for (1) Pb isotopic compositions and U, Th, and Pb concentrations of basalts from the island of Hawaii; (2) redetermined Pb isotopic compositions of some abyssal tholeiites; and (3) U, Th, and Pb concentrations of altered and fresh abyssal basalts, and basalt genesis and mantle evolution are discussed. The Th/U ratios of abyssal and Japanese tholeiites are distinctly lower than those of tholeiites and alkali basalts from other areas. It is thought that these low values reflect a part of the mantle depleted in large ionic lithophile elements. Thus a mantle evolution model is presented, in which Th/U ratios of the depleted zone in the mantle have decreased to ∼2, and U/Pb ratios have increased, showing an apparent ∼1.5-b.y. isochron trend in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb vs.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb plot. The Pb isotopic compositions of basalts from the island of Hawaii are distinct for each of the five volcanoes, and within each volcano, Pb's of tholeiites and alkali basalts are similar. An interaction between partially melted material (hot plume?) of the asthenosphere and the lithosphere is suggested to explain the trend in the Pb isotopic compositions of Hawaiian basalts.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90126-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., 1978, Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 38, no. 1, p. 63-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90126-7.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa2e4b0c8380cd6469e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012586,"text":"70012586 - 1978 - Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T14:30:15.94335","indexId":"70012586","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Possible fossil H<sub>2</sub>O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust","title":"Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust","docAbstract":"<p><span>Throughout the northern equatorial region of Mars, extensive areas have been uniformly stripped, roughly to a constant depth. These terrains vary widely in their relative ages. A model is described here to explain this phenomenon as reflecting the vertical distribution of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O liquid and ice in the crust. Under present conditions the Martian equatorial regions are stratified in terms of the stability of water ice and liquid water. This arises because the temperature of the upper 1 or 2 km is below the melting point of ice and liquid is stable only at greater depth. It is suggested here that during planetary outgassing earlier in Martian history H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O was injected into the upper few kilometers of the crust by subsurface and surface volcanic eruption and lateral migration of the liquid and vapor. As a result, a discontinuity in the physical state of materials developed in the Martian crust coincident with the depth of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O liquid-ice phase boundary. Material above the boundary remained pristine; material below underwent diagenetic alteration and cementation. Subsequently, sections of the ice-laden zone were erosionally stripped by processes including eolian deflation, gravitational slump and collapse, and fluvial transport due to geothermal heating and melting of the ice. The youngest plains which display this uniform stripping may provide a minimum stratigraphic age for the major period of outgassing of the planet. Viking results suggest that the total amount of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O outgassed is less than half that required to fill the ice layer, hence any residual liquid eventually found itself in the upper permafrost zone or stored in the polar regions. Erosion stopped at the old liquid-ice interface due to increased resistance of subjacent material and/or because melting of ice was required to mobilize the debris. Water ice may remain in uneroded regions, the overburden of debris preventing its escape to the atmosphere. Numerous morphological examples shown in Viking and Mariner 9 images suggest interaction of impact, volcanic, and gravitational processes with the ice-laden layer. Finally, volcanic eruptions into ice produces a highly oxidized friable amorphous rock, palagonite. Based on spectral reflectance properties, these materials may provide the best analog to Martian surface materials. They are easily eroded, providing vast amounts of eolian debris, and have been suggested (Toulmin&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>, 1977) as possible source rocks for the materials observed at the Viking landing sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90050-7","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., and Wenner, D.B., 1978, Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 622-637, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90050-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"637","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e24e4b0c8380cd7a37c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wenner, D. B.","contributorId":42224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012613,"text":"70012613 - 1978 - Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T14:50:43.55147","indexId":"70012613","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p id=\"SP0005\">Preliminary investigations at Salar de Uyuni and the nearby salars (salt pans) of Coipasa and Empexa in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano show the presence of widespread lithium-rich brines. Widely scattered brine samples from Salar de Uyuni, which has an area of about 9000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and is the largest salt pan on earth, show lithium values ranging from 80 to 1500 ppm. High values of 300–700 ppm are most prevalent in an area of about 2500 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the east-central and southeastern part of the salar. A few brine samples in small areas in Coipasa and Empexa Salars have values ranging from 170 to 580 ppm Li. All the brines are essentially saturated with halite and are moderately high in sulfate (5000–15,000 ppm SO<sub>4</sub>) but low in carbonate (&lt;500 ppm HCO<sub>3</sub>). Potassium and magnesium values are relatively high, chiefly in the range of 2000–20,000 ppm, and the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>K</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">KMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio is about 1:1. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>K</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiK</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios are relatively constant at about 1:20.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The crystalline saline material and brines in these salars are residual from a former large lake, Lago Minchin, that occupied much of the southern Bolivian Altiplano during late Pleistocene time, augmented by saline material carried to the salars by streams since final drying of this lake. Thermal springs associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Quaternary age may have been a major source of the lithium.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G., Vine, J.D., and Ballon A., R., 1978, Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f560e4b0c8380cd4c1ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vine, James D.","contributorId":105287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballon A., Raul","contributorId":101387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballon A.","given":"Raul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012615,"text":"70012615 - 1978 - The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:18:07","indexId":"70012615","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events","docAbstract":"<p>Data from lowest and highest occurrence events in several stratigraphic sections are analyzed by means of a paired comparison model with ties. The model produces an estimated relative geochronological ordering of these events. This ordering must be compared with actual observations for revision and interpretation.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer","doi":"10.1007/BF02048490","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., and Beaver, R., 1978, The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 261-272, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02048490.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb15de4b08c986b3252f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaver, R.J.","contributorId":35467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012579,"text":"70012579 - 1978 - Transient-pressure analysis in geothermal steam reservoirs with an immobile vaporizing liquid phase","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:47","indexId":"70012579","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient-pressure analysis in geothermal steam reservoirs with an immobile vaporizing liquid phase","docAbstract":"A finite-difference model for the radial horizontal flow of steam through a porous medium is used to evaluate transient-pressure behavior in the presence of an immobile vaporizing or condensing liquid phase. Graphs of pressure drawdown and buildup in terms of dimensionless pressure and time are obtained for a well discharging steam at a constant mass flow rate for a specified time. The assumptions are made that the steam is in local thermal equilibrium with the reservoir rocks, that temperature changes are due only to phase change, and that effects of vapor-pressure lowering are negligible. Computations show that when a vaporizing liquid phase is present the pressure drawdown exhibits behavior similar to that observed in noncondensable gas reservoirs, but delayed in time. A theoretical analysis allows for the computation of this delay and demonstrates that it is independent of flow geometry. The response that occurs upon pressure buildup is markedly different from that in a noncondensable gas system. This result may provide a diagnostic tool for establishing the existence of phase-change phenomena within a reservoir. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90015-9","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., and Atkinson, P., 1978, Transient-pressure analysis in geothermal steam reservoirs with an immobile vaporizing liquid phase: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 253-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90015-9.","startPage":"253","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268142,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90015-9"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb709e4b08c986b327009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkinson, P.G.","contributorId":12978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012578,"text":"70012578 - 1978 - Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:06","indexId":"70012578","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","docAbstract":"A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the \"geothermal resource base\", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the \"accessible resource base\", and it in turn is divided into \"useful\" and \"residual\" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the \"geothermal resource\". This in turn is divided into \"economic\" and \"subeconomic\" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains \"identified\" and \"undiscovered\" components. \"Reserve\" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a \"recovery factor\". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (??e) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during \"industrial\" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Muffler, P., and Cataldi, R., 1978, Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 53-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0.","startPage":"53","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1208202/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55cae4b0c8380cd6d2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, P.","contributorId":66850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cataldi, R.","contributorId":59806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cataldi","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012657,"text":"70012657 - 1978 - Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012657","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","docAbstract":"In regions of tectonic extension, vertical convective transport of heat in the lithosphere is inevitable. The resulting departure of lithosphere temperature and thickness from conduction-model estimates depends upon the mechanical mode of extension and upon how rapidly extension is (and has been) taking place. Present knowledge of these processes is insufficient to provide adequate constraints on thermal models. The high and variable regional heat flow and the intense local heat discharge at volcanic centers in the Basin and Range province of the United States could be accounted for by regional and local variations in extensional strain rate without invoking anomalous conductive heat flow from the asthenosphere. Anomalous surface heat flow typical of the province could be generated by distributed extension at average rates of about 1/2 to 1%/m.y., similar to rates estimated from structural evidence. To account for higher heat flow in subregions like the Battle mountain High, these rates would be increased by a factor of about 3, and locally at active bimodal volcanic centers, by an order of magnitude more. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879732","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., 1978, Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 34-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732.","startPage":"34","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732"},{"id":222092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3001e4b0c8380cd5d2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}