Water discharge data for the 1998 water year for Arizona consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, water quality of lakes and reservoirs; water levels of observation wells; and quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 167 gaging stations, annual peaks for 27 crest-stage partial-record stations; contents only records for 8 lakes and reservoirs; stage and (or) contents for 1 lake; elevation only for 1 streamflow station; included with gaging-station records, consisting of monthend or monthly stage, contents, and evaporation of lakes and reservoirs, diversions, and return flows; water-quality records for 14 continuous-record stations; water-quality data for water from 188 wells. The data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey cooperating Federal and State agencies in Arizona.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrAZ981","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Arizona and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Tadayon, S., Duet, N., Fisk, G., McCormack, H., Partin, C., Pope, G., and Rigas, P., 1999, Water resources data, Arizona, water year 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AZ-98-1, xxii, 454 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAZ981.","productDescription":"xxii, 454 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413818,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1998/az-98-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1998/az-98-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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H.F.","contributorId":93453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormack","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Partin, C.K.","contributorId":60306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Partin","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pope, G.L.","contributorId":58692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rigas, P.D.","contributorId":28654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigas","given":"P.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":54449,"text":"wdrCA982 - 1999 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1998. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA982","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-98-2","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1998. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1998 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams, stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 2 contains discharge records for 113 gaging stations, gage height records for 5 stations, stage and contents for 6lakes and reservoirs, and water quality for 17 stations. Also included are data for 1 low-flow partial-record station and 2 miscellaneous measurement stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA982","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Friebel, M., Freeman, L., and Webster, M., 1999, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1998. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-98-2, xviii, 340 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA982.","productDescription":"xviii, 340 p.","numberOfPages":"364","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5530,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/waterdata/98/cnty/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_98_2.jpg"},{"id":260075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1998/ca-98/WRD-1998-vol2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Arroyo Grande;Pacific Slope Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,35 ], [ -124.4,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,35 ], [ -124.4,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, L.A.","contributorId":86374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webster, M.D.","contributorId":68385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44868,"text":"wri964068 - 1999 - Induced infiltration from the Rockaway River and water chemistry in a stratified-drift aquifer at Dover, New Jersey, with a section on modeling ground-water flow in the Rockaway River Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-02T10:33:42","indexId":"wri964068","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4068","title":"Induced infiltration from the Rockaway River and water chemistry in a stratified-drift aquifer at Dover, New Jersey, with a section on modeling ground-water flow in the Rockaway River Valley","docAbstract":"The vertical hydraulic conductivity per unit thickness (streambed leakance) of unconsolidated sediment immediately beneath the channel of the Rockaway River near a municipal well field at Dover, N.J., is between 0.2 and 0.6 feet per day per foot and is probably near the low end of this range. This estimate is based on evaluation of three lines of evidence: (1) Streamflow measurements, which indicated that induced infiltration of river water near the well field averaged 0.67 cubic feet per second; (2) measurements of the rate of downward propagation of diurnal fluctuations in dissolved oxygen and water temperature at three piezometers, which indicated vertical Darcian flow velocities of 0.6 and 1.5 feet per day, respectively; and (3) chemical mixing models based on stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, which indicated that 30 percent of the water reaching a well near the center of the well field was derived from the river. The estimated streambed-leakance values are compatible with other aquifer properties and with hydraulic stresses observed over a 2-year period, as demonstrated by a set of six alternative groundwater flow models of the Rockaway River valley. Simulated water levels rose 0.5 to 1.7 feet near the well field when simulated streambed leakance was changed from 0.2 to 0.6 feet per day per foot, or when a former reach of the Rockaway River valley that is now blocked by glacial drift was simulated as containing a continuous sand aquifer (rather than impermeable till). Model recalibration to observed water levels could accommodate either of these changes, however, by plausible adjustments in hydraulic conductivity of 35 percent or less.
The ground-water flow models incorporate a new procedure for simulating areal recharge, in which water available for recharge in any time interval is accepted as recharge only where the water level in the uppermost model layer is below land surface. Water rejected as recharge on upland hillsides is allowed to recharge aquifers at the base of the hillsides. Inclusion of uplands in models of valley-fill aquifers and use of the new procedure increases model complexity and data requirements, but automates the simulation of recharge to those aquifers from the uplands, even in transient-state simulations with multiple periods of varied stresses, and facilitates delineation of upland areas that contribute water to well fields. The area from which ground water flowed toward the Dover well field decreased with an increase in simulated streambed leakance or an increase in simulated hydraulic conductivity of upland till.
Concentrations of solutes in ground water near the Dover well field reflect the mixing of native ground water with water infiltrated from the Rockaway River. Chemical reactions in the aquifer, chiefly the weathering of carbonate minerals by dissolved carbon dioxide, affect the pH and the concentrations of both solutes and dissolved gases. Concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfate appear to be related to man's activities, such as road deicing, or to decay of organic matter in the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964068","usgsCitation":"Dysart, J.E., Rheaume, S.J., and Kontis, A.L., 1999, Induced infiltration from the Rockaway River and water chemistry in a stratified-drift aquifer at Dover, New Jersey, with a section on modeling ground-water flow in the Rockaway River Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4068, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964068.","productDescription":"112 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344534,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Dover","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dysart, Joel E.","contributorId":42256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dysart","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rheaume, Stephen J.","contributorId":50512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kontis, Angelo L.","contributorId":22809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontis","given":"Angelo","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57124,"text":"ofr99220 - 1999 - SutraPlot, a graphical post-processor for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr99220","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-220","title":"SutraPlot, a graphical post-processor for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"This report documents a graphical display post-processor (SutraPlot) for the U.S. Geological Survey Saturated-Unsaturated flow and solute or energy TRAnsport simulation model SUTRA, Version 2D3D.1. This version of SutraPlot is an upgrade to SutraPlot for the 2D-only SUTRA model (Souza, 1987). It has been modified to add 3D functionality, a graphical user interface (GUI), and enhanced graphic output options. Graphical options for 2D SUTRA (2-dimension) simulations include: drawing the 2D finite-element mesh, mesh boundary, and velocity vectors; plots of contours for pressure, saturation, concentration, and temperature within the model region; 2D finite-element based gridding and interpolation; and 2D gridded data export files. Graphical options for 3D SUTRA (3-dimension) simulations include: drawing the 3D finite-element mesh; plots of contours for pressure, saturation, concentration, and temperature in 2D sections of the 3D model region; 3D finite-element based gridding and interpolation; drawing selected regions of velocity vectors (projected on principal coordinate planes); and 3D gridded data export files. Installation instructions and a description of all graphic options are presented. A sample SUTRA problem is described and three step-by-step SutraPlot applications are provided. In addition, the methodology and numerical algorithms for the 2D and 3D finite-element based gridding and interpolation, developed for SutraPlot, are described. 1","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr99220","usgsCitation":"Souza, W.R., 1999, SutraPlot, a graphical post-processor for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport (Version 2D3D.1, Sept 2003): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-220, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99220.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5634,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutraplot/sutraplot.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 2D3D.1, Sept 2003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e52e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Souza, W. R.","contributorId":102114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038033,"text":"70038033 - 1998 - U.S. Geological Survey Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-19T14:40:20.876713","indexId":"70038033","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-19T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"displayTitle":"Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 1998","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 1998","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is an impartial scientific organization that strives to produce scientific results that are relevant to the people of the United States and their land and resource managers. In cooperation with American Indian and Alaska Native governments, the USGS conducts research on water and mineral resources, animals and plants of environmental, economic, or subsistence importance, natural hazards, and geologic resources. Digital data on cartography, mineral resources, stream flows, biota, and other data sets are available to American Indian and Alaska Native institutions. The USGS recognizes the need learn from and to share knowledge with Native peoples. This report describes most of the activities that the USGS conducted with American Indian and Alaska Native governments, educational institutions, and individuals during Federal fiscal year 1998.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70038033","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, U.S. Geological Survey Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 1998, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70038033.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":254490,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/amerind/1998report/otr1998-report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OTR 1998"},{"id":254499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/amerind/1998report/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"National Tribal Liaison
Office of Tribal Relations
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 911
Reston, VA 20192
A wireline-operated packer was designed for use with a standard geophysical logging system. The packer probe consists of a downhole packer inflated with water removed from the borehole by an in-line submersible pump, and a differential pressure transducer calibrated to measure the hydraulic-head difference between the zones above and below the packer. Analysis of the packer data is based on a numerical model that predicts the water levels above and below the packer for a given set of aquifer zones of specified hydraulic head and transmissivity. Various computations are used to indicate the sensitivity of the packer measurements to the hydraulic head and transmissivity contrasts between aquifer zones.
The wireline-packer probe was field tested in a series of open-bedrock boreholes in Belvidere, Illinois, at a site where vertical hydraulic-head differences are produced in a horizontally stratified aquifer by water production from an underlying aquifer. Analysis of the wireline-packer data produced estimates of hydraulic-head gradient and aquifer-zone transmissivity consistent with results from straddle-packer hydraulic tests. However, the wireline-packer data also indicated that there are significant variations of vertical hydraulic gradient with depth, and that the gradient is sharply reversed near the bottom of the boreholes. This result is consistent with upward ambient flow measured on previous occasions near the bottom of these boreholes, and has important consequences for the monitoring of ground-water flow at the study site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98413","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Hess, A., and Williams, J., 1998, Design, operation, and data analysis for a wireline packer system in open boreholes, with field-test results from Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-413, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98413.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0413/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53275,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0413/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.88351440429688,\n 42.23512673690763\n ],\n [\n -88.80043029785156,\n 42.23512673690763\n ],\n [\n -88.80043029785156,\n 42.27680072484333\n ],\n [\n -88.88351440429688,\n 42.27680072484333\n ],\n [\n -88.88351440429688,\n 42.23512673690763\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667da9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, John 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23222,"text":"ofr98625 - 1998 - Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California, a digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr98625","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-625","title":"Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California, a digital database","docAbstract":"PREFACE: Topography, the configuration of the land surface, plays a major role in various natural processes that have helped shape the ten-county San Francisco Bay region and continue to affect its development. Such processes include a dangerous type of landslide, the debris flow (Ellen and others, 1997) as well as other modes of slope failure that damage property but rarely threaten life directly?slumping, translational sliding, and earthflow (Wentworth and others, 1997). Different types of topographic information at both local and regional scales are helpful in assessing the likelihood of slope failure and the mapping the extent of its past activity, as well as addressing \r\nother issues in hazard mitigation and land-use policy. The most useful information is quantitative. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98625","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Graham, S.E., and Pike, R.J., 1998, Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California, a digital database (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-625, Digital data files; 17 p. explanatory pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98625.","productDescription":"Digital data files; 17 p. explanatory pamphlet","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1346,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-625/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"275000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5,36.5 ], [ -123.5,39 ], [ -121,39 ], [ -121,36.5 ], [ -123.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6055a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Scott E. sgraham@usgs.gov","contributorId":2907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Scott","email":"sgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29393,"text":"wri984072 - 1998 - Evaluation of the surface-water sampling design in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages in relation to environmental factors affecting water quality at base flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:33:31","indexId":"wri984072","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4072","title":"Evaluation of the surface-water sampling design in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages in relation to environmental factors affecting water quality at base flow","docAbstract":"Eight stream sites (Fixed Sites) were chosen to describe the variability in the water quality of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages (WMIC) Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. These sites were chosen in areas (Relatively Homogeneous Units) dominated by unique combinations of the environmental factors thought to be most important in influencing water quality; namely, land use, surficial deposits, and bedrock type. A study was designed to determine (1) the applicability of streamflow, nutrient, and suspended sediment data regularly collected at these eight sites describing the variability in these characteristics throughout the Study Unit during base-flow conditions and (2) the applicability of the interpretive results made from data collected at these few sites to streams throughout the Study Unit. This was done by sampling the Fixed Sites and an additional 83 sites in Relatively Homogeneous Units throughout the Study Unit during summer base-flow conditions.
\nData collected at the Fixed Sites described the range in water-quality characteristics (stream-flow and concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment) in the WMIC Study Unit and, in general, represented the water quality from the Relatively Homogeneous Units from which they were chosen. The result from the eight Fixed Sites agreed with those found for all of the sites; namely, that these water-quality characteristics in streams throughout the WMIC Study Unit during base-flow conditions are influenced primarily by the land use and surficial deposits in their drainage basins. General basin characteristics (bedrock information, topographic gradient, and basin size) were not important factors in explaining the variability in these water-quality characteristics during base-flow conditions, but may be important factors for other characteristics measured at Fixed Sites, such as major ions, and may be important during higher flow. In general, streams in agricultural areas had the poorest water quality; that is, they contained the highest concentrations of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and suspended sediment. Streams in urban and mixed agriculture/forested areas had moderate water quality, exhibiting the highest concentrations of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and suspended sediment, and the lowest base flow. In general, water quality in streams in areas with sandy/sand and gravel deposits and loamy deposits were very similar. Within the forested areas, streams in areas with a higher percentage of forested wetlands had lower base flow, higher concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and lower concentrations of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate than streams in areas with a lower percentage of forested wetlands.
\nThe variability in water quality throughout the WMIC Study Unit during base-flow conditions could be described very well by subdividing the area into Relatively Homogeneous Units and sampling a few streams with drainage basins completely within these homogeneous units. This subdivision and sampling scheme enabled the differences in water quality to be directly related to the differences in the environmental characteristics that exist throughout the Study Unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Middleton, WI","doi":"10.3133/wri984072","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., 1998, Evaluation of the surface-water sampling design in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages in relation to environmental factors affecting water quality at base flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4072, vii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984072.","productDescription":"vii, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-285","title":"Measured flow and tracer-dye data showing the anthropogenic effects on the hydrodynamics of south Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, spring 1996 and 1997","docAbstract":"Tidal flows were measured using acoustic Doppler current profilers and ultrasonic velocity meters during spring 1996 and 1997 in south Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, when (1) a temporary barrier was installed at the head of Old River to prevent the entrance of migrating San Joaquin River salmon smolts, (2) the rate of water export from the south Delta was reduced for an extended period of time, and (3) a 30-day pulse flow was created on the San Joaquin River to move salmon smolts north away from the export facilities during spring 1997. Tracer-dye measurements also were made under these three conditions.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98285","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Oltmann, R.N., 1998, Measured flow and tracer-dye data showing the anthropogenic effects on the hydrodynamics of south Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, spring 1996 and 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-285, iii, 16 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98285.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0285/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53251,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610a83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oltmann, Richard N.","contributorId":63377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26671,"text":"wri984219 - 1998 - Concentrations and loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Yazoo River, northwestern Mississippi, 1996-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:30:07.339267","indexId":"wri984219","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4219","title":"Concentrations and loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Yazoo River, northwestern Mississippi, 1996-97","docAbstract":"Increased nutrient loading to the Gulf of Mexico from off-continent flux has been identified as contributing to the increase in the areal extent of the low dissolved-oxygen zone that develops annually off the coast of Louisiana and Texas. The proximity of the Yazoo River Basin in northwestern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and the intensive agriculture in the basin have lead to speculation that the Yazoo River Basin contributes a disproportionate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Mississippi River and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico. Water samples from the Yazoo River were collected during 1996 and 1997 and were analyzed for total nitrogen, nitrate as nitrogen, total phosphorus, and orthophosphorus as part of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These data were used to compute annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus discharged from the Yazoo River for 1996 and 1997. Annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated by two methods. The first used multivariate regression and the second multiplied the mean annual concentration by the total annual flow. Load estimates based on the product of the mean annual concentration and the total annual flow were within the 95 percent confidence interval for the load calculated by multivariate regression in all cases. The Yazoo River loads, compared to long-term annual loads in the Mississippi River, indicated that the Yazoo River was contributing 2.3 percent or less of the total nitrogen load, 5.7 percent or less of the total phosphorus load, and 1 percent or less of the nitrate load in 1996 and 1997. The total nitrogen load from the Yazoo River Basin into the Mississippi River and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico was proportional to its discharge, the nitrate load was less than expected, whereas the total phosphorus load was slightly higher than expected based on discharge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984219","usgsCitation":"Coupe, R.H., 1998, Concentrations and loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Yazoo River, northwestern Mississippi, 1996-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4219, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984219.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415457,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49044.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95618,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2039,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ms.water.usgs.gov/ms_proj/nawqa/pubs/wrir/rhcoupe_yazoo.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Yazoo River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 32.3125\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 32.3125\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6993d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29602,"text":"wri984117 - 1998 - Low-flow statistics of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:53:07","indexId":"wri984117","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4117","title":"Low-flow statistics of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Low-flow statistics for many streams in Chester County, Pa., were determined on the basis of data from 14 continuous-record streamflow stations in Chester County and data from 1 station in Maryland and 1 station in Delaware. The stations in Maryland and Delaware are on streams that drain large areas within Chester County. Streamflow data through the 1994 water year were used in the analyses. The low-flow statistics summarized are the 1Q10, 7Q10, 30Q10, and harmonic mean. Low-flow statistics were estimated at 34 partial-record stream sites throughout Chester County.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 1998, Low-flow statistics of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4117, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984117.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2407,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4117/wri19984117.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.74 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Current and projected demands on the water resources of the Shenandoah River have increased concerns for the potential effect of these demands on the natural integrity of the Shenandoah River system. The Instream Flow Incremental Method (IFIM) process attempts to integrate concepts of water-supply planning, analytical hydraulic engineering models, and empirically derived habitat versus flow functions to address water-use and instream-flow issues and questions concerning life-stage specific effects on selected species and the general well being of aquatic biological populations.
The demonstration project also sets the stage for the identification and compilation of the major instream-flow issues in the Shenandoah River Basin, development of the required multidisciplinary technical team to conduct more detailed studies, and development of basin specific habitat and flow requirements for fish species, species assemblages, and various water uses in the Shenandoah River Basin. This report presents the results of an IFIM demonstration project, conducted on the main stem Shenandoah River in Virginia, during 1996 and 1997, using the Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) model.
Output from PHABSIM is used to address the general flow requirements for water supply and recreation and habitat for selected life stages of several fish species. The model output is only a small part of the information necessary for effective decision making and management of river resources. The information by itself is usually insufficient for formulation of recommendations regarding instream-flow requirements. Additional information, for example, can be obtained by analysis of habitat time-series data, habitat duration data, and habitat bottlenecks. Alternative-flow analysis and habitat-duration curves are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lord Fairfax Planning District Commission, Virginia","usgsCitation":"Zappia, H., and Hayes, D.C., 1998, A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4157, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984157.","productDescription":"30 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423596,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49006.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2973,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4157//wri19984157.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4157"},{"id":159968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4157/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.33658905603875,\n 38.41456174951526\n ],\n [\n -79.02504592132267,\n 37.933177982833385\n ],\n [\n -78.79944572032089,\n 37.87384164252218\n ],\n [\n -78.45567398546105,\n 38.37246240208174\n ],\n [\n -78.1978451843162,\n 38.742094621667945\n ],\n [\n -77.49955884788277,\n 39.24306997440718\n ],\n [\n -77.8111019825995,\n 39.367759204355025\n ],\n [\n -78.34824531831737,\n 39.168149842222135\n ],\n [\n -78.71350278660594,\n 38.90112041345566\n ],\n [\n -78.88538865403584,\n 38.77560324636198\n ],\n [\n -79.035788788037,\n 38.867670816954984\n ],\n [\n -79.22916038889504,\n 38.46504860450605\n ],\n [\n -79.33658905603875,\n 38.41456174951526\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
The lithology and fracture network of the bedrock aquifer in the Mirror Lake area were characterized from hydrogeologic data collected from 1979-95 in Grafton County, N.H. The collection of these data is an integral part of an ongoing multidisciplinary study by the U.S. Geological Survey to characterize groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock. The data provide a physical framework and enable the characterization of the fractures and the rock types in the bedrock aquifer in the Mirror Lake study area. In addition, these data provide a detailed description of the subsurface intersected by boreholes that can be used to compare the results of other borehole testing.
The Mirror Lake area is characterized by steep bedrock uplands that are mostly covered by colluvium, discontinuous stratified-drift deposits, and glacial till that varies locally in thickness from less than 10 meters to as much as 50 meters. The land-surface altitude ranges from 180 meters near the Pemigewasset River to 720 meters on the mountain top on the northwestern side of the study area. The bedrock in the area is predominantly sillimanite-grade pelitic schists that have been complexly folded and intruded by granitoids, pegmatites, and diabase dikes. The bedrock has been fractured in response to local and tectonic stress. The resulting interconnected network of fractures forms the bedrock aquifer.
This report describes the lithologic units in the study area and provides a characterization of the lithology and fractures found in 40 boreholes, which range in depth from 60 to 305 meters, that were drilled for this study. Drilling logs and color video surveys were used to locate and characterize the fractures and rock types in the subsurface. Solid bedrock core was obtained from three of the boreholes. Petrographic thin-section, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were done on selected samples from boreholes and outcrops. Observations recorded at the time of drilling, descriptions of rock samples collected from the boreholes, interpretation of rock type and fractures based on boreholeimaging surveys, descriptions of rock core and petrographic analyses of selected rock samples are in tables and figures.
Analysis of the data provided information on the distribution of fractures and lithology in the boreholes at Mirror Lake. The relative abundances of the rock types were computed for three groups of boreholes, including (1) the Forest Service Experimental (FSE) well field, (2) the Camp Osceola (CO) well field, and (3) the index boreholes, which are 15 boreholes distributed areally throughout the study area including the deepest borehole from each of the two well fields. The index boreholes are separated by hundreds of meters and are typically 100 meters deep. The FSE well field includes 13 boreholes that are separated by 10 to 40 meters. These 13 boreholes are approximately 100 meters deep, except for one borehole that is 230 meters deep. The rocks penetrated by the FSE wells are predominantly igneous. Approximately 70 percent of the rocks encountered in the boreholes in the FSE well field were granite, pegmatite, and aplite. The CO well field includes 9 boreholes that range from 60-70 meters deep and one borehole that is 175 meters deep. The rocks encountered in these boreholes were predominantly metamorphic. The distribution of rock types in the CO well field is similar to the distribution of rocks in highway roadcuts, that are approximately 90 to 150 meters east of the well field. Seventy percent of the roadcut exposures are schist. Collectively, in the 15 index boreholes, the metamorphic and igneous rocks are equally distributed. Analysis of the rock types in these boreholes indicates that the rock types tend to \"change\" every 5 to 9 meters.
Although the metamorphic and igneous rocks each comprise approximately 50 percent of the rock types observed in the 15 index boreholes, 73 percent of the fractures were in the igneous rocks. This indicates that the granitoids tend to be more fractured than the metamorphic rocks. Pegmatite, diabase, quartzite, and gneissic rocks are relatively unfractured.
Boreholes completed in bedrock generally have one or two water-bearing zones, which were identified during the drilling process. At the completion of drilling a borehole, the driller estimated the yield of the borehole with an air-lift test. Yields estimated by drillers ranged from less than 3 to 378 liters per minute. These yields are typical of the yields measured for domestic wells in Grafton County. Water levels measured in the open boreholes after the boreholes recovered from the hydraulic stresses of drilling were usually in the steel casing and were within 10 meters of the land surface. Water levels in eight of the boreholes were above the top of casing or above land surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984183","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C., and Dunstan, A., 1998, Lithology and fracture characterization from drilling investigations in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4183, 211 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984183.","productDescription":"211 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4183/report.pdf","size":"15085","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.92151348238157\n ],\n [\n -71.67703628540039,\n 43.92151348238157\n ],\n [\n -71.67703628540039,\n 43.97391632692082\n ],\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.97391632692082\n ],\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.92151348238157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. D.","contributorId":8120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunstan, A.H.","contributorId":98759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunstan","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29504,"text":"wri984179 - 1998 - Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T15:48:22","indexId":"wri984179","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4179","title":"Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water-quality and geohydrologic data were collected from 19 monitor wells and a stream in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin. These sites were located along a 2,700-ft transect from a local ground-water high to the stream. The transect is approximately parallel to the horizontal direction of ground-water flow at the water table. Most of the wells were installed in unconsolidated deposits at five locations along the transect and include an upgradient well nest, a midgradient well nest, a downgradient well nest, wells in the lowland area near the stream, and wells installed in the stream bottom. The data collected from this study site were used to describe the water quality and geohydrology of the area and to explain and model the variations in water chemistry along selected ground-water flowpaths.
\nWater samples from most wells and the stream were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, aluminum, tritium, CFCs, 15N, 18O, and dissolved gases. Measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made in the field. Concentrations of all dissolved constituents were below Wisconsin ground-water quality enforcement standards. The concentrations of both nitrate and ammonium in precipitation concentrated by evapotranspiration are roughly equal to the concentrations of either in the shallow ground waters. The nitrogen and oxygen isotope data, however, indicate that soil ammonium, ammonium fertilizer, and animal waste are possible nitrate sources. Concentrated precipitation can also supply dissolved sulfate to the shallow ground waters and may be a principal source of pesticides to the ground water. However, some input of dissolved chloride to the ground water from mineral or anthropogenic sources is necessary.
\nX-ray diffraction analyses of samples from 2 cores show the most abundant mineral to be dolomite, with subordinate quartz, microclme, and plagioclase, and minor amounts of mica, hornblende, and chlorite. Hydraulic conductivities determined from slug tests at selected wells range from 0.006 to 55 feet per day, with most values between 0.4 and 12 feet per day.
\nA cross-sectional ground-water flow model, representing the water-table flow system, was developed for the site and was used to identify possible ground-water flowpaths for geocli^mical modeling. The model was calibrated against measured water levels and was most sensitive to variation in recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The calibrated model shows that downward flow from shallow to deeper wells within a nest may occur at the upgradient and midgradient well nests, but that flow from each well nest travels beneath downgradient nests to the stream. Pathline and travel-time analysis performed on the calibrated flow-model output yielded travel times to well screens that range from 5.8 to 59 years with a recharge of 4 inches per yr. Recharge dates based on tritium and CFC concentrations range from pre-1955 to 1986 and are consistent with flowpaths1 and travel times in the calibrated flow model.
\nChanges in water quality along ground-water flowpaths were evaluated using the geochemical model PHREEQC. Geochemical mole balance models of shallow ground-water formation show that the principal reaction, by an order of magnitude, is dissolution of dolomite with CO2 . Concentration factors in the mole-balance models range from 1 to 11, with most values between 5 and 10, which provides independent support for the concentration factor of 8 based on recharge estimates used in the flow model.
\nGround water recharging at mid- and downgradient wells is oxic and contains dissolved nitrate, whereas the ground water discharging to the stream is anoxic and contains dissolved ammonium. Redox environments were defined at each well on the basis of relative concentrations of various dissolved redox-active species. Chemically permissible flowpaths inferred from the observed sequence of redox environments at well sites are consistent with flowpaths in the ground-water flow model. The transition from nitrate in recharging ground water to ammonium in ground water discharging to the stream suggests the possibility of nitrate reduction along the flowpath. None of the techniques employed in this study, however, were able to prove the occurrence of this reaction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984179","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., and Thorstenson, D., 1998, Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4179, viii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984179.","productDescription":"viii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2498,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984179","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","county":"Sheboygan County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.0416,43.892],[-87.9223,43.892],[-87.862,43.8913],[-87.8017,43.8919],[-87.7318,43.8928],[-87.7352,43.886],[-87.7373,43.8792],[-87.738,43.8733],[-87.7363,43.866],[-87.7327,43.8582],[-87.731,43.8522],[-87.7299,43.8449],[-87.7309,43.8317],[-87.7284,43.8057],[-87.7242,43.7975],[-87.718,43.791],[-87.7175,43.7846],[-87.7107,43.7773],[-87.7072,43.769],[-87.7047,43.7658],[-87.6978,43.763],[-87.6972,43.7607],[-87.7004,43.7594],[-87.7056,43.7558],[-87.7046,43.7462],[-87.7092,43.7381],[-87.71,43.7313],[-87.7039,43.7007],[-87.7055,43.687],[-87.707,43.6798],[-87.7116,43.6703],[-87.7143,43.6653],[-87.7209,43.6567],[-87.7288,43.6445],[-87.7412,43.6292],[-87.7523,43.6143],[-87.7561,43.6121],[-87.762,43.6045],[-87.7718,43.5918],[-87.7758,43.5864],[-87.7797,43.581],[-87.7856,43.5738],[-87.7908,43.5671],[-87.793,43.5534],[-87.7933,43.5434],[-87.8009,43.543],[-87.9215,43.5436],[-88.0402,43.5423],[-88.1608,43.5431],[-88.1601,43.6132],[-88.1597,43.6305],[-88.1599,43.7197],[-88.1608,43.8044],[-88.1622,43.8914],[-88.0416,43.892]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Sheboygan\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorstenson, D.C.","contributorId":47377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26451,"text":"wri984049 - 1998 - Relations of surface-water quality to streamflow in the Hackensack, Passaic, Elizabeth, and Rahway River basins, New Jersey, water years 1976-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-13T15:47:35","indexId":"wri984049","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4049","title":"Relations of surface-water quality to streamflow in the Hackensack, Passaic, Elizabeth, and Rahway River basins, New Jersey, water years 1976-93","docAbstract":"Relations of water quality to streamflow were determined for 18 water-quality constituents at 19 surface-water-quality stations within the drainage basins of the Hackensack, Passaic, Elizabeth, and Rahway Rivers in New Jersey for water years 1976-93. Surface-waterquality and streamflow data were evaluated for trends (through time) in constituent concentrations during high and low flows, and relations between constituent concentration and streamflow, and constituent load and streamflow, were determined. Median concentrations were calculated for the entire period of study (water years 1976-93) and for the last 5 years of the period of study (water years 1989-93) to determine whether any large variation in concentration exists between the two periods. Medians also were used to determine the seasonal Kendall’s tau statistic, which was then used to evaluate trends in concentrations during high and low flows.
Trends in constituent concentrations during high and low flows were evaluated to determine whether the distribution of the observations changes over time for intermittent (nonpoint storm runoff) or constant (point sources and ground water) sources, respectively. Highand low-flow concentration trends were determined for some constituents at 11 of the 19 waterquality stations; 8 stations have insufficient data to determine trends. Seasonal effects on the relations of concentration to streamflow are evident for 16 of the 18 constituents. Negative slopes of relations of concentration to streamflow, which indicate a decrease in concentration at high flows, predominate over positive slopes because of dilution of instream concentrations from storm runoff.
The slopes of the regression lines of load to streamflow were determined in order to show the relative contributions to the instream load from constant (point sources and ground water) and intermittent sources (storm runoff). Greater slope values suggest larger contributions from storm runoff to instream load, which most likely indicate an increased relative importance of nonpoint sources. Load-to-streamflow relations along a stream reach that tend to increase in a downstream direction indicate the increased relative importance of contributions from storm runoff. Likewise, load-to-streamflow relations along a stream reach that tend to decrease in a downstream direction indicate the increased relative importance of point sources and ground-water discharge.
For most of the 18 constituents, load-to-streamflow relations at stations along a river reach remain constant or decrease in a downstream direction. The slopes increase in the downstream direction for some or all of the nutrient species at the Ramapo, lower Passaic, and Rahway Rivers; for dissolved solids, dissolved sodium, and dissolved chloride at the lower Passaic River; and for alkalinity and hardness at the Rahway River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984049","usgsCitation":"Buxton, D.E., Hunchak-Kariouk, K., and Hickman, R.E., 1998, Relations of surface-water quality to streamflow in the Hackensack, Passaic, Elizabeth, and Rahway River basins, New Jersey, water years 1976-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4049, Report: x, 102 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984049.","productDescription":"Report: x, 102 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984049.PNG"},{"id":328516,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":328517,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4049/appendix.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.27581787109375,\n 40.490826256468054\n ],\n [\n -73.90502929687499,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -74.43511962890624,\n 41.23857658460282\n ],\n [\n -74.86083984375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -74.27581787109375,\n 40.490826256468054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6348a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, Debra E. dbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Debra","email":"dbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunchak-Kariouk, Kathryn","contributorId":41448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunchak-Kariouk","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, R. Edward 0000-0001-5160-3723 whickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-3723","contributorId":3153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"R.","email":"whickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30154,"text":"wri984172 - 1998 - Application of nonlinear-regression methods to a ground-water flow model of the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-03T06:57:21","indexId":"wri984172","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4172","title":"Application of nonlinear-regression methods to a ground-water flow model of the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"This report documents the application of nonlinear-regression methods \r\nto a numerical model of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, \r\nNew Mexico. In the Albuquerque Basin, ground water is the primary source \r\nfor most water uses. Ground-water withdrawal has steadily increased \r\nsince the 1940's, resulting in large declines in water levels in the \r\nAlbuquerque area. A ground-water flow model was developed in 1994 and \r\nrevised and updated in 1995 for the purpose of managing basin ground- \r\nwater resources. In the work presented here, nonlinear-regression methods \r\nwere applied to a modified version of the previous flow model. Goals of \r\nthis work were to use regression methods to calibrate the model with each \r\nof six different configurations of the basin subsurface and to assess and \r\ncompare optimal parameter estimates, model fit, and model error among \r\nthe resulting calibrations.\r\n\r\n The Albuquerque Basin is one in a series of north trending structural \r\nbasins within the Rio Grande Rift, a region of Cenozoic crustal extension. \r\nMountains, uplifts, and fault zones bound the basin, and rock units within \r\nthe basin include pre-Santa Fe Group deposits, Tertiary Santa Fe Group \r\nbasin fill, and post-Santa Fe Group volcanics and sediments. The Santa Fe \r\nGroup is greater than 14,000 feet (ft) thick in the central part of the \r\nbasin. During deposition of the Santa Fe Group, crustal extension resulted \r\nin development of north trending normal faults with vertical displacements \r\nof as much as 30,000 ft. \r\n\r\n Ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin occurs primarily in the \r\nSanta Fe Group and post-Santa Fe Group deposits. Water flows between the \r\nground-water system and surface-water bodies in the inner valley of the \r\nbasin, where the Rio Grande, a network of interconnected canals and drains, \r\nand Cochiti Reservoir are located. Recharge to the ground-water flow \r\nsystem occurs as infiltration of precipitation along mountain fronts and \r\ninfiltration of stream water along tributaries to the Rio Grande; \r\nsubsurface flow from adjacent regions; irrigation and septic field seepage; \r\nand leakage through the Rio Grande, canal, and Cochiti Reservoir beds. \r\nGround water is discharged from the basin by withdrawal; evapotranspiration; \r\nsubsurface flow; and flow to the Rio Grande, canals, and drains. \r\n\r\n The transient, three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water \r\nflow to which nonlinear-regression methods were applied simulates flow in the \r\nAlbuquerque Basin from 1900 to March 1995. Six different basin subsurface \r\nconfigurations are considered in the model. These configurations are designed \r\nto test the effects of (1) varying the simulated basin thickness, (2) \r\nincluding a hypothesized hydrogeologic unit with large hydraulic conductivity \r\nin the western part of the basin (the west basin high-K zone), and (3) \r\nsubstantially lowering the simulated hydraulic conductivity of a fault in \r\nthe western part of the basin (the low-K fault zone). The model with each \r\nof the subsurface configurations was calibrated using a nonlinear least- \r\nsquares regression technique. The calibration data set includes 802 \r\nhydraulic-head measurements that provide broad spatial and temporal coverage \r\nof basin conditions, and one measurement of net flow from the Rio Grande \r\nand drains to the ground-water system in the Albuquerque area. Data are \r\nweighted on the basis of estimates of the standard deviations of \r\nmeasurement errors. The 10 to 12 parameters to which the calibration data \r\nas a whole are generally most sensitive were estimated by nonlinear regression, \r\nwhereas the remaining model parameter values were specified. \r\n\r\n Results of model calibration indicate that the optimal parameter \r\nestimates as a whole are most reasonable in calibrations of the model with \r\nwith configurations 3 (which contains 1,600-ft-thick basin deposits and \r\nthe west basin high-K zone), 4 (which contains 5,000-ft-thick basin de","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri984172","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., Kernodle, J.M., and McAda, D.P., 1998, Application of nonlinear-regression methods to a ground-water flow model of the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4172, vi, 90 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984172.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p. 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R.","contributorId":104107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAda, D. P.","contributorId":93066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30047,"text":"wri984060 - 1998 - Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T15:06:39","indexId":"wri984060","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4060","title":"Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC) in Baraga County uses ground water for most domestic, commercial, and industrial supplies. An industrial park within KBIC could adversely affect some ground-water supplies should contaminants be spilled at the park. Additional development of the park is being planned. Information on water supply potential and aquifer vulnerability to contamination is needed to make sound decisions about future activities at the industrial park.
Unconsolidated glacial deposits overlie bedrock within the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community. Usable amounts of ground water are withdrawn from the glacial deposits only in isolated areas. Principal aquifers are the Jacobsville Sandstone and the Michigamme Slate. Aquifer test and water level data from these principal aquifers indicate that they are confined and hydraulically connected throughout most of KBIC.
Ground water generally flows toward Keweenaw and Huron Bays and the Silver River. Between the industrial park and Keweenaw Bay, ground water flows to the southeast, toward the Bay. Along this flow path in the bedrock, glacial deposits are generally thicker than 25 meters, and contain thick lenses of clay and clay mixed with sand. The average depth to ground water along this flow path is greater than 25 meters, indicating unconfined conditions. Near the shore of Keweenaw and Huron Bays, however, and at isolated areas throughout KBIC, water levels in wells are above land surface.
Analyses of water samples collected in 1991 and 1997 indicate that the quality of ground water and surface water is suitable for most domestic, commercial, and industrial uses. However, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant limits for dissolved iron and manganese were exceeded in 4 and 5 wells, respectively, which may make the water from these wells unsuitable for some uses. Concentrations of lead in water from one well was above the maximum contaminant limit.
Concentrations of tritium in ground water downgradient from the industrial park indicate that at least some recharge to the Jacobsville Sandstone has taken place within the last 45 years. Where clay lenses greater than 1 meter thick overlie the glacial aquifer or the Jacobsville Sandstone, however, recharge may take longer than 45 years.
A contaminant spill at the industrial park would likely move laterally, toward Keweenaw Bay, in the glacial aquifer. Some infiltration does occur through the glacial aquifer to the bedrock aquifers. No information is available concerning the rate of movement of water within this aquifer, so it is not possible to determine the rate at which a spill would move either vertically or laterally within the glacial aquifer toward either Keweenaw Bay or the Jacobsville Sandstone.
Increased pumping from the existing well at the industrial park, or the development of additional wells, could potentially lower water levels in the Jacobsville Sandstone in the area of the park. Sufficient lowering of water levels could create unconfined conditions in the Jacobsville Sandstone, thereby increasing the susceptability of the aquifer to contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri984060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","usgsCitation":"Sweat, M., and Rheaume, S.J., 1998, Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4060, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984060.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4060/report.pdf","size":"3024","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Baraga County","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.26004028320312,\n 46.855026101172285\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 46.85549565938302\n ],\n [\n -88.55049133300781,\n 46.76291341922302\n ],\n [\n -88.41522216796875,\n 46.76291341922302\n ],\n [\n -88.41041564941406,\n 46.67394106549699\n ],\n [\n -88.28544616699219,\n 46.67723895412686\n ],\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 46.817918027732226\n ],\n [\n -88.28681945800781,\n 46.826845094695855\n ],\n [\n -88.28338623046875,\n 46.829194076477336\n ],\n [\n -88.27926635742188,\n 46.83295223381215\n ],\n [\n -88.27239990234375,\n 46.836240405913\n ],\n [\n -88.26759338378906,\n 46.83858897709042\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 46.84798223530896\n ],\n [\n -88.26072692871094,\n 46.852678248531106\n ],\n [\n -88.26004028320312,\n 46.855026101172285\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweat, M.J.","contributorId":90786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweat","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26837,"text":"wri984047 - 1998 - Temporal and vertical variation of hydraulic head in aquifers in the Edgewood area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri984047","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4047","title":"Temporal and vertical variation of hydraulic head in aquifers in the Edgewood area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Water-level data and interpretations from previous hydrogeological studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, were compared to determine similarities and differences among the aquifers. Because the sediments that comprise the shallow aquifers are discontinuous, the shallow ground-water-flow systems are local rather than extensive across the Edgewood Area. Hydrogeologic cross sections, hydrographs of water levels, and vertical gradients calculated from previous studies in the Canal Creek area, Graces Quarters, the O-Field area, Carroll Island, and the J-Field area, over periods of record ranging from 1 to 10 years during 1986-97, were used to determine recharge and discharge areas, connections between aquifers, and hydrologic responses of aquifers to natural and anthropogenic stress. Each of the aquifers in the study areas exhibited variation of hydraulic head that was attributed to seasonal changes in recharge. Upward hydraulic gradients and seasonal reversals of vertical hydraulic gradients between aquifers indicate the potential for local ground-water discharge from most of the aquifers that were studied in the Edgewood Area. Hydraulic head in individual aquifers in Graces Quarters and Carroll Island responded to offsite pumping during part of the period of record. Hydraulic head in most of the confined aquifers responded to tidal loading effects from nearby estuaries. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984047","usgsCitation":"Donnelly, C.A., and Tenbus, F.J., 1998, Temporal and vertical variation of hydraulic head in aquifers in the Edgewood area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4047, vi, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984047.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2106,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wrir-98-4047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95623,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4047/report.pdf","size":"7233","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4047/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly, Colleen A.","contributorId":62240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tenbus, Fredrick J.","contributorId":51334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30156,"text":"wri984007 - 1998 - Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984007","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4007","title":"Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Discharges through 10 selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach Counties, Florida, are presently computed using the theoretical discharge-coefficient ratings developed from scale modeling, theoretical discharge coefficients, and some field calibrations whose accuracies for specific sites are unknown. To achieve more accurate discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures, field discharge measurements were taken with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler at the coastal control structures under a variety of flow conditions. These measurements were used to determine computed discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures under different flow regimes: submerged orifice flow, submerged weir flow, free orifice flow, and free weir flow. Theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged orifice and weir flows were determined at seven coastal control structures, and discharge ratings for free orifice and weir flows were determined at three coastal control structures. The difference between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings varied from structure to structure. The theoretical and computed dischargecoefficient ratings for submerged orifice flow were within 10 percent at four of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at two of the seven structures. The theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged weir flow were within 10 percent at three of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at four of the seven coastal control structures. The difference between theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for free orifice and free weir flows ranged from 5 to 32 percent. Some differences between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings could be better defined with more data collected over a greater distribution of measuring conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984007","usgsCitation":"Tillis, G., and Swain, E., 1998, Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4007, iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984007.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillis, G.M.","contributorId":53840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29984,"text":"wri984043 - 1998 - Analysis of the streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984043","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4043","title":"Analysis of the streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information","docAbstract":"The streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio was evaluated for its effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information. The analysis involved application of the principles of generalized least squares regression between streamflow and climatic and basin characteristics. Regression equations were developed for three flow characteristics: (1) the instantaneous peak flow with a 100-year recurrence interval (P100), (2) the mean annual flow (Qa), and (3) the 7-day, 10-year low flow (7Q10). All active and discontinued gaging stations with 5 or more years of unregulated-streamflow data with respect to each flow characteristic were used to develop the regression equations. The gaging-station network was evaluated for the current (1996) condition of the network and estimated conditions of various network strategies if an additional 5 and 20 years of streamflow data were collected. Any active or discontinued gaging station with (1) less than 5 years of unregulated-streamflow record, (2) previously defined basin and climatic characteristics, and (3) the potential for collection of more unregulated-streamflow record were included in the network strategies involving the additional 5 and 20 years of data. The network analysis involved use of the regression equations, in combination with location, period of record, and cost of operation, to determine the contribution of the data for each gaging station to regional streamflow information. The contribution of each gaging station was based on a cost-weighted reduction of the mean square error (average sampling-error variance) associated with each regional estimating equation. All gaging stations included in the network analysis were then ranked according to their contribution to the regional information for each flow characteristic.\r\n\r\nThe predictive ability of the regression equations developed from the gaging station network could be improved for all three flow characteristics with the collection of additional streamflow data. The addition of new gaging stations to the network would result in an even greater improvement of the accuracy of the regional regression equations. Typically, continued data collection at stations with unregulated streamflow for all flow conditions that had less than 11 years of record with drainage areas smaller than 200 square miles contributed the largest cost-weighted reduction to the average sampling-error variance of the regional estimating equations. The results of the network analyses can be used to prioritize the continued operation of active gaging stations or the reactivation of discontinued gaging stations if the objective is to maximize the regional information content in the streamflow-gaging station network.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri984043","usgsCitation":"Straub, D., 1998, Analysis of the streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4043, iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984043.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58792,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Straub, D.E.","contributorId":23986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25918,"text":"wri984125 - 1998 - Water-quality and algal conditions in the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1992-95, and implications for resource management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T19:31:22.196965","indexId":"wri984125","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4125","title":"Water-quality and algal conditions in the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1992-95, and implications for resource management","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a synoptic water-quality and algal investigation during July 1995 at 36 stream sites in a 1,350 square-mile area of the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon. The study area includes a headwaters hydroelectric project area, a Wild and Scenic reach in the main stem immediately downstream, and the watersheds of several major tributaries. Additional data from previous investigations are reviewed, and impacts on water quality in the Wild and Scenic reach from resource management, including forestry and reservoir operations, are inferred where sufficient data exist.
\nWater-quality standards were occasionally exceeded for dissolved oxygen and pH, and daily maximum stream temperatures in the Wild and Scenic reach were higher than both the 1996 standard for the State of Oregon and the optimal temperature ranges for many anadromous fish. Dissolved oxygen in the basin was controlled more by stream temperature and reaeration than by primary production. Arsenic concentrations in the river during low flow (1 µg/L [microgram per liter]) indicate a potential cancer risk of between 1:5,000 and 1:20,000 for people using the river as a source of drinking water and fish for consumption. Streambed-sediment concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, manganese, and nickel were approximately double the sediment-quality criteria values adopted by New York State and by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
\nHigh concentrations of phosphorus in bed sediments indicated that much of the phosphorus observed in the water column throughout the basin (medians: 32, 9, and 50 µg/L in the main stem, tributaries, and hydroelectric project areas, respectively) could have been geologically derived. Inorganic and organic nitrogen concentrations in water were mostly below minimum reporting limits (5 and 200 µg/L, respectively), indicating severe nitrogen limitation at most locations.
\nBenthic algal biomass, biovolume, and chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the sites directly below impoundments and at one headwater tributary (medians: 46 grams per square meter, 821 million cubic micrometers per square centimeter, and 126 milligrams per square meter, respectively), and were also somewhat elevated downstream in the Wild and Scenic reach compared with those in similar streams in the Pacific Northwest. Classification of the algal taxa indicated that, among all sites sampled, alkaliphilic taxa, nitrogen fixing taxa, and eutrophic taxa were the most abundant on the basis of biovolume and density. Cold-water taxa, facultative nitrogen heterotrophs, and oligotrophic taxa constituted the remainder of the taxa. Multivariate analyses indicated that algal communities at the hydroelectric-project-affected sites were distinct from communities at sites on the main stem and Steamboat Creek. At many locations, the river’s algal community might be compensating for the low nitrogen concentrations by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen or through heterotrophic assimilation of organic nitrogen.
\nWater quality in the Wild and Scenic reach is dominated by water released from the hydroelectric project area during summer. Effects of the hydroelectric project include seasonal control of streamflow, water temperature, and phosphorus concentrations, and the possible release of low but ecologically important concentrations of organic nitrogen. A review of available data and literature suggests that the reservoirs can increase the interception of sediments and large organic debris, and promote their conversion into fine-grained particulate and dissolved organic matter for downstream transport. These effects could be compounded by the effects of forestry in the basin, including alteration of hydrologic cycles, changes in sediment and nutrient runoff, reductions of the transport of large woody debris, and degradation of habitat quality. It is hypothesized that, in the North Umpqua River, these processes have induced a fundamental shift in the river’s food web, from a detritus-based system to a system with a 2 higher emphasis on algal production. Confirmation of these changes and their effects on higher trophic levels are needed to properly manage the aquatic resources for all designated beneficial uses in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri984125","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C., and Carpenter, K., 1998, Water-quality and algal conditions in the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1992-95, and implications for resource management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4125, Report: xiii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 32.01 x 14.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984125.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 32.01 x 14.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984125.PNG"},{"id":391103,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48987.htm"},{"id":311178,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4125/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":308345,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4125/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"North Umpqua River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 43.1667\n ],\n [\n -123.250,\n 43.1667\n ],\n [\n -123.250,\n 43.4167\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 43.4167\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 43.1667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e72c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Kurt D. kdcar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Kurt D.","email":"kdcar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27943,"text":"wri984127 - 1998 - Streamflow, water-quality, and biological conditions in the Big Black Creek basin, St. Clair County, Alabama, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri984127","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4127","title":"Streamflow, water-quality, and biological conditions in the Big Black Creek basin, St. Clair County, Alabama, 1997","docAbstract":"In 1997 synoptic streamflow, water-quality, and biological investi- gations in the Big Black Creek Basin were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Moody, St. Clair County, and the Birmingham Water Works Board. Data obtained during these synoptic investigations provide a one-time look at the streamflow and water-quality conditions in the Big Black Creek Basin during a stable, base-flow period when streamflow originated only from ground-water discharge. These data were used to assess the degree of water-quality degradation in the Big Black Creek Basin from land-use activities in the basin, including leakage of leachate from the Acmar Regional Land- fill. Biological data from the benthic invertebrate community investigation provided an assessment of the cumulative effects of stream conditions on organisms in the basin.\r\nThe synoptic measurement of streamflow at 28 sites was made during a period of baseflow on August 27, 1997. Two stream reaches above the landfill lost water to the ground-water system, but those below the landfill had significantly higher ground-water gains. If significant leakage of leachate from the landfill had occurred during the measurement period, the distribution of ground-water discharge suggests that leachate would travel relatively short distances before resurfacing as ground-water discharge to the stream.\r\nBenthic invertebrate communities were sampled at four sites in the Big Black Creek Basin during July 16-17, 1997. Based on Alabama Department of Environmental Management criteria and on comparison with a nearby unimparied reference site, the benthic invertebrate communities at the sites sampled were considered unimpaired or only slightly impaired during the sample period. This would imply that landfill and coal-mining activities did not have a detrimental effect on the benthic invertebrate communities at the time of the study.\r\nSynoptic water-column samples were collected at nine sites on Big Black Creek and its tributaries at the same time that the synoptic streamflow measurements were made. Trace-element and organic compound concentrations in the stream water were below established water-quality standards and criteria for the State of Alabama, with the exception of secondary (aesthetic) drinking-water levels for iron and manganese. Oil and grease concentrations detected in bed sediments were below the corrective action limit of 100 milligrams per kilogram. No significant increases in chloride, specific conductance, total dissolved solids, oil and grease, color, or biochemical oxygen demand were observed at sites downgradient from the landfill.\r\nGround-water samples were collected from three drive-point wells in the vicinity of the landfill. These samples were analyzed for a suite of volatile organic compounds. The solvent 1,1-dichloroethane (the same solvent detected in the ground-water monitoring system at the landfill) was detected in a sample from a drive-point well downgradient from the landfill--an indication of the potential risk of landfill-derived contamination migrating toward Big Black Creek.\r\nNo distinguishing trend or pattern of contamination was identified that could be attributed solely to landfill activities. Landfill activities did not appear to contribute significant contamination to Big Black Creek during these streamflow conditions. Any contaminant contribution from coal-mining activities in the basin may have served to mask any leachate contributions from the landfill; however, the overall effects on stream water and benthic intervebrate communities apparently were only minimal.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984127","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., Clark, A., and Stricklin, V.E., 1998, Streamflow, water-quality, and biological conditions in the Big Black Creek basin, St. Clair County, Alabama, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4127, iv, 52 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 14 illus.; 11 plates; 13 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984127.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 14 illus.; 11 plates; 13 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95688,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4127/report.pdf","size":"8483","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4127/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Amy E.","contributorId":29469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Amy E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricklin, Victor E.","contributorId":69193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricklin","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}