Using ovaries sampled seasonally from Lake Michigan bloaters in 1968-1969, we determined that one complement or modal group of eggs is produced each year and spawned mainly during January, February, and March. Fecundities estimated for 65 fish taken in October ranged from 3,230 eggs in one medium-size bloater (241 mm long) to 18,768 in the longest (305 mm). We regressed these estimates on lengths and weights of the parental fish to provide a quantitative basis for later evaluating long-term changes in reproductive potential. The resulting rectilinear regression on weight accounted for 75% of the total variation in fecundity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Emery, L., and Brown, E.H., 1978, Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 107, no. 6, p. 785-789, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"789","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, Lee","contributorId":18726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014031,"text":"1014031 - 1978 - Net energy maintenance requirements of salmonids as measured by direct calorimetry: Effect of body size and environmental temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T17:10:40.173707","indexId":"1014031","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2403,"text":"Journal of Nutrition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net energy maintenance requirements of salmonids as measured by direct calorimetry: Effect of body size and environmental temperature","docAbstract":"Most studies of metabolic rates and energy requirements in aquatic animals have been conducted using indirect methods wherein heat production estimates were based on O2 consumed and CO2 produced. The purpose of the present study was to determine the feasibility of direct calorimetry as a method for measuring heat production of fish and to determine the effect of environmental temperature and body size on the metabolic rate of several species. An adiabatic bomb calorimeter was modified to hold living fish and to measure small increments of heat. Heat production of rainbow, brook and lake trout, and Atlantic salmon weighting 1 to 4 g each was measured at temperatures ranging from 3° to 18°. Heat production of rainbow trout having individual body weights from 0.85 to 57.0 g was measured at 15°. Direct calorimetry was found to be a satisfactory method for measuring heat production of fish. Tests were reproducible and could be completed in 6 to 8 hours. The heat production changed linearly with temperature over the range tested. Regression equations for heat production for fish weighing 1 to 4 g were: for rainbow trout, HP = 0.59 + 0.0525T; for Atlantic salmon, HP = 0.66 + 0.0339T; for brook trout, HP = 0.37 + 0.0770T; and for lake trout, HP = 0.41 + 0.0680T where HP is kcal/kg/hr and T is temperature. The effect of size on metabolic rate was linear from 1 to 4 g and proportional to W0.63 from 4 to 57 g.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1093/jn/108.6.1017","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.R., Rumsey, G.L., and Scott, M.L., 1978, Net energy maintenance requirements of salmonids as measured by direct calorimetry: Effect of body size and environmental temperature: Journal of Nutrition, v. 108, no. 6, p. 1017-1024, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/108.6.1017.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1017","endPage":"1024","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. R.","contributorId":31699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":75090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012540,"text":"70012540 - 1978 - Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012540","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks","docAbstract":"We review transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline solids. The results are expected to be pertinent to crystalline rocks undergoing deformation in the depth range 5 to 20 km, corresponding to depths of focus of many major earthquakes. Transient creep data for crystalline rocks at elevated temperatures are analyzed but are poorly understood because of lack of information on the deformation processes which, at low to moderate pressure, are likely to be semibrittle in nature. Activation energies for transient creep at high effective confining pressure are much higher than those found for atmospheric pressure tests in which thermally-activated microfracturing probably dominates the creep rate. Empirical transient creep equations are extrapolated at 200?? to 600??C, stresses from 0.1 to 1.0 kbar, to times ranging from 3.17??102 to 3.17??108 years. At the higher temperatures, appreciable transient creep strains may take place but the physical significance of the results is in question because the flow mechanisms have not been determined. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate careful research on this important topic. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876540","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Carter, N., and Kirby, S.H., 1978, Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 807-839, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876540.","startPage":"807","endPage":"839","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205171,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876540"},{"id":221954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f9e4b08c986b326f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, N.L.","contributorId":58395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10513,"text":"ofr78130 - 1978 - The architecture of the porphyry-metal system as a prospecting stratagem in the Southern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-13T13:39:11.539377","indexId":"ofr78130","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-130","title":"The architecture of the porphyry-metal system as a prospecting stratagem in the Southern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"A model of the porphyry-metal system characteristic of the consanguineous Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous rocks and associated ores of the southern Rocky Mountains is constructed from the bits and pieces exposed in the Colorado mineral belt and the San Juan volcanic field. Hydrothermally altered rocks in a part of the areas of mineralized rock associated with the Platoro caldera are matched against the model, to locate and to characterize latent mineral deposits for optimal prospecting and exploration. The latent deposits are two stockwork molybdenite deposits (porphyry-molybdenum) and one or two copper-gold-silver chimney deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78130","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., 1978, The architecture of the porphyry-metal system as a prospecting stratagem in the Southern Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-130, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78130.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38364,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40232,"text":"ofr78362 - 1978 - Complete Bouguer gravity maps and gravity models of the Date Creek basin and vicinity, Maricopa, Mojave, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T21:34:26.786406","indexId":"ofr78362","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-362","title":"Complete Bouguer gravity maps and gravity models of the Date Creek basin and vicinity, Maricopa, Mojave, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78362","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J.C., and Otton, J.K., 1978, Complete Bouguer gravity maps and gravity models of the Date Creek basin and vicinity, Maricopa, Mojave, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-362, 2 Plates: 34.80 x 34.59 inches and 32.80 x 29.22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78362.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 34.80 x 34.59 inches and 32.80 x 29.22 inches","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176906,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415970,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14701.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":71004,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0362/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":71003,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0362/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County, Mohave County, Yavapai County, Yuma County","otherGeospatial":"Date Creek Basin and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.729,\n 34.543\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 34.543\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -112.729,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -112.729,\n 34.543\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a838b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":81081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":223153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30152,"text":"wri7876 - 1978 - Effects of paved surfaces on recharge to the Floridan aquifer in east-central Florida: A conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:09:09.072627","indexId":"wri7876","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-76","title":"Effects of paved surfaces on recharge to the Floridan aquifer in east-central Florida: A conceptual model","docAbstract":"The proportionate amount of surface area that can be paved in Floridan aquifer recharge areas in east-central Florida without reducing the net recharge to the Floridan aquifer is a function of many variables that include rainfall, depth to water table, depth to potentiometric surface of the Floridan, evaporation from paved areas, evapotranspiration from unpaved areas, runoff, pattern of paving, and leakance coefficient of the confining beds. Equations that incorporate those variables, except pattern of paving, are developed and coupled to produce a conceptual model that estimates relative amounts of water available for recharge and percentage of unpaved area below which Floridan aquifer recharge rates must increase. The model is not intended to be used as a basis for engineering design. Rather, its purpose is to show approximate mathematical interrelations of rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration, percentage of paving, and Floridan aquifer recharge, and to make quantitative estimates of amounts of water available for Floridan aquifer recharge before and after paving. The allowable percentage of paving calculated in four examples ranges from 86.8 percent to 3.6 percent. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7876","usgsCitation":"Effects of paved surfaces on recharge to the Floridan aquifer in east-central Florida: A conceptual model; 1978; WRI; 78-76; Tibbals, C. H.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398826,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0076/wri7876.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 78-76"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 28.97931203672246\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 28.97931203672246\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 27.137368359795584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Only one earthquake of intensity V on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MM) or greater has occurred within Wisconsin during historic times. Some shocks originating in Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Canada have been felt.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1978, Earthquake history of Wisconsin: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 3, p. 100-103.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"103","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.010498046875,\n 46.72480037466717\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -91.021728515625,\n 46.9502622421856\n ],\n [\n -90.933837890625,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -90.362548828125,\n 47.11499982620772\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 46.90524554642923\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 46.702202151643455\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 46.65697731621612\n ],\n [\n -90.318603515625,\n 46.56641407568593\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -88.934326171875,\n 46.08085173686787\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 46.01985337287634\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 46.01985337287634\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 45.96642454131025\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 45.805828539928356\n ],\n [\n -87.8466796875,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 45.65244828675087\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -87.8466796875,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -87.659912109375,\n 45.390735154248894\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -87.81372070312499,\n 44.879228141635274\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -87.308349609375,\n 45.10454630976873\n ],\n [\n -87.044677734375,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -86.868896484375,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -86.7919921875,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 43.96909818325174\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 42.512601715736665\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 42.50450285299051\n ],\n [\n -90.71411132812499,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -91.087646484375,\n 42.771211138625894\n ],\n [\n -91.19750976562499,\n 43.15710884095329\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 43.30919109985686\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 43.46089378008257\n ],\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 43.8899753738369\n ],\n [\n -91.900634765625,\n 44.268804788566165\n ],\n [\n -92.08740234375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -92.362060546875,\n 44.52001001133986\n ],\n [\n -92.669677734375,\n 44.645208223744035\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -92.757568359375,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 45.57560020947799\n ],\n [\n -92.867431640625,\n 45.590978249451936\n ],\n [\n -92.867431640625,\n 45.729191061299936\n ],\n [\n -92.6806640625,\n 45.92822950933618\n ],\n [\n -92.427978515625,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -92.296142578125,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -92.13134765625,\n 46.74738913515841\n ],\n [\n -92.010498046875,\n 46.72480037466717\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75550e4b0b28f1184d813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162505,"text":"70162505 - 1978 - Earthquake history of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:07:34","indexId":"70162505","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Wyoming","docAbstract":"Forty-five earthquakes of moderate intensity (V or greater) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MM) and extent have originated in Wyoming from 1894 to 1976. Many shocks have occurred in Yellowstone National Park, including an intensity VII event in June 1975. the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake, centered just west of the park, was felt (MM VII) in northwestern Wyoming. Many aftershocks from this earthquake were reported in Yellowstone Park (MM V-VI) through December 1959, and numerous shocks of lesser intensities continued through 1963.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1978, Earthquake history of Wyoming: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 150-154.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75551e4b0b28f1184d815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Hake, C. A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168598,"text":"70168598 - 1978 - Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T08:30:51","indexId":"70168598","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift","docAbstract":"Modern surveying instruments, such as geodimeters, are capable of measuring distances in the range of 1 to 30 kilometers with remarkable precision. Indeed, the present limitation upon the precision of measurement is not the resolution of the instruments themselves but rather the uncertainty introduced by variations in the velocity of light in the atmosphere between the two endpoints of the measured distance. This capability in precise distance measurement can be applied to earthquake studies by using repeated distance measurements to determine changes in the distance between monuments located along the major faults. Such measurements have been made along the San Andreas fault since late 1959, and, as a result, a wealth of data on crustal deformation in that area is now available. In fact, geodimeter measurements of this type furnish a more stable measure of secular strain (change in the ratio of length to length) than any continuously recording strain meter. The superiority of the geodimeter measurement stems principally from the long base line measured which averages over local inhomogeneities (cracks and joints in the rock, inclusions, and so forth).
\nThis article describes the important features of the measurement technique as well as some results for the region of the southern California uplift.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., and Savage, J., 1978, Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 131-135.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -116.1474609375,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c52e4b059daa47c9ac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199454,"text":"70199454 - 1977 - Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T14:33:40","indexId":"70199454","displayToPublicDate":"2018-09-18T14:22:54","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3446,"text":"Southern Economic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling","docAbstract":"There is currently some dissatisfaction with macroeconomic approaches to modeling the supply of domestic crude oil. One problem that has been pointed out is that the estimated supply responses of new discoveries brought about by price increases appear to be unrealistically high. Because data frequently used in these models are highly aggregated over time and include diverse geologic regions, this criticism may not be unwarranted. Moreover, with highly aggregated data testable hypotheses relating to operator behavior at the field level are limited. Because of the somewhat decentralized nature of firm decision making, operator field behavior significantly affects the wildcat drilling rate and hence the interarrival times, i.e., temporal sequence, of expected discoveries.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Southern Economic Association","doi":"10.2307/1057299","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Drew, L.J., 1977, Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling: Southern Economic Journal, v. 44, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.2307/1057299.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L. J.","contributorId":118947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178610,"text":"70178610 - 1977 - Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T15:17:25","indexId":"70178610","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931","docAbstract":"[No abstract]
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1977, Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 4, p. 30-31.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"583ff369e4b04fc80e437295","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654531,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162637,"text":"70162637 - 1977 - Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T12:25:03","indexId":"70162637","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri","title":"Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri","docAbstract":"Relative growth and survival of offspring from matings of hatchery and wild Deschutes River (Oregon) summer steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, were measured to determine if hatchery fish differ genetically from wild fish in traits that can affect the stock–recruitment relationship of wild populations. Sections of four natural streams and a hatchery pond were each stocked with genetically marked (lactate dehydrogenase genotypes) eyed eggs or unfed swim-up fry from each of three matings: hatchery × hatchery (HH), hatchery × wild (HW), and wild × wild (WW). In streams, WW fish had the highest survival and HW fish the highest growth rates when significant differences were found; in the hatchery pond, HH fish had the highest survival and growth rates. The hatchery fish were genetically different from wild fish and when they interbreed with wild fish may reduce the number of smolts produced. Hatchery procedures can be modified to reduce the genetic differences between hatchery and wild fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing ","doi":"10.1139/f77-015","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., and McIntyre, J., 1977, Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 34, no. 1, p. 123-128, https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":" Deschutes River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 42.0125705565935\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 42.0125705565935\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 44.429857265397246\n ],\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 44.429857265397246\n ],\n [\n -122.55249023437501,\n 42.0125705565935\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c6e4b07ca61bfea54f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.D.","contributorId":27006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046170,"text":"70046170 - 1977 - Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49297,"text":"ofr76795 - 1976 - Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge leakage areas of artesian aquifers","indexId":"ofr76795","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge leakage areas of artesian aquifers"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046170,"text":"70046170 - 1977 - Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers","indexId":"70046170","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T16:41:27","indexId":"70046170","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers","docAbstract":"As a result of continuous pumping since the 1890's, a regional cone of depression encompassing 363 km2 has developed within the artesian Miocene Cheswold aquifer at Dover, Del. The aquifer is not being recharged significantly by leakage near the center of the cone, nor is major recharge induced in the updip subcrop area. The source of pumped water is apparently an area of about 65 km2 northwest of Dover, where vertical leakage is substantial. This area was delineated by use of a digital aquifer model and streamflow data. A model of the unconfined aquifer was used to compute the unconfined aquifer's natural discharge to streams, assuming no leakage to underlying artesian aquifers. The area of substantial leakage to the underlying Cheswold was delineated as being coincident with that area where model-computed values of stream discharge were substantially larger than actual values of stream discharge determined in the field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Johnston, R.H., and Leahy, P.P., 1977, Combined use of digital aquifer models and field base-flow data to identify recharge-leakage areas of artesian aquifers: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 491-496.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272964,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","city":"Dover","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.85,\n 38.89\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -75.645,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -75.64,\n 38.89\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 38.89\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a72363e4b09db86f875cba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Richard H.","contributorId":95860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leahy, P. Patrick","contributorId":80648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10170,"text":"ofr77549 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"ofr77549","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"70043185","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T18:11:48.744298","indexId":"70043185","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","docAbstract":"Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from data on historical magnitude and length of surface rupture should be based upon the correct regression. For example, the regression of magnitude on the logarithm of the length of surface rupture L can be used to estimate magnitude, but the regression of log L on magnitude cannot. Regression estimates are most probable values, and estimates of maximum values require consideration of one-sided confidence limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder,CO","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3C464:AOLSMO%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mark, R., 1977, Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes: Geology, v. 5, no. 8, p. 464-466, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3C464:AOLSMO%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"466","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5114daf7e4b0ca7af0743afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042638,"text":"70042638 - 1977 - Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16395,"text":"ofr76256 - 1976 - Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah","indexId":"ofr76256","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042638,"text":"70042638 - 1977 - Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah","indexId":"70042638","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T17:31:51","indexId":"70042638","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5485,"text":"Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water-Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"21","title":"Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"A model was developed for predicting the water and salt budget for various diking options in Great Salt Lake.","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Geological and Mineral Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Geological and Mineral Survey","usgsCitation":"Waddell, K., and Fields, F., 1977, Model for evaluating the effects of dikes on the water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water-Resources Bulletin 21, v, 54 p.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265724,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/water_resources_bulletins/WRB-21.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.1012,40.669 ], [ -113.1012,41.705 ], [ -111.9302,41.705 ], [ -111.9302,40.669 ], [ -113.1012,40.669 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f6888de4b0f5392eb7e7b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddell, K.M.","contributorId":59009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddell","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fields, F.K.","contributorId":90826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"F.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039189,"text":"70039189 - 1977 - Conversion factors: SI metric and U.S. customary units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:42:45","indexId":"70039189","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:21:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Conversion factors: SI metric and U.S. customary units","docAbstract":"The policy of the U.S. Geological Survey is to foster use of the International System of Units (SI) which was defined by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960. This modernized metric system constitutes an international \"language\" by means of which communications throughout the world's scientific and economic communities may be improved. This publication is designed to familiarize the reader with the SI units of measurement that correspond to the common units frequently used in programs of the Geological Survey. In the near future, SI units will be used exclusively in most publications of the Survey; the conversion factors provided herein will help readers to obtain a \"feel\" for each unit and to \"think metric.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039189","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Conversion factors: SI metric and U.S. customary units: General Information Product, 7 p. (11 columns), https://doi.org/10.3133/70039189.","productDescription":"7 p. (11 columns)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":259133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd9e4b0c8380cd4dfe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040772,"text":"70040772 - 1977 - Analog-model prediction of the hydrologic effects of sanitary sewerage in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-16T11:11:30","indexId":"70040772","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":263,"text":"Long Island Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"LIWR-6","title":"Analog-model prediction of the hydrologic effects of sanitary sewerage in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York","language":"English","publisher":"Nassau County Department of Public Works","publisherLocation":"Mineola, NY","usgsCitation":"Kimmel, G., Ku, H., Harbaugh, A., Sulam, D., and Getzen, R., 1977, Analog-model prediction of the hydrologic effects of sanitary sewerage in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York: Long Island Water Resources Bulletin LIWR-6, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76e7be4b0e93eb366ee60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmel, G.E.","contributorId":23976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmel","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ku, H.F.H.","contributorId":53012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"H.F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sulam, D.J.","contributorId":99610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulam","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Getzen, R.T.","contributorId":21281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getzen","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70001085,"text":"70001085 - 1977 - The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001085","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern","docAbstract":"The radial pattern of syenite and syenodiorite dikes of the Spanish Peaks region is analysed using theories of elasticity and dike emplacement. The three basic components of Ode??'s model for the dike pattern (a pressurized, circular hole; a rigid, planar boundary; and uniform regional stresses) are adopted, but modified to free the regional stresses from the constraint of being orthogonal to the rigid boundary. Dike areal density, the White Peaks intrusion, the strike of the upturned Mesozoic strata, and the contact between these strata and the intensely folded and faulted Paleozoic rocks are used to brient the rigid boundary along a north-south line. The line of dike terminations locates the rigid boundary about 8 km west of West Peak. The location of a circular plug, Goemmer Butte, is chosen as a point of isotropic stress. A map correlating the location of isotropic stress points with regional stress parameters is derived from the theory and used to determine a regional stress orientation (N82E) and a normalized stress magnitude. The stress trajectory map constructed using these parameters mimics the dike pattern exceptionally well. The model indicates that the regional principal stress difference was less than 0.05 times the driving pressure in the West Peak intrusion. The regional stress difference probably did not exced 5 MN/m2. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637098","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Muller, O., and Pollard, D.D., 1977, The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 69-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637098.","startPage":"69","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19053,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637098"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muller, O.H.","contributorId":93609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"O.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, D. D.","contributorId":72914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001078,"text":"70001078 - 1977 - The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70001078","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks","docAbstract":"Detailed analysis of textural and chemical criteria in rocks of the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondack Highlands suggests that development of garnet in silica-saturated rocks of the suite occurs according to the reaction: {Mathematical expression}, where ?? is a function of the distribution of Fe and Mg between the several coexisting ferromagnesian phases. Depending upon the relative amounts of Fe and Mg present, quartz may be either a reactant or a product. Using an aluminum-fixed reference frame, this reaction can be restated in terms of a set of balanced partial reactions describing the processes occurring in spatially separated domains within the rock. The fact that garnet invariably replaces plagioclase as opposed to the other reactant phases indicates that the aluminum-fixed model is valid as a first approximation. This reaction is univariant and produces unzoned garnet. It differs from a similar equation proposed by de Waard (1965) for the origin of garnet in Adirondack metabasic rocks, i.e. 6 Orthopyroxene+2 Anorthite = Clinopyroxene+Garnet+2 Quartz, the principle difference being that iron oxides (ilmenite and/or magnetite) are essential reactant phases in the present reactions. The product assemblage (garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase ?? orthopyroxene ?? quartz) is characteristic of the clinopyroxene-almandine subfacies of the granulite facies. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00372280","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"McLelland, J.M., and Whitney, P., 1977, The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 161-181, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372280.","startPage":"161","endPage":"181","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372280"}],"volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648689","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLelland, J. M.","contributorId":85604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLelland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001077,"text":"70001077 - 1977 - State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70001077","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine","docAbstract":"The experimental flow data for rocks and minerals are reviewed and found to fit a law of the form {Mathematical expression} where {Mathematical expression} This law reduces to the familiar power-law stress dependency at low stress and to an exponential stress dependency at high stress. Using the material flow law parameters for olivine, stress profiles with depth and strain rate are computed for a representative range of temperature distributions in the lithosphere. The results show that the upper 15 to 25 km of the oceanic lithosphere must behave elastically or fail by fracture and that the remainder deforms by exponential law flow at intermediate depths and by power-law flow in the rest. A model computation of the gravitational sliding of a lithospheric plate using olivine rheology exhibits a very sharp decoupling zone which is a consequence of the combined effects of increasing stress and temperature on the flow law, which is a very sensitive function of both. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637106","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., 1977, State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637106.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637106"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001008,"text":"70001008 - 1977 - Entropy, materials, and posterity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001008","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entropy, materials, and posterity","docAbstract":"Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work - be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states. But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder - for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard. Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities - beauty, leisure, love, or gold - low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue. The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind. ?? 1977 Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01989599","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Cloud, P., 1977, Entropy, materials, and posterity: Geologische Rundschau, v. 66, no. 1, p. 678-696, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01989599.","startPage":"678","endPage":"696","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19033,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989599"},{"id":203740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloud, P.","contributorId":65973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloud","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000748,"text":"70000748 - 1977 - Survey of trace elements in coals and coal-related materials by neutron activation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000748","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2438,"text":"Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey of trace elements in coals and coal-related materials by neutron activation analysis","docAbstract":"Utilizing primarily instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and other analytical methods as many as 61 elements were quantitatively surveyed in 170 U.S. whole coals, 70 washed coals, and 40 bench samples. Data on areal and vertical distributions in various regions were obtained along with extensive information on the mode of occurrence of various elements in the coal matrix itself. ?? 1977 Akade??miai Kiado??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02520217","issn":"01340719","usgsCitation":"Ruch, R., Cahill, R., Frost, J., Camp, L., and Gluskoter, H., 1977, Survey of trace elements in coals and coal-related materials by neutron activation analysis: Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, v. 38, no. 1-2, p. 415-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02520217.","startPage":"415","endPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19012,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02520217"},{"id":203609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6885c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruch, R.R.","contributorId":80804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruch","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cahill, R.A.","contributorId":66393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frost, J.K.","contributorId":45436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Camp, L.R.","contributorId":108235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gluskoter, H.J.","contributorId":75957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5221064,"text":"5221064 - 1977 - Book review: The choice of prey and modes of hunting of predatory birds with special reference to their selective effect, by G. Rudebeck","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T11:20:41.282895","indexId":"5221064","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1054,"text":"Bird-Banding","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: The choice of prey and modes of hunting of predatory birds with special reference to their selective effect, by G. Rudebeck","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.2307/4512307","usgsCitation":"Snyder, N., 1977, Book review: The choice of prey and modes of hunting of predatory birds with special reference to their selective effect, by G. Rudebeck: Bird-Banding, v. 48, no. 1, p. 88-89, https://doi.org/10.2307/4512307.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4795e4b07f02db48d9c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, N.F.R.","contributorId":59383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"N.F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}