We have conducted dynamic rupture propagation experiments to establish the relations between in-source stress drop, fracture energy and the resulting particle velocity during slip of an unconfined 2 m long laboratory fault at normal stresses between 4 and 8 MPa. To produce high fracture energy in the source we use a rough fault that has a large slip weakening distance. An artifact of the high fracture energy is that the nucleation zone is large such that precursory slip reduces fault strength over a large fraction of the total fault length prior to dynamic rupture, making the initial stress non-uniform. Shear stress, particle velocity, fault slip and acceleration were recorded coseismically at multiple locations along strike and at small fault-normal distances. Stress drop increases weakly with normal stress. Average slip rate depends linearly on the fault strength loss and on static stress drop, both with a nonzero intercept. A minimum fracture energy of 1.8 J/m2 and a linear slip weakening distance of 33 μm are inferred from the intercept. The large slip weakening distance also affects the average slip rate which is reduced by in-source energy dissipation from on-fault fracture energy.
Because of the low normal stress and small per event slip (∼86 μm), no thermal weakening such as melting or pore fluid pressurization occurs in these experiments. Despite the relatively high fracture energy, and the very low heat production, energy partitioning during these laboratory earthquakes is very similar to typical earthquake source properties. The product of fracture energy and fault area is larger than the radiated energy. Seismic efficiency is low at ∼2%. The ratio of apparent stress to static stress drop is ∼27%, consistent with measured overshoot. The fracture efficiency is ∼33%. The static and dynamic stress drops when extrapolated to crustal stresses are 2–7.3 MPa and in the range of typical earthquake stress drops. As the relatively high fracture energy reduces the slip velocities in these experiments, the extrapolated average particle velocities for crustal stresses are 0.18–0.6 m/s. That these experiments are consistent with typical earthquake source properties suggests, albeit indirectly, that thermal weakening mechanisms such as thermal pressurization and melting which lead to near complete stress drops, dominate earthquake source properties only for exceptional events unless crustal stresses are low.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2011.11.013","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N.M., Kilgore, B.D., McGarr, A.F., Fletcher, J.P., Evans, J.R., and Baker, S.R., 2012, Observed source parameters for dynamic rupture with non-uniform initial stressand relatively high fracture energy: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 38, p. 77-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.11.013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"89","ipdsId":"IP-033826","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f05125e4b0220bbd9a1dc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-3397-8481 nbeeler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":2682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"Nicholas","email":"nbeeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilgore, Brian D. 0000-0003-0530-7979 bkilgore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7979","contributorId":3887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilgore","given":"Brian","email":"bkilgore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGarr, Arthur F. 0000-0001-9769-4093 mcgarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":3178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Arthur","email":"mcgarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fletcher, Jon Peter B. 0000-0001-8885-6177 jfletcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-6177","contributorId":1216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"jfletcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Peter B.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, John R. jrevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jrevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baker, Steven R.","contributorId":198083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":715040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70042253,"text":"70042253 - 2012 - Analysis of host genetic diversity and viral entry as sources of between-host variation in viral load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T10:19:45","indexId":"70042253","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3699,"text":"Virus Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of host genetic diversity and viral entry as sources of between-host variation in viral load","docAbstract":"Little is known about the factors that drive the high levels of between-host variation in pathogen burden that are frequently observed in viral infections. Here, two factors thought to impact viral load variability, host genetic diversity and stochastic processes linked with viral entry into the host, were examined. This work was conducted with the aquatic vertebrate virus, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), in its natural host, rainbow trout. It was found that in controlled in vivo infections of IHNV, a suggestive trend of reduced between-fish viral load variation was observed in a clonal population of isogenic trout compared to a genetically diverse population of out-bred trout. However, this trend was not statistically significant for any of the four viral genotypes examined, and high levels of fish-to-fish variation persisted even in the isogenic trout population. A decrease in fish-to-fish viral load variation was also observed in virus injection challenges that bypassed the host entry step, compared to fish exposed to the virus through the natural water-borne immersion route of infection. This trend was significant for three of the four virus genotypes examined and suggests host entry may play a role in viral load variability. However, high levels of viral load variation also remained in the injection challenges. Together, these results indicate that although host genetic diversity and viral entry may play some role in between-fish viral load variation, they are not major factors. Other biological and non-biological parameters that may influence viral load variation are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Virus Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.010","usgsCitation":"Wargo, A.R., Kell, A.M., Scott, R., Thorgaard, G.H., and Kurath, G., 2012, Analysis of host genetic diversity and viral entry as sources of between-host variation in viral load: Virus Research, v. 165, no. 1, p. 71-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.010.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"80","ipdsId":"IP-034640","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3314121","text":"External Repository"},{"id":264941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264940,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.010"}],"country":"United States","volume":"165","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cfe0e4b0a4aa5bb0ae76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wargo, Andrew R.","contributorId":47260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wargo","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kell, Alison M. amkell@usgs.gov","contributorId":4553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kell","given":"Alison","email":"amkell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":471117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, Robert J.","contributorId":45600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorgaard, Gary H.","contributorId":60512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorgaard","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70192394,"text":"70192394 - 2012 - The crustal magma storage system of Volcán Quizapu, Chile, and the effects of magma mixing on magma diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T13:33:09","indexId":"70192394","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crustal magma storage system of Volcán Quizapu, Chile, and the effects of magma mixing on magma diversity","docAbstract":"Crystal zoning as well as temperature and pressure estimates from phenocryst phase equilibria are used to constrain the architecture of the intermediate-sized magmatic system (some tens of km3) of Volcán Quizapu, Chile, and to document the textural and compositional effects of magma mixing. In contrast to most arc magma systems, where multiple episodes of open-system behavior obscure the evidence of major magma chamber events (e.g. melt extraction, magma mixing), the Quizapu magma system shows limited petrographic complexity in two large historical eruptions (1846–1847 and 1932) that have contrasting eruptive styles. Quizapu magmas and peripheral mafic magmas exhibit a simple binary mixing relationship. At the mafic end, basaltic andesite to andesite recharge magmas complement the record from peripheral cones and show the same limited range of compositions. The silicic end-member composition is almost identical in both eruptions of Quizapu. The effusive 1846–1847 eruption records significant mixing between the mafic and silicic end-members, resulting in hybridized andesites and mingled dacites. These two compositionally simple eruptions at Volcán Quizapu present a rare opportunity to isolate particular aspects of magma evolution—formation of homogeneous dacite magma and late-stage magma mixing—from other magma chamber processes. Crystal zoning, trace element compositions, and crystal-size distributions provide evidence for spatial separation of the mafic and silicic magmas. Dacite-derived plagioclase phenocrysts (i.e. An25–40) show a narrow range in composition and limited zonation, suggesting growth from a compositionally restricted melt. Dacite-derived amphibole phenocrysts show similar restricted compositions and furthermore constrain, together with more mafic amphibole phenocrysts, the architecture of the magmatic system at Volcán Quizapu to be compositionally and thermally zoned, in which an andesitic mush is overlain by a homogeneous dacitic magma that is the source for most of the 1846–1847 and 1932 erupted magmas. Dacite formation is best explained by mineral–melt separation (crystal fractionation) from an andesitic mush, which is inferred to have thermally and compositionally buffered the dacite magma thereby keeping it at relatively low crystallinity (<30 vol. %). The dominant cause of compositional diversity is melt separation. Back-mixing of mush (i.e. crystals with signatures of growth both in the andesitic mush and in the dacite magma) into the overlying dacite magma is rarely observed. Recharge events that increase crystal and magma diversity in the dacite magma are limited to an episode of mafic recharge and mixing just prior to the 1846–1847 eruption, where evidence for magma mixing is present on all scales. Chamber-wide mixing was incomplete (mixing efficiency of ∼0·53–0·85) as flow lobes vary significantly in composition along the proposed mixing array. Estimates of viscosity variations during the course of magma mixing suggest that mixing dynamics and the degree of magma interaction on all scales were established at the beginning of the recharge event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egs002","usgsCitation":"Bergantz, G.W., Cooper, K.M., Hildreth, E., and Ruprecht, P., 2012, The crustal magma storage system of Volcán Quizapu, Chile, and the effects of magma mixing on magma diversity: Journal of Petrology, v. 53, no. 4, p. 801-840, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs002.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"801","endPage":"840","ipdsId":"IP-035772","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347400,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Volcán Quizapu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.2236328125,\n -36.49197347059368\n ],\n [\n -66.8408203125,\n -36.49197347059368\n ],\n [\n -66.8408203125,\n -30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -74.2236328125,\n -30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -74.2236328125,\n -36.49197347059368\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f1a2aae4b0220bbd9d9fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergantz, George W.","contributorId":198300,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergantz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":715647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Kari M.","contributorId":32814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":715648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildreth, Edward 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":146999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Edward","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruprecht, Phillipp","contributorId":198302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruprecht","given":"Phillipp","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":715649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70192274,"text":"70192274 - 2012 - Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of historical iron slag, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T16:56:09.928533","indexId":"70192274","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of historical iron slag, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania, USA","docAbstract":"The Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site in southeastern Pennsylvania, which features an Fe smelter that was operational in the 18th and 19th centuries, is dominated by three slag piles. Pile 1 slag, from the Hopewell Furnace, and pile 2 slag, likely from the nearby Cornwall Furnace, were both produced in cold-blast charcoal-fired smelters. In contrast, pile 3 slag was produced in an anthracite furnace. Ore samples from the nearby Jones and Hopewell mines that fed the smelter are mainly magnetite-rich with some sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite) and accessory silicates (quartz, garnet, feldspar, and clay minerals). Slag piles 1 and 2 are similar mineralogically containing predominantly skeletal and dendritic aluminian diopside and augite, skeletal forsteritic olivine, glass, rounded blebs of metallic Fe, and exotic quartz. Olivine is a major phase in all samples from pile 2, whereas it occurs in only a few samples from pile 1. Samples of the <2 mm-size fraction of surface composite slag material or crushed slag from at depth in piles 1 and 2 are mineralogically similar to the large surface slag fragments from those piles with the addition of phases such as feldspars, Fe oxides, and clay minerals that are either secondary weathering products or entrained from the underlying bedrock. Pile 3 slag contains mostly skeletal forsteritic olivine and Ti-bearing aluminian diopside, dendritic or fine-grained subhedral melilite, glass, euhedral spinel, metallic Fe, alabandite–oldhamite solid solution, as well as a sparse Ti carbonitride phase. The bulk chemistry of the slag is dominated by Al2O3 (8.5–16.2 wt.%), CaO (8.2–26.2 wt.%), MgO (4.2–24.7 wt.%), and SiO2 (36.4–59.8 wt.%), constituting between 81% and 97% of the mass of the samples. Piles 1 and 2 are chemically similar; pile 1 slag overall contains the highest Fe2O3, K2O and MnO, and the lowest MgO concentrations. Pile 3 slag is high in Al2O3, CaO and S, and low in Fe2O3, K2O and SiO2 compared to the other piles. In general, piles 1 and 2 are chemically similar to each other, whereas pile 3 is distinct – a conclusion that reflects their mineralogy. The similarities and differences among piles in terms of mineralogy and major element chemistry result from the different smelting conditions under which the slag formed and include the fuel source, the composition of the ore and flux, the type of blast (cold versus hot), which affects the furnace temperature, and other beneficiation methods.
The three distinct slag piles at Hopewell are enriched in numerous trace elements, such as As (up to 12 mg/kg), Cd (up to 0.4 mg/kg), Co (up to 31.8 mg/kg), Cu (up to 647 mg/kg), Mn (up to 0.69 wt.%), Pb (up to 172 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 393 mg/kg), together with Fe (13.9 wt.%), when compared to the average for the continental crust, with the <2 mm-size fraction commonly containing the highest concentrations. Enrichments in various elements (e.g., Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn) were also found in the ore samples. Despite these enrichments, comparison of bulk chemistry trace-element concentrations to the environmental guidelines suggests most elements are likely not problematic with the exception of As, Co, Fe and Mn. Leachate tests that simulate weathering indicate Fe (up to 973 μg/L) and Mn (up to 133 μg/L) are readily released in potentially harmful concentrations compared to secondary drinking water and some aquatic ecosystem toxicity criteria. Aluminum and Cu, although not high in the solid compared to environmental guidelines, also exceed relevant criteria in leachate extracts with maximum concentrations of 2700 μg/L and 17.7 μg/L, respectively. In contrast, As and Co, which are significant in the solids, are not leached in concentrations that exceed guidelines (i.e., 3 μg/L or less for both elements). The weathering rates of the Fe metal and Fe oxides, which host Cu and some Fe, are likely higher than the silicate glass, which hosts the majority of Al, Mn and some Fe, and the crystalline silicates and spinels affecting which elements and how much are released into the environment and surrounding aquatic ecosystem. The mineral assemblages and their chemical composition, the bulk sample chemistry, and leachability of trace elements are all important components in understanding the potential environmental impacts of the slag piles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.12.011","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N.M., and Seal, R.R., 2012, Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of historical iron slag, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 3, p. 623-643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.12.011.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"623","endPage":"643","ipdsId":"IP-030685","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.904541015625,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -75.025634765625,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -75.025634765625,\n 40.3\n ],\n [\n -75.904541015625,\n 40.3\n ],\n [\n -75.904541015625,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f05124e4b0220bbd9a1dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":193010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":193011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":250,"text":"Eastern Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193111,"text":"70193111 - 2012 - New Zealand’s deadliest quake sounds alarm for cities on fault lines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T11:38:54","indexId":"70193111","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5467,"text":"Natural Hazards Observer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New Zealand’s deadliest quake sounds alarm for cities on fault lines","docAbstract":"The catastrophic Christ Church Earthquake is a strong reminder to engineers and scientists of the hazards pose by fault lines, both mapped and unknown, near major cities. In February 2011, the relatively moderate earthquake that struck the cities of Christchurch and Lyttleton in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island surprised many with its destructive power. The magnitude 6.2 temblor killed 181 people, 118 of whom were killed in the collapse of a single building in the city center. The quake damaged or destroyed more than 100,000 buildings.
It was the deadliest quake to strike the nation in 80 years-since the 1931 earthquake that struck the Napier and Hastings area of the North Island. The Christchurch quake was part of the aftershock sequence following the September 2010 magnitude 7.1 earthquake near Darfield, 40 kilometers west of the city. The Darfield earthquake was in a sparsely populated area, causing to loss of life. By contrast, the Christchurch earthquake was generated on a fault in close proximity to the city.
Water temperature in riverine landscapes is an important regional indicator of water quality that is influenced by both ground- and surface-water inputs, and indirectly by land use in the surrounding watershed (Brown and Krygier, 1970; Beschta et al., 1987; Chen et al., 1998; Poole and Berman, 2001). Coldwater fishes such as salmon and trout are sensitive to elevated water temperature; therefore, water temperature must meet management guidelines and quality standards, which aim to create a healthy environment for endangered populations (McCullough et al., 2009). For example, in the USA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established water quality standards to identify specific temperature criteria to protect coldwater fishes (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). Trout and salmon can survive in cool-water refugia even when temperatures at other measurement locations are at or above the recommended maximums (Ebersole et al., 2001; Baird and Krueger, 2003; High et al., 2006). Spatially extensive measurements of water temperature are necessary to locate these refugia, to identify the location of ground- and surface-water inputs to the river channel, and to identify thermal pollution sources. Regional assessment of water temperature in streams and rivers has been limited by sparse sampling in both space and time. Water temperature has typically been measured using a network of widely distributed instream gages, which record the temporal change of the bulk, or kinetic, temperature of the water (Tk) at specific locations. For example, the State of Washington (USA) recorded water quality conditions at 76 stations within the Puget Lowlands eco region, which contains 12,721 km of streams and rivers (Washington Department of Ecology, 1998). Such gages are sparsely distributed, are typically located only in larger streams and rivers, and give limited information about the spatial distribution of water temperature (Cherkauer et al., 2005).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fluvial remote sensing for science and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9781119940791.ch5","usgsCitation":"Handcock, R., Torgersen, C.E., Cherkauer, K.A., Gillespie, A.R., Tockner, K., Faux, R., and Tan, J., 2012, Thermal infrared remote sensing of water temperature in riverine landscapes, chap. 5 of Fluvial remote sensing for science and management, p. 85-113, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119940791.ch5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"113","ipdsId":"IP-031079","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61053fe4b06e28e9c25528","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carbonneau, Patrice E.","contributorId":147604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carbonneau","given":"Patrice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":859740,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piégay, Hervé","contributorId":147605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piégay","given":"Hervé","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":859741,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Handcock, R. N","contributorId":120699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Handcock","given":"R. N","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torgersen, Christian E. 0000-0001-8325-2737 ctorgersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2737","contributorId":3578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"Christian","email":"ctorgersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cherkauer, K. A","contributorId":117853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cherkauer","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillespie, A. R","contributorId":118218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tockner, K","contributorId":119480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tockner","given":"K","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Faux, R. N.","contributorId":115182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faux","given":"R. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tan, Jing","contributorId":147609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tan","given":"Jing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70189078,"text":"70189078 - 2012 - Arsenic-induced biochemical and genotoxic effects and distribution in tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T17:49:12","indexId":"70189078","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2732,"text":"Microchemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic-induced biochemical and genotoxic effects and distribution in tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats","docAbstract":"Arsenic (As) is a well documented human carcinogen. However, its mechanisms of toxic action and carcinogenic potential in animals have not been conclusive. In this research, we investigated the biochemical and genotoxic effects of As and studied its distribution in selected tissues of Sprague–Dawley rats. Four groups of six male rats, each weighing approximately 60 ± 2 g, were injected intraperitoneally, once a day for 5 days with doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/kg BW of arsenic trioxide. A control group was also made of 6 animals injected with distilled water. Following anaesthetization, blood was collected and enzyme analysis was performed by spectrophotometry following standard protocols. At the end of experimentation, the animals were sacrificed, and the lung, liver, brain and kidney were collected 24 h after the fifth day treatment. Chromosome and micronuclei preparation was obtained from bone marrow cells. Arsenic exposure significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activities of plasma alanine aminotransferase–glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT/GPT), and aspartate aminotransferase–glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST/GOT), as well as the number of structural chromosomal aberrations (SCA) and frequency of micronuclei (MN) in the bone marrow cells. In contrast, the mitotic index in these cells was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that aminotransferases are candidate biomarkers for arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results also demonstrate that As has a strong genotoxic potential, as measured by the bone marrow SCA and MN tests in Sprague–Dawley rats. Total arsenic concentrations in tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A dynamic reaction cell (DRC) with hydrogen gas was used to eliminate the ArCl interference at mass 75, in the measurement of total As. Total As doses in tissues tended to correlate with specific exposure levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2012.08.013","usgsCitation":"Patlolla, A.K., Todorov, T.I., Tchounwou, P.B., van der Voet, G., and Centeno, J.A., 2012, Arsenic-induced biochemical and genotoxic effects and distribution in tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats: Microchemical Journal, v. 105, p. 101-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2012.08.013.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"107","ipdsId":"IP-038074","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3500913","text":"External Repository"},{"id":343198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595611c5e4b0d1f9f05067d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patlolla, Anita K.","contributorId":194031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patlolla","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todorov, Todor I. ttodorov@usgs.gov","contributorId":1605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todorov","given":"Todor","email":"ttodorov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":702787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tchounwou, Paul B.","contributorId":194032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tchounwou","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"van der Voet, Gijsbert","contributorId":194033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van der Voet","given":"Gijsbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Centeno, Jose A.","contributorId":107724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Centeno","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189076,"text":"70189076 - 2012 - Pyrite–sulfosalt reactions and semimetal fractionation in the Chinkuashih, Taiwan, copper–gold deposit: A 1 Ma paleo-fumarole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-21T07:34:49","indexId":"70189076","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrite–sulfosalt reactions and semimetal fractionation in the Chinkuashih, Taiwan, copper–gold deposit: A 1 Ma paleo-fumarole","docAbstract":"The mineralized fracture system that underlay paleo-fumarole field at Chinkuashih, Taiwan has been exposed by copper–gold mining to depths of about 550 m below the paleo-surface. Its mineralogy and systematic variations in metal and semimetal (Fe, Cu, As, Sb, Bi, Hg, Cd, Sn, Zn, Pb, Se, Te, Au, Ag) concentrations provide insights into the chemical responses of a magmatic-vapor phase as it expands through fracture arrays to the surface and discharges as fumaroles associated with more extensive solfatara. At Chinkuashih, following initial sealing of the fractures by silica-alunite alteration, brittle failure reestablished discharge from an underlying reservoir of magmatic vapor. Crystalline pyrite was deposited first in the fractures and was succeeded and replaced by ‘enargite’ (Cu3(As,Sb)S4) as sulfosalt encrustations (‘sublimate’) on fracture surfaces and in extensional cracks. Subsequent recrystallization resulted in complex exsolution intergrowths with antimony fractionation to the evolving crystal–vapor interface. Heavy metal fractionation between sulfosalt and vapor enriched the vapor phase in heavy metals that subsequently precipitated as complex Bi–Hg–Sn sulfosalts in discrete areas (paleo-fumaroles) close to the paleo-surface in a manner analogous to modern-day fumaroles on active volcanoes such as Vulcano, Italy. As in similar paleo-fumaroles (e.g., El Indio, Chile and Lepanto, Philippines), the most characteristic reaction sequence is the partial replacement of the early pyrite by enargite and Fe-tennantite. It is proposed that this reaction tracks the decrease in the pressure of the underlying magmatic-vapor reservoir because of the sustained discharge of vapor to the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2012.00367.x","usgsCitation":"Henley, R., and Berger, B.R., 2012, Pyrite–sulfosalt reactions and semimetal fractionation in the Chinkuashih, Taiwan, copper–gold deposit: A 1 Ma paleo-fumarole: Geofluids, v. 12, no. 3, p. 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2012.00367.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"260","ipdsId":"IP-037251","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Taiwan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 120.904541015625,\n 21.87169463514272\n ],\n [\n 121.058349609375,\n 22.63429269379353\n ],\n [\n 121.26708984374999,\n 22.755920681486405\n ],\n [\n 121.56372070312499,\n 23.41284706430993\n ],\n [\n 121.871337890625,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n 122.00317382812499,\n 24.70691524106633\n ],\n [\n 121.915283203125,\n 24.806681353851964\n ],\n [\n 122.23388671874999,\n 25.145284610685064\n ],\n [\n 121.805419921875,\n 25.284437746983055\n ],\n [\n 121.57470703125,\n 25.37380917154398\n ],\n [\n 121.36596679687499,\n 25.37380917154398\n ],\n [\n 121.13525390625,\n 25.284437746983055\n ],\n [\n 120.673828125,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n 120.30029296875,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n 120.02563476562501,\n 23.52370005882413\n ],\n [\n 119.84985351562499,\n 22.806567100271522\n ],\n [\n 120.201416015625,\n 22.553147478403194\n ],\n [\n 120.41015624999999,\n 22.339914425562032\n ],\n [\n 120.55297851562499,\n 22.055096050575845\n ],\n [\n 120.728759765625,\n 21.841104749065032\n ],\n [\n 120.904541015625,\n 21.87169463514272\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595611c6e4b0d1f9f05067da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henley, R.W.","contributorId":52810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henley","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189081,"text":"70189081 - 2012 - Environmental and medical geochemistry in urban disaster response and preparedness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T17:19:25","indexId":"70189081","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1490,"text":"Elements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental and medical geochemistry in urban disaster response and preparedness","docAbstract":"History abounds with accounts of cities that were destroyed or significantly damaged by natural or anthropogenic disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, wildland–urban wildfires, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, urban firestorms, terrorist attacks, and armed conflicts. Burgeoning megacities place ever more people in the way of harm from future disasters. In addition to the physical damage, casualties, and injuries they cause, sudden urban disasters can also release into the environment large volumes of potentially hazardous materials. Environmental and medical geochemistry investigations help us to (1) understand the sources and environmental behavior of disaster materials, (2) assess potential threats the materials pose to the urban environment and health of urban populations, (3) develop strategies for their cleanup/disposal, and (4) anticipate and mitigate potential environmental and health effects from future urban disasters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2113/gselements.8.6.451","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Morman, S.A., and Cook, A., 2012, Environmental and medical geochemistry in urban disaster response and preparedness: Elements, v. 8, no. 6, p. 451-457, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.6.451.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"457","ipdsId":"IP-038682","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595611c4e4b0d1f9f05067d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morman, Suzette A. 0000-0002-2532-1033 smorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-1033","contributorId":996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morman","given":"Suzette","email":"smorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cook, A.","contributorId":88174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032566,"text":"70032566 - 2012 - Application of the control volume mixed finite element method to a triangular discretization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-17T12:51:56.155203","indexId":"70032566","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the control volume mixed finite element method to a triangular discretization","docAbstract":"A two‐dimensional control volume mixed finite element method is applied to the elliptic equation. Discretization of the computational domain is based in triangular elements. Shape functions and test functions are formulated on the basis of an equilateral reference triangle with unit edges. A pressure support based on the linear interpolation of elemental edge pressures is used in this formulation. Comparisons are made between results from the standard mixed finite element method and this control volume mixed finite element method. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
An accurate digital elevation model (DEM) is a critical data set for characterizing the natural landscape, monitoring natural hazards, and georeferencing satellite imagery. The ideal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) configuration for DEM production is a single-pass two-antenna system. Repeat-pass single-antenna satellite InSAR imagery, however, also can be used to produce useful DEMs. DEM generation from InSAR is advantageous in remote areas where the photogrammetric approach to DEM generation is hindered by inclement weather conditions. There are many sources of errors in DEM generation from repeat-pass InSAR imagery, for example, inaccurate determination of the InSAR baseline, atmospheric delay anomalies, and possible surface deformation because of tectonic, volcanic, or other sources during the time interval spanned by the images. This chapter presents practical solutions to identify and remove various artifacts in repeat-pass satellite InSAR images to generate a high-quality DEM.
","largerWorkTitle":"Advances in mapping from remote sensor imagery","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1201/b13770-6","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Dzurisin, D., Jung, H., Zhang, L., Lee, W., and Lee, C., 2012, Digital elevation model generation from satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar: Chapter 5, chap. of Advances in mapping from remote sensor imagery, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1201/b13770-6.","productDescription":"26 p.","ipdsId":"IP-037018","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61053ee4b06e28e9c2551a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":719397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jung, Hyung-Sup","contributorId":58382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Hyung-Sup","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Zhang, Lei","contributorId":199545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Lei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Lee, Wonjin","contributorId":199546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Wonjin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Lee, Chang-Wook","contributorId":15748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Chang-Wook","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70193568,"text":"70193568 - 2012 - A Bayesian method to rank different model forecasts of the same volcanic ash cloud: Chapter 24","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T14:40:47","indexId":"70193568","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"A Bayesian method to rank different model forecasts of the same volcanic ash cloud: Chapter 24","docAbstract":"Volcanic eruptions often spew fine ash high into the atmosphere, where it is carried downwind, forming long ash clouds that disrupt air traffic and pose a hazard to air travel. To mitigate such hazards, the community studying ash hazards must assess risk of ash ingestion for any flight path and provide robust and accurate forecasts of volcanic ash dispersal. We provide a quantitative and objective method to evaluate the efficacy of ash dispersal estimates from different models, using Bayes theorem to assess the predictions that each model makes about ash dispersal. We incorporate model and measurement uncertainty and produce a posterior probability for model input parameters. The integral of the posterior over all possible combinations of model inputs determines the evidence for each model and is used to compare models. We compare two different types of transport models, an Eulerian model (Ash3d) and a Langrangian model (PUFF), as applied to the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland. The evidence for each model benefits from common physical characteristics of ash dispersal from an eruption column and provides a measure of how well each model forecasts cloud transport. Given the complexity of the wind fields, we find that the differences between these models depend upon the differences in the way the models disperse ash into the wind from the source plume. With continued observation, the accuracy of the estimates made by each model increases, increasing the efficacy of each model’s ability to simulate ash dispersal.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012GM001249","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., Webley, P., Mastin, L.G., and Schwaiger, H.F., 2012, A Bayesian method to rank different model forecasts of the same volcanic ash cloud: Chapter 24, chap. of Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere: Geophysical Monograph, p. 299-310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GM001249.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"310","ipdsId":"IP-036808","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61053ee4b06e28e9c2551c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webley, P.","contributorId":96915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webley","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13097,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwaiger, Hans F. 0000-0001-7397-8833 hschwaiger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-8833","contributorId":4108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwaiger","given":"Hans","email":"hschwaiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70049351,"text":"70049351 - 2012 - Stochastic analyses to identify wellfield withdrawal effects on surface-water and groundwater in Miami-Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-05T15:21:15","indexId":"70049351","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-30T15:14:54","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic analyses to identify wellfield withdrawal effects on surface-water and groundwater in Miami-Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"Several stochastic analyses were conducted in Miami-Dade County, Florida, to evaluate the effects of\nwellfield withdrawal on aquifer water levels, canal stage, and canal flow. Multiyear data for withdrawals\nat four water-supply wellfields, water levels at the S-121 canal control structure and groundwater head at\na nearby monitoring well were used to determine the interrelation between wellfield withdrawals and\nwater levels in the canal and aquifer. A spectral analysis was performed first on the wellfield withdrawals,\nshowing similar patterns of fluctuations, but no well-defined seasonality. In order to compare\nwater-level response with withdrawals at each wellfield, the intercorrelation effects between wellfields\nwas removed through a ‘causal chain’ approach where the inter-wellfield correlation is used to isolate\nthe wellfield/water-level correlation.\nMost computed correlations have magnitudes less than 5 percent, but with statistical significance\nabove 90 percent. Results indicate that withdrawals from the wellfields most distant from the canal had\nno significant correlation to the canal levels. However the highest correlation was not at the wellfield\nclosest to the canal, but at the two wellfields at the intermediate distance that have higher withdrawal\nrates. The hydraulic interconnectivity of the canal with the rest of the canal network, covering the study\narea, allows the canal equalizes with all connected canals. This explains why proximity to a particular\ncanal location does not appear to be as important a factor as the withdrawal rate. Groundwater levels are\nmore highly correlated to a wellfield on the same side of the canal, and to pumping wells in the same\nwellfield on the same side of the canal. This indicates that canals are an effective barrier and source/sink\nfor the groundwater. Further nonlinear correlation analysis indicates that high withdrawal rates disproportionally\naffect water levels and are the predominant effect on the canal.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.033","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., 2012, Stochastic analyses to identify wellfield withdrawal effects on surface-water and groundwater in Miami-Dade County, Florida: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 113, p. 15-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.033.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"21","ipdsId":"IP-021978","costCenters":[{"id":286,"text":"Florida Water Science Center-Ft. Lauderdale","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282056,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.033"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-dade County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.8736,25.1374 ], [ -80.8736,25.9794 ], [ -80.1179,25.9794 ], [ -80.1179,25.1374 ], [ -80.8736,25.1374 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"113","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7428e4b0b29085109606","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":23347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040498,"text":"70040498 - 2012 - Summary of the geology of the northern part of the Sierra Cuchillo, Socorro and Sierra Counties, southwestern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T14:22:19","indexId":"70040498","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-30T15:08:19","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Summary of the geology of the northern part of the Sierra Cuchillo, Socorro and Sierra Counties, southwestern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The northern part of the Sierra Cuchillo is located within the northeastern part of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field west of the Rio Grande rift in the Basin and Range Province, approximately 50 km northwest of Truth or Consequences in south-central New Mexico. The Sierra Cuchillo is a north-south, elongated horst block composed of Tertiary volcanic and intrusive rocks, sparse outcrops of Lower Permian and Upper Cretaceous rocks, and sediments of the Tertiary-Quaternary Santa Fe Group. The horst is composed mainly of a basal volcanic rock sequence of andesite-latite lava flows and mud-flow breccias with a 40Ar/39Ar isotopic age of about 38 Ma. The sequence is locally intruded by numerous dikes and plugs that range in composition from basaltic andesite through rhyolite and granite. The andesite-latite sequence is overlain by ash-flow tuffs and a complex of rhyolitic lava flows and domes. Some of these units are locally derived and some are outflow sheets derived from calderas in the San Mateo Mountains, northeast of the study area. These locally derived units and outflow sheets range in age from 28 to 24 Ma.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Mexico Geological Society Fall Field Conference Guidebook - 63 Geology of the Warm Springs Region","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"The New Mexico Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Maldonado, F., 2012, Summary of the geology of the northern part of the Sierra Cuchillo, Socorro and Sierra Counties, southwestern New Mexico, in New Mexico Geological Society Fall Field Conference Guidebook - 63 Geology of the Warm Springs Region, p. 211-218.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"218","ipdsId":"IP-033189","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282129,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Sierra County, Socorro County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.7154541015625,\n 33.13065128220441\n ],\n [\n -106.37237548828125,\n 33.13065128220441\n ],\n [\n -106.37237548828125,\n 34.10725639663118\n ],\n [\n -107.7154541015625,\n 34.10725639663118\n ],\n [\n -107.7154541015625,\n 33.13065128220441\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd754be4b0b2908510a27a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lucas, Spencer G.","contributorId":113464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucas","given":"Spencer","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509069,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLemore, Virginia T.","contributorId":113338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLemore","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509068,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lueth, Virgil W.","contributorId":113648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lueth","given":"Virgil","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509070,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spielmann, Justin A.","contributorId":112397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spielmann","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509066,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krainer, Karl","contributorId":112967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krainer","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509067,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Maldonado, Florian fmaldona@usgs.gov","contributorId":805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"Florian","email":"fmaldona@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042217,"text":"sir20125262 - 2012 - Assessing potential effects of changes in water use with a numerical groundwater-flow model of Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T13:48:13","indexId":"sir20125262","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5262","title":"Assessing potential effects of changes in water use with a numerical groundwater-flow model of Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","docAbstract":"Rapid growth and development within Carson Valley in Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California, has caused concern over the continued availability of groundwater, and whether the increased municipal demand could either impact the availability of water or result in decreased flow in the Carson River. Annual pumpage of groundwater has increased from less than 10,000 acre feet per year (acre-ft/yr) in the 1970s to about 31,000 acre-ft/yr in 2004, with most of the water used in agriculture. Municipal use of groundwater totaled about 10,000 acre-feet in 2000. In comparison, average streamflow entering the valley from 1940 to 2006 was 344,100 acre-ft/yr, while average flow exiting the valley was 297,400 acre-ft/yr. Carson Valley is underlain by semi-consolidated Tertiary sediments that are exposed on the eastern side and dip westward. Quaternary fluvial and alluvial deposits overlie the Tertiary sediments in the center and western side of the valley. The hydrology of Carson Valley is dominated by the Carson River, which supplies irrigation water for about 39,000 acres of farmland and maintains the water table less than 5 feet (ft) beneath much of the valley floor. Perennial and ephemeral watersheds drain the Carson Range and the Pine Nut Mountains, and mountain-front recharge to the groundwater system from these watersheds is estimated to average 36,000 acre-ft/yr. Groundwater in Carson Valley flows toward the Carson River and north toward the outlet of the Carson Valley. An upward hydraulic gradient exists over much of the valley, and artesian wells flow at land surface in some areas. Water levels declined as much as 15 ft since 1980 in some areas on the eastern side of the valley. Median estimated transmissivities of Quaternary alluvial-fan and fluvial sediments, and Tertiary sediments are 316; 3,120; and 110 feet squared per day (ft2/d), respectively, with larger transmissivity values in the central part of the valley and smaller values near the valley margins. A groundwater-flow model of Quaternary and Tertiary sediments in Carson Valley was developed using MODFLOW and calibrated to simulate historical conditions from water years 1971 through 2005. The 35-year transient simulation represented quarterly changes in precipitation, streamflow, pumping and irrigation. Inflows to the groundwater system simulated in the model include mountain-front recharge from watersheds in the Carson Range and Pine Nut Mountains, valley recharge from precipitation and land application of wastewater, agricultural recharge from irrigation, and septic-tank discharge. Outflows from the groundwater system simulated in the model include evapotranspiration from the water table and groundwater withdrawals for municipal, domestic, irrigation and other water supplies. The exchange of water between groundwater, the Carson River, and the irrigation system was represented with a version of the Streamflow Routing (SFR) package that was modified to apply diversions from the irrigation network to irrigated areas as recharge. The groundwater-flow model was calibrated through nonlinear regression with UCODE to measured water levels and streamflow to estimate values of hydraulic conductivity, recharge and streambed hydraulic-conductivity that were represented by 18 optimized parameters. The aquifer system was simulated as confined to facilitate numerical convergence, and the hydraulic conductivity of the top active model layers that intersect the water table was multiplied by a factor to account for partial saturation. Storage values representative of specific yield were specified in parts of model layers where unconfined conditions are assumed to occur. The median transmissivity (T) values (11,000 and 800 ft2/d for the fluvial and alluvial-fan sediments, respectively) are both within the third quartile of T values estimated from specific-capacity data, but T values for Tertiary sediments are larger than the third quartile estimated from specific-capacity data. The estimated vertical anisotropy for the Quaternary fluvial sediments (9,000) is comparable to the value estimated for a previous model of Carson Valley. The estimated total volume of mountain-front recharge is equivalent to a previous estimate from the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) watershed models, but less recharge is estimated for the Carson Range and more recharge is estimated for the Pine Nut Mountains than the previous estimate. Simulated flow paths indicate that groundwater flows faster through the center of Carson Valley and slower through the lower hydraulic-conductivity Tertiary sediments to the east. Shallow flow in the center of the valley is towards drainage channels, but deeper flow is generally directed toward the basin outlet to the north. The aquifer system is in a dynamic equilibrium with large inflows from storage in dry years and large outflows to storage in wet years. Pumping has historically been less than 10 percent of outflows from the groundwater system, and agricultural recharge has been less than 10 percent of inflows to the groundwater system. Three principal sources of uncertainty that affect model results are: (1) the hydraulic characteristics of the Tertiary sediments on the eastern side of the basin, (2) the composition of sediments beneath the alluvial fans and (3) the extent of the confining unit represented within fluvial sediments in the center of the basin. The groundwater-flow model was used in five 55-year predictive simulations to evaluate the long-term effects of different water-use scenarios on water-budget components, groundwater levels, and streamflow in the Carson River. The predictive simulations represented water years 2006 through 2060 using quarterly stress periods with boundary conditions that varied cyclically to represent the transition from wet to dry conditions observed from water years 1995 through 2004. The five scenarios included a base scenario with 2005 pumping rates held constant throughout the simulation period and four other scenarios using: (1) pumping rates increased by 70 percent, including an additional 1,340 domestic wells, (2A) pumping rates more than doubled with municipal pumping increased by a factor of four over the base scenario, (2B) pumping rates of 2A with 2,040 fewer domestic wells, and (3) pumping rates of 2A with 3,700 acres removed from irrigation. The 55-year predictive simulations indicate that increasing groundwater withdrawals under the scenarios considered would result in as much as 40 ft and 60 ft of water-table decline on the west and east sides of Carson Valley, respectively. The water table in the central part of the valley would remain essentially unchanged, but water-level declines of as much as 30 ft are predicted for the deeper, confined aquifer. The increased withdrawals would reduce the volume of groundwater storage and decrease the mean downstream flow in the Carson River by as much as 16,500 acre-ft/yr. If, in addition, 3,700 acres were removed from irrigation, the reduction in mean downstream flow in the Carson River would be only 6,500 acre-ft/yr. The actual amount of flow reduction is uncertain because of potential changes in irrigation practices that may not be accounted for in the model. The projections of the predictive simulations are sensitive to rates of mountain-front recharge specified for the Carson Range and the Pine Nut Mountains. The model provides a tool that can be used to aid water managers and planners in making informed decisions. A prudent management approach would include continued monitoring of water levels on both the east and west sides of Carson Valley to either verify the predictions of the groundwater-flow model or to provide additional data for recalibration of the model if the predictions prove inaccurate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125262","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Carson Water Subconservancy District","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., Maurer, D.K., and Mayers, C., 2012, Assessing potential effects of changes in water use with a numerical groundwater-flow model of Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5262, x, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125262.","productDescription":"x, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"98","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5262.jpg"},{"id":264888,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5262/"},{"id":264889,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5262/pdf/sir2012-5262.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","county":"Alpine;Churchill;Douglas;Storey;Washoe","otherGeospatial":"Carson River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,38.25 ], [ -120.0,40.5 ], [ -118.0,40.5 ], [ -118.0,38.25 ], [ -120.0,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cfe1e4b0a4aa5bb0ae7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":471009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayers, C.J.","contributorId":17410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042083,"text":"70042083 - 2012 - Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper calibration update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T14:55:31.904134","indexId":"70042083","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper calibration update","docAbstract":"The Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) collected imagery of the Earth's surface from 1982 to 1993. Although largely overshadowed by Landsat 5 which was launched in 1984, Landsat 4 TM imagery extends the TM-based record of the Earth back to 1982 and also substantially supplements the image archive collected by Landsat 5. To provide a consistent calibration record for the TM instruments, Landsat 4 TM was cross-calibrated to Landsat 5 using nearly simultaneous overpass imagery of pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) in the time period of 1988-1990. To determine if the radiometric gain of Landsat 4 had changed over its lifetime, time series from two PICS locations (a Saharan site known as Libya 4 and a site in southwest North America, commonly referred to as the Sonoran Desert site) were developed. The results indicated that Landsat 4 had been very stable over its lifetime, with no discernible degradation in sensor performance in all reflective bands except band 1. In contrast, band 1 exhibited a 12% decay in responsivity over the lifetime of the instrument. Results from this paper have been implemented at USGS EROS, which enables users of Landsat TM data sets to obtain consistently calibrated data from Landsat 4 and 5 TM as well as Landsat 7 ETM+ instruments.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2011.2171350","usgsCitation":"Helder, D.L., Malla, R., Mettler, C.J., Markham, B.L., and Micijevic, E., 2012, Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper calibration update: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 50, no. 6, p. 2400-2408, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2171350.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2400","endPage":"2408","temporalStart":"1982-01-01","temporalEnd":"1993-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-030741","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df6c31e4b0dfbe79e6c3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, Dennis L.","contributorId":105613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malla, Rimy","contributorId":34008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malla","given":"Rimy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mettler, Cory J.","contributorId":45980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mettler","given":"Cory","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markham, Brian L.","contributorId":90482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markham","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12721,"text":"NASA GSFC SSAI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":470748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Micijevic, Esad 0000-0002-3828-9239 emicijevic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":3075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"Esad","email":"emicijevic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042218,"text":"ofr20121260 - 2012 - Stratigraphic cross section of measured sections and drill holes of the Neslen Formation and adjacent formations, Book Cliffs Area, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T14:55:55","indexId":"ofr20121260","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1260","title":"Stratigraphic cross section of measured sections and drill holes of the Neslen Formation and adjacent formations, Book Cliffs Area, Colorado and Utah","docAbstract":"This study updates a stratigraphic cross section published as plate 2 in Kirschbaum and Hettinger (2004) Digital Data Series 69-G (http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-g/). The datum is a marine/tidal ravinement surface within the Cozzette Sandstone Member of the Iles Formation and the Thompson Canyon Sandstone and Sulphur Canyon Sandstone Beds of the Neslen Formation. One of the cores shown was included on the original cross section, and new core descriptions have been added to the upper part of the cored interval. A new core description (S178) is included in this report. Cores are stored in the U.S. Geological Survey Core Research Facility at the Denver Federal Center, Colorado. The following information has also been added to help define the stratigraphic framework: 1) At least five claystones interpreted as altered volcanic ashes have been identified and may give future workers a correlation tool within the largely continental section. 2) Thickness and general geometry of the Sego Sandstone, Buck Tongue of the Mancos Shale, and Castlegate Sandstone have been added to provide additional stratigraphic context. 3) The geometry in the Sego Sandstone, Buck Tongue of the Mancos Shale, and Castlegate Sandstone has been added to provide additional stratigraphic context. 4) Ammonite collections are from Gill and Hail. The zone of Didymoceras nebrascense projected into the East Salt Wash area is based on correlation of the flooding surface at the base of the Cozzette Member to this point as shown in Kirschbaum and Hettinger. 5) A leaf locality of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science is shown in its approximate stratigraphic position near Thompson Canyon. 6) A dinosaur locality of the Natural History Museum of Utah is shown in the Horse Canyon area measured section at the stratigraphic position where it was extracted.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121260","usgsCitation":"Kirschbaum, M.A., and Spear, B.D., 2012, Stratigraphic cross section of measured sections and drill holes of the Neslen Formation and adjacent formations, Book Cliffs Area, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1260, 1 Sheet: 84.00 x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121260.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 84.00 x 36.00 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264897,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1260.jpg"},{"id":264895,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1260/"},{"id":264896,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1260/OF2012-1260.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah, Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Books Cliffs","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.05,36.99 ], [ -114.05,42.0 ], [ -102.04,42.0 ], [ -102.04,36.99 ], [ -114.05,36.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4d714e4b0e8fec6ce368c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirschbaum, Mark A.","contributorId":25112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spear, Brianne D.","contributorId":15657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"Brianne","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042219,"text":"sir20125283 - 2012 - Floods of June 2012 in northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T14:06:05","indexId":"sir20125283","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5283","title":"Floods of June 2012 in northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"During June 19–20, 2012, heavy rainfall, as much as 10 inches locally reported, caused severe flooding across northeastern Minnesota. The floods were exacerbated by wet antecedent conditions from a relatively rainy spring, with May 2012 as one of the wettest Mays on record in Duluth. The June 19–20, 2012, rainfall event set new records in Duluth, including greatest 2-day precipitation with 7.25 inches of rain. The heavy rains fell on three major watersheds: the Mississippi Headwaters; the St. Croix, which drains to the Mississippi River; and Western Lake Superior, which includes the St. Louis River and other tributaries to Lake Superior. Widespread flash and river flooding that resulted from the heavy rainfall caused evacuations of residents, and damages to residences, businesses, and infrastructure. In all, nine counties in northeastern Minnesota were declared Federal disaster areas as a result of the flooding. Peak-of-record streamflows were recorded at 13 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages as a result of the heavy rainfall. Flood-peak gage heights, peak streamflows, and annual exceedance probabilities were tabulated for 35 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages. Flood-peak streamflows in June 2012 had annual exceedance probabilities estimated to be less than 0.002 (0.2 percent; recurrence interval greater than 500 years) for five streamgages, and between 0.002 and 0.01 (1 percent; recurrence interval greater than 100 years) for four streamgages. High-water marks were identified and tabulated for the most severely affected communities of Barnum (Moose Horn River), Carlton (Otter Creek), Duluth Heights neighborhood of Duluth (Miller Creek), Fond du Lac neighborhood of Duluth (St. Louis River), Moose Lake (Moose Horn River and Moosehead Lake), and Thomson (Thomson Reservoir outflow near the St. Louis River). Flood-peak inundation maps and water-surface profiles were produced for these six severely affected communities. The inundation maps were constructed in a geographic information system by combining high-water-mark data with high-resolution digital elevation model data. The flood maps and profiles show the extent and depth of flooding through the communities and can be used for flood response and recovery efforts by local, county, State, and Federal agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125283","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Downloads Directory contains the 6 figures from Appendix 2. For more information, see the \"View companion files\" link above.","usgsCitation":"Czuba, C.R., Fallon, J.D., and Kessler, E.W., 2012, Floods of June 2012 in northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5283, Report: vi, 42 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125283.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-06-19","temporalEnd":"2012-06-20","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5283.gif"},{"id":264893,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5283/downloads/"},{"id":264891,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5283/"},{"id":264892,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5283/sir2012-5283.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Aitkin;Carlton;Cass;Cook;Crow Wing;Itasca;Lake;Pine;St. Louis","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.0,45.5 ], [ -95.0,48.75 ], [ -89.0,48.75 ], [ -89.0,45.5 ], [ -95.0,45.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cffde4b0a4aa5bb0aef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, James D. jfallon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"James","email":"jfallon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":471014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kessler, Erich W. 0000-0002-0869-4743 ekessler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0869-4743","contributorId":2871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"Erich","email":"ekessler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042197,"text":"70042197 - 2012 - Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T13:44:37","indexId":"70042197","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition","docAbstract":"We examined seasonal dynamics of zooplankton at an offshore station in Lake Michigan from 1994 to 2003 and 2007 to 2008. This period saw variable weather, declines in planktivorous fish abundance, the introduction and expansion of dreissenid mussels, and a slow decline in total phosphorus concentrations. After the major expansion of mussels into deep water (2007–2008), chlorophyll in spring declined sharply, Secchi depth increased markedly in all seasons, and planktivorous fish biomass declined to record-low levels. Overlaying these dramatic ecosystem-level changes, the zooplankton community exhibited complex seasonal dynamics between 1994–2003 and 2007–2008. Phenology of the zooplankton maximum was affected by onset of thermal stratification, but there was no other discernable effect due to temperature. Interannual variability in zooplankton biomass during 1994 and 2003 was strongly driven by planktivorous fish abundance, particularly age-0 and age-1 alewives. In 2007–2008, there were large decreases in Diacyclops thomasi and Daphnia mendotae possibly caused by food limitation as well as increased predation and indirect negative effects from increases in Bythotrephes longimanus abundance and in foraging efficiency associated with increased light penetration. The Bythotrephes increase was likely driven in part by decreased predation from yearling and older alewife. While there was a major decrease in epilimnetic–metalimnetic herbivorous cladocerans in 2007–2008, there was an increase in large omnivorous and predacious calanoid copepods, especially those in the hypolimnion. Thus, changes to the zooplankton community are the result of cascading, synergistic interactions, including a shift from vertebrate to invertebrate planktivory and mussel ecosystem impacts on light climate and chlorophyll.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2012.02.005","usgsCitation":"Vanderploeg, H., Pothoven, S.A., Fahnenstiel, G.L., Cavaletto, J.F., Liebig, J.R., Stow, C.S., Nalepa, T., Madenjian, C.P., and Bunnell, D., 2012, Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 38, no. 2, p. 336-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.02.005.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"336","endPage":"352","ipdsId":"IP-035739","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264886,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.02.005"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.91,41.61 ], [ -87.91,46.05 ], [ -84.95,46.05 ], [ -84.95,41.61 ], [ -87.91,41.61 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4b94ce4b0e8fec6cdefb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vanderploeg, Henry A.","contributorId":85929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanderploeg","given":"Henry A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pothoven, Steven A.","contributorId":92998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pothoven","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fahnenstiel, Gary L.","contributorId":32491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahnenstiel","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cavaletto, Joann F.","contributorId":93356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cavaletto","given":"Joann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liebig, James R.","contributorId":25052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stow, Craig Stow","contributorId":65737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"Stow","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nalepa, Thomas F.","contributorId":28212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nalepa","given":"Thomas F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bunnell, David B.","contributorId":14360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}