{"pageNumber":"1582","pageRowStart":"39525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70010251,"text":"70010251 - 1976 - Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T16:57:01.920429","indexId":"70010251","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific","docAbstract":"<p><span>The asymmetrical Astoria Fan (110 × 180 km) developed off the Columbia River and Astoria submarine canyon during the Pleistocene. Morphology, stratigraphy, and lithology have been outlined for a Pleistocene turbidite, and a Holocene hemipelagic sedimentary regime to generate geologically significant criteria for comparison with ancient equivalent deposits. Both gray silty clay of the Late Pleistocene and olive-gray clay of the Early Holocene are interrupted by turbidites. The few deeply incised fan valleys of the more steeply sloping upper fan contain thick, muddy and very poorly sorted sand and gravel beds that usually have poorly developed internal sedimentary structures. The numerous shallower fan valleys and distributaries of the flatter middle and lower fan contain thick, clean, and moderately sorted medium to fine sands that are vertically graded in texture, composition and well-developed internal sedimentary structures. Tuffaceous turbidites (containing Mazama ash, 6600 B.P.) can be traced as thick deposits (ca. 30–40 cm) throughout the Astoria Channel system and as thin correlative interbeds (ca. 1–2 cm) in interchannel areas. Similarly, sand/shale ratios are high throughout the fan valleys and the middle and lower fan areas of distributaries, but are low in the upper-fan interchannel areas.</span></p><p><span>These depositional trends indicate that high-density turbidity currents carry coarse traction loads that remain confined in upper but not lower fan valleys. Fine debris selectively sorts out from channelized flows into overbank suspension flows that spread over the fan and deposit clayey silt. A high content of mica, plant fragments, and glass shards (if present) characterizes deposits of the overbank flows, a major process in the building of upper fan levees and interchannel areas.</span></p><p><span>In the Late Pleistocene, turbidity currents funneled most coarse-grained debris through upper channels to depositional sites in middle and lower fan distributaries that periodically shifted, anastomosed and braided to spread sand layers throughout the area. At this time, depositional rates were many times greater (&gt;50 cm/1000 years) than in the Holocene (8 cm/1000 years).</span></p><p><span>During the Holocene rise of sea level, the shoreline shifted, the Columbia River sediment was trapped, and turbidity-current activity slackened from one major event per 6 years in the Late Pleistocene, to one per 1000 years in the Early Holocene, to none since the Mt. Mazama eruption (ca. 6600 B.P.). Turbidites became muddier and deposited as thick beds within main channels, in part explaining Holocene deposition rates three times greater there (25 cm/1000 years) than in interchannel regions. Turbid-layer debris, funneled through channel systems and trapped from flows off the continental terrace, also contributed to rapid sedimentation in valleys; however, less than 2% of the suspended sediment load of the Columbia River has been trapped in fan valleys during the Holocene.</span></p><p><span>By the Late Holocene, continuous particle-by-particle deposition of hemipelagic clay with a biogenous coarse fraction was the predominant process on the fan. These hemipelagites contain progressively more clay size and less terrigenous debris offshore, and are finer grained, richer in planktonic tests and dominated by radiolarians compared to the foraminiferal-rich Pleistocene clays. The hemipelagic sedimentation of interglacial times, however, is insignificant compared to turbidite deposition of glacial times.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(76)90083-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H., 1976, Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific: Marine Geology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 129-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90083-9.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219673,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Pacific","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.28476837700856,\n              45.29496317589778\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.28476837700856,\n              40.88942015157903\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.89304377664403,\n              40.88942015157903\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.89304377664403,\n              45.29496317589778\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.28476837700856,\n              45.29496317589778\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4509e4b0c8380cd66fa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, H.","contributorId":16568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70009808,"text":"70009808 - 1976 - The dissolution of calcite in CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated solutions at 25°C and 1 atmosphere total pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:10:39","indexId":"70009808","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dissolution of calcite in CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated solutions at 25°C and 1 atmosphere total pressure","docAbstract":"<p><span>The dissolution of Iceland spar in CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>-saturated solutions at 25&deg;C and 1 atm total pressure has been followed by measurement of pH as a function of time. Surface concentrations of reactant and product species have been calculated from bulk fluid data using mass transport theory and a model that accounts for homogeneous reactions in the bulk fluid. The surface concentrations are found to be close to bulk solution values. This indicates that calcite dissolution under the experimental conditions is controlled by the kinetics of surface reaction. The rate of calcite dissolution follows an empirical second order relation with respect to calcium and hydrogen ion from near the initial condition (pH 3.91) to approximately pH 5.9. Beyond pH 5.9 the rate of surface reaction is greatly reduced and higher reaction orders are observed. Calculations show that the rate of calcite dissolution in natural environments may be influenced by both transport and surface-reaction processes. In the absence of inhibition, relatively short times should be sufficient to establish equilibrium.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90176-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., and Wigley, T., 1976, The dissolution of calcite in CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated solutions at 25°C and 1 atmosphere total pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 2, p. 191-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90176-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"202","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baac7e4b08c986b3229e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":357196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wigley, T.M.L.","contributorId":56788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigley","given":"T.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011177,"text":"70011177 - 1976 - Tectonic implications of space-time patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-11T12:33:28.427668","indexId":"70011177","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic implications of space-time patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the western United States","docAbstract":"<p>Locations of 2,100 radiometrically dated igneous rocks were plotted on a series of 20 maps, each representing an interval within the period 80 m.y. B.P. to present. Derivative maps showing the distributions in space and time of dated granitic intrusive rocks, silicic lavas and domes, ash-flow tuffs, andesitic-dacitic rocks, and basalts depict well the two main petrogenetic assemblages noted previously by others: (1) mainly intermediate andesitic-dacitic suites, including associated granitic intrusive rocks, silicic extrusive rocks, and minor basaltic lavas, are interpreted as reflecting plate interactions related to subduction along the continental margin; and (2) bimodal suites, dominantly basaltic but with minor silicic extrusive rocks, are interpreted as reflecting extensional tectonics.</p><p>Space-time distribution of the two assemblages suggests that magmatic arcs extended continously parallel to the continental margin from Canada to Mexico in latest Mesozoic and in Oligocene times. An early Cenozoic null in magmatism in the Great Basin may delineate the region where subduction was arrested temporarily by development of the proto-San Andreas fault as a transform in coastal California or, alternatively, may reflect complex subsurface configurations of subducted plates. The late Cenozoic transition from subduction-related magmatism to extention-related basaltic volcanism in the southern Cordillera occurred at different times in different areas in harmony with current concepts about the migration of the Mendocino triple junction as the modern San Andreas transform fault was formed. The plots also reveal the existence of several discrete magmatic loci where igneous activity of various kinds was characteristically more intense and long-lived than elsewhere.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(76)90189-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Snyder, W., Dickinson, W., and Silberman, M., 1976, Tectonic implications of space-time patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the western United States: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 32, no. 1, p. 91-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(76)90189-8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -126.474609375,\n              28.69058765425071\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.216796875,\n              28.69058765425071\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.216796875,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.474609375,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.474609375,\n              28.69058765425071\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba468e4b08c986b3202ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, W.S.","contributorId":107428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickinson, W.R.","contributorId":64801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011167,"text":"70011167 - 1976 - Intrinsic germanium detector used in borehole sonde for uranium exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T07:19:24","indexId":"70011167","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2906,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intrinsic germanium detector used in borehole sonde for uranium exploration","docAbstract":"A borehole sonde (~1.7 m long; 7.3 cm diameter) using a 200 mm<sup>2</sup> planar intrinsic germanium detector, mounted in a cryostat cooled by removable canisters of frozen propane, has been constructed and tested. The sonde is especially useful in measuring X- and low-energy gamma-ray spectra (40–400 keV). Laboratory tests in an artificial borehole facility indicate its potential for in-situ uranium analyses in boreholes irrespective of the state of equilibrium in the uranium series. Both natural gamma-ray and neutron-activation gamma-ray spectra have been measured with the sonde. Although the neutron-activation technique yields greater sensitivity, improvements being made in the resolution and efficiency of intrinsic germanium detectors suggest that it will soon be possible to use a similar sonde in the passive mode for measurement of uranium in a borehole down to about 0.1% with acceptable accuracy. Using a similar detector and neutron activation, the sonde can be used to measure uranium down to 0.01%.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0029-554X(76)90047-1","issn":"0029554X","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Moxham, R., Tanner, A., Boynton, G.R., Philbin, P.W., and Baicker, J., 1976, Intrinsic germanium detector used in borehole sonde for uranium exploration: Nuclear Instruments and Methods, v. 138, no. 2, p. 371-380, https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(76)90047-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265735,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(76)90047-1"},{"id":221093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dcfe4b0c8380cd6387a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moxham, R.M.","contributorId":42234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boynton, G. R.","contributorId":82276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boynton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Philbin, P. W.","contributorId":25915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philbin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baicker, J.A.","contributorId":8870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baicker","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70011165,"text":"70011165 - 1976 - Automation in photogrammetry: Recent developments and applications (1972-1976)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:51:32","indexId":"70011165","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automation in photogrammetry: Recent developments and applications (1972-1976)","docAbstract":"An overview of recent developments in the automation of photogrammetry in various countries is presented. Conclusions regarding automated photogrammetry reached at the 1972 Congress in Ottawa are reviewed first as a background for examining the developments of 1972-1976. Applications are described for each country reporting significant developments. Among fifteen conclusions listed are statements concerning: the widespread practice of equipping existing stereoplotters with simple digitizers; the growing tendency to use minicomputers on-line with stereoplotters; the optimization of production of digital terrain models by progressive sampling in stereomodels; the potential of digitization of a photogrammetric model by density correlation on epipolar lines; the capabilities and economic aspects of advanced systems which permit simultaneous production of orthophotos, contours, and digital terrain models; the economy of off-line orthophoto systems; applications of digital image processing; automation by optical techniques; applications of sensors other than photographic imagery, and the role of photogrammetric phases in a completely automated cartographic system. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(76)90008-9","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Thompson, M., and Mikhail, E., 1976, Automation in photogrammetry: Recent developments and applications (1972-1976): Photogrammetria, v. 32, no. 4, p. 111-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(76)90008-9.","startPage":"111","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269815,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(76)90008-9"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eefbe4b0c8380cd4a0a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, M.M.","contributorId":78876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mikhail, E.M.","contributorId":74515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikhail","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011147,"text":"70011147 - 1976 - Constant potential pulse polarography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-17T16:16:25.813179","indexId":"70011147","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constant potential pulse polarography","docAbstract":"The new technique of constant potential pulse polarography, In which all pulses are to be the same potential, is presented theoretically and evaluated experimentally. The response obtained is in the form of a faradaic current wave superimposed on a constant capacitative component. Results obtained with a computer-controlled system exhibit a capillary response current similar to that observed In normal pulse polarography. Calibration curves for Pb obtained using a modified commercial pulse polarographic instrument are in good accord with theoretical predictions.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60367a050","usgsCitation":"Christie, J.H., Jackson, L.L., and Osteryoung, R.A., 1976, Constant potential pulse polarography: Analytical Chemistry, v. 48, no. 3, p. 561-564, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60367a050.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa02e4b0c8380cd4d893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christie, J. H.","contributorId":74402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Larry L.","contributorId":18790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osteryoung, R. A.","contributorId":12185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osteryoung","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011105,"text":"70011105 - 1976 - U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T16:49:49.387217","indexId":"70011105","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil","docAbstract":"<p>U-Th-Pb systematics study of Allende inclusions showed that U, Th and Sr concentrations in Ca, Al (pyroxene)-rich chondrules and white and pinkish-white aggregate separates of Allende are five to ten times higher than those of the matrix, whereas Mg (olivine)-rich chondrules have U and Th concentrations about twice as high as the matrix. Th concentrations are extremely high in white aggregates and in pinkish-white (spinel-rich) aggregates while U and Sr concentrations in white aggregates are more than twice as high as those in pinkish-white aggregates. Large enrichment of these refractory elements in the white aggregates indicates that they contain high-temperature condensates from the solar nebula. The Pb concentrations in the inclusions are less than half of those in the whole rock and matrix, indicating that the matrix is a lower-temperature condensate. The isotopic composition of lead in the matrix is less radiogenic than that of the whole meteorite, whereas lead in Ca- and Al-rich chondrules and aggregates is extremely radiogenic. The<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb ratio reaches as high as 55.9 in a white aggregate separate. The lead of Mg-rich chondrules is moderately radiogenic and the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb ratio ranges from 18 to 26. A striking linear relationship exists among leads in the chondrules, aggregates and matrix on the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb vs<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb plot. The slope of the best fit line is 0.6188 ± 0.0016, yielding an isochron age of 4553 ± 4 m.y. The regression line passes through primordial lead values obtained from Canyon Diablo troilite. The data, when corrected for Canyon Diablo troilite Pb and plotted on a U-Pb concordia diagram, show that the pink and white aggregates and the Ca-Al-rich and Mg-rich inclusions have excess Pb and define a chord which intersects the concordia curve at 4548 ± 25 m.y. and 107 ± 70 m.y. The intercepts might correspond to the agglomeration age of the meteorite and a time of probably later disturbance, respectively. The matrix and some chondrules which contain less radiogenic lead did, however, not fit on the chord. The Rb-Sr data of Allende did not define an isochron suggesting that the Rb-Sr system was also disturbed by a later event, as suggested by the U-Pb concordia data. The lowest observed<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratio in Allende inclusions is similar to the initial ratio of the Angra dos Reis achondrite (Papanastassiou, Thesis, 1970).</p><p>The initial Pb isotopic composition of Orgueil calculated by a single-stage evolution model is more radiogenic than that of Canyon Diablo troilite. To reconcile the U-Pb data of Orgueil and Allende, we propose that the initial lead isotopic composition of the carbonaceous chondrites was slightly different from that of Canyon Diablo troilite Pb.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90108-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., Unruh, D., and Desborough, G.A., 1976, U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 6, p. 617-634, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90108-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"634","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9dae4b08c986b327e60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011087,"text":"70011087 - 1976 - Geochemical controls on lead concentrations in stream water and sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T16:43:27.254443","indexId":"70011087","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical controls on lead concentrations in stream water and sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>The equilibrium distribution of lead in solution and adsorbed on cation exchange sites in sediment theoretically may be calculated from equations representing selectivities of substrate for lead over H</span><sup>+</sup><span>, Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;and Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, and the stabilities of lead solute species. Such calculations include consideration of total concentrations of major ions, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of substrate, and pH, at values expected in various natural systems. Measurements of CEC and selectivity coefficients were made for synthetic halloysite, a finely divided amorphous 1:1 clay prepared by precipitation from a mixture of solutions of aluminum and silica. Where suspended sediment having the same properties is present in concentrations of 10-1,000 mg/1 at pH 6–8, more than 90% of the lead present can be adsorbed on sediment surfaces. The cation exchange behavior of lead and other minor cationic species in natural systems could be predicted by this type of model if enough other supporting information were available. Information of the type needed describing natural stream sediments, however, is presently inadequate for accurate predictions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90106-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1976, Geochemical controls on lead concentrations in stream water and sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 6, p. 599-609, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90106-X.","startPage":"599","endPage":"609","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15fae4b0c8380cd54ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011024,"text":"70011024 - 1976 - Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70011024","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4","docAbstract":"Hasselblad and Nikon stereographic photographs taken from Skylab between 9 June 1973 and 1 February 1974 give synoptic plan views of several entire eruption clouds emanating from Sakura-zima volcano in Kagoshima Bay, Kyushu, Japan. Analytical plots of these stereographic pairs, studied in combination with meteorological data, indicate that the eruption clouds did not penetrate the tropopause and thus did not create a stratospheric dust veil of long residence time. A horizontal eddy diffusivity of the order of 106 cm2 s-1 and a vertical eddy diffusivity of the order of 105 cm2 s-1 were calculated from the observed plume dimensions and from available meteorological data. These observations are the first, direct evidence that explosive eruption at an estimated energy level of about 1018 ergs per paroxysm may be too small under atmospheric conditions similar to those prevailing over Sakura-zima for volcanic effluents to penetrate low-level tropospheric temperature inversions and, consequently, the tropopause over northern middle latitudes. Maximum elevation of the volcanic clouds was determined to be 3.4 km. The cumulative thermal energy release in the rise of volcanic plumes for 385 observed explosive eruptions was estimated to be 1020 to 1021 ergs (1013 to 1014 J), but the entire thermal energy release associated with pyroclastic activity may be of the order of 2.5 ?? 1022 ergs (2.5 ?? 1015 J). Estimation of the kinetic energy component of explosive eruptions via satellite observation and meteorological consideration of eruption clouds is thus useful in volcanology as an alternative technique to confirm the kinetic energy estimates made by ground-based geological and geophysical methods, and to aid in construction of physical models of potential and historical tephra-fallout sectors with implications for volcano-hazard prediction. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.D., Heiken, G., Randerson, D., and McKay, D., 1976, Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 1, no. 4, p. 305-329.","startPage":"305","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a91e4b0c8380cd74242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, J. D.","contributorId":99157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heiken, G.","contributorId":11768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randerson, D.","contributorId":94162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randerson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKay, D.S.","contributorId":11329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70010999,"text":"70010999 - 1976 - Interactive computer programs for petrologic modeling with extended Q-mode factor analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T16:12:50","indexId":"70010999","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive computer programs for petrologic modeling with extended Q-mode factor analysis","docAbstract":"An extended form of Q-mode factor analysis may be used if the row-sums of the data matrix are constant and can be helpful especially in developing and testing petrologic-mixing models for igneous systems. The first step is to represent the sample compositions as unit vectors in M-dimensional space and then to project them into space of fewer dimensions (m) as determined to be appropriate from a factor-variance diagram. Compositions thought to be those of possible end-members in the petrologic system then are represented as vectors in the M-dimensional space and projected into the same space as the sample vectors. If these vectors remain close to unity in length after projection, the corresponding compositions can serve as end-member compositions for the model. After m suitable end-member compositions have been identified, each sample composition is expressed as a mixture of the end-members by computation of the composition loadings. The interactive computer programs presented are useful in these procedures because of the trial-and-error nature of the modeling procedures. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(76)90039-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Miesch, A., 1976, Interactive computer programs for petrologic modeling with extended Q-mode factor analysis: Computers & Geosciences, v. 2, no. 4, p. 439-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90039-X.","startPage":"439","endPage":"492","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266212,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90039-X"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd5e4b0c8380cd630a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010980,"text":"70010980 - 1976 - Exchange of Na+ and K+ between water vapor and feldspar phases at high temperature and low vapor pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:00:29.485993","indexId":"70010980","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exchange of Na+ and K+ between water vapor and feldspar phases at high temperature and low vapor pressure","docAbstract":"<p>In order to determine whether gas (steam) containing a small amount of dissolved alkali chloride is effective in promoting base exchange of Na<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and K<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>among alkali feldspars and coexisting brine or brine plus solid salt, experiments were carried out at 400–700°C and steam densities ranging down to less than 0.05. For bulk compositions rich in potassium, the low pressure results are close to previous high-pressure results in composition of the fluid and coexisting solid phase. However, when the bulk composition is more sodic, alkali feldspars are relatively richer in potassium at low pressure than at high pressure. This behaviour corresponds to enrichment of potassium in the gas phase relative to coexisting brine and precipitation of solid NaCl when the brine plus gas composition becomes moderately sodic.</p><p>The gas phase is very effective in promoting base exchange between coexisting alkali feldspars at high temperature and low water pressure. This suggests that those igneous rocks which contain coexisting alkali feldspars out of chemical equilibrium either remained very dry during the high-temperature part of their cooling history or that the pore fluid was a gas containing very little potassium relative to sodium.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90094-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., 1976, Exchange of Na+ and K+ between water vapor and feldspar phases at high temperature and low vapor pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 12, p. 1553-1561, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90094-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1553","endPage":"1561","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0da7e4b0c8380cd5311e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010931,"text":"70010931 - 1976 - Extended cabfac and Qmodel computer programs for Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T16:11:23","indexId":"70010931","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extended cabfac and Qmodel computer programs for Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data","docAbstract":"The computer program CABFAC for Q-mode factor analysis of geologic data has been extended for use with data having constant row-sums. Another program, QMODEL, reads an output file from CABFAC and can be used to develop a variety of Q-mode models. The models serve to reproduce estimates of the original data rather than of the data in normalized form. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(76)90004-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Klovan, J., and Miesch, A., 1976, Extended cabfac and Qmodel computer programs for Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data: Computers & Geosciences, v. 1, no. 3, p. 161-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90004-2.","startPage":"161","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266211,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90004-2"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e3de4b0c8380cd5336d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klovan, J.E.","contributorId":15072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klovan","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010913,"text":"70010913 - 1976 - Progress in remote sensing (1972-1976)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:15:49","indexId":"70010913","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progress in remote sensing (1972-1976)","docAbstract":"<p>This report concerns the progress in remote sensing during the period 1972–1976. Remote sensing has been variously defined but is basically the art or science of telling something about an object without touching it.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>During the past four years, the major research thrusts have been in three areas:<br/>\n\n(1) computer-assisted enhancement and interpretation systems;<br/>\n\n(2) earth science applications of Landsat data;<br/>\n\n(3) and investigations of the usefulness of observations of luminescence, thermal infrared, and microwave energies.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Based on the data sales at the EROS Data Center, the largest users of the Landsat data are industrial companies, followed by government agencies (both national and foreign), and academic institutions.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Thermal surveys from aircraft have become largely operational, however, significant research is being undertaken in the field of thermal modeling and analysis of high altitude images. Microwave research is increasing rapidly and programs are being developed for satellite observations. Microwave research is concentrating on oil spill detection, soil moisture measurement, and observations of ice distributions. Luminescence investigations offer promise for becoming a quantitative method of assessing vegetation stress and pollutant concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(76)90013-2","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Fischer, W.A., Hemphill, W.R., and Kover, A., 1976, Progress in remote sensing (1972-1976): Photogrammetria, v. 32, no. 2, p. 33-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(76)90013-2.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"40","temporalStart":"1972-01-01","temporalEnd":"1976-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269814,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(76)90013-2"},{"id":221493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8e67e4b0c8380cd7f191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, W. A.","contributorId":91571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemphill, W. R.","contributorId":19525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kover, Allan","contributorId":24094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kover","given":"Allan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010426,"text":"70010426 - 1976 - A study of alternative schemes for extrapolation of secular variation at observatories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:56:30","indexId":"70010426","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of alternative schemes for extrapolation of secular variation at observatories","docAbstract":"The geomagnetic secular variation is not well known. This limits the useful life of geomagnetic models. The secular variation is usually assumed to be linear with time. It is found that attenative schemes that employ quasiperiodic variations from internal and external sources can improve the extrapolation of secular variation at high-quality observatories. Although the schemes discussed are not yet fully applicable in worldwide model making, they do suggest some basic ideas that may be developed into useful tools in future model work. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(76)90015-7","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1976, A study of alternative schemes for extrapolation of secular variation at observatories: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 11, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(76)90015-7.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267354,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(76)90015-7"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5bae4b0c8380cd46f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010231,"text":"70010231 - 1976 - Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T16:51:39.345042","indexId":"70010231","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss","docAbstract":"<p>Metallic Fe content and S abundance are inversely correlated in mare basalts. Either S volatilization from the melt results in reduction of Fe<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to Fe<sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>or else high S content decreases Fe<sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>activity in the melt, thus explaining the correlation. All considerations favor the model that metallic iron in mare basalts is due to sulfur loss. The Apollo 11 and 17 mare basalt melts were probably saturated with S at the time of eruption; the Apollo 12 and 15 basalts were probably not saturated.</p><p>Non-mare rocks show a positive correlation of S abundance with metallic Fe content; it is proposed that this is due to the addition of meteoritic material having a fairly constant Fe<sup>0</sup>/S ratio. If true, metallic Fe content or S abundance in non-mare rocks provides a measure of degree of meteoritic contamination.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(76)90042-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brett, R., 1976, Reduction of mare basalts by sulfur loss: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, no. 9, p. 997-1004, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90042-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"997","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3dfe4b0e8fec6cdb9ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brett, R.","contributorId":106632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brett","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010373,"text":"70010373 - 1976 - Resource data bases-Resource assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T16:10:14","indexId":"70010373","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource data bases-Resource assessment","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Resource Analysis is developing computer methods for the handling of mineral-resources data in order to provide improved means for addressing and manipulating data. These methods include: computerized data files and predictive resource models. Data files contain the raw or disaggregated information on mineral deposits and commodities. One operational data file is CRIB (Computerized Resources Information Bank) which is a general purpose inventory and reference file on metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits. A computer file on resources should contain detailed information on the following main categories: record identification, name and location, description of deposit, analytical data, and production/reserves. A resource model employs postulates and inferences in conjunction with the data to make predictions about resources-as key variables concerning a mineral commodity are changed. The objective is to estimate the availability of minerals including: geological availability (occurrence models), technological availability (exploration and beneficiation models), and economic availability (economics models). ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(76)90057-1","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.L., 1976, Resource data bases-Resource assessment: Computers & Geosciences, v. 2, no. 3, p. 309-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90057-1.","startPage":"309","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266210,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90057-1"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9f0e4b0c8380cd8606a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, A. L.","contributorId":89502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010337,"text":"70010337 - 1976 - Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T16:05:45","indexId":"70010337","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data","docAbstract":"An extended form of the method of Q-mode factor analysis may be used if the rows of the data matrix sum to a constant. The constant row-sum provides a means for scaling the factor model to conform to the units of the original data in such forms as proportions, percentages, or parts per million. The scale factors for an m-factor model are used to derive composition scores and loadings, which lead to the same reproduced data regardless of the choice of reference axes (end-members). Factor-variance diagrams may be constructed to show the proportion of the variance that will be accounted for in each compositional variable by models containing various numbers of end-members. The method may be used to develop a petrologic mixing model by searching for end-members that are geologically plausible. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(76)90003-0","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Miesch, A., 1976, Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data: Computers & Geosciences, v. 1, no. 3, p. 147-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90003-0.","startPage":"147","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266206,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90003-0"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9067e4b0c8380cd7fd05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28153,"text":"wri76116 - 1976 - Simulation of streamflow of Flambeau River at Park Falls, Wisconsin to define low-flow characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:45:02.380997","indexId":"wri76116","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-116","title":"Simulation of streamflow of Flambeau River at Park Falls, Wisconsin to define low-flow characteristics","docAbstract":"<p>Daily streamflows of the Flambeau River at Park Falls, Wisconsin , were simulated for a 31-year period. Streamflow was simulated using a streamflow-routing model. These simulated daily flows were analyzed for summer (June 1-October 31) low-flow frequency. The resultant 7-day, 10-year summer low flow is 260 cubic feet per second. The standard error of estimate for this 10-year-frequency low flow is equivalent to the standard error of estimate for 16 years of gaging-station records.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S.Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri76116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Krug, W.R., 1976, Simulation of streamflow of Flambeau River at Park Falls, Wisconsin to define low-flow characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-116, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri76116.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415187,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35024.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Park Falls","otherGeospatial":"Flambeau River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.087890625,\n              46.39998810407942\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.527099609375,\n              45.744526980468436\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.395263671875,\n              45.22074260255366\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.802001953125,\n              45.10454630976873\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.406494140625,\n              45.1510532655634\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.24169921875,\n              45.282617057517406\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.967041015625,\n              45.48324350868221\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.384765625,\n              45.96642454131025\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2529296875,\n              46.15700496290803\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.087890625,\n              46.39998810407942\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, William R.","contributorId":53381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70162477,"text":"70162477 - 1976 - Earthquake history of Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:18:39","indexId":"70162477","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Rhode Island","docAbstract":"<p>Only three shocks (intensity V or greater, Modified Moercalli Scale) have centered in Rhode Island, although several earthquakes in New England and the St.Lawerence Valley have been felt in the State.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1976, Earthquake history of Rhode Island: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 5, p. 31-32.","productDescription":"2 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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70162478,"text":"70162478 - 1976 - Earthquake history of Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:20:51","indexId":"70162478","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Record of early earthquakes in Northeastern United States provide limited information on effects in pennsylvania until 1737, 55 years after the first permanent settlement was established. A very severe earthquake that centered in the St.Lawrence River region in 1663 may have been felt in Pennsylvania, but historical accounts are not definite. Likewise, a damaging shock at Newbury, Mass., in 1727 probably affected towns in Pennsylvania. A strong earthquake on December 18, 1737, toppled chimneys at New York City and was reported felt at Boston, Mass., Philadelphia, Pa. and New Castle, Del. Other shocks with origins outside the State were felt in 1758, 1783, and 1791. Since 1800, when two earthquakes (March 17 and November 29) were reported as \"severe\" at Philadelphia, 16 tremors of intensity V or greater (Modified Mercalli Scale) have originated within the State. On November 11 and 14, 1840, sever earthquakes at Philadelphia were accompnaied by a great and unusual swell on the Delaware River.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1976, Earthquake history of Pennsylvania: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 4, p. 28-31.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70162480,"text":"70162480 - 1976 - Earthquake history of Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:59:11","indexId":"70162480","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Oklahoma","docAbstract":"<p>The strongest and most widely felt earthquake in Oklahoma occurred on April 9, 1952. The intensity VII (Modified Mercalli Scale) tremor was felt over 362,000 sqaure kilometres. A second intensity VII earthquake, felt over a very small area, occurred in October 1956. In addition, 15 other shocks, intensity V or VI, have originated within Oklahoma.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1976, Earthquake history of Oklahoma: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 2, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70162479,"text":"70162479 - 1976 - Earthquake history of Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:55:40","indexId":"70162479","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Although situated between two States (California and Washington) that have has many violent earthquakes, Oregon is noticeably less active seismically. the greatest damage experienced resulted from a major shock near Olympia, Wash., in 1949. During the short history record available (since 1841), 34 earthquakes of intensity V, Modified Mercalli Scale, or greater have centered within Oregon or near its borders. Only 13 of the earthquakes had an intensity above V, and many of the shocks were local. However, a 1936 earthquake in the eastern Oregon-Washington region caused extensive damage and was felt over an area of 272,000 square kilometers.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1976, Earthquake history of Oregon: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 3, p. 30-33.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011157,"text":"70011157 - 1976 - Seismicity and faulting attributable to fluid extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:52:41.317696","indexId":"70011157","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and faulting attributable to fluid extraction","docAbstract":"<p>The association between fluid injection and seismicity has been well documented and widely publicized. Less well known, but probably equally widespread are faulting and shallow seismicity attributable solely to fluid extraction, particularly in association with petroleum production. Two unequivocable examples of seismicity and faulting associated with fluid extraction in the United States are: The Goose Creek, Texas oil field event of 1925 (involving surface rupture); and the Wilmington, California oil field events (involving subsurface rupture) of 1947, 1949, 1951 (2), 1955, and 1961. Six additional cases of intensity I-VII earthquakes (M &lt; 4.6) without reported faulting may be attributable to shallow production from other large oil and gas fields. In addition to these examples are thirteen cases of apparently aseismic surface rupture associated with production from California and Texas oil fields. Small earthquakes in the Eloy-Picacho area of Arizona may be attributable to withdrawal of groundwater, but their relation to widespread fissuring is enigmatic. The clearest example of extraction-induced seismicity outside of North America is the 1951 series of earthquakes associated with gas production from the Po River delta near Caviga, Italy. Faulting and seismicity associated with fluid extraction are attributed to differential compaction at depth caused by reduction of reservoir fluid pressure and attendant increase in effective stress. Surface and subsurface measurements and theoretical and model studies show that differential compaction leads not only to differential subsidence and centripetally-directed horizontal displacements, but to changes in both vertical- and horizontal-strain regimes. Study of well-documented examples indicates that the occurrence and nature of faulting and seismicity associated with compaction are functions chiefly of: (1) the pre-exploitation strain regime, and (2) the magnitude of contractional horizontal strain centered over the compacting materials relative to that of the surrounding annulus of extensional horizontal strain. The examples cited include natural systems strained only by extraction of fluids, as well as some subsequently subjected to injection. Faulting and seismicity have accompanied both decrease and subsequent increase of fluid pressures; reversal of fluid-pressure decline by injection may enhance the likelihood of subsurface faulting and seismicity due chiefly to earlier fluid pressure reduction. A consistent common denominator appears to be continuing compaction at depth; the relative effects of fluid extraction followed by injection are not easily separated.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(76)90017-X","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R.F., and Castle, R.O., 1976, Seismicity and faulting attributable to fluid extraction: Engineering Geology, v. 10, no. 2-4, p. 151-167, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(76)90017-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b8ce4b08c986b317903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castle, R. O.","contributorId":79880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010046,"text":"70010046 - 1976 - Morphologic interpretation of fertile structures in glossopterid gymnosperms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:55:52","indexId":"70010046","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphologic interpretation of fertile structures in glossopterid gymnosperms","docAbstract":"The problem of determining affinity among glossopterid gymnosperms is beset by deficiencies in preservation, natural dissociation of parts, and scarcity of features assuredly critical for morphologic comprarison. The glossopterids probably are not a very heterogeneous group of plants, but this is difficult to prove. The Gondwana glacial \"hiatus\" has resulted in the omission of a critical chapter glossopterid evolution. As a consequence, morphologic features and phyletic probabilities must be evaluated on a much more hypothetical basis than would otherwise be justified. Confusion has arisen from the lack of morphologic terms that permit clear discussion of a newly evolved type of reproductive structure in glossopterids. The structure, here designated a \"fertiliger\", consists of a leafy bract, a partially adnate stalk, and a fertile head or capitulum. Seven types of fertile structures are discussed, all of which are bilaterally symmetrical and have different features on dorsiventral surfaces. I regard all fertiligers as ovulate but this interpretation may bot be acceptable to some workers; others may not accept dorsiventral organization of the capitulum as being fundamental. Among glossopterids, however, in spite of differences in preservation that may seem to support a variant interpretation, these ovulate fertiligers are the distinctive features that show general consistency. A single fertile bract bearing several capitula, as exemplified by Lidgettonia, is called a compound fertiliger. Staminate structures (microsporophylls) of glossopterids are separately classified as Eretmonia, Glossotheca, and possibly as other taxa. Only the manner of sporangial attachment is not entirely clear. It seems likely the staminate parts have previously been confused with scale leaves and are actually coextensive in distribution with the glossopterids. A tentative phyletic model suggests the distant derivation of glossopterids from middle Carboniferous cordaiteans. Many details must be speculative due to the lack of a pertinent fossil record, but this interpretation accounts for some features that have no counterpart in pteridosperms. Permineralized ovules from Antarctica provide general support for this working hypothesis, but specific evidence is lacking. Furthermore, it seems unlikely angiosperms originated from glossopterids; it is more reasonable to consider the glossopterids as possible distant ancestors of the Gnetales. ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(76)90021-X","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Schopf, J.M., 1976, Morphologic interpretation of fertile structures in glossopterid gymnosperms: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 25-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(76)90021-X.","startPage":"25","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269803,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(76)90021-X"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e37e4b0c8380cd70899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schopf, J. M.","contributorId":42639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schopf","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}