Five Data Collection Platforms (DCP) were integrated electronically with thermal sensing systems, emplaced and operated in an analog mode at selected thermally significant volcanic and geothermal sites. The DCP's transmitted 3260 messages comprising 26,080 ambient, surface, and near-surface temperature records at an accuracy of ±1.15°C for 1121 instrument days between November 14, 1972 and April 17, 1974. In harsh, windy, high-altitude volcanic environments the DCP functioned best with a small dipole antenna. Sixteen kg of alkaline batteries provided a viable power supply for the DCP systems, operated at a low-duty cycle, for 5 to 8 months. A proposed solar power supply system would lengthen the period of unattended operation of the system considerably. Special methods of data handling such as data storage via a proposed memory system would increase the significance of the twice-daily data reception enabling the DCP's to record full diurnal-temperature cycles at volcanic or geothermal sites.
Ground water in the upper Winooski River basin, Vermont, occurs in bedrock and in overlying unconsolidated deposits of glacial origin. Bedrock in the area is composed of a series of metamorphic and igneous rocks. Median yield for 126 wells in four different bedrock formations ranges from 5 to 6 gallons per minute, and median depth ranges from 130 to 200 feet. Lineaments, interpreted as fracture of breakage zones in bedrock, were mapped to identify zones where well yields are expected to be higher than average.
\nUnconsolidated deposits in the upper Winooski River basin include unsorted till, water-sorted clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Properly constructed wells in saturated deposits of sand or gravel having high permeability can yield large quantities of water. Twenty-six domestic wells in these unconsolidated deposits have a median yield of 18 gallons per minute and a median depth of 58 feet.
\nChemical analysis of water from six wells indicate a median hardness of 120 milligrams per liter, (as CaCO3), which is moderately hard. Iron and manganese are common constituents of ground water in the area, and several analyses show concentrations of these elements which exceed recommended National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (1973) limits for public drinking water supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri77120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Vermont, Agency of Environmental Conservation, Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Hodges, A.L., Willey, R.E., Ashley, J.W., and Butterfield, D., 1977, Ground-water resources of the Upper Winooski River basin, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-120, Report: iv, 27 p.; 4 Plates: 33.88 x 42.89 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77120.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 27 p.; 4 Plates: 33.88 x 42.89 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0120/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0120/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310272,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0120/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310273,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0120/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310274,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0120/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157665,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri77120.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Upper Winooski River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.92724609375,\n 44.15856343854312\n ],\n [\n -72.92724609375,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -72.11975097656249,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -72.11975097656249,\n 44.15856343854312\n ],\n [\n -72.92724609375,\n 44.15856343854312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db649202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Arthur L. Jr.","contributorId":62075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Arthur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willey, Richard E.","contributorId":30972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, James W.","contributorId":102523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ashley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butterfield, David","contributorId":28607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butterfield","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10478,"text":"ofr77592 - 1977 - Geology of the Midnite uranium mine area, Washington — Maps, description, and interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T22:09:56.728257","indexId":"ofr77592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-592","title":"Geology of the Midnite uranium mine area, Washington — Maps, description, and interpretation","docAbstract":"Bedrock geology of about 12 km2 near the Midnite mine has been mapped at the surface, in mine exposures, and from drilling, at scales from 1:600 to 1:12,000 and is presented here at 1:12,000 to provide description of the setting of uranium deposits. Oldest rocks in the area are metapelitic and metacarbonate rocks of the Precambrian (Y) Togo Formation. The chief host for uranium deposits is graphitic and pyritic mica phyllite and muscovite schist. Ore also occurs in calc-silicate hornfels and marble at the western edge of a calcareous section about 1,150 m thick. Calcareous rocks of the Togo are probably older than the pelitic as they are interpreted to be near the axis of a broad anticline. The composition and structural position of the calcareous unit suggests correlation with less metamorphosed carbonate-bearing rocks of the Lower Wallace Formation, Belt Supergroup, about 200 km to the east. Basic sills intrusive into the Togo have been metamorphosed to amphibolite.
Unmetamorphosed rocks in the mine area are Cretaceous(?) and Eocene igneous rocks. Porphyritic quartz monzonite of Cretaceous age, part of the Loon Lake batholith, is exposed over one third of the mine area. It underlies the roof pendant of Precambrian rocks in which the Midnite mine occurs at depths of generally less than 300 m. The pluton is a two-mica granite and exhibits pegmatitic and aplitic textural features indicative of water saturation and pressure quenching. Eocene intrusive and extrusive rocks in the area provide evidence that the Eocene surface was only a short distance above the present uranium deposits.
Speculative hypotheses are presented for penesyngenetic, hydrothermal, and supergene modes of uranium emplacement. The Precambrian Stratigraphy, similar in age and pre-metamorphic lithology to that of rocks hosting large uranium deposits in Saskatchewan and Northern Territory, Australia, suggests the possibility of uranium accumulation along with diagenetic pyrite in carbonaceous muds in a marine shelf environment. This hypothesis is not favored by the author because there is no evidence for stratabound uranium such as high regional radioactivity in the Togo. A hydrothermal mode of uranium emplacement is supported by the close apparent ages of mineralization and plutonism, and by petrology of the pluton. I speculate that uranium may have become enriched in postmagmatic fluids at the top of the pluton, possibly by hydrothermal leaching of soluble uranium associated with magnetite, and diffused outward into metasedimentary wall rocks to create an aureole about 100 m thick containing about 100 ppm uranium. Chemistry of the hydrothermal process is not understood, but uranium does not appear to have been transported by an oxidizing fluid, and the fluid did not produce veining and alteration comparable to that of base-metal sulfide deposits. Uranium in the low-grade protore is believed to have been redistributed into permeable zones in the Tertiary to create ore grades. Geologic and isotopic ages of uranium mineralization, and the small volume of porphyritic quartz monzonite available for leaching, are not supportive of supergene emplacement of uranium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77592","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., 1977, Geology of the Midnite uranium mine area, Washington — Maps, description, and interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-592, Report: ii, 39 p.; 2 Plates: 15.00 × 20.00 inches and 16.00 × 17.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77592.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 39 p.; 2 Plates: 15.00 × 20.00 inches and 16.00 × 17.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392655,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14485.htm"},{"id":38343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94974,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0592/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Midnite uranium mine area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.118,\n 47.933\n ],\n [\n -118.0670,\n 47.933\n ],\n [\n -118.0670,\n 47.962\n ],\n [\n -118.118,\n 47.962\n ],\n [\n -118.118,\n 47.933\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10266,"text":"ofr77715 - 1977 - Insights from the Chinese Earthquake Catalog on stationary models used for seismic hazard assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:27","indexId":"ofr77715","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-715","title":"Insights from the Chinese Earthquake Catalog on stationary models used for seismic hazard assessment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77715","usgsCitation":"McGuire, R.K., 1977, Insights from the Chinese Earthquake Catalog on stationary models used for seismic hazard assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-715, 30, [15] leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (30 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77715.","productDescription":"30, [15] leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (30 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee2e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Robin K.","contributorId":86339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10197,"text":"ofr77792 - 1977 - Application of a rainfall-runoff model in estimating flood peaks for selected small natural drainage basins in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T09:27:25","indexId":"ofr77792","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-792","title":"Application of a rainfall-runoff model in estimating flood peaks for selected small natural drainage basins in Texas","docAbstract":"A parametric rainfall-runoff simulation model was used to synthesize long-term records of annual peak discharges for small natural drainage basins in Texas. Optimum model-parameter values were determined for each of the 40 basins studied by using short-term rainfall, evaporation, and discharge data. The calibrated model was used in conjunction with long-term records of rainfall and evaporation to synthesize a record of annual peaks for each site. Because the frequency curves of the simulated peaks had flatter slopes than those of the observed peaks, the synthetic frequency curves were adjusted for the loss of variance inherent in the modeling process.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77792","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation and the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Massey, B., and Schroeder, E.E., 1977, Application of a rainfall-runoff model in estimating flood peaks for selected small natural drainage basins in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-792, ii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77792.","productDescription":"ii, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112933,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0792/report.pdf","size":"2591","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0792/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Massey, B.C.","contributorId":102483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, Elmer E.","contributorId":38962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Elmer","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10170,"text":"ofr77549 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10170,"text":"ofr77549 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"ofr77549","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"70043185","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"70043185","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-14T13:06:06.580628","indexId":"ofr77549","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-549","title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77549","usgsCitation":"Mark, R.K., 1977, Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-549, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77549.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0549/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38018,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0549/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a9af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, R. K.","contributorId":32159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10160,"text":"ofr77748 - 1977 - Late Cenozoic stratigraphic units, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T16:25:19","indexId":"ofr77748","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-748","title":"Late Cenozoic stratigraphic units, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Recent mapping of late Tertiary and Quaternary deposits in the northeastern San Joaquin Valley has shown the need for clarification, revision, and subdivision of some of the previously mapped stratigraphic units. We propose a uniform nomenclature for deposits younger than the Mehrten Formation in this region. The Laguna Formation (late Pliocene) is now recognized as far south as the Merced area, where it is overlain by the North Merced Gravel (Pliocene or Pleistocene). The China Hat pediment of Hudson (1960, p. 1552) is interpreted as the uppermost gravel member of the Laguna Formation and is believed to represent an old fan deposit rather than a pediment. The Laguna, Turlock Lake, Riverbank, and Modesto Formations are lithologically similar but may be distinguished and subdivided on the basis of soil profile development, topographic position and expression, local lithologic differences, unconformities, and associated buried soils. The Turlock Lake Formation is subdivided into two units (lower, upper) and the Riverbank Formation into three units (lower, middle, upper), separated by unconformities and well-developed buried soils. The Modesto Formation is subdivided into two informally designated members, separated by a minor unconformity and weakly developed buried soil. The lower (oldest) member of the Modesto is in places associated with two geomorphic surfaces, and as many as four terraces showing slightly different soil development are associated with deposits of the upper (youngest) member. Post-Modesto deposits are informally subdivided into four stratigraphic units, designated Post-Modesto I, II, III, and IV. Most of the stratigraphic units discussed are believed to represent separate alluvial episodes, recorded by fill terraces opening westward onto alluvial fans. Substantial time intervals between periods of aggradation are represented by buried paleosols. Some of the properties of relict and buried paleosols are summarized and their relations to the proposed stratigraphic units are described.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77748","usgsCitation":"Marchand, D.E., and Allwardt, A., 1977, Late Cenozoic stratigraphic units, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-748, Report: iii, 136 p.; 4 Plates: 54.93 x 29.42 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77748.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 136 p.; 4 Plates: 54.93 x 29.42 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr77748.jpg"},{"id":321072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0748/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321073,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0748/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321074,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0748/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321075,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0748/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321076,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0748/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -119.26483154296875,\n 36.94111143010772\n ],\n [\n -120.31402587890625,\n 36.301845303684345\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 37.70120736474139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marchand, Denis E.","contributorId":98280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchand","given":"Denis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allwardt, Alan aallwardt@usgs.gov","contributorId":2367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allwardt","given":"Alan","email":"aallwardt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":160911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10058,"text":"ofr78611 - 1977 - Channel erosion surveys along the TAPS route, Alaska, 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:36","indexId":"ofr78611","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-611","title":"Channel erosion surveys along the TAPS route, Alaska, 1977","docAbstract":"Channel surveys were made along the trans-Alaska pipeline system (TAPS) route during 1977 at the same 28 sites that were studied in 1976. In addition, a new site at pipeline mile 22 near Deadhorse (alignment No 134) along the Sagavanirktok River was put under surveillance. Except for changes wrought by the completion of construction, most of the sites showed very little change. Significant events include virtual completion of all construction activities along the pipeline, the pipeline startup , and the breakup flood along the Sagavanirktok River which breached many river-training structures. In general, 1977 saw heavy flooding on streams draining the north and south slopes of the Brooks Range and only moderate flooding on streams further south. Aerial photogrammetric surveys were used again in 1977 on the same seven sites as in 1976. Results document the applicability of the method for channel erosion studies. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78611","usgsCitation":"Loeffler, R.M., and Childers, J.M., 1977, Channel erosion surveys along the TAPS route, Alaska, 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-611, vi, 88 p. :ill. (some fold.), maps (some fold.) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78611.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill. (some fold.), maps (some fold.) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37908,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37909,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37910,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37911,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37912,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37913,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37914,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37915,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37916,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37917,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37918,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37919,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37920,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37921,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0611/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e62f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loeffler, Robert M.","contributorId":80672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loeffler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Childers, Joseph M.","contributorId":14379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10010,"text":"ofr77554 - 1977 - Glastonbury gneiss body, a modified Oliverian dome, and related rocks in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: petrology, geochemistry, and origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:30","indexId":"ofr77554","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-554","title":"Glastonbury gneiss body, a modified Oliverian dome, and related rocks in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: petrology, geochemistry, and origin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77554","usgsCitation":"Leo, G.W., and Brookins, D.G., 1977, Glastonbury gneiss body, a modified Oliverian dome, and related rocks in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: petrology, geochemistry, and origin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-554, ca.150 leaves :ill. (some fold.) ;28 cm.; (108 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77554.","productDescription":"ca.150 leaves :ill. (some fold.) ;28 cm.; (108 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0554/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37821,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0554/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0554/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leo, Gerhard W.","contributorId":26307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"Gerhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brookins, Douglas G.","contributorId":87144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brookins","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9925,"text":"ofr77395 - 1977 - Sub-sea temperatures and a simple tentative model for offshore permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-28T19:53:02.768619","indexId":"ofr77395","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-395","title":"Sub-sea temperatures and a simple tentative model for offshore permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"
In this report, we present temperatures measured in three holes drilled into the sea bed in the Prudhoe Bay region and a tentative interpretation of them in terms of the gross thermal regime and shoreline history of the area. The new holes (PB-1, PB-2, and PB-3, Figure 1) were drilled in spring, 1976 (see Sellmann, 1976) as part of a cooperative study of off-shore permafrost by the USGS, CRREL, and the University of Alaska. Results from two of the holes (#190 and #3370, Figure 1) drilled earlier by the University of Alaska (Osterkamp and Harrison, 1976) have been included in our interpretation.
The reader not interested in analytical details may wish to examine Figures 1, 2, and 3, and then skip to the concluding section \"Summary and Discussion,\" page 32.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77395","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., and Marshall, B.V., 1977, Sub-sea temperatures and a simple tentative model for offshore permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-395, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77395.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419419,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0395/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0395/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prudhoe Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.05282077167377,\n 70.65582438011964\n ],\n [\n -150.05282077167377,\n 69.95577247678344\n ],\n [\n -144.98240131329993,\n 69.95577247678344\n ],\n [\n -144.98240131329993,\n 70.65582438011964\n ],\n [\n -150.05282077167377,\n 70.65582438011964\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, B. Vaughn","contributorId":59041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Vaughn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18258,"text":"ofr78200 - 1977 - Quality of rivers of the United States, 1975 water year; based on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-02T15:19:36","indexId":"ofr78200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-200","title":"Quality of rivers of the United States, 1975 water year; based on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN)","docAbstract":"The National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) was established by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide a nationally uniform basis for continuously assessing the quality of U.S. rivers. Stations generally are at the downstream end of hydrologic accounting units in order to measure the quantity and quality of water flowing from the units. The 1975 water year was the first year of operation of the network that represents essentially all of the accounting units and thereby describes the water- quality of the entire country. Data are available on a large number of water-quality constituents measured at 345 stations during the 1975 water year.
Temperature data (usually continuous or daily measurements) from NASQAN stations were fitted to a first order harmonic equation and the parameters for the harmonic function are reported for each station. Mean temperatures generally range from 5°-10°C in the North to more than 20°C along the southern border of the continental United States and in Hawaii and Puerto Rico; means were less than 10°C at 63 stations and greater than 25°C at only 7 stations. Amplitudes of the temperature curves are greatest (greater than 12°C) for the streams at midlatitudes and in the Great and Central Plains, and they are smallest for the subtropical and cold-climate streams.
Considering chemical and biological characteristics of U.S. streams as described by NASQAN data, water quality is best (by many standards) in the Northeast, Southeast, and Northwest. Waters there generally are low in dissolved solids and major and minor chemical constituents, generally are soft (except in Florida), and carry relatively small amounts of sediment. These conditions mainly reflect the geology of the regions and the relatively large amounts of precipitation. However, many of these waters show the effects of pollution and carry moderate or high levels of major nutrients and have correspondingly high populations of attached and floating plants. High counts of indicator bacteria also show signs of local pollution, particularly in regions of the country with large human and animal populations. In the Northeast, some heavy metals are at moderate levels, but not above most water-quality criteria.
Rivers of most of the Mid-Continent and Southwest reflect the arid or semi-arid climate, erodible soils, and agricultural activities. They are characterized by moderate to high levels of dissolved major and minor constituents, sediment, major nutrients, and biota (floating and attached aquatic plants and indicator bacteria). In addition, the most incidences of pesticides in stream and bottom sediments were found in these regions.
A special analysis was made to study the patterns of dissolved solids, major nutrients, phytoplankton, and zinc in the Mississippi River above Memphis, Tennessee. It was found that flow volume is an important factor in influencing river quality, and that stations with low concentration of major nutrients generally had low phytoplankton populations as well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78200","usgsCitation":"Briggs, J.C., and Ficke, J.F., 1977, Quality of rivers of the United States, 1975 water year; based on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-200, viii, 436 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78200.","productDescription":"viii, 436 p.","numberOfPages":"446","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr78200.jpg"},{"id":330665,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654a8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, John C.","contributorId":24349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ficke, John F.","contributorId":86750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficke","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9807,"text":"ofr77583 - 1977 - Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9807,"text":"ofr77583 - 1977 - Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York","indexId":"ofr77583","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6101,"text":"pp1085 - 1980 - Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York","indexId":"pp1085","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6101,"text":"pp1085 - 1980 - Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York","indexId":"pp1085","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr77583","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-583","title":"Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Landfills operated by the towns of Babylon and Islip in southwest and central Suffolk County, N.Y., contain urban refuse , incinerated garbage, and scavenger (cesspool) waste; some industrial refuse is deposited at the Babylon site. The Islip landfill was started in 1933, the Babylon landfill in 1947. The landfills are in contact with and discharge leachate into the highly permeable upper glacial aquifer hydraulic conductivity 190 to 500 ft/d. The aquifer is 74 feet thick at the Babylon landfill and 170 feet thick at the Islip landfill. The leachate-enriched water occupies the entire thickness of the aquifer beneath both landfills, but hydrologic boundaries retard downward migration of the plumes to deeper aquifers. The Babylon plume is 1,900 feet wide at the landfill and narrows to about 700 feet near its terminus 10,000 feet from the landfill. The Islip plume is 1,400 feet wide at the landfill and narrows to 500 feet near its terminus 5,000 feet from the landfill. Hydrochemical maps and sections show the distribution of the major chemical constituents of the plumes. The most highly leachate-enriched ground water obtained was from the Babylon site; it contained 860 mg/liter sodium, 110 mg/liter potassium, 565 mg/liter calcium, 100 mg/liter magnesium, 2,700 mg/liter bicarbonate, and 1,300 mg/liter chloride. Simulation of the movement and dispersion of the Babylon plume with a mathematical dispersion model indicated the coefficient of longitudinal dispersion to be about 60 feet squared per day and the ground-water velocity to be 1 ft/d. However, the velocity determined from the hydraulic gradient and public-supply wells in the area was 4 ft/d, which would cause a plume four times as long as that predicted by the model. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77583","usgsCitation":"Kimmel, G.E., and Braids, O.C., 1977, Leachate plumes in ground water from Babylon and Islip landfills, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-583, vi, 72 leaves :ill., maps (2 fold. in pocket) ;29 cm.; (141 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77583.","productDescription":"vi, 72 leaves :ill., maps (2 fold. in pocket) ;29 cm.; (141 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b45f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmel, Grant E.","contributorId":20741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmel","given":"Grant","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braids, Olin C.","contributorId":84368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braids","given":"Olin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9778,"text":"ofr77545 - 1977 - Late Pleistocene and Recent geology of the Housatonic River region in northwestern Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr77545","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-545","title":"Late Pleistocene and Recent geology of the Housatonic River region in northwestern Connecticut","docAbstract":"An investigation of Late Pleistocene and Recent surficial deposits in western Connecticut and adjacent areas was undertaken, to determine characteristics of Wisconsin glaciation and the history and chronology of deglaciation in part of the finely dissected New England Uplands. \r\n\r\nThe study area lies along the midreach of the Housatonic River in western Connecticut, and has local relief exceeding 1,200 feet. Surface morphology and internal characteristics of glacial and glaciofluvial erosional and depositional features were examined and mapped in detail in the Kent and Ellsworth, Connecticut, USGS 7? minute quadrangles, and by reconnaissance in the surrounding quadrangles. This study contributes to the expanding detailed knowledge of glaciation and geomorphology in western New England and eastern New York state. \r\n\r\nIce along the lateral east margin of the southward-waxing, Wisconsin-age, Hudson-Champlain Valley ice lobe successively overran ridges trending northeast-to-southwest. Late Wisconsin ice flow was consistently toward the southeast in the study area. Glacial erosion on the upland surfaces was weak, and several early or pre-Wisconsin meltwater channels persist, which evidence little late Wisconsin glacial or glaciofluvial modification. Deeply weathered rock has been locally preserved beneath unweathered till. \r\n\r\nTill deposits are generally thin, averaging from 10 to 15 feet in thickness, but till deposits exceeding 200 feet in thickness have been observed. Direct evidence for two or more cycles of till deposition is lacking, although multiple glaciations can be inferred from drainage derangement of the Housatonic River and from anomalies in configuration of old, upland melt-water channels which were re-occupied and eroded by melt water during subsequent deglaciations. \r\n\r\nThe orientation of ridges and the local terrain relief exerted minor control on ice flow during waxing phases of glaciation. Local relief and ridges which were oriented transverse to ice flow became the dominant control factors for ice flow during late phases of deglaciation and ultimately initiated marginal stagnation zones. \r\n\r\nLate Wisconsin deglaciation evolved in three stages. First, the active ice margin receded rapidly northwestward across, and almost transverse to, the upland ridge crests in response to factors of both backwasting and downwasting. Second, local terrain relief restricted active ice flow, initiated stagnation, diverted melt-water flow and controlled deposition of small active ice-marginal deposits on the northwest slopes of ridges. Third, melting and thinning of stagnant ice tongues in valleys with ice surfaces which were low gradient and southward-sloping caused rapid northward recession of the stagnant ice margin. \r\n\r\nSequences of related outwash deposits have been correlated with inferred ice-marginal, recessional positions. In this region, the zone of stagnant ice distal to active ice ranged from 6 to 15 miles in average width. \r\n\r\nLacustrine sediments accumulated as stagnant ice blocks melted in isolated basins and other depressions where through-flowing melt-water drainage was restricted or absent. The paucity of ice-contact and outwash deposits in the isolated basins indicates that little entrained debris was present in the stagnant ice. Prograding outwash along the Housatonic River and other major drainage routes infilled glacially overdeepened \r\nunderlying lacustrine sediments sand and gravel. rock basins and buried beneath upward-coarsening \r\n\r\nUpland bogs, which have developed postglacially, contain as much as 22 feet of organic material mixed with silt and clay. An age of 12,750 ? 230 years B.P. was determined for materials immediately above three feet of older organic-rich clay layers. This dated material correlates with the upper part of the pollen T zone reported elsewhere in Connecticut and New York.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77545","usgsCitation":"Kelley, G.C., 1977, Late Pleistocene and Recent geology of the Housatonic River region in northwestern Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-545, [12], 222 leaves :ill., maps, plates (fold. in envelope) ;28 cm.; (222 p., 9 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77545.","productDescription":"[12], 222 leaves :ill., maps, plates (fold. in envelope) ;28 cm.; (222 p., 9 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37540,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37541,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37542,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37543,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37544,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37545,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37546,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37547,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0545/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, George C.","contributorId":51294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9741,"text":"ofr77134 - 1977 - Correlation of major eastern earthquake centers with mafic/ultramafic basement masses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:25","indexId":"ofr77134","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-134","title":"Correlation of major eastern earthquake centers with mafic/ultramafic basement masses","docAbstract":"Extensive gravity highs and associated magnetic anomalies are present in or near seven major eastern North American earthquake areas as defined by Hadley and Devine (1974). The seven include the five largest of the eastern North American earthquake .centers. The immediate localities of the gravity anomalies are, however, relatively free of seismicity, particularly the largest events. The anomalies are presumably caused by extensive mafic or ultramafic masses embedded in the crystalline basement. Laboratory experiments show that serpentinized gabbro and dunite fail under stress in a creep mode rather than in a stick-slip mode. A possible explanation of the correlation between the earthquake patterns and the anomalies is that the mafic/ultramafic masses are serpentinized and can only sustain low stress fields thereby acting to concentrate regional stress outside their boundaries. The proposed model is analogous to the hole-in-plate problem of mechanics whereby stresses around a hole in a stressed plate may. reach values several times the average.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77134","usgsCitation":"Kane, M.F., 1977, Correlation of major eastern earthquake centers with mafic/ultramafic basement masses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-134, 16 leaves :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77134.","productDescription":"16 leaves :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37481,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6845fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Martin Francis","contributorId":87923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9722,"text":"ofr77671 - 1977 - A FORTRAN program for calculating nonlinear seismic ground response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:59","indexId":"ofr77671","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-671","title":"A FORTRAN program for calculating nonlinear seismic ground response","docAbstract":"The program described here was designed for calculating the nonlinear seismic response of a system of horizontal soil layers underlain by a semi-infinite elastic medium representing bedrock. Excitation is a vertically incident shear wave in the underlying medium. The nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the soil is represented by a model consisting of simple linear springs and Coulomb friction elements arranged as shown. A boundary condition is used which takes account of finite rigidity in the elastic substratum. The computations are performed by an explicit finite-difference scheme that proceeds step by step in space and time. A brief program description is provided here with instructions for preparing the input and a source listing. A more detailed discussion of the method is presented elsewhere as is the description of a different program employing implicit integration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr77671","usgsCitation":"Joyner, W.B., 1977, A FORTRAN program for calculating nonlinear seismic ground response: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-671, 16 p.; Figures; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77671.","productDescription":"16 p.; Figures; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_77_671.gif"},{"id":110893,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0671/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4954e4b0b290850ef0e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joyner, William B.","contributorId":39786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9594,"text":"ofr77676 - 1977 - Digital model of the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr77676","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-676","title":"Digital model of the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"A digital model that mathematically simulates the flow of ground water, approximating the flow system as two-dimensional, has been applied to predict the long-term effects of irrigation and proposed industrial pumping from the unconfined Arikaree aquifer in a 400 square-mile area in southeastern Wyoming. Three cases that represent projected maximum, mean, and minimum combined irrigation and industrial ground-water withdrawals at annual rates of 16,176, 11,168, and 6,749 acre-feet, respectively, were considered. Water-level declines of more than 5 feet over areas of 124, 120, and 98 square miles and depletions in streamflow of 14.4, 8.9, and 7.2 cfs from the Laramie and North Laramie Rivers were predicted to occur at the end of a 40-year simulation period for these maximum, mean, and minimum withdrawal rates, respectively. A tenfold incrase in the vertical hydraulic conductivity that was assumed for the streambeds results in smaller predicted drawdowns near the Laramie and North Laramie Rivers and a 36 percent increase in the predicted depletion in streamflow for the North Laramie River. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77676","usgsCitation":"Hoxie, D.T., 1977, Digital model of the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-676, vi, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (88 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77676.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (88 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0676/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0676/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db6594f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoxie, Dwight T.","contributorId":77531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoxie","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9478,"text":"ofr77457 - 1977 - Paleomagnetic investigation of late Quaternary sediments of south San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T16:07:55","indexId":"ofr77457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-457","title":"Paleomagnetic investigation of late Quaternary sediments of south San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic inclinations of the Late Quaternary sediments of South San Francisco Bay were determined from bore hole samples collected near Dumbarton Bridge. The sediments consist of estuarine muds and nonmarine sand deposits, floored by bedrock of the Mesozoic Franciscan Formation. - Beneath Dumbarton Bridge the entire sedimentary fill is normally polarized; therefore, the fill postdates the Brunhes-Matayama polarity reversal (700,000 y. B.P.). Magnetic time lines such as the Mono Lake excursion (24,000 y. B.P.) and the reversed Blake event (110,000 y B.P.) were not found in this bore hole. In addition to Holocene and modern deposits of San Francisco Bay, an older estuarine unit occurs in the stratigraphic section. The older unit was deposited during a period of high sea level, tentatively correlated with the Sangamon interglacial period. Because evidence of the Blake event is not present in the older estuarine unit, the proposed age of this unit could not be confirmed. Although the Holocene estuarine deposits of South San Francisco Bay carry stable remanent magnetization, a reliable record of geomagnetic secular variation could not be recovered because the water-saturated sdiment was deformed by drilling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77457","usgsCitation":"Hillhouse, J.W., 1977, Paleomagnetic investigation of late Quaternary sediments of south San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-457, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77457.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0457/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0457/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.43850708007811,\n 37.421435292172944\n ],\n [\n -121.92352294921874,\n 37.421435292172944\n ],\n [\n -121.92352294921874,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -122.43850708007811,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -122.43850708007811,\n 37.421435292172944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hillhouse, John W. 0000-0002-1371-4622 jhillhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1371-4622","contributorId":2618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","email":"jhillhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":159758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19477,"text":"ofr7735 - 1977 - Genesis of a zoned granite stock, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr7735","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-35","title":"Genesis of a zoned granite stock, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"A composite epizonal stock of biotite granite has intruded a diverse assemblage of metamorphic rocks in the Serpentine Hot Springs area of north-central Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The metamorphic rocks include amphibolite-facies orthogneiss and paragneiss, greenschist-facies fine-grained siliceous and graphitic metasediments, and a variety of carbonate rocks. Lithologic units within the metamorphic terrane trend generally north-northeast and dip moderately toward the southeast. Thrust faults locally juxtapose lithologic units in the metamorphic assemblage, and normal faults displace both the metamorphic rocks and some parts of the granite stock. The gneisses and graphitic metasediments are believed to be late Precambrian in age, but the carbonate rocks are in part Paleozoic. Dating by the potassium-argon method indicates that the granite stock is Late Cretaceous. \r\n\r\nThe stock has sharp discordant contacts, beyond which is a well-developed thermal aureole with rocks of hornblende hornfels facies. The average mode of the granite is 29 percent plagioclase, 31 percent quartz, 36 percent K-feldspar, and 4 percent biotite. Accessory minerals include apatite, magnetite, sphene, allanite, and zircon. Late-stage or deuteric minerals include muscovite, fluorite, tourmaline, quartz, and albite. \r\n\r\nThe stock is a zoned complex containing rocks with several textural facies that are present in four partly concentric zones. Zone 1 is a discontinuous border unit, containing fine- to coarse-grained biotite granite, that grades inward into zone 2. Zone 2 consists of porphyritic biotite granite with oriented phenocrysts of pinkish-gray microcline in a coarse-grained equigranular groundmass of plagioclase, quartz, and biotite. It is in sharp, concordant to discordant contact with rocks of zone 3. Zone 3 consists of seriate-textured biotite granite that has been intruded by bodies of porphyritic biotite granite containing phenocrysts of plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, and biotite in an aplitic groundmass. Flow structures, pegmatite and aplite segregations, and miarolitic cavities are common in the seriate-textured granite. Zone 4, which forms the central part of the complex, consists of fine- to medium-grained biotite granite and locally developed leucogranite. Small miarolitic cavities are common within it. \r\n\r\nEight textural facies have been defined within the complex, and mineralogic, petrographic, modal, and chemical variations are broadly systematic within the facies sequence. Study of these variations shows that the gradational facies of zones l and 2 systematically shift toward more mafic compositions inward within the complex. Seriate-textured rocks of zone 3 are similar in composition to those of zone 2, but porphyritic rocks of zone 3 and rocks of zone 4 mark shifts to more felsic compositions. These late-crystallizing felsic rocks are products of an interior residual magma system. This system was enriched in water and certain trace elements including tin, lithium, niobium, lead, and zinc. The complex as a whole has higher concentrations of these elements than many other granites. The nature of this geochemical specialization is particularly well demonstrated by the trace-element composition of biotite.\r\n\r\nThe crystallization history of the pluton was complex. The available data suggest that this history could have included: (1) chilling and metasomatic alteration adjacent to the contact, (2) in-situ crystallization in several marginal facies accompanied by some transfer of residual constituents toward interior parts of the pluton, (3) slight upward displacement of magma that was subjacent to the crystallized walls, accompanied by disequilibrium crystallization and local vapor saturation, (4) upward displacement of part of the residual water-rich interior magma, accompanied by rapid loss of a separated vapor phase, and (5) displacement of the margins of the pluton by normal faults, accompanied by loss of an exsolved vapor phase from th","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7735","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T., 1977, Genesis of a zoned granite stock, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-35, xv, 188 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ; scale 1:31,680; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7735.","productDescription":"xv, 188 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ; scale 1:31,680; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48947,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0035/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48948,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"31680","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aebcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis","contributorId":90282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19538,"text":"ofr7825 - 1977 - Summary of watershed conditions in the vicinity of Redwood National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T08:28:24","indexId":"ofr7825","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-25","title":"Summary of watershed conditions in the vicinity of Redwood National Park, California","docAbstract":"The Redwood Creek Unit of Redwood National Park is located in the downstream end of an exceptionally rapidly eroding drainage basin. Spatial distribution and types of erosional landforms, observed in the field and on time-sequential aerial photographs, measured sediment loads, and the lithologic heterogeneity of streambed materials indicated (1) that sediment discharges reflect a complex suite of natural and man-induced mass movement and fluvial erosion processes operating on a geologically heterogeneous, naturally unstable terrain, and (2) that although infrequent exceptionally intense storms control the timing and general magnitude of major erosion events, the loci, types, and amounts of erosion occurring during those events are substantially influence by land use. Erosional impacts of past timber harvest in the Redwood Creek basin reflect primarily the cumulative impact of many small erosion problems caused not so much by removal.
\nRecently modified riparian and aquatic environments reflect stream channel adjustments to recently increased water and sediment discharges, and are classified by the National Park Service as damaged resources because the modifications reflect, in part, unnatural causes.
\nNewly strengthened State regulations and cooperative review procedures result in proposed timber harvest plans being tailored to specific site conditions, as well as smaller, more dispersed harvest units and more sophisticated attempts at minimizing ground-surface disruption than those used in most previous timber harvesting in this basin. However, application of improved timber harvest technology alone will not assure protection of park resources. Much remaining intact residual commercial old-growth timber is on hillslopes that are steeper, wetter, more susceptible to landsliding, and more nearly adjacent to major stream channels than most of the previously harvested hillslopes in the lower Redwood Creek basin. Moreover, natural debris barriers along streams flowing through remaining old-growth forest have temporarily stored substantial quantities of sediment introduced into streams by recent storms and upstream land-use changes. Removal of merchantable timber from these barriers may destroy their stability and cause rapid release of stored sediment. Additionally, massive erosion in some recently harvested areas suggest that they are so erosionally sensitive that following rehabilitation and reforestation, they should not be reharvested. Thus, in order to maintain site productivity and to protect downstream park resources, some erosionally critical areas may have to be maintained as perpetual timber reserves dedicated to watershed protection. Selective Federal acquisition of just erosionally critical acreage would create ownership patterns that would make management of both parklands and commercial timber lands exceedingly difficult.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr7825","usgsCitation":"Janda, R.J., 1977, Summary of watershed conditions in the vicinity of Redwood National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-25, iv, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7825.","productDescription":"iv, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287772,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0025/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Redwood National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.25,40.75 ], [ -124.25,41.75 ], [ -123.75,41.75 ], [ -123.75,40.75 ], [ -124.25,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janda, Richard J.","contributorId":13235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janda","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9402,"text":"ofr77151 - 1977 - Quality of rivers of the United States, 1974 water year: based on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr77151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-151","title":"Quality of rivers of the United States, 1974 water year: based on the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN)","docAbstract":"The National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) was established by the U.S Geological Survey to determine and compare the quality at key locations on the Nation 's major rivers. There are 345 stations in the network--data from the first 101 of these (those operating during the 1974 water year) are summarized in this report. Temperature data from NASQAN stations have been summarized for each station. At most stations the harmonic provides an estimate of daily temperatures with a standard error of estimate of 2.5 degrees C or less. According to 1974 water-year data summarized from NASQAN operations, water quality of the rivers of the United States is best (by most standards) in the Northeast, Southeast, and Northwest. Waters there generally are low in dissolved solids and major and minor chemical constitutents, generally are soft (except in Florida), and carry relatively small amounts of sediment. However, many of these waters carry moderate or high levels of major nutrients and have correspondingly high populations of attached and floating plants. High counts of indicator bacteria also show signs of local pollution at some sites. Rivers of most of the Midcontinent and Southwest are characterized by moderate to high levels of dissolved major and minor constituents, sediment, major nutrients, and biota (floating and attached aquatic plants and indicator bacteria. 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