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C. Jaeger (ANU) and J. H. Sass (USGS). Most samples were collected during the periods June through September, 1971 and 1972. The measurements were made subsequently by two of us (C. M. Bunker and C. A. Bush) using the gamma-ray spec trometric techniques described by Bunker and Bush (1966, 1967). Interpreting the spectra for quantitative analyses of the radioelements was accomplished with an iterative leastsquares computer program modified from one by Schonfeld (1966). Uranium content determined by gamma-ray spectrometry is based on a measurement of the daughter products of <sup>226</sup>Ra. Equilibrium in the uranium-decay series was assumed for these analyses . Throughout the report, when U content is stated, radium-equivalent uranium is implied. The coefficient of variation for the accuracy of the radioelement data, when compared to ana lyses by isotope dilution and flame photometry is about 3 percent for radium-equivalent uranium and thorium and about 1 percent for potassium. These percentages are in addition to minimum standard deviations of about 0.05 ppm for U and Th, and about 0.03 percent for K.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75393","usgsCitation":"Bunker, C.M., Bush, C.A., Munroe, R.J., and Sass, J., 1975, Abundances of uranium, thorium, and potassium for some Australian crystalline rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-393, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75393.","productDescription":"39 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Carl Maurice","contributorId":77526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"Maurice","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munroe, Robert J.","contributorId":12039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munroe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":166812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":166814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":12498,"text":"ofr75324 - 1975 - A water-quality assessment of the Rock Creek (Cass) watershed, Cass and Carroll counties, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-24T19:50:33.971597","indexId":"ofr75324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-324","title":"A water-quality assessment of the Rock Creek (Cass) watershed, Cass and Carroll counties, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>A water-quality assessment of the Rock Creek (Cass) watershed was made June 12 and 13, 1974. Nutrients were resampled November 7, 1974. Surface waters within the watershed were calcium bicarbonate types with very similar concentrations of major dissolved constituents. Samples collected June 13 contained between 7.4 and 14 milligrams per litre dissolved nitrate (as N), between 0.05 and 1.3 milligrams per litre dissolved phosphate (as P), and between 2.3 to 4.0 milligrams per litre dissolved organic carbon. Samples collected November 7 contained less than 0.22 milligrams per litre dissolved nitrate (as N). The concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria ranged from 450 to 14,000 colonies per 100 millilitres. The concentrations of fecal streptococci bacteria ranged from 600 to 8,500 colonies per 100 millilitres. The bed materials of an upper Rock Creek site contained moderately high concentrations of dieldrin and chlordane (17 and 19 micrograms per kilogram, respectively) and also contained less than 6 micrograms per kilogram aldrin, DDD, heptachlor epoxide, and PCB's. Bed materials in a lower Rock Creek site contained less than 4.2 micrograms per kilogram of all the above compounds except PCB's. Biologic diversity indices of 2.7 and 2.2, which do not typify healthy benthic communities, were found in the upper and lower Rock Creek sampling sites, respectively. The benthic communities were dominated by midge larvae at both sites. Diatoms (Navicula sp) dominated the phytoplankton communities at both sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75324","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., 1975, A water-quality assessment of the Rock Creek (Cass) watershed, Cass and Carroll counties, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-324, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75324.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431391,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0324/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Carroll County, Cass County","otherGeospatial":"Rock Creek (Cass) watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.73328090703305,\n              40.8662146508631\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.73328090703305,\n              40.60614151009801\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.85608543005456,\n              40.60614151009801\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.85608543005456,\n              40.8662146508631\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.73328090703305,\n              40.8662146508631\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4daf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3847,"text":"cir724 - 1975 - In search of a statistical probability model for petroleum-resource assessment : a critique of the probabilistic significance of certain concepts and methods used in petroleum-resource assessment : to that end, a probabilistic model is sketched","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir724","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"724","title":"In search of a statistical probability model for petroleum-resource assessment : a critique of the probabilistic significance of certain concepts and methods used in petroleum-resource assessment : to that end, a probabilistic model is sketched","docAbstract":"Exploratory drilling is still in incipient or youthful stages in those areas of the world where the bulk of the potential petroleum resources is yet to be discovered. Methods of assessing resources from projections based on historical production and reserve data are limited to mature areas. For most of the world's petroleum-prospective areas, a more speculative situation calls for a critical review of resource-assessment methodology. The language of mathematical statistics is required to define more rigorously the appraisal of petroleum resources. \r\n\r\nBasically, two approaches have been used to appraise the amounts of undiscovered mineral resources in a geologic province: (1) projection models, which use statistical data on the past outcome of exploration and development in the province; and (2) estimation models of the overall resources of the province, which use certain known parameters of the province together with the outcome of exploration and development in analogous provinces. These two approaches often lead to widely different estimates. Some of the controversy that arises results from a confusion of the probabilistic significance of the quantities yielded by each of the two approaches. Also, inherent limitations of analytic projection models-such as those using the logistic and Gomperts functions --have often been ignored. \r\n\r\nThe resource-assessment problem should be recast in terms that provide for consideration of the probability of existence of the resource and of the probability of discovery of a deposit. Then the two above-mentioned models occupy the two ends of the probability range. The new approach accounts for (1) what can be expected with reasonably high certainty by mere projections of what has been accomplished in the past; (2) the inherent biases of decision-makers and resource estimators; (3) upper bounds that can be set up as goals for exploration; and (4) the uncertainties in geologic conditions in a search for minerals. Actual outcomes can then be viewed as phenomena subject to statistical uncertainty and responsive to changes in economic and technologic factors.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir724","usgsCitation":"Grossling, B.F., 1975, In search of a statistical probability model for petroleum-resource assessment : a critique of the probabilistic significance of certain concepts and methods used in petroleum-resource assessment : to that end, a probabilistic model is sketched: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 724, iv, 18 p. :ill. ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir724.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill. ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1975/0724/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30921,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1975/0724/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossling, Bernardo F.","contributorId":61797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossling","given":"Bernardo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25965,"text":"wri7514 - 1975 - Water-quality assessment of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 1973-74","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T12:18:53","indexId":"wri7514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-14","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 1973-74","docAbstract":"<p>The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is underlain by unconsolidated lake and glacial deposits which have been divided into three units. Unit 1 is comprised mostly of sand and, in the western part of the National Lakeshore, is capable of yielding more than 500 gallons per minute (32 litres per second) to properly constructed wells. Unit 2, a silt till below unit 1, has little potential as a source of water for public supplies within the National Lakeshore area. Unit 4, a clay till under unit 2, is capable of yielding from 10 to 65 gallons per minute (0.6 to 4 litres per second) throughout the National Lakeshore.</p><p>Precipitation samples collected at the National Lakeshore had average inorganic ion concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.0 milligrams per litre. Streams in the National Lakeshore generally had a specific conductance ranging from 300 to 600 micromhos, a pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.1, and a dissolved oxygen concentration near saturation (7.7 to 12.9 milligrams per litre). The hogs and marshlands generally contained water with a specific conductance ranging from 40 to 150 micromhos, a pH ranging from 5.0 to 6.5, and dissolved oxygen ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 milligrams per litre. Most surface waters tended to have calcium and bicarbonate as the dominant ion pair. Exceptions include some inter-dunal ponds and certain watercourses and areas of Pinhook Bog. Ground-water chemical quality varied with depth and location but not with time during a 6-month interval. Ground water was usually a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and moderately to very hard (71 to 390 milligrams per litre).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7514","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., 1975, Water-quality assessment of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 1973-74: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-14, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7514.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359561,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0014/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National 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,{"id":14958,"text":"ofr75312 - 1975 - Availability of ground water in Marion County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T18:42:52.900204","indexId":"ofr75312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-312","title":"Availability of ground water in Marion County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>County constitute the most extensive aquifers in the county. Four areally distinct sand and gravel aquifers were mapped in the drift during the course of this study. The aquifer of greatest economic importance consists of sand and gravel deposits of glacial-outwash origin which coincide with the courses of the White River and Fall Creek. Ground water in this aquifer is generally unconfined. Three thin, areally discontinuous, sheetlike deposits of sand and gravel situated one above the other occur in the till-plain area of the county. These deposits coalesce in some areas, but generally are separated by beds of silt and clay of varying thickness which cause the ground water in the till-plain aquifers to be semiconfined.</p>\n<p>The uppermost 100 feet (30 metres) or so of limestone and (or) dolomite underlying the glacial drift constitutes an aquifer of secondary importance in the county. This aquifer is separated from the unconsolidated aquifers either by silt and clay or by shale.</p>\n<p>The present movement of ground water through these aquifers is generally toward the White River, Fall Creek, Eagle Creek or Buck Creek. Based on seepage data, water levels in the aquifers in April and May 1974, and subsequent electric-analog-model analysis, discharge of ground water by seepage into the streams in the glacial outwash averages about 42 cubic feet per day per foot (3.9 cubic metres per day per metre) of channel length.</p>\n<p>A four-layer electric-analog model incorporating the geometry and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, the confining beds and the stream- aquifer connection was constructed to determine the feasibility and hydrologic results of proposed plans for future ground-water development.</p>\n<p>Three large well fields were simulated in the model of the glacial-outwash aquifer, with pumping nodes situated so as to take advantage both of high transmissivity areas in the aquifer, and of recharge from the streams.</p>\n<p>A series of model experiments were carried out to test the capacity of the aquifers to sustain increases in pumpage. In all of these, a new equilibrium was established within 6 years of simulated pumpage. In two of these experiments, water levels in the discharging wells were allowed to draw down to approximately half of the saturated thickness of the glacial-outwash aquifer. At this drawdown limit, the total discharge of wells in the system was found to be 59 million gallons per day (2.6 cubic second) assuming that the streams were fully connected to the upper third of the glacial-outwash aquifer. In two other experiments, discharging wells were allowed to drawdown an average of two-thirds of the saturated thickness of the glacial-outwash aquifer. At this limit, the total discharge was found to be 72 million gallons per day (3.2 cubic metres per second) using the conservative stream-aquifer connection, and 103 million gallons per day (4.5 cubic metres per second) assuming a full connection. Some dewatering of the aquifer was associated with the 72 million gallons per day (3.2 cubic metres per second) discharge. In all experiments, the amount that could be pumped from the confined aquifers without disturbing existing domestic wells was found to be small.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr75312","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Meyer, W.R., Reussow, J.P., Gillies, D.C., and Shampine, W., 1975, Availability of ground water in Marion County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-312, viii, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75312.","productDescription":"viii, 87 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":145968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0312/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391894,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15147.htm"},{"id":393663,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0312/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Marion County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9523,39.638],[-86.248,39.6335],[-86.3268,39.6318],[-86.3281,39.8526],[-86.328,39.8662],[-86.325,39.8662],[-86.3267,39.9238],[-86.2967,39.9246],[-86.2757,39.925],[-86.2385,39.9259],[-85.9801,39.9269],[-85.9411,39.9272],[-85.9369,39.9272]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Marion\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, William R.","contributorId":73618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reussow, J. P.","contributorId":58651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reussow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillies, D. C.","contributorId":53809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillies","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shampine, W. J.","contributorId":16023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shampine","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":13884,"text":"ofr75149 - 1975 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13884,"text":"ofr75149 - 1975 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","indexId":"ofr75149","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042931,"text":"70042931 - 1976 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","indexId":"70042931","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042931,"text":"70042931 - 1976 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","indexId":"70042931","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-24T21:07:21.511231","indexId":"ofr75149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-149","title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Alaska, comprising 3.6 X 10<sup>6</sup> sq km (about 28 percent) of the land, shelf, and upper continental slope of the United States, has been estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey (1974) to contain about 25 percent of the Nation's petroleum resources. Some 11 billion barrels of petroleum liquids and 31 trillion cubic feet of natural gas have been announced as discovered to date.</p><p>In northern Alaska, Paleozoic and Mesozoic shelf and slope deposits of the Brooks Range orogen were thrust relatively northward over the depressed south margin of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Arctic platform, upon which a foredeep (the Colville geosyncline) developed in earliest Cretaceous time. Detritus from the Brooks Range filled the foredeep and pro-graded northwest and northeast to fill the Cretaceous and Tertiary North Chukchi and Umiat-Camden basins and form the Beaufort shelf.</p><p>In southern Alaska, a series of arc-trench systems developed on oceanic rocks during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Between the arcs and the metamorphic (continental) terranes of east-central and northern Alaska, large back-arc and arc-trench gap basins received thick volcanic and detrital deposits. These deposits were extensively deformed and disrupted by mid-Jurassic to Tertiary plutonism, Laramide oroclinal bending, wrench faulting, and arc-related compression.</p><p>The Laramide events 'continentalized' the late Mesozoic back-arc basin deposits and welded them to the older continental terranes to the north and east. Subsequent sedimentation was localized and nonmarine except in onshore and offshore coastal basins, where thick mixed marine and nonmarine sections were deposited. The Aleutian arc and associated Queen Charlotte transform fault system have dominated structural and depositional patterns in southern Alaska since the early Cenozoic.</p><p>The largest petroleum reserves in Alaska (the Prudhoe Bay and associated fields) and the best prospects for additional large discoveries are in northern Alaska, where an extensive terrane is underlain by Upper Paleozoic to Tertiary carbonate and shelf, slope and delta clastic deposits. The pre-Tertiary back-arc and arc-trench gap basins in southern and interior Alaska are too intensely deformed or too low in porosity (because of diagenetic mobilization of labile constituents) to offer more than modest local prospects. The Tertiary coastal basins do, however, offer large tracts of thick marine and nonmarine clastic rocks and in some areas many large folds to exploration. Such basins are known to be petroliferous on Bristol Bay and the Gulf of Alaska and to contain major accumulations of oil and gas at Cook Inlet, but they are relatively little explored.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75149","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., and Kirschner, C., 1975, Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-149, i, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75149.","productDescription":"i, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419272,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0149/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":168570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschner, C.E.","contributorId":81107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschner","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14663,"text":"ofr75250 - 1975 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Ketchikan area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T20:56:19.121311","indexId":"ofr75250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-250","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Ketchikan area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","docAbstract":"<p>The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, dramatically emphasized the need for engineering geologic studies of urban areas in seismically active regions. A reconnaissance study of the Ketchikan area in southeastern Alaska is part of a program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. These evaluations in the Ketchikan area should provide broad guidelines useful in city and land-use planning.</p><p>Ketchikan, which had a population of approximately 7,000 in 1970, is built on the southwestern end of Revillagigedo Island along the northeastern coastline of Tongass Narrows. Altitudes reach 1,000 feet (305 m) within half a mile (0.8 km) of the coast and near-vertical cliffs characterize the terrain in places. The climate is predominantly marine. Average precipitation is approximately 152 inches (386 cm).</p><p>The Ketchikan area was covered by glacier ice at least once and probably several times during the Pleistocene Epoch. The present topography, characterized by elongate lakes, U-shaped valleys, fiords, inlets, and passages, clearly reflects the effects of glaciation. The presence of emergent marine deposits, at least 300 feet (91 m) above sea level, shows that the land has been uplifted relative to sea level since the last deglaciation of the region.</p><p>Bedrock is exposed or is near the surface throughout most of the mapped area. The bedrock consists chiefly of metamorphic rocks. In a few places these rocks have been intruded by igneous rocks. Exposed metamorphic rocks are mostly thinly foliated schists and phyllites, metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Foliation generally strikes northwest with moderate to steep dips to the northeast. Most of the rock is fairly competent and near-vertical cuts tend to be stable. The more indurated metamorphic rock can be used for riprap, but more durable blocks generally can be obtained from the igneous rock.</p><p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\">The surficial deposits have been divided into the following map units on the basis of their time of deposition, mode of origin, and grain size: (1) undifferentiated drift (Qd), (2) elevated marine deposits (Qm), (3) stream alluvium (Qa), (4) fan-delta deposits (Qf), and (5) modern beach deposits (Qb). Manmade fill (f) also is mapped as a separate unit. Muskeg, colluvium, and offshore deposits are not included as map units but are discussed in the report under the heading \"Surficial deposits (not shown on map).\" The undifferentiated drift deposits consist mostly of till or other diamictons, generally less than 25 feet (7.6 m) thick. Exposed elevated marine deposits (Qm) generally consist of sand and gravel less than 5 feet (1.5 m) thick. Stream alluvium (Qa) is chiefly sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders probably everywhere less than 15 feet (4.6 m) thick. Fan-delta deposits (Qf) consist mostly of loose sand, gravel, and boulders as much as 50 feet (15 m) thick. Modern beach deposits (Qb) are mostly loose sand and gravel generally less than 10 feet (3 m) thick. Two basically different types of manmade fill are present: (1) large fills along the waterfront, commonly 5 to 15 feet (1.5-4.6 m) thick, consisting of silt, sand, gravel, rock, and diverse other materials, and (2) fills, generally less than 10 feet (3 m) thick and consisting of sand, gravel, or crushed rock, placed inland from the waterfront and used as pads for buildings and parking areas. Fairly thick deposits of muskeg may be present in the southeastern part of the mapped area but have not been examined in the field. Colluvial deposits, locally 5 to 8 feet (1.5-2.4 m) thick, consist mostly of decomposing bedrock fragments. Offshore deposits are poorly known; near-shore loose sand and gravel rest on a sloping bedrock surface.</p><p>Southeastern Alaska lies within the circum-Pacific seismic belt that rims the northern Pacific Basin and has been tectonically active since at least early Paleozoic time. Large-scale faulting has been common. The two most prominent fault systems in southeastern Alaska and surrounding regions are (1) the Denali fault system, and (2) the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system. Of the two, the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system is the more active and of most significance in relation to the Ketchikan area. Ketchikan lies within the northwest trend of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt of fault thrusting. The trends of at least some of the linear fiords near the mapped area are controlled by faults. However, it is not known whether a major fault extends up Tongass Narrows offshore from Ketchikan.</p><p>Between 1899 and 1970, five earthquakes having magnitudes of 8 or greater occurred in or near southeastern Alaska or in adjacent offshore areas; three have occurred having magnitudes of between 7 and 8, at least eight with magnitudes of between 6 and 7, 15 with magnitudes of between 5 and 6, and about 140 have been recorded with magnitudes of less than 5 or of unassigned magnitudes. All of the earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 8, and a large proportion of the others, appear to be related to the Fair-weather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or to the connecting Chugach-St. Elias fault to the northwest. Within a 50-mile (80-km) radius of Ketchikan, epicenters of three earthquakes with magnitudes of 5 or less have been recorded. Within a radius of 100 miles (160 km), 10 epicenters have been recorded, two with magnitudes between 6 and 7 and eight with magnitudes of 5 or less. Although no instrumentally recorded earthquakes had epicenters in the mapped area, at least 32 earthquakes that had epicenters elsewhere were felt or possibly felt in Ketchikan. Most of these earthquakes probably had epicenters along the Queen Charlotte Islands fault.</p><p>Ketchikan is tentatively assigned by me to seismic zone 2. This is a zone in which magnitudes of the largest expectable earthquake would range from 4.5 to 6.0 and where moderate damage could be expected. Large earthquakes of magnitude 8 or greater, however, can be expected to occur from time to time along the Queen Charlotte Islands fault. Ground motion from these earthquakes, although attenuated with distance, may still be sufficiently strong at Ketchikan to cause substantial damage.</p><p>Possible future earthquake effects include: (1) land-level changes caused by local faulting or by large-scale regional deformation, (2) ground shaking, (3) compaction, (4) liquefaction, (5) subaerial and submarine sliding, (6) water-sediment ejection and ground fracturing, (7) reaction of sensitive and quick clays, and (8) effects of tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves. Although land-level changes due to local faulting are unlikely, large-scale regional deformation may cause uplift or subsidence in Ketchikan. Adverse effects would be confined mainly to the waterfront area. This area also would be most heavily damaged if Ketchikan were strongly shaken by an earthquake. Nonengineered, loose, manmade fills and fan-delta deposits in this area probably would be subject to the strongest shaking. These deposits probably also are most subject to compaction, liquefaction, sliding, and water-sediment ejection. Earthquake effects expectably would be considerably fewer and less severe for the part of Ketchikan upslope from the harbor area because bedrock is at or near the surface in large parts of the area. No sensitive clays have been identified but, if present, they probably are confined to the till and other diamicton deposits in the northeastern part of the mapped area. Tsunami waves are not expected to have a local generation source. Those arriving from a distant source, although potentially highly destructive, probably would be greatly attenuated before arriving at Ketchikan. Seiche waves may develop on lakes near the mapped area and possibly cause failure of earth-fill dams. Destructive waves generated by earthquake-induced local submarine sliding appear to be unlikely in the Ketchikan area.</p><p>Geologic hazards in the area that are not caused by earthquakes are believed to be relatively minor. They include: (1) landsliding and subaqueous sliding, and (2) flooding. Only minor landsliding has occurred in the mapped area, but the potential for sliding may increase as the city expands and heavily timbered areas are cleared, with attendant accelerated erosion and mass wasting. The greatest potential for subaqueous sliding is along the shoreline, where fairly thick fan-delta deposits rest on a sloping bedrock surface. Periodic flooding has occurred on some creeks in the mapped area and can be expected to occur from time to time in the future.</p><p>In order that more accurate evaluations of geologic hazards can be made in the future, several recommendations are made for additional studies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75250","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R., 1975, Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Ketchikan area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-250, Report: iii, 65 p.; 1 Plate: 53.36 x 18.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75250.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 65 p.; 1 Plate: 53.36 x 18.70 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419097,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0250/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":419096,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0250/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0250/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Ketchikan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -132.1008985363706,\n              55.53989430363504\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.1008985363706,\n              55.10963711958067\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.2097064951564,\n              55.10963711958067\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.2097064951564,\n              55.53989430363504\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.1008985363706,\n              55.53989430363504\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64462b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemke, Richard W.","contributorId":59409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14622,"text":"ofr75358 - 1975 - Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14622,"text":"ofr75358 - 1975 - Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed","indexId":"ofr75358","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6088,"text":"pp1040 - 1977 - Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed","indexId":"pp1040","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6088,"text":"pp1040 - 1977 - Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed","indexId":"pp1040","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T12:25:48","indexId":"ofr75358","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-358","title":"Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed","docAbstract":"<p>Stochastic models are available that can be used to predict the transport and dispersion of bed-material sediment particles in an alluvial channel. These models are based on the proposition that the movement of a single bed-material sediment particle consists of a series of steps of random length separated by rest periods of random duration and, therefore, application of the models requires a knowledge of the probability distributions of the step lengths, the rest periods, the elevation of particle deposition, and the elevation of particle erosion. In the past, it has proven impossible to estimate these distributions except by use of tedious and time consuming single particle experiments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75358","usgsCitation":"Lee, B.K., and Jobson, H.E., 1975, Stochastic analysis of particle movement over a dune bed: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-358, xx, 205 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75358.","productDescription":"xx, 205 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359565,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0358/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b436a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Baum K.","contributorId":27055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Baum","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15149,"text":"ofr75142 - 1975 - Some reservoir engineering calculations for the vapor-dominated system at Larderello, Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:05","indexId":"ofr75142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-142","title":"Some reservoir engineering calculations for the vapor-dominated system at Larderello, Italy","docAbstract":"Various reservoir properties are calculated for the Larderello vapor-dominated system using available published data. Bottom-hole flowing properties are calculated from measured wellhead data. Whereas wellhead temperatures measured at a particular time tend to change systematically with changes in flow and pressure, calculated bottom-hole temperatures tend to be constant for two sample wells; while for a third, bottom-hole temperatures decrease with increasing flow. Bottom-hole temperatures calculated from wellhead data taken over several years can be constant, increase, or decrease for particular wells. A steady-state model for steam flow to a well is used with calculated bottom-hole data to show that the effect of non-Darcy flow is important. The initial mass of fluid in place for the northeast zone of Larderello (56 km2) is estimated, using data on shut-in pressures and total mass production. Reservoir thickness needed to store this mass of fluid is calculated as a function of porosity and initial fraction of water in pores. Representative values are 19 km of thickness, assuming 5% porosity with steam alone, and 832 m, assuming 20% porosity and 10% of pore volume as liquid water. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75142","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 1975, Some reservoir engineering calculations for the vapor-dominated system at Larderello, Italy: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-142, 47 p.; Tables; Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75142.","productDescription":"47 p.; Tables; Figures","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_75_142.jpg"},{"id":13626,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/of75-142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e7e4b07f02db5e7f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":170661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35810,"text":"b1401 - 1975 - Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: Revised edition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T14:04:26.556535","indexId":"b1401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1401","title":"Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: Revised edition","docAbstract":"<p>The rapid methods previously used by the U.S. Geological Survey to determine the major constituents of rocks have been modified to introduce atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) where applicable. Two procedures are available for determining 10 constituents: one, from a single solution prepared by a nitric-acid dissolution of a lithium metaborate-lithium tetraborate fusion, and the other, a two-solution method in which one portion of sample is dissolved in an HF-H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>,-HNO<sub>3</sub> mixture and another portion is fused with NaOH. In both techniques, SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and MnO are determined spectrophotometrically, and CaO, MgO, Na<sub>2</sub>O, and K<sub>2</sub>O are determined by AAS. Separate portions of samples are used for the following determinations: FeO by titration with K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> after decomposition with HF and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; total H<sub>2</sub>O by its weight when evolved on heating a mixture of sample plus flux; H<sub>2</sub>O by loss of weight at 110° overnight; CO<sub>2</sub> by its volume upon evolution with acid; fluorine by a new indirect measurement of SiO<sub>2</sub> evolved with fluorine on heating; and. sulfur by a new procedure based on a turbidimetric measurement of BaSO<sub>4</sub>, after an aqua regia attack. Several mechanical aids and automated devices are used for the analyses. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1401","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, L., 1975, Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: Revised edition (Revised edition): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1401, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1401.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Leonard","contributorId":61406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Leonard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14734,"text":"ofr75214 - 1975 - Hydrologic effects of reducing irrigation to maintain a permanent pool in John Martin Reservoir, Arkansas River Valley, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T08:15:45","indexId":"ofr75214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-214","title":"Hydrologic effects of reducing irrigation to maintain a permanent pool in John Martin Reservoir, Arkansas River Valley, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey has evaluated a plan by the Colorado Division of Wildlife to maintain a permanent pool of 10,000 acre-feet (1.2x10<sup>7</sup> cubic metres) in John Martin Reservoir on the Arkansas River. The proposed pool would be maintained through the use of water formerly diverted by the Catlin Canal Company to irrigate land in the Arkansas River valley. This plan was evaluated using a mathematical simulation model developed to test management alternatives in a stream-aquifer system. A 25-year period from 1949 through 1973 was simulated using monthly time intervals. Based on this simulation, it is concluded that (1) the proposed change in water use would be adequate to maintain a permanent pool of the proposed size, (2) surface-water diversions by most other canals in the study area would increase slightly under the proposed plan, (3) the flow of the Arkansas River at the Colorado-Kansas State line would increase slightly under the proposed plan, and (4) the ground-water system would not be significantly affected by the proposed change in water-use plan.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., 1975, Hydrologic effects of reducing irrigation to maintain a permanent pool in John Martin Reservoir, Arkansas River Valley, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-214, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75214.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0214/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Valley, John Martin Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.7445,37.6428],[-103.0766,37.6417],[-103.183,37.6424],[-103.2917,37.6426],[-103.4039,37.6423],[-103.5092,37.6432],[-103.5778,37.6432],[-103.6016,37.6437],[-103.8109,37.644],[-103.8929,37.644],[-103.9661,37.6439],[-104.0591,37.6436],[-104.0597,37.7316],[-104.3518,37.8148],[-104.3889,37.8248],[-104.4978,37.8556],[-104.6074,37.886],[-104.6527,37.8982],[-104.7175,37.8949],[-104.9375,37.8834],[-104.9545,37.8822],[-104.9737,37.881],[-105.0017,37.8794],[-105.0041,37.8794],[-105.0093,37.879],[-105.0122,37.8799],[-105.0209,37.8859],[-105.0313,37.8919],[-105.0295,37.8964],[-105.03,37.9],[-105.0346,37.9055],[-105.0468,37.9115],[-105.0474,37.9967],[-105.0481,38.0855],[-105.0481,38.173],[-105.0483,38.202],[-105.0487,38.2582],[-104.9391,38.2587],[-104.9402,38.3448],[-104.9392,38.4178],[-104.939,38.43],[-104.9397,38.5003],[-104.9427,38.5003],[-104.943,38.5175],[-104.8295,38.5183],[-104.736,38.5183],[-104.7171,38.5186],[-104.6071,38.5187],[-104.4971,38.5192],[-104.3759,38.52],[-104.2836,38.5201],[-104.2794,38.5205],[-104.2759,38.5204],[-104.1629,38.5215],[-104.054,38.523],[-103.9411,38.523],[-103.8328,38.523],[-103.7228,38.5223],[-103.6116,38.5225],[-103.6118,38.5171],[-103.5089,38.5159],[-103.508,38.4366],[-103.5066,38.3409],[-103.5019,38.3408],[-103.5004,38.2646],[-103.3972,38.2647],[-103.2787,38.2649],[-103.1691,38.2647],[-103.0571,38.2647],[-102.741,38.2654],[-102.6154,38.2661],[-102.5075,38.2662],[-102.396,38.2662],[-102.2858,38.2665],[-102.1749,38.2668],[-102.0443,38.2676],[-102.0443,38.2627],[-102.0432,37.7384],[-102.043,37.6429],[-102.089,37.643],[-102.199,37.6429],[-102.3071,37.6435],[-102.4182,37.6432],[-102.5281,37.6432],[-102.6363,37.6435],[-102.7445,37.6428]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bent\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606ec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, Richard R.","contributorId":17980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29464,"text":"wri7531 - 1975 - Flood-prone areas of Gadsden County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T10:46:04","indexId":"wri7531","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-31","title":"Flood-prone areas of Gadsden County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Gadsden County is an area of 508 square miles in northwest Florida. The topography of the county is diverse and ranges in altitude from about 50 to 300 feet above mean sea level. Well drained steep hillsides and narrow ridgetops give way to broad, nearly level, poorly drained plateaus which have steep sloping sides, In eastern and central Gadsden county, streams tributary to the Ochlockonee River flow southeastward through a moderately steep terrain. The western part of Gadsden County is an area of rugged and broken topography and deeply incised streams that are tributary to the Apalachicola River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7531","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Gadsden County and its municipalities and Northwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., Pascale, C., and Tucker, D., 1975, Flood-prone areas of Gadsden County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-31, 27.9 x 21.1 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7531.","productDescription":"27.9 x 21.1 inches","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Gadsden County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.8634,30.7114],[-84.8601,30.7112],[-84.8022,30.7087],[-84.5708,30.6988],[-84.3968,30.6913],[-84.3808,30.6906],[-84.2811,30.6863],[-84.2842,30.6836],[-84.2901,30.6813],[-84.2975,30.6794],[-84.3033,30.6748],[-84.3049,30.6694],[-84.3017,30.663],[-84.3017,30.6547],[-84.3011,30.6456],[-84.3027,30.6383],[-84.3101,30.6319],[-84.3169,30.6231],[-84.3254,30.6149],[-84.3307,30.6048],[-84.3344,30.598],[-84.3381,30.5975],[-84.3445,30.5965],[-84.3513,30.591],[-84.3593,30.5869],[-84.3709,30.5809],[-84.3778,30.574],[-84.3815,30.5644],[-84.3814,30.5603],[-84.382,30.5567],[-84.3878,30.5512],[-84.3893,30.5429],[-84.3935,30.5296],[-84.3914,30.5269],[-84.3945,30.5159],[-84.4061,30.509],[-84.4061,30.5035],[-84.4034,30.5003],[-84.3992,30.4939],[-84.3975,30.4866],[-84.4028,30.4784],[-84.4113,30.4724],[-84.4224,30.466],[-84.4314,30.4659],[-84.4393,30.4622],[-84.4526,30.4617],[-84.4621,30.4571],[-84.4722,30.4589],[-84.4811,30.457],[-84.4859,30.4593],[-84.4944,30.4597],[-84.4992,30.4547],[-84.5087,30.4514],[-84.5251,30.4491],[-84.5298,30.4394],[-84.5457,30.4384],[-84.5578,30.4361],[-84.5663,30.4319],[-84.5784,30.4195],[-84.59,30.4126],[-84.6054,30.4153],[-84.6133,30.4106],[-84.6223,30.4101],[-84.6333,30.4014],[-84.6365,30.3986],[-84.6413,30.3958],[-84.6454,30.3912],[-84.6465,30.388],[-84.6656,30.3875],[-84.6809,30.3883],[-84.6806,30.4171],[-84.714,30.4174],[-84.7144,30.4603],[-84.7812,30.4599],[-84.7815,30.4956],[-84.7817,30.5189],[-84.8082,30.5187],[-84.8162,30.5186],[-84.8157,30.5209],[-84.8163,30.5333],[-84.8429,30.5331],[-84.8588,30.5329],[-84.8827,30.5332],[-84.8834,30.5533],[-84.8834,30.5561],[-84.8837,30.5835],[-84.8838,30.5945],[-84.884,30.6054],[-84.9328,30.6064],[-84.9276,30.6124],[-84.9138,30.6162],[-84.9054,30.6222],[-84.9045,30.6359],[-84.904,30.6382],[-84.8929,30.6465],[-84.8904,30.6598],[-84.8873,30.6639],[-84.8815,30.6681],[-84.8751,30.6718],[-84.8694,30.6833],[-84.8584,30.6962],[-84.8584,30.6998],[-84.8649,30.7094],[-84.8665,30.7116],[-84.8634,30.7114]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Gadsden\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumenik, Roger P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascale, C.A.","contributorId":68724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascale","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tucker, D.F.","contributorId":91540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26503,"text":"wri7530 - 1975 - Optimizing information transfer in a stream-gaging network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T13:13:54","indexId":"wri7530","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-30","title":"Optimizing information transfer in a stream-gaging network","docAbstract":"<p>Networks of small stream (drainage area less than 50 square miles or 130 square kilometres) flood gages have been operated throughout the country for a number of years to supplement flood information already available for large streams. The goal in operating these networks has been to obtain sufficient data for estimating flood frequency at ungaged sites with the equivalent accuracy expected from 10 years of observed flood records. In some areas the networks have accumulated sufficient data to satisfy these accuracy goals. A review of these networks, looking toward possible reduction of the number of gages, is now timely. Continued operation of a few selected gages may be desirable to provide a longer time-sample base for improving the flood-frequency estimating equation and(or) to expand the area over which the equations apply.</p><p>In 1974, Thomas Maddock III developed a rational method for selecting gages to be retained in a reduced hydrologic network. This method of network analysis seeks the optimum set of gages to be retained for a given level of annual operating costs with the information content of the reduced network being the factor optimized. Application of Maddock's method demonstrated that a considerable number of gages could be eliminated from a network without grossly decreasing its information content.</p><p>Maddock's method of analysis is described in detail for a hypothetical network of gages. The method also is applied to actual networks in Montana, Illinois, and Georgia.</p><p>The analysis of networks in Montana illustrates the basic approach to selecting an optimal subset from the existing set of gages. The Illinois analysis demonstrated that by retaining only 26 percent of the gages, nearly 63 percent of the original information is retained in the reduced network. Application of the procedure shows how the design of networks in Georgia may be modified because of hydrologic considerations to meet budgetary constraints.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7530","usgsCitation":"Carrigan, P.H., and Golden, H.G., 1975, Optimizing information transfer in a stream-gaging network: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-30, v, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7530.","productDescription":"v, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":349792,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db69138d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrigan, Philip Hadley Jr.","contributorId":86768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrigan","given":"Philip","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hadley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golden, Harold G.","contributorId":103244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27445,"text":"wri742 - 1975 - Simulated drawdown for selected well fields in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-10T20:13:35.715275","indexId":"wri742","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-2","title":"Simulated drawdown for selected well fields in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"<p>Drawdown due to pumping was simulated for three sites in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Ohio River by digital modeling techniques. Two well-field arrangements were used at each site. The initial well-field arrangement at each site consisted of three wells located in a line parallel to the Ohio River. The simulated wells were 350 feet (107m) apart and 500 feet (152m) from the river. Pumping was simulated at a rate of 1,500 gal min<sup>-1</sup> (5,678 1 min<sup>-1</sup>) for 256 days. The second well-field arrangement allowed comparison of drawdown between the initial well-field arrangement and (a) wells located 350 feet (107m) nearer the river, (b) additional wells, located between the initial well field and the bedrock valley wall and (c) wells located on a line perpendicular to the river rather than parallel to the river. A verification procedure for the digital model based on observed aquifer response to a flood on the Ohio River is included as an appendix.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri742","usgsCitation":"Grubb, H.F., 1975, Simulated drawdown for selected well fields in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-2, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri742.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":361888,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466045,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34431.htm","text":"Givens site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466046,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34432.htm","text":"Hagman site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466047,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34433.htm","text":"Singleton site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Daviess County, Hancock County","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River Alluvial 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,{"id":16069,"text":"ofr75613 - 1975 - Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16069,"text":"ofr75613 - 1975 - Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems","indexId":"ofr75613","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6432,"text":"pp1044D - 1978 - Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems","indexId":"pp1044D","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6432,"text":"pp1044D - 1978 - Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems","indexId":"pp1044D","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:13","indexId":"ofr75613","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-613","title":"Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75613","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., 1975, Numerical modeling of liquid geothermal systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-613, 66 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (60 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75613.","productDescription":"66 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (60 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27621,"text":"wri759 - 1975 - Hydrology of the Albemarle-Pamlico region, North Carolina : A preliminary report on the impact of agricultural developments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T11:33:32","indexId":"wri759","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-9","title":"Hydrology of the Albemarle-Pamlico region, North Carolina : A preliminary report on the impact of agricultural developments","docAbstract":"<p>Extensive agricultural land clearing and drainage operations underway in a 650 square mile part of the Albemarle-Pamlico region--a 1,634 square mile peninsula in North Carolina lying between Albemarle Sound on the North and the Pamlico River on the south--are changing the hydrology of the area.</p>\n<p>The artificial drainage system being constructed in the region, although it will probably result in only a slight modification of the natural annual evapotranspiration, overland runoff, and ground-water discharge, will likely result in several important problems.</p>\n<p>First, changes in the water quality of the sounds and estuaries resulting from the rapid runoff of storm waters may prove harmful to the fishery resources. Second, lowering of the water table may cause relatively rapid subsidence of the land surface in an irregular pattern in the extensive areas underlain by thick peat deposits as a result of biochemical oxidation, peat fires, and wind.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Raleigh, NC","doi":"10.3133/wri759","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources","usgsCitation":"Heath, R., 1975, Hydrology of the Albemarle-Pamlico region, North Carolina : A preliminary report on the impact of agricultural developments: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-9, vi, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri759.","productDescription":"vi, 98 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri759.jpg"},{"id":323463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":" Albemarle-Pamlico region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.23388671874999,\n              34.57895241036945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.23388671874999,\n              36.54053616262899\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.322265625,\n              36.54053616262899\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.322265625,\n              34.57895241036945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.23388671874999,\n              34.57895241036945\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601f02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heath, Ralph C.","contributorId":53359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"Ralph C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29479,"text":"wri7559 - 1975 - Simulation of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, Plantation Canal, Broward County, Florida with an evaluation of the QUAL-I model for use in south Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T14:50:26","indexId":"wri7559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-59","title":"Simulation of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, Plantation Canal, Broward County, Florida with an evaluation of the QUAL-I model for use in south Florida","docAbstract":"A mathematical model; QUAL-I, developed by the Texas Water Development Board, was evaluated as a management tool in predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand in Plantation Canal. Predictions based on the QUAL-I model, which was verified only against midday summer-flow conditions, showed that improvement of quality of inflows from sewage treatment plants and use of at least 130 cubic feet per second of dilution water would improve water quality in the canal significantly. The model was not fully amenable to use on Plantation Canal because: (1) it did not consider photosynthetic production, nitrification, and benthic oxygen demand as sources and sinks of oxygen; (2) the model assumptions of complete mixing, transport, and steady state were not met; and (3) the data base was inadequate because it consisted of only one set of data for each case. However, it was felt that meaningful results could be obtained for some sets of conditions. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7559","usgsCitation":"Russo, T.N., and McQuivey, R.S., 1975, Simulation of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, Plantation Canal, Broward County, Florida with an evaluation of the QUAL-I model for use in south Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-59, 49 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7559.","productDescription":"49 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369491,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Broward County","otherGeospatial":"Plantation Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.63690185546875,\n              25.89258493702574\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.11367797851562,\n              25.89258493702574\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.11367797851562,\n              26.19241214758277\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.63690185546875,\n              26.19241214758277\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.63690185546875,\n              25.89258493702574\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russo, Thomas N.","contributorId":108151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russo","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McQuivey, Raul S.","contributorId":48176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McQuivey","given":"Raul","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13293,"text":"ofr75105 - 1975 - Hydrology for land-use planning: The Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T21:50:42.482764","indexId":"ofr75105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-105","title":"Hydrology for land-use planning: The Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Rapid residential growth of the Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska, may cause depletion of aquifers and a change in quality of water resources as a result of extensive development of small-lot tracts. Ground-water yields are low and may be locally inadequate for single family requirements where wells produce from bedrock in the eastern Hillside region. At lower altitudes single family water requirements of 3 to 10 gallons per minute or 0.2 to 0.6 litre per second usually can be obtained, but aquifers capable of being pumped at larger yields for public supplies are uncommon. However, in a few localities, wells do produce 40 to 300 gallons per minute or 2.5 to 19 litres per second from sand and gravel aquifers lying within thick sequences of glacial till. Streamflow within the Hillside area is inadequate as a significant source of water for public supply. Springs, swamps, and water-logged surficial sediments in the Hillside area are mainly caused by hilly terrain and low permeability of surficial materials.</p><p>The relative vulnerability of streams, lakes, and ground water to pollution caused by the discharge of liquid waste, particularly from onsite sewage-disposal systems, is moderate to high in about half the study area. At higher altitudes contamination of bedrock aquifers may occur if discharge of liquid wastes is not regulated. The deep sedimentary aquifers at lower altitudes are less susceptible to contamination. However, shallow groundwater bodies may become polluted by discharge of sewage effluent and, consequently, some deep wells may be contaminated by seepage down the outside of casings or through leaky casing joints and underground seals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75105","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough","usgsCitation":"Dearborn, L.L., and Barnwell, W.W., 1975, Hydrology for land-use planning: The Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-105, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75105.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146731,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393069,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15092.htm"},{"id":423406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Hillside area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.803,\n              61.081\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.697,\n              61.081\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.697,\n              61.139\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.803,\n              61.139\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.803,\n              61.081\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dearborn, Larry L.","contributorId":66687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dearborn","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnwell, William W.","contributorId":73621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnwell","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28271,"text":"wri7540 - 1975 - Digital models of a glacial outwash aquifer in the Pearl-Sallie Lakes area, west-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T19:07:29.804101","indexId":"wri7540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-40","title":"Digital models of a glacial outwash aquifer in the Pearl-Sallie Lakes area, west-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>-p^e need for study of lake-ground-water interchange has been accentuated by eutrophication of lakes in the Pearl-Sallie Lakes area of west-central Minnesota. The local ground-water flow system is dominated by an outwash aquifer that is sandwiched between two till layers in the western part of the area and exposed at the land surface in the eastern part. Ground water discharges from the aquifer into lakes in the outwash area but is recharged from lakes in the till-covered area. Irregular aquifer geometry resulted in a complex ground-water flow system. Simulation of the system by areal and vertical-section models showed that the lakes significantly control groundwater flow near their boundaries. Inadequate field data and complex geology caused difficulty in obtaining solutions with the vertical-section model. The models may be used to guide collection and interpretation of field data, and quantification of the ground-water flow system. With modification, they could be used to predict aquifer response to transient stresses. They also could be incorporated into more complex models to determine the movement of solutes in the ground-water system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri7540","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Larson, S.P., McBride, M.S., and Wolf, R.J., 1975, Digital models of a glacial outwash aquifer in the Pearl-Sallie Lakes area, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-40, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7540.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428010,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34478.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0040/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Pearl-Sallie Lakes area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.95991134643555,\n              46.749388725669824\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.95991134643555,\n              46.803819640791566\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.86687088012695,\n              46.803819640791566\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.86687088012695,\n              46.749388725669824\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.95991134643555,\n              46.749388725669824\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aa2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S. P.","contributorId":34903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, Mark S.","contributorId":96694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":13577,"text":"ofr75453 - 1975 - Water availability of Blount County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr75453","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-453","title":"Water availability of Blount County, Alabama","docAbstract":"Ground water is obtained mostly from limestone and dolomite aquifers along the Sequatchie anticline and Murphrees Valley anticline and. from sandstone aquifers in Sand Mountain and Blount Mountain synclinal areas. Wells tapping some limestone and dolomite aquifers produce as much as 1.4 mgd (million gallons per day). Wells completed in sandstone of the Pottsville Formation underlying lower topographic areas may produce as much as 0.3 mgd, but those completed in sandstone underlying higher topographic areas produce lesser quantities. \r\n\r\nSurface-water resources were appraised by use of average flow and 7-day Q2 (median annual 7-day minimum flow).An average flow of about 640 mgd or about 1 mgd per square mile originates in the county. Streamflow during low flow conditions is small; only three streams have 7-day Q2's that exceed 2 mgd. Estimates of storage requirements are provided for sustained draft rates of 25 to 50 percent of the average flow.\r\n\r\nWater from aquifers and streams in Blount County is generally of suitable chemical quality for most uses. Water from the Pottsville Formation generally contains iron in excess of 0.3 mg/l (milligrams per liter) and water from limestone and dolomite aquifers and from some streams during low flows is moderately hard to hard and may need treatment for certain uses. \r\n\r\nWater use in the county was about 3.2 mgd in 1968 and 46 mgd was diverted for use outside the county.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75453","usgsCitation":"Faust, R.J., and Harkins, J.R., 1975, Water availability of Blount County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-453, 23 leaves :ill., maps (some col.) ;31 cm.; (43 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75453.","productDescription":"23 leaves :ill., maps (some col.) ;31 cm.; (43 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95145,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0453/plate-1.pdf","size":"11531","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95146,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0453/plate-2.pdf","size":"6847","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0453/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42094,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0453/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, Robert J.","contributorId":21553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harkins, Joe R.","contributorId":28982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harkins","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14460,"text":"ofr75535 - 1975 - Analog-model analysis of hydrological effects of sewage in Southeast Nassau and Southwest Suffolk counties, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr75535","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-535","title":"Analog-model analysis of hydrological effects of sewage in Southeast Nassau and Southwest Suffolk counties, Long Island, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[s.n.],","doi":"10.3133/ofr75535","usgsCitation":"Kimmel, G.E., and Harbaugh, A.W., 1975, Analog-model analysis of hydrological effects of sewage in Southeast Nassau and Southwest Suffolk counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-535, 22 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (19 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75535.","productDescription":"22 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (19 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmel, Grant E.","contributorId":20741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmel","given":"Grant","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97830,"text":"pp907B - 1975 - Geochemical Exploration Techniques Applicable in the Search for Copper Deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:31","indexId":"pp907B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"907","chapter":"B","title":"Geochemical Exploration Techniques Applicable in the Search for Copper Deposits","docAbstract":"Geochemical exploration is an important part of copper-resource evaluation. A large number of geochemical exploration techniques, both proved and untried, are available to the geochemist to use in the search for new copper deposits.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of whole-rock samples have been used in both regional and local geochemical exploration surveys in the search for copper. Analyses of mineral separates, such as biotite, magnetite, and sulfides, have also been used.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of soil samples are widely used in geochemical exploration, especially for localized surveys. It is important to distinguish between residual and transported soil types. Orientation studies should always be conducted prior to a geochemical investigation in a given area in order to determine the best soil horizon and the best size of soil material for sampling in that area. Silty frost boils, caliche, and desert varnish are specialized types of soil samples that might be useful sampling media.\r\n\r\nSoil gas is a new and potentially valuable geochemical sampling medium, especially in exploring for buried mineral deposits in arid regions. Gaseous products in samples of soil may be related to base-metal deposits and include mercury vapor, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon oxysulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, the noble gases, the halogens, and many hydrocarbon compounds.\r\n\r\nTransported materials that have been used in geochemical sampling programs include glacial float boulders, glacial till, esker gravels, stream sediments, stream-sediment concentrates, and lake sediments. Stream-sediment sampling is probably the most widely used and most successful geochemical exploration technique.\r\n\r\nHydrogeochemical exploration programs have utilized hot- and cold-spring waters and their precipitates as well as waters from lakes, streams, and wells. Organic gel found in lakes and at stream mouths is an unproved sampling medium. Suspended material and dissolved gases in any type of water may also be useful media. Samples of ice and snow have been used for limited geochemical surveys.\r\n\r\nBoth geobotanical and biogeochemical surveys have been successful in locating copper deposits in many parts of the world. Micro-organisms, including bacteria and algae, are other unproved media that should be studied.\r\n\r\nAnimals can be used in geochemical-prospecting programs. Dogs have been used quite successfully to sniff out hidden and exposed sulfide minerals. Tennite mounds are commonly composed of subsurface material, but have not as yet proved to be useful in locating buried mineral deposits. Animal tissue and waste products are essentially unproved but potentially valuable sampling media. Knowledge of the location of areas where trace-element-associated diseases in animals and man are endemic as well as a better understanding of these diseases, may aid in identifying regions that are enriched in or depleted of various elements, including copper.\r\n\r\nResults of analyses of gases in the atmosphere are proving valuable in mineral-exploration surveys. Studies involving metallic compounds exhaled by plants into the atmosphere, and of particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere are reviewed these methods may become important in the future.\r\n\r\nRemote-sensing techniques are useful for making indirect measurements of geochemical responses. Two techniques applicable to geochemical exploration are neutron-activation analysis and gamma-ray spectrometry. Aerial photography is especially useful in vegetation surveys. Radar imagery is an unproved but potentially valuable method for use in studies of vegetation in perpetually clouded regions.\r\n\r\nWith the advent of modern computers, many new techniques, such as correlation analysis, regression analysis, discriminant analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, trend-surface analysis, and moving-average analysis can be applied to geochemical data sets. Selective use of these techniques can provide new insights into the interpretatio","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp907B","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M.A., 1975, Geochemical Exploration Techniques Applicable in the Search for Copper Deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 907, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp907B.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0907a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91374,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0907a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16491,"text":"ofr75176 - 1975 - Analyses of selected constituents in native water and soil in the Bayou Boeuf-Chene-Black area near Morgan City, Louisiana, including a modified standard elutriate test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:05","indexId":"ofr75176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-176","title":"Analyses of selected constituents in native water and soil in the Bayou Boeuf-Chene-Black area near Morgan City, Louisiana, including a modified standard elutriate test","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[s.n.],","doi":"10.3133/ofr75176","usgsCitation":"Wells, F.C., and Gogel, A.J., 1975, Analyses of selected constituents in native water and soil in the Bayou Boeuf-Chene-Black area near Morgan City, Louisiana, including a modified standard elutriate test: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-176, 23 p. :map ;27 cm.; (36 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75176.","productDescription":"23 p. :map ;27 cm.; (36 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Frank C.","contributorId":80664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gogel, Anthony J.","contributorId":7276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogel","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14932,"text":"ofr7459 - 1975 - A digital-computer model for estimating drawdowns in the sandstone aquifer in Dane County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T13:27:08.469831","indexId":"ofr7459","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-59","title":"A digital-computer model for estimating drawdowns in the sandstone aquifer in Dane County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>A digital-computer program was developed to compute nonsteady and steady-state hydrologic changes caused by pumping from a confined aquifer. The program computes head changes in the confined aquifer and the rate and volume of water withdrawn from aquifer boundaries.</p><p>The program was used to model the sandstone aquifer underlying Dane County, Wisconsin. The aquifer was modeled as a confined aquifer recharged by leakage from the overlying upper aquifer. The physical properties of the aquifer system needed for the model were approximated using aquifer-test data and by matching drawdowns resulting from aquifer development through 1970 with draw-downs computed by the model.</p><p>The sandstone aquifer should be able to supply the water needs of Dane County well beyond 1990. Maximum regional drawdowns of approximately 40 feet (12 m) between 1970 and 1990 were computed by the model. This amount of additional drawdown would not seriously deplete the ground-water supply.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7459","usgsCitation":"McLeod, R., 1975, A digital-computer model for estimating drawdowns in the sandstone aquifer in Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-59, Report: 106 p.; 25 Figures: 10.87 x 8.13 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7459.","productDescription":"Report: 106 p.; 25 Figures: 10.87 x 8.13 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493454,"rank":26,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-24.pdf","text":"Figure 24","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493453,"rank":27,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-25.pdf","text":"Figure 25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493455,"rank":25,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-23.pdf","text":"Figure 23","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493456,"rank":24,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-22.pdf","text":"Figure 22","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":493446,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493448,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-7.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493449,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0059/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 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,{"id":15202,"text":"ofr75476 - 1975 - Water availability of Washington County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:03","indexId":"ofr75476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-476","title":"Water availability of Washington County, Alabama","docAbstract":"Large quantities of ground water and surface water are available in Washington County. Major sources of ground water are the Gosport Sand and Lisbon Formation undifferentiated, the Miocene Series undifferentiated, and alluvium and low terrace deposits. The Miocene, the most productive source of ground water, will yield 0.5 to 1.0 mgd (million gallons per day) per well and is a potential source of larger supplies in most of the county. The quantity of potable water available is governed largely by geologic structures.\r\n\r\nAverage flows of the Tombigbee and Mobile Rivers in the southeast corner of the county are 18,200 and 39,400 mgd. Average runoff originating in the county is about 1,100 mgd or 1 mgd per square mile.\r\n\r\nWater in aquifers tapped by wells generally contains less than 500 mg/l (milligrams per liter) dissolved solids. The water generally is soft to moderately hard. Water in streams is soft to moderately hard and low in dissolved solids. Estimated water use in 1966 was 43.5 mgd of which 10.9 mgd was ground water and 32.6 mgd was surface water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75476","usgsCitation":"Newton, J.G., McCain, J.F., and Turner, J.D., 1975, Water availability of Washington County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-476, 21 leaves :col. maps ;38 cm.; (47 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75476.","productDescription":"21 leaves :col. maps ;38 cm.; (47 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44129,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44130,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, John G.","contributorId":22323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCain, Jerald F.","contributorId":104039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCain","given":"Jerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, James D.","contributorId":46542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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