PART A: The seismic history of the southeastern United States is dominated by the 1886 earthquake near Charleston, S.C. An understanding of the specific source and the uniqueness of the neotectonic setting of this large earthquake is essential in order to properly assess seismic hazards in the southeastern United States. Such knowledge will also contribute to the fundamental understanding of intraplate earthquakes and will aid indirectly in deciphering the evolution of Atlantic-type continental margins. The 15 chapters in this volume report on the first stage of an ongoing multidisciplinary study of the Charleston earthquake of 1886. The Modified Mercalli intensity for the 1886 earthquake was X in the meizoseismal area, an elliptical area 35 by 50 km, the center of which was Middleton Place. Seismic activity is continuing today in the Middleton Place-Summerville area at a higher level than prior to 1886. The present seismicity is originating at depths of 1 to 8 km, mostly in the crystalline basement beneath sedimentary rocks of the Coastal Plain. The crystalline basement beneath the Charleston-Summerville area is not simply a seaward extension of crystalline rocks of the Appalachian orogen that are exposed in the Piedmont to the northwest, but has a distinctive magnetic signature that does not reflect Appalachian orogenic trends. The area underlain by this distinctive geophysical basement, the Charleston block, may represent a broad zone of Triassic and (or) Jurassic crustal extension formed during the early stages of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The Charleston block is characterized in part by prominent, roughly circular magnetic and gravity highs that are thought to reflect maflc or ultramafic plutons. A continuously cored borehole put down over the shallowest (about 1.5 km deep) of these magnetic anomalies on the edge of the meizoseismal area bottomed at 792 m in amygdaloidal basalt. Although the K-Ar ages of about 100 m.y. for the basalt are consistent with the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) age of the overlying Cape Fear Formation, this must be a minimum age as a result of chemical alteration. The interpreted magmatic composition of the basalt most closely resembles the high-Ti quartz-normative tholeiites of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic age from eastern North America; age of the basalt is probably similar. Various geophysical surveys suggest that Coastal Plain sedimentary rocks do not simply dip homoclinally to the southeast on a gently dipping basement surface but are disturbed by structures not yet clearly deciphered. The present stress regime of the Charleston-Summerville area appears to be one of NE-SW. compression rather than of extension as it presumably was in the Mesozoic. The present stress regime seems similar to that of much of the eastern United States. Comparison of several seismic source areas in eastern North America shows that epicenters are typically near the periphery of positive gravity features interpreted to represent mafic or ultramafic bodies. Earthquakes may be caused by the concentration of regional stress around the peripheries of these inhomogeneities in an otherwise more homogeneous plate. Whether the inhomogeneities are more or less rigid than the. surrounding material is uncertain. PART B: In 1889, C. E. Dutton published all his basic intensity data for the 1886 Charleston, S.C., shock but did not list what intensity values he assigned to each report, nor did he show the distribution of the locations of these data reports on his isoseismal map. The writer and two other seismologists have each independently evaluated Dutton's 1,300 intensity reports (at least two of the. three interpreters agreed on intensity values for 90 percent of the reports), and the consensus values were plotted and contoured. One map was prepared on which contours emphasized the broad regional pattern of effects (with results similar to Dutton's) ; another map was contoured to depict the more
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1028","usgsCitation":"Rankin, D., 1977, Studies related to the Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886: A preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1028, iii, 204 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1028.","productDescription":"iii, 204 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":464242,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92981.htm","text":"Biostratigraphy of the deep corehole (Clubhouse Crossroads corehole 1) near Charleston, South Carolina","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":140112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":402866,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92975.htm","text":"Lithostratigraphy of the deep corehole (Clubhouse Crossroads corehole 1) near Charleston, South Carolina","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 32.637061996573436\n ],\n [\n -79.79095458984375,\n 32.637061996573436\n ],\n [\n -79.79095458984375,\n 32.95567280997862\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 32.95567280997862\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 32.637061996573436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankin, Douglas W. dwrankin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"Douglas W.","email":"dwrankin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":151342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4302,"text":"cir750 - 1977 - Geological studies on the COST No. B-2 well, U. S. Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:33","indexId":"cir750","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"750","title":"Geological studies on the COST No. B-2 well, U. S. Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area","docAbstract":"The COST No. B-2 well is the first deep stratigraphic test to be drilled on the United States Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (AOCS) area. The well was drilled on the eastern flank of the Baltimore Canyon trough to a total depth of 16,043 feet; it penetrated a section composed almost entirely of sand and shale with subordinate amounts of limestone, coal, and lignite. Biostratigraphic studies have shown that the uppermost 5,000 feet is of Tertiary and Quaternary age and was deposited in nonmarine to deep marine environments. The Upper Cretaceous section is about 3,000 feet thick and is of dominantly shallow marine origin. The basal 8,000 feet of sediment has been tentatively determined to be entirely of Early Cretaceous age, the basal sediments being dated as Berriasian. This Lower Cretaceous section is primarily nonmarine to very shallow marine in origin. \r\n\r\nExamination of cores, well cuttings, and electric logs shows that thick potential reservoir sands are found through much of the section. However, porosity and permeability decrease strikingly in the deeper parts of the Lower Cretaceous section as a result of compaction and cementation. Most of the sands are quite feldspathic, and progressive decomposition of feldspar stimulates authigenic clay and silica formation. \r\n\r\nStudies of color alteration of visible organic matter, organic geochemistry, and vitrinite reflectance show that although many units have high organic-carbon contents, moderately low geothermal gradients may have retarded thermal maturation. This, in conjunction with the scarcity of marine-derived organic matter in the lower part of the section, suggests a relatively low potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. However, the overall combination of source beds, reservoirs, seals, structures, and thermal gradients may be favorable for the generation and entrapment of natural gas. \r\n\r\nFurthermore, the presence of reservoir rocks, seals, and trapping structures may indicate a significant potential for entrapment of either natural gas or petroleum that was generated deeper in the basin and then migrated either laterally or vertically.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir750","usgsCitation":"Scholle, P.A., 1977, Geological studies on the COST No. B-2 well, U. S. Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 750, iv, 71 p. :ill., map ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir750.","productDescription":"iv, 71 p. :ill., map ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0750/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31413,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0750/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholle, Peter A.","contributorId":48954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":148770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4229,"text":"cir739 - 1977 - The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"cir739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"739","title":"The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The McCarthy 1? by 3? quadrangle, in eastern south-central Alaska, contains potentially significant resources of copper and possibly of a few other commodities. This circular and a companion folio of maps represent results of integrated field and laboratory studies in the disciplines of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and satellite imagery that are designed to provide a modern mineral resource assessment of the quadrangle. The maps are accompanied by descriptive texts, explanatory material, pertinent references, and by a few auxiliary tables and diagrams. This circular provides background information for the mineral resource assessment and integrates the component maps. It also includes a master list of references (see 'Bibliography') relevant to the geology and mineral deposits of the quadrangle.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nDept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Branch of Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/cir739","usgsCitation":"MacKevett, E., Albert, N.R., Barnes, D., Case, J.E., Robinson, K., and Singer, D., 1977, The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 739, iii, 23 p. :maps ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir739.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p. :maps ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0739/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0739/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKevett, E. M.","contributorId":32910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKevett","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albert, N. R. D.","contributorId":63789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robinson, Keith","contributorId":80277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":4133,"text":"cir747 - 1977 - Environmental geology, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: Description of a program and its results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T22:56:31.236756","indexId":"cir747","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"747","title":"Environmental geology, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: Description of a program and its results","docAbstract":"Past land-use practices, including mining, in Allegheny County, Pa., have resulted in three principal environmental problems, exclusive of air and water contamination. They are flooding, landsliding, and subsidence over underground mines. In 1973, information was most complete relative to flooding and least complete relative to landsliding.
Accordingly, in July 1973, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) entered into an agreement by which the USGS undertook studies chiefly aimed at increasing knowledge of landsliding and mine subsidence relative to land use, but having other ramifications as well, as part of a larger ARC 'Land-use and physical-resource analysis' (LUPRA) program. The chief geographic focus was Allegheny County, but adjacent areas were included in some investigations.
Resulting products, exclusive of this report, are:
1. Forty-three provisional maps of landslide, distribution and susceptibility and of land modified by man in Allegheny County, 1:24,000 scale, 7½ -minute quadrangle format, released to open files.
2. Four USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies (MF) maps of Allegheny County showing (a) bedrock, MF685A; (b) susceptibility to landsliding, MF-685B ; (c) coal-mining features, MF-685C; and (d) zones that can be affected by flooding, landsliding and undermining, MF-685D; all at the scale of 1:50,000.
3. Two MF maps showing coal-mining activity and related information and sites of recorded mine-subsidence events, and one MF map classifying land surface by relative potentiality of mine subsidence, in Allegheny, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties, Pa., at a scale of 1:125,000--MF-693A through MF-693C.
4. A companion report to the Allegheny County map of susceptibility to landsliding--USGS Circular 728.
5. Five MF maps, largely in chart form, describing interaction of the shallow ground-water regime with mining-related problems, landsliding, heavy storm precipitation, and other features and processes, largely in Allegheny County--MF-641A through MF-641E.
Map products are directly applicable to general classification of land for susceptibility to landsliding and mine subsidence and, to a lesser extent, flooding and engineering characteristics. The hydrogeologic charts enable greater understanding of environmental effects of ground water. All products are guides to expected conditions, but none are substitutes for detailed investigations of specific sites by competent technical personnel on the ground.
Specific results and findings are:
1. Knowledge of .susceptibility to landsliding in Allegheny County now is adequate for application to countywide land-use planning.
2. About 110 mi2 (285. km2), or 15 percent, of the county has some significant degree of susceptibility to landsliding.
3. Although a general classification of land in Allegheny, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties relative to mine-subsidence incidents was prepared, data are wholly inadequate for even moderately precise prediction of subsidence events over previously mined-out areas; the accumulation of adequate data might not repay the effort in terms of damage prevention.
4. Commonwealth-of-Pennsylvania regulations, have been very successful in limiting mine-subsidence damage over areas mined after 1966.
5. Undermining and consequent subsidence may have affected the ground-water regime more widely than heretofore believed.
Except for the earth-disturbance inventory that resulted in the maps of susceptibility to landsliding and man-modified land, methods used in the studies largely were conventional. The inventory and ensuing analysis combined aerial photographic interpretation with field work and incorporation of existing data. The method worked very well for the purposes of defining distribution of landslides and areas having different susceptibilities to landsliding. However, if susceptibility to landsliding alone had been the goal, this could have been determined adequately by using photographs at smaller scales and appreciably less expenditure of effort per unit of ground area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/cir747","usgsCitation":"Briggs, R.P., 1977, Environmental geology, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: Description of a program and its results: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 747, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir747.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410830,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23801.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":31240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0747/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0747/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Allegheny County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.1496,40.6758],[-80.1059,40.6754],[-80.058,40.6755],[-79.9931,40.674],[-79.9901,40.675],[-79.9858,40.6742],[-79.964,40.6728],[-79.9149,40.6737],[-79.9021,40.6731],[-79.8797,40.6726],[-79.8652,40.6728],[-79.8512,40.6726],[-79.8427,40.6724],[-79.8293,40.6712],[-79.8136,40.6724],[-79.8003,40.6722],[-79.7978,40.6723],[-79.7499,40.6699],[-79.7238,40.6691],[-79.708,40.6684],[-79.6995,40.6686],[-79.6929,40.6696],[-79.6929,40.6687],[-79.6935,40.6682],[-79.6946,40.6668],[-79.6957,40.6632],[-79.6957,40.6618],[-79.6944,40.6591],[-79.6931,40.6569],[-79.6925,40.656],[-79.6912,40.6537],[-79.6905,40.6524],[-79.6899,40.6501],[-79.6892,40.6488],[-79.6891,40.6451],[-79.6897,40.6438],[-79.6908,40.6406],[-79.6919,40.6378],[-79.6925,40.6374],[-79.696,40.6337],[-79.6966,40.6328],[-79.6972,40.6319],[-79.6978,40.6309],[-79.6995,40.6291],[-79.7061,40.6254],[-79.709,40.6235],[-79.7114,40.6221],[-79.7132,40.6202],[-79.7149,40.6175],[-79.7155,40.6166],[-79.7166,40.6147],[-79.7178,40.6129],[-79.7237,40.6073],[-79.732,40.6036],[-79.7332,40.6031],[-79.7344,40.6026],[-79.7356,40.6021],[-79.7368,40.6017],[-79.7458,40.5997],[-79.7476,40.5992],[-79.75,40.5987],[-79.7512,40.5982],[-79.7614,40.5944],[-79.7638,40.593],[-79.7644,40.5926],[-79.7656,40.5916],[-79.7662,40.5912],[-79.7708,40.5861],[-79.7714,40.5852],[-79.7725,40.5824],[-79.7731,40.5806],[-79.7737,40.5793],[-79.7736,40.5783],[-79.7741,40.5751],[-79.774,40.5702],[-79.7739,40.5693],[-79.7732,40.567],[-79.7726,40.5652],[-79.77,40.5603],[-79.7687,40.558],[-79.7648,40.5499],[-79.7607,40.5513],[-79.7522,40.5515],[-79.7413,40.5503],[-79.7406,40.5503],[-79.7376,40.5495],[-79.7352,40.5486],[-79.7345,40.5482],[-79.7302,40.546],[-79.7216,40.5411],[-79.7067,40.5296],[-79.7061,40.5287],[-79.7055,40.5278],[-79.7046,40.5201],[-79.7022,40.5002],[-79.7021,40.4789],[-79.7029,40.4653],[-79.7041,40.4439],[-79.7041,40.4262],[-79.7183,40.4156],[-79.7273,40.4131],[-79.7314,40.4103],[-79.7325,40.4058],[-79.7372,40.4002],[-79.7389,40.397],[-79.7437,40.3965],[-79.7455,40.3956],[-79.7495,40.391],[-79.7543,40.3886],[-79.7598,40.3903],[-79.7628,40.3912],[-79.7628,40.3889],[-79.765,40.3848],[-79.7662,40.3829],[-79.7704,40.3824],[-79.7744,40.3578],[-79.7856,40.31],[-79.7871,40.3009],[-79.7876,40.2977],[-79.7858,40.2969],[-79.7852,40.2964],[-79.7765,40.2898],[-79.7759,40.2889],[-79.7752,40.2871],[-79.7752,40.2862],[-79.7763,40.2848],[-79.7775,40.2839],[-79.7781,40.2834],[-79.7787,40.2829],[-79.7799,40.2825],[-79.7811,40.282],[-79.7823,40.282],[-79.7889,40.2823],[-79.7919,40.2822],[-79.7925,40.2822],[-79.7943,40.2817],[-79.7966,40.279],[-79.7966,40.2772],[-79.7965,40.2758],[-79.7927,40.2695],[-79.7902,40.2668],[-79.7896,40.2659],[-79.7884,40.2646],[-79.7883,40.2619],[-79.7888,40.2601],[-79.7894,40.2596],[-79.7917,40.2578],[-79.7923,40.2573],[-79.7987,40.2477],[-79.8009,40.244],[-79.8068,40.2384],[-79.8054,40.233],[-79.7993,40.2304],[-79.7848,40.2284],[-79.7991,40.2227],[-79.8187,40.216],[-79.8402,40.2083],[-79.864,40.1997],[-79.8711,40.1973],[-79.8765,40.1972],[-79.8867,40.1961],[-79.8903,40.196],[-79.8951,40.1955],[-79.9091,40.1984],[-79.9164,40.201],[-79.9201,40.2032],[-79.9359,40.2088],[-79.9414,40.21],[-79.9585,40.2165],[-79.9646,40.2205],[-79.9678,40.2249],[-79.9709,40.229],[-79.9704,40.2317],[-79.9699,40.2344],[-79.9617,40.2396],[-79.9521,40.2411],[-79.9455,40.2417],[-79.9335,40.2438],[-79.9269,40.2453],[-79.924,40.2476],[-79.9157,40.2532],[-79.9377,40.2605],[-79.9706,40.2703],[-79.9992,40.2788],[-80.0339,40.2894],[-80.0406,40.2911],[-80.0736,40.3018],[-80.0802,40.303],[-80.0985,40.3085],[-80.1815,40.3344],[-80.1965,40.3464],[-80.2295,40.3733],[-80.2469,40.387],[-80.2769,40.4131],[-80.315,40.4445],[-80.3587,40.4798],[-80.3417,40.4929],[-80.3323,40.4999],[-80.2976,40.5252],[-80.2811,40.5365],[-80.2682,40.5454],[-80.2576,40.5529],[-80.2505,40.558],[-80.234,40.5692],[-80.2287,40.573],[-80.2264,40.5758],[-80.2205,40.5818],[-80.2176,40.5837],[-80.2152,40.5837],[-80.211,40.5847],[-80.2104,40.5856],[-80.2093,40.5879],[-80.2057,40.5907],[-80.201,40.594],[-80.1963,40.5968],[-80.1909,40.5997],[-80.1886,40.6011],[-80.1856,40.603],[-80.1839,40.6066],[-80.1822,40.6089],[-80.1786,40.6104],[-80.1738,40.61],[-80.1659,40.6093],[-80.1641,40.6097],[-80.1635,40.6107],[-80.1605,40.6116],[-80.1545,40.6122],[-80.1527,40.6136],[-80.1503,40.6146],[-80.1461,40.616],[-80.1486,40.6496],[-80.1494,40.6704],[-80.1496,40.6758]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Allegheny\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae8ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, Reginald Peter","contributorId":78723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11070,"text":"ofr77366 - 1977 - SIPB: a seismic refraction inverse modeling program for batch computer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr77366","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-366","title":"SIPB: a seismic refraction inverse modeling program for batch computer systems","docAbstract":"SIPB is an interactive Fortran computer program that was developed for use with a timeshare computer system with program control information submitted from a remote terminal, and output data displayed on the terminal or printed on a line printer. The program is an upgraded version of FSIPI (Scott, Tibbetts, and Burdick, 1972) with several major improvements in addition to .its adaptation to timeshare operation. The most significant improvement was made in the procedure for handling data from in-line offset shotpoints beyond the end shotpoints of the geophone spread. The changes and improvements are described, user's instructions are outlined, examples of input and output data for a test problem are presented, and the Fortran program is listed in this report. \r\n\r\nAn upgraded batch-mode program, SIPB, is available for users who do not have a timeshare computer system available (Scott, 1977).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77366","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.H., 1977, SIPB: a seismic refraction inverse modeling program for batch computer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-366, 108 leaves ;28 cm.; (107 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77366.","productDescription":"108 leaves ;28 cm.; (107 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0366/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38831,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0366/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe0c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, James Henry","contributorId":60211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11071,"text":"ofr77365 - 1977 - SIPT: a seismic refraction inverse modeling program for timeshare terminal computer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr77365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-365","title":"SIPT: a seismic refraction inverse modeling program for timeshare terminal computer systems","docAbstract":"SIPB is an interactive Fortran computer program that was developed for use with a timeshare computer system with program control information submitted from a remote terminal, and output data displayed on the terminal or printed on a line printer. The program is an upgraded version of FSIPI (Scott, Tibbetts, and Burdick, 1972) with several major improvements in addition to .its adaptation to timeshare operation. The most significant improvement was made in the procedure for handling data from in-line offset shotpoints beyond the end shotpoints of the geophone spread. The changes and improvements are described, user's instructions are outlined, examples of input and output data for a test problem are presented, and the Fortran program is listed in this report. \r\n\r\nAn upgraded batch-mode program, SIPB, is available for users who do not have a timeshare computer system available (Scott, 1977).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77365","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.H., 1977, SIPT: a seismic refraction inverse modeling program for timeshare terminal computer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-365, 107 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; (108 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77365.","productDescription":"107 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; (108 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0365/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38832,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0365/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, James Henry","contributorId":60211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24521,"text":"ofr77525 - 1977 - Water resources in western Cortland County, New York: hydrologic data for 1972-75 and progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr77525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-525","title":"Water resources in western Cortland County, New York: hydrologic data for 1972-75 and progress report","docAbstract":"Basic data on the surface water, ground water, and water quality of Cortland County, New York, are presented with a short explanatory text. Seepage investigations showed that during periods of base flow, the surface-water regime cannot be predicted on the basis of flow-duration figures alone. The investigations also indicate that the streambeds are permeable for extended reaches throughout the areas studied. Inconsistent data on gain or loss for a given reach are assumed to be indicative of the changes in rate of ground-water recharge or discharge. Analysis of surface-water quality since 1972 showed high nitrate (as NO3) concentrations (4 to 18 mg/liter) in the Cortland area and in Factory Brook. The nitrate source is probably from human activities. Although ground water in the Gridley Creek basin is moderately hard (34 to 140 mg/liter CaCO3), it generally meets standards of the New York State Department of Health. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77525","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Shindel, H.L., Buller, W., and Johnston, W.H., 1977, Water resources in western Cortland County, New York: hydrologic data for 1972-75 and progress report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-525, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (55 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77525.","productDescription":"36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (55 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0525/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0525/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69861a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shindel, Harold L.","contributorId":43383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shindel","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buller, William","contributorId":16449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buller","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, William H.","contributorId":59834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"William","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17809,"text":"ofr7736 - 1977 - Uranium, radium, and selected metallic-element analyses of spring water and travertine samples from the Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-30T16:43:48.550706","indexId":"ofr7736","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-36","title":"Uranium, radium, and selected metallic-element analyses of spring water and travertine samples from the Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Samples for this report were collected from springs and travertine deposits along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Sampling was done in April and May of 1976. Data obtained from these samples will be used by R. A. Cadigan and J. K. Felmlee as part of a project designed to determine the value of subsurface waters in prospecting for uranium deposits.
Sample sites were preselected at approximately equal intervals, but river conditions and accessibility forced some modification of the sampling plan at each spring visited, a 2-liter untreated water sample was collected to be analyzed for uranium and radium. At two of the sample locations, an additional 4-liter water sample was collected, filtered, acidified, and later analyzed for the 24 additional elements listed in table-2. A more detailed description of the sampling technique is presented in Brown and others, 1970. All samples were placed in full, tightly capped plastic containers. Temperature and conductivity were measured in the field. Measurements of the pH of the non-acidified samples were made in the laboratory a few weeks after the samples were collected.
An effort was made to collect the freshest possible travertine samples, but the freshness of the samples varied, as noted in the descriptions of the sample sites.
Analyses were performed by laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey. Radium values were determined by radiochemical methods; uranium, by extraction fluorometry; eU (equivalent uranium), by beta-gamma count; and other elements, by semiquantitative emission spectrography. Table 1 is a description of the sample sites. The analytical results for spring water are presented in table 2. Table 3 gives the analyses of the travertine samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7736","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., Buell, S., Cadigan, R.A., Felmlee, J., and Spirakis, C., 1977, Uranium, radium, and selected metallic-element analyses of spring water and travertine samples from the Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-36, 8 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7736.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503708,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"4\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arizona\",\"nation\":\"USA 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Most of the analyses selected were based on the pollutant loads predicted by the Storage, Treatment, Overflow, and Runoff Model (STORM). Five different basins were selected for sampling, and samples were collected three times in each basin. Because the literature reports no methodology for analysis of dust and dirt, the analytical methodology is described in detail. Results of the analyses are summarized in table 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/70170983","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.L., Rinella, J.F., McKenzie, S.W., and Parmenter, J., 1977, Analysis of street sweepings, Portland, Oregon: Open-File Report, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170983.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321236,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70170983.jpg"},{"id":324184,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70170983/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Portland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.86834716796875,\n 45.32897866218559\n ],\n [\n -122.86834716796875,\n 45.81157210628933\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 45.81157210628933\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 45.32897866218559\n ],\n [\n -122.86834716796875,\n 45.32897866218559\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d643de4b07e28b66834d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Timothy L.","contributorId":9263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinella, Joseph F. jrinella@usgs.gov","contributorId":1371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Joseph","email":"jrinella@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":629323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKenzie, Stuart W.","contributorId":27841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parmenter, Jerry","contributorId":169318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parmenter","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009864,"text":"70009864 - 1977 - Submarine seepage of natural gas in Norton Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T16:00:46.65692","indexId":"70009864","displayToPublicDate":"1977-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine seepage of natural gas in Norton Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"Unusual concentrations of dissolved two- to four-carbon alkanes were observed in the waters in Norton Sound in a localized area approximately 40 kilometers south of Nome, Alaska, in 1976. The hydrocarbons were identified in the near-bottom waters downcurrent for more than 100 kilometers from a sea-floor point source. Preliminary dynamic modeling estimates of the initial gas phase composition predict methane/ethane and ethane/propane ratios of 24 and 1.7, respectively, assuming the hydrocarbons were introduced by bubbles. The low ethane/propane ratio is indicative of gas from a liquid petroleum source rather than from nonassociated or biogenic natural gas. Preliminary data on the structural geology of Norton Basin lend support to the interpretation based on the hydrocarbon plume. Unconformably truncated strata dip basinward from the seep locus; acoustic anomalies and numerous steeply dipping faults in the immediate vicinity of the seep are corroborating evidence that shallow gas- or petroleum-charged sediments and strata coincide with avenues for migration of mobile hydrocarbons to the sea floor. These factors, taken in concert with the sedimentological regime, the recent revision (increase) of basin depth estimates, and the highly localized hydrocarbon source, strongly suggest a thermogenic rather than a recent biogenic origin for these gaseous compounds.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.198.4322.1149","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Cline, J., and Holmes, M., 1977, Submarine seepage of natural gas in Norton Sound, Alaska: Science, v. 198, no. 4322, p. 1149-1153, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.198.4322.1149.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1153","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Norton Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.46153501237765,\n 64.76584240561928\n ],\n [\n -166.46153501237765,\n 62.990803823044075\n ],\n [\n -159.86844531048,\n 62.990803823044075\n ],\n [\n -159.86844531048,\n 64.76584240561928\n ],\n [\n -166.46153501237765,\n 64.76584240561928\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"198","issue":"4322","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d33e4b08c986b31d6d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cline, J.D.","contributorId":46212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, M.L.","contributorId":89528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233491,"text":"70233491 - 1977 - Petrology of basalt from the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees North latitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T17:00:44.580542","indexId":"70233491","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T11:57:36","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of basalt from the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees North latitude","docAbstract":"Four dredge hauls of fresh tholeiitic basalt lava were recovered from a 3.3-kilometer-wide zone at the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Petrologic and major-element chemical studies indicate that the basalt ranges from moderately fractionated varieties to one sample enriched in iron and titanium. The four samples show no symmetrical compositional zonation across the ridge axis, but the two least fractionated and youngest samples occur on the east side of the ridge axis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Normark, W.R., Hess, G.R., and Meyer, C.E., 1977, Petrology of basalt from the East Pacific Rise near 21 degrees North latitude: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 753-759.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"753","endPage":"759","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.32470703125,\n 19.497664168139053\n ],\n [\n -107.5341796875,\n 19.497664168139053\n ],\n [\n -107.5341796875,\n 23.180763583129444\n ],\n [\n -110.32470703125,\n 23.180763583129444\n ],\n [\n -110.32470703125,\n 19.497664168139053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Gordon R.","contributorId":102119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Charles E.","contributorId":84007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70233517,"text":"70233517 - 1977 - Geology of the gabbroic complex along the northern border of the Josephine Peridotite, Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T13:52:45.748385","indexId":"70233517","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T08:34:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the gabbroic complex along the northern border of the Josephine Peridotite, Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"The terrane bordering the alpine-type Josephine Peridotite on the north in the Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon, is composed of intrusive hornblende gabbro (Middle Jurassic) and scattered remnants of clinopyroxene-bearing ultramafic rocks and amphibolite. The amphibolite, which preliminary analyses suggest is of andesitic composition, has undergone regional metamorphism to the amphibolite facies and three episodes of plastic folding. The ultramafic rocks overlie the amphibolite with a possible magmatic sedimentary contact, although the contact is not entirely clear and a fault cannot be ruled out. The ultramafic rocks are partially recrystallized owing to the gabbro intrusion and later partially serpentinized; they have undergone two episodes of plastic folding, the second of which correlates with the third in the amphibolite. The intrusion of the gabbro began as early as the second folding episode in the amphibolite and probably continued at least intermittently throughout the third episode of folding and possibly later. After the high-temperature deformation, the Josephine Peridotite was thrust northward over the gabbroic complex along an east-striking south-dipping thrust fault, after which both of these terranes were thrust westward over the Upper Jurassic Dothan Formation along a major north-striking east-dipping thrust fault. The nature of the ultramaflc rocks, their association with an extensive gabbro terrane, and the proximity of a large alpine-type peridotite suggest that the gabbroic and ultramafic complexes are part of an ophiolite sequence. However, if the ultramaflc rocks are cumulates and were deposited on the amphibolite terrane, then the gabbroic complex is somewhat different from the ideal ophiolite model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Loney, R.A., and Himmelberg, G.R., 1977, Geology of the gabbroic complex along the northern border of the Josephine Peridotite, Vulcan Peak area, southwestern Oregon: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 761-781.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"781","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Vulcan Peak area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 42.15118709351198\n ],\n [\n -123.89007568359374,\n 42.15118709351198\n ],\n [\n -123.89007568359374,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 42.15118709351198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelberg, Glen R.","contributorId":57921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009876,"text":"70009876 - 1977 - Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:07:03.620859","indexId":"70009876","displayToPublicDate":"1977-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional numerical model has been coded to use the strongly implicit procedure for solving the finite-difference approximations to the ground-water flow equation. The model allows for: (1) the representation of each aquifer and each confining bed by several layers; and (2) the use of an anisotropic hydraulic conductivity at each finite-difference block. The model is compared with a previously developed quasi-three-dimensional model by simulating the steady-state flow in an aquifer system in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. The aquifer system consists of two aquifers separated by a leaky confining bed. The upper aquifer receives recharge from precipitation and is hydraulically connected to streams. For this problem, in order to make a valid comparison of results, a single layer was used to represent each aquifer. Furthermore, the need for a layer to represent the confining bed was eliminated by incorporating the effects of vertical leakage into the vertical component of the anisotropic hydraulic conductivity of the adjacent aquifers. Thus, the problem was represented by only two layers in each model with a total of about 2,100 equations. This restricted the effects of flow in the confining layer to the vertical component, but simulations with a third layer in the three-dimensional model permitting horizontal flow in the confining bed show that the two-layer approach is reasonable. Convergence to a solution of this problem takes about one minute of computer time on the IBM/155. This is about 30 times faster than the time required using the quasi-three-dimensional model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(77)90076-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Trescott, P., and Larson, S.P., 1977, Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure: Journal of Hydrology, v. 35, no. 1-2, p. 49-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(77)90076-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.01801547352804,\n 40.42979415974247\n ],\n [\n -109.01801547352804,\n 39.054617661058586\n ],\n [\n -106.97565719199748,\n 39.054617661058586\n ],\n [\n -106.97565719199748,\n 40.42979415974247\n ],\n [\n -109.01801547352804,\n 40.42979415974247\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b925be4b08c986b319e7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trescott, P.C.","contributorId":16399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trescott","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S. P.","contributorId":34903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009958,"text":"70009958 - 1977 - Lunar surface chemistry: A new imaging technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T16:12:08.570866","indexId":"70009958","displayToPublicDate":"1977-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar surface chemistry: A new imaging technique","docAbstract":"Detailed chemical maps of the lunar surface have been constructed by applying a new weighted-filter imaging technique to Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 x-ray fluorescence data. The data quality improvement is amply demonstrated by (i) modes in the frequency distribution, representing highland and mare soil suites, which are not evident before data filtering and (ii) numerous examples of chemical variations which are correlated with small-scale (about 15 kilometer) lunar topographic features.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.197.4307.986","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Andre, C., Bielefeld, M., Eliason, E., Soderblom, L., Adler, I., and Philpotts, J., 1977, Lunar surface chemistry: A new imaging technique: Science, v. 197, no. 4307, p. 986-989, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.197.4307.986.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"986","endPage":"989","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"197","issue":"4307","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a99e4b0c8380cd68ebe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andre, C.G.","contributorId":68026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andre","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bielefeld, M.J.","contributorId":81629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bielefeld","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E.","contributorId":92796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adler, I.","contributorId":13371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adler","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Philpotts, J.A.","contributorId":78360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philpotts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70156442,"text":"70156442 - 1977 - Magnitude, distance, and intensity data for C.I.T. strong motion records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T13:46:12","indexId":"70156442","displayToPublicDate":"1977-08-31T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnitude, distance, and intensity data for C.I.T. strong motion records","docAbstract":"The site Modified Mercalli intensities and epicentral distances of strong motion records published by the California Institute of Technology are reported, as well as the magnitude, focal depth, and maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of the event associated with each record. These data were obtained from original sources. The use of the data to derive ground motion relations for design is discussed; possible biases in the data which might affect such relations are described.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"McGuire, R.K., and Barnhard, J.A., 1977, Magnitude, distance, and intensity data for C.I.T. strong motion records: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 437-443.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"443","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307146,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb9e4b0518e3546f01e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Robin K.","contributorId":86339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnhard, James A.","contributorId":146858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhard","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156452,"text":"70156452 - 1977 - A new curved baculite from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T14:20:34","indexId":"70156452","displayToPublicDate":"1977-08-31T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new curved baculite from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming","docAbstract":"Baculites reduncus, n. sp., is a moderately large ammonite that has a curved shell, a large angle of taper, and a stout ovate cross section. Conspicuous broad, arcuate ribs cross the upper two-thirds of the flank. The suture, which is fairly complex, has a distinctive lateral lobe. All the types are from the lower part of the Rock River Formation near Rock River, Wyo. The species is of late Campanian age and marks a zone between the Zones of Baculites gregoryensis Cobban and B. scotti Cobban
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Cobban, W.A., 1977, A new curved baculite from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 457-462.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"462","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming, Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rock River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.270751953125,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -106.270751953125,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -104.2767333984375,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -104.2767333984375,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -106.270751953125,\n 39.8928799002948\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bade4b0518e3546efc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156484,"text":"70156484 - 1977 - A Galerkin, finite-element analysis of steady-state flow and heat transport in the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T17:30:46","indexId":"70156484","displayToPublicDate":"1977-08-31T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Galerkin, finite-element analysis of steady-state flow and heat transport in the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"A steady-state simulation model was applied to the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area of Imperial Valley, Calif. The steady-state equations of flow and heat transport were solved by use of a Galerkin, finite-element method. A solution was obtained by iterating between the temperature and pressure equations, using updated densities and viscosities. Temperature and pressure were obtained for each node, and corresponding head values were calculated. The simulated temperature and pressure patterns correlated well with the observed patterns. Additional data, mainly from test drilling, would be required for construction of a similar model of the deep hydrothermal system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., 1977, A Galerkin, finite-element analysis of steady-state flow and heat transport in the shallow hydrothermal system in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 497-509.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"509","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307189,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 33.7\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 33.7\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 32.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84baae4b0518e3546efc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R.E.","contributorId":86754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185636,"text":"70185636 - 1977 - Storage of treated sewage effluent and stormwater in a saline aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:16:51","indexId":"70185636","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage of treated sewage effluent and stormwater in a saline aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida","docAbstract":"The Pinellas Peninsula, an area of 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) in coastal west-central Florida, is a small hydrogeologic replica of Florida. Most of the Peninsula's water supply is imported from well fields as much as 65 kilometres (40 miles) inland. Stresses on the hydrologic environment of the Peninsula and on adjacent water bodies, resulting from intensive water-resources development and waste discharge, have resulted in marked interest in subsurface storage of waste water (treated effluent and untreated storm water) and in future retrieval of the stored water for nonpotable use. If subsurface storage is approved by regulatory agencies, as much as 265 megalitres per day (70 million gallons a day) of waste water could be stored underground within a few years, and more than 565 megalitres per day (150 million gallons a day) could be stored in about 25 years. This storage would constitute a large resource of nearly fresh water in the saline aquifers underlying about 520 square kilometres (200 square miles) of the Peninsula.
The upper 1,060 metres (3,480 feet) of the rock column underlying four test sites on the Pinellas Peninsula have been explored. The rocks consist chiefly of limestone and dolomite. Three moderately to highly transmissive zones, separated by leaky confining beds, (low permeability limestone) from about 225 to 380 metres (740 to 1,250 feet) below mean sea level, have been identified in the lower part of the Floridan aquifer in the Avon Park Limestone. Results of withdrawal and injection tests in Pinellas County indicate that the middle transmissive zone has the highest estimated transmissivity-about 10 times other reported values. The chloride concentration of water in this zone, as well as in the two other transmissive zones in the Avon Park Limestone in Pinellas Peninsula, is about 19,000 milligrams per litre. If subsurface storage is approved and implemented, this middle zone probably would be used for storage of the waste water and the zone would become the most extensively used in Florida for this purpose.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03174.x","usgsCitation":"Rosenshein, J., and Hickey, J., 1977, Storage of treated sewage effluent and stormwater in a saline aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida: Groundwater, v. 15, no. 4, p. 284-293, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03174.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"284","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63043e4b05ec799131131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenshein, J.S.","contributorId":95082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenshein","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, J.J.","contributorId":57010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007799,"text":"1007799 - 1977 - Seed production, seed populations in the soil and seedling production after fire for two congeneric pairs of sprouting and nonsprouting chaparral shrubs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:46:27.775764","indexId":"1007799","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seed production, seed populations in the soil and seedling production after fire for two congeneric pairs of sprouting and nonsprouting chaparral shrubs","docAbstract":"A study of seed production, seed storage in the soil, and seedling production after fire was undertaken for a sprouting and a nonsprouting congenerica pair of species of Ceanothus and Arctostaphylos. All species exhibited large fluctuations in annual seed production. There was a significant correlation between fruit production and precipitation in the previous year. It is hypothesized that high carbon gain in years of high precipitation results in high numbers of floral primordia which, in these species, remain dominant until the following year. It was also noted that high fruit production was not dependent upon high precipitation the same year; suggesting that the fruits were utilizing carbon stored from the previous year. All 4 species were capable of producing more seeds in a single season than were stored in the soil. Apparently the soil seed pools do not represent a steady accumulation of seeds in the soil but rather are the result of dynamic fluctuations in seed inputs and outputs. Each species also had more seeds in the soil, by several orders of magnitude, than seedlings after fire in an adjacent burned stand. The sprouting and seeding productive strategies are quite different in the two genera. The information from this study coupled with that from other studies indicate 4 reproductive modes: sprouting and seedling production (C. leucodermis), abundant seedling production (C. greggii), low seedling production but better \"equipped\" seedlings (A. glauca), and predominantly sprouting (A. glandulosa).
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1936217","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 1977, Seed production, seed populations in the soil and seedling production after fire for two congeneric pairs of sprouting and nonsprouting chaparral shrubs: Ecology, v. 58, p. 820-829, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936217.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"820","endPage":"829","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130146,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121537,"text":"70121537 - 1977 - Pleistocene barrier bar seaward of ooid shoal complex near Miami, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T16:37:36.462267","indexId":"70121537","displayToPublicDate":"1977-04-01T12:40:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene barrier bar seaward of ooid shoal complex near Miami, Florida","docAbstract":"An ooid sand barrier bar of Pleistocene age was deposited along the seaward side of an ooid shoal complex southwest of Miami, Florida. The bar is 35 km long, about 0.8 km wide, elongate parallel with the trend of the ooid shoal complex and perpendicular to channels between individual shoals. A depression 1.6 km wide, interpreted as a back-barrier channel, isolates the bar from the ooid shoals. During sea-level fall and subaerial exposure of the bar, the ooid sand was cemented in place, preventing migration of the barrier. No Holocene analogue of this sand body is recognized, perhaps because of the relative youthfulness of Holocene ooid shoals. This Pleistocene ooid shoal complex, with its reservoir-size barrier bar, may serve as a refined model for exploration in ancient ooid sand belts.
Determination of trace-metal levels in the sediments of the Matagorda Bay system revealed anomalously high mercury values. The distribution of the mercury-rich sediment deposits is the result of the sedimentological regime of the bay system produced by the tidal currents in the dredged channel. According to this model, the oxygenated open gulf water pushed into the bay by tidal currents activates the mercury and reintroduces it into the sediment regime of the bay in an area where the turbidity maximum is most prevalent. Within this region, the absorption sites are at a maximum, tying up the mercury. The mercury-enriched suspended material is then transported and deposited according to the hydraulic regime within the bay system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., 1977, Effects of dredged channels on trace-metal migration in an estuary: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 243-251.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Matagorda Bay, Matagorda Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.8939208984375,\n 28.023500048883022\n ],\n [\n -95.592041015625,\n 28.023500048883022\n ],\n [\n -95.592041015625,\n 28.827831607445855\n ],\n [\n -96.8939208984375,\n 28.827831607445855\n ],\n [\n -96.8939208984375,\n 28.023500048883022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":846694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200642,"text":"70200642 - 1977 - High temperature heat content and heat capacity of silicate glasses: experimental determination and a model for calculation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T14:21:11","indexId":"70200642","displayToPublicDate":"1977-02-01T14:20:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High temperature heat content and heat capacity of silicate glasses: experimental determination and a model for calculation","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of silicate melts is fundamental to quantitative characterization of igneous systems. This paper presents new data on one of these properties, heat content, for silicate glasses and supercooled silicate liquids and derives partial molar heat contents for the glasses. The high temperature heat contents of two FeO-rich synthetic silicate glasses and five glasses and three supercooled liquids prepared from igneous rocks ranging from basalt to rhyolite were measured by drop calorimetry. Heat capacities of silicate liquids and the change in heat capacity at the glass transformation are discussed.
Fifty acoustically positioned samples of fresh basalt were collected by the submersible Alvin from the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS) in the summer of 1974. The samples show regular compositional variations from the center of the rift valley (central lava flows) out to the rift valley walls (flank lava flows). The central lava samples show higher ratios of olivine relative to clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts and contain chrome spinel. Glasses of the flank lava samples are enriched in SiO2, TiO2, K2O, H2O, and FeO/MgO relative to central lava samples.
Studies of the thickness of palagonite and manganese crusts indicate that the flank lava flows are considerably younger than the inferred spreading age of the crust on which they occur. Flank lavas are generally older than central lavas, but notable exceptions occur.
The composition of the flank lava glass can be derived by the removal of approximately 29 wt percent of analyzed phenocrysts (in the ratio 5.7 plagioclase, 2.5 olivine, 1.8 clinopyroxene) from the central lava glass. In addition, other processes (possibly involving volatile transfer) must enrich the flank lavas in K2O, TiO2, and H2O.
A model is proposed whereby this crystal fractionation occurs in a shallow, narrow (6-km-wide) magma chamber underlying the median valley. The chamber is compositionally zoned, and central lavas are fed from dikes tapping its hotter axial zone, whereas flank lavas are fed from the cooler, differentiated melt on the margins. The nature of the chemical variations in the lavas permits an estimate of the composition and thickness of the cumulates forming at the base of the chamber.
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