The Lower Cretaceous aquifer of Southeastern Virginia is simulated in this study. The aquifer is only a few feet thick along the Fall Line, where it is near or at the surface, but it thickens and dips to the east. At Franklin where the top of the aquifer is 220 feet (67 metres) below sea level, it is about 600 feet (180 metres) thick. Thirty five miles (56 kilometres) east of Franklin, along the eastern boundary of the model area, the top is about 900 feet (270 metres) below sea level, and the thickness is estimated to be 2,000 feet (610 metres). The aquifer consists of an alternating series of permeable and semipermeable beds, which contain various mixtures of sand, gravel, silt and clay. The sediments are continental stream deposits in the western and central parts of the area, but grade to marine deposits in the eastern part. Transmissivity is zero at or near the Fall Line, and increases eastward to 19,000 cubic feet per day per foot (1,800 cubic metres per day per metre) at Franklin. Further eastward, trans-missivity probably increases slightly, but then decreases as the marine phase is reached. The aquifer is.overlain by a semiper-meable'confining layer and is underlain by relatively impermeable rocks of the pre-Cretaceous basement.
The model used is the finite-difference digital type described by Pinder (1970). Historical water levels of the aquifer were simulated from 1891 to December 1, 1972. The 1891 water-level surface was developed by running a steady-state version of the Pinder model. Simulation runs from 1891 to 1941, 1970, and 1972 are in good agreement with historical water levels. A modeling factor was used as a multiplier for varying the coefficients of transmissivity and vertical permeability of the confining layer without altering the initial (1891) surface used to start the modeling runs. This technique should be helpful in the development of other models of artesian aquifers.
Predicitive runs show that, if pumpage continues to increase as it has in the past, serious dewatering of the aquifer will occur at Franklin and possibly at other centers of increased pumpage. However, a predictive run to the year 2022 shows that if pumpage does not increase, additional drawdown would be small. Other predictive runs show the effects caused by hypothetical withdrawals at other locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7451","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia State Water Control Board","usgsCitation":"Cosner, O.J., 1975, A predictive computer model of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer, Franklin area, southeastern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 51-74, ix, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7451.","productDescription":"ix, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":634,"text":"Water Resources Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358864,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cosner, O. J.","contributorId":19587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosner","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9857,"text":"ofr75461 - 1975 - Water availability, Jefferson County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-04T18:58:19.401802","indexId":"ofr75461","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-461","title":"Water availability, Jefferson County, Alabama","docAbstract":"The average annual precipitation in Jefferson County is about 53 inches (1,346.2 millimeters) or about 2,820 mgd (million gallons per day), which is equivalent to 124 m3/s (cubic meters per second). Part of the rainfall (about 1,130 mgd or 50 m3/s) runs off directly into streams, and the remaining 1,690 mgd (74 m3/s) replenishes soil moisture to underground reservoirs.
Potential sources of ground water in the county are limestone, dolomite, sandstone, and chert aquifers. Wells developed in these aquifers may produce as much as 0.5 mgd (0.022 m3/s) per well. In some areas, wells developed in the limestone, dolomite, and chert aquifers may produce more than 0.5 mgd (0.022 m3/ s) per well.
Potential sources of surface water in Jefferson County are the Black Warrior and Cahaba Rivers, Locust Fork, and Valley, Village, Fivemile, Shades, and Turkey Creeks. Average flows at the mouth of these streams or at the point where the stream leaves the county are 4, 070, 250, 1, 230, 360, 100, 120, 100, and 90 mg (178, 11, 54, 16, 4.4, 5. 3, 4. 4, and 3.9 m3/s), respectively. Low flows (7-day Q2) are generally in the range of 10 to 100 mgd (0. 44 to 4.4 m3/s). Most streams, however, are affected in some way by urbanization. These effects must be considered and better defined before extensive use of streamflow is made.
Water from the limestone and dolomite aquifers generally is moderately hard to very hard, contains less than 0.3 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) iron, and has 3 median value of 150 mg/1 dissolved solids. Water from the sandstone aquifer generally is soft to moderately hard, contains iron in excess of 0.3 mg/1, and has a median value of 210 mg/1 dissolved solids.
The concentrations of mineral constituents of surface water generally become progressively greater in the downstream direction. The increase in concentration of mineral constituents is attributed to inflow of municipal and industrial waste in the downstream reaches of the stream. This waste disposal has degraded the quality of water in Shades, Valley, Village, and Fivemile Creeks, and Locust Fork.
The average water use in Jefferson County was estimated to be about 200 mgd (8.8 m3/s) in 1970. The major sources of this supply are Lewis Smith Lake, Inland Lake, and Lake Purdy. These three sources supply water for about 75 percent of Jefferson County's population or 66 percent of the water used.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75461","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Alabama","usgsCitation":"Knight, A.L., 1975, Water availability, Jefferson County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-461, Report: 37 p.; 8 Figures: 35.47 x 21.42 inches or smaller; 5 Tables: 18.50 x 8.78 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75461.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; 8 Figures: 35.47 x 21.42 inches or smaller; 5 Tables: 18.50 x 8.78 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426254,"rank":13,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/table-3.pdf","text":"Table 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426253,"rank":12,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/table-2.pdf","text":"Table 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426252,"rank":11,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/table-1.pdf","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426249,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426248,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426247,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426245,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426244,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426251,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426250,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-7.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426246,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426243,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426256,"rank":15,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/table-5.pdf","text":"Table 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426255,"rank":14,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/table-4.pdf","text":"Table 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0461/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","county":"Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.23093288270367,\n 33.81774409132112\n ],\n [\n -87.23093288270367,\n 33.18138575043068\n ],\n [\n -86.44063140685522,\n 33.18138575043068\n ],\n [\n -86.44063140685522,\n 33.81774409132112\n ],\n [\n -87.23093288270367,\n 33.81774409132112\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n },\n \"id\": 1\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Alfred L.","contributorId":34906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61259,"text":"mf677 - 1975 - Photointerpretive map of landslides and surficial deposits of northernmost Napa County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-18T13:26:10","indexId":"mf677","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"677","title":"Photointerpretive map of landslides and surficial deposits of northernmost Napa County, California","docAbstract":"This map shows various types of landslide deposits, scarps, and related topographic features, in addition to other types of surficial deposits, in northernmost Napa County, California. It was prepared by viewing overlapping vertical aerial photographs with a stereoscope. This method allows the geologist to see a three-dimensional model of the terrain to be analyzed and thereby permits him to map the distribution and infer the nature and origin of various landforms. Interpretations were checked by low altitude air reconnaissance in January 1975, but the deposits and features shown on this map have not been checked on the ground. They do, however, represent a consensus of judgment by both authors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf677","usgsCitation":"Wright, R.H., and Reid, G., 1975, Photointerpretive map of landslides and surficial deposits of northernmost Napa County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 677, 37.41 x 29.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf677.","productDescription":"37.41 x 29.59 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":360470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0677/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0677/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Napa County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.41666666666667,38.75 ], [ -122.41666666666667,38.8675 ], [ -122.25,38.8675 ], [ -122.25,38.75 ], [ -122.41666666666667,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685dc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Robert H.","contributorId":69180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, G.O.","contributorId":6530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"G.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27445,"text":"wri742 - 1975 - Simulated drawdown for selected well fields in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-10T20:13:35.715275","indexId":"wri742","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-2","title":"Simulated drawdown for selected well fields in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"Drawdown due to pumping was simulated for three sites in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Ohio River by digital modeling techniques. Two well-field arrangements were used at each site. The initial well-field arrangement at each site consisted of three wells located in a line parallel to the Ohio River. The simulated wells were 350 feet (107m) apart and 500 feet (152m) from the river. Pumping was simulated at a rate of 1,500 gal min-1 (5,678 1 min-1) for 256 days. The second well-field arrangement allowed comparison of drawdown between the initial well-field arrangement and (a) wells located 350 feet (107m) nearer the river, (b) additional wells, located between the initial well field and the bedrock valley wall and (c) wells located on a line perpendicular to the river rather than parallel to the river. A verification procedure for the digital model based on observed aquifer response to a flood on the Ohio River is included as an appendix.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri742","usgsCitation":"Grubb, H.F., 1975, Simulated drawdown for selected well fields in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-2, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri742.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":361888,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466045,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34431.htm","text":"Givens site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466046,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34432.htm","text":"Hagman site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466047,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34433.htm","text":"Singleton site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Daviess County, Hancock County","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River Alluvial Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.2684,37.8754],[-87.2649,37.8732],[-87.2561,37.8671],[-87.2472,37.8611],[-87.2414,37.8575],[-87.2342,37.8536],[-87.232,37.8526],[-87.225,37.8494],[-87.2233,37.8487],[-87.2028,37.8433],[-87.1819,37.8416],[-87.1772,37.8411],[-87.1749,37.8406],[-87.1673,37.8387],[-87.151,37.8247],[-87.1457,37.8157],[-87.1443,37.8127],[-87.1425,37.8073],[-87.1407,37.8018],[-87.139,37.7964],[-87.1336,37.788],[-87.133,37.7874],[-87.1288,37.7854],[-87.1283,37.7851],[-87.1241,37.7835],[-87.107,37.7833],[-87.1062,37.7834],[-87.0974,37.7853],[-87.0894,37.789],[-87.0835,37.7917],[-87.071,37.8014],[-87.0658,37.8083],[-87.057,37.8252],[-87.0552,37.8288],[-87.0462,37.8597],[-87.0438,37.8679],[-87.0428,37.8743],[-87.0443,37.8814],[-87.046,37.8901],[-87.0443,37.8947],[-87.0423,37.8978],[-87.0407,37.8998],[-87.0343,37.9048],[-87.0263,37.9109],[-87.0169,37.9162],[-87.0064,37.9203],[-86.9959,37.9249],[-86.986,37.929],[-86.9791,37.9304],[-86.9672,37.9329],[-86.9627,37.9336],[-86.9562,37.9341],[-86.9446,37.9346],[-86.9361,37.935],[-86.9132,37.9407],[-86.9126,37.9409],[-86.9013,37.9485],[-86.8913,37.9584],[-86.8818,37.9678],[-86.8599,37.9849],[-86.8496,37.9888],[-86.8445,37.9902],[-86.8369,37.993],[-86.8311,37.9957],[-86.8253,37.9975],[-86.8206,37.9984],[-86.8075,37.994],[-86.7963,37.9874],[-86.7836,37.961],[-86.7781,37.9496],[-86.7743,37.9424],[-86.7686,37.9328],[-86.7577,37.9152],[-86.7461,37.9043],[-86.7448,37.9032],[-86.7311,37.8927],[-86.7292,37.8924],[-86.7257,37.8921],[-86.7199,37.8932],[-86.7158,37.894],[-86.6896,37.909],[-86.6843,37.9117],[-86.6816,37.9125],[-86.6784,37.9133],[-86.6673,37.9134],[-86.6547,37.9086],[-86.6533,37.9073],[-86.652,37.9058],[-86.6513,37.8981],[-86.6574,37.8821],[-86.6663,37.8586],[-86.6673,37.8555],[-86.6661,37.8497],[-86.6626,37.8451],[-86.6617,37.8445],[-86.6564,37.8415],[-86.6591,37.8382],[-86.666,37.8359],[-86.6782,37.7927],[-86.6606,37.7503],[-86.6225,37.655],[-86.6389,37.6616],[-86.8234,37.7377],[-86.8665,37.7087],[-86.8176,37.6734],[-86.8239,37.6711],[-86.8419,37.665],[-86.8654,37.6498],[-86.8776,37.6469],[-86.8926,37.6427],[-86.9167,37.6279],[-86.9202,37.6251],[-86.9266,37.6255],[-86.9388,37.6285],[-86.9464,37.6316],[-86.9528,37.6279],[-86.999,37.5874],[-87.0002,37.5865],[-87.0064,37.5801],[-87.0386,37.5611],[-87.0567,37.5704],[-87.0649,37.5726],[-87.0678,37.5721],[-87.0683,37.5689],[-87.073,37.5679],[-87.095,37.5667],[-87.109,37.5711],[-87.1388,37.5757],[-87.1493,37.5805],[-87.1564,37.5858],[-87.2501,37.6181],[-87.4081,37.6833],[-87.3963,37.7007],[-87.3937,37.7111],[-87.3946,37.7229],[-87.3838,37.7322],[-87.3705,37.7378],[-87.3507,37.7386],[-87.3379,37.7388],[-87.3269,37.7403],[-87.3074,37.7496],[-87.2902,37.7608],[-87.2857,37.769],[-87.2714,37.7814],[-87.2715,37.7828],[-87.2744,37.7846],[-87.2966,37.7847],[-87.299,37.7878],[-87.2991,37.7946],[-87.3067,37.7954],[-87.3091,37.7981],[-87.3081,37.8045],[-87.303,37.8104],[-87.3036,37.8123],[-87.3084,37.8149],[-87.323,37.8192],[-87.3027,37.8967],[-87.3002,37.8956],[-87.2884,37.8889],[-87.2767,37.8813],[-87.2684,37.8754]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Daviess\",\"state\":\"KY\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f37e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubb, Hayes F.","contributorId":91079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Hayes","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12489,"text":"ofr7594 - 1975 - Techniques for water demand analysis and forecasting: Puerto Rico, a case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-18T21:46:55","indexId":"ofr7594","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-94","title":"Techniques for water demand analysis and forecasting: Puerto Rico, a case study","docAbstract":"The rapid economic growth of the Commonwealth-of Puerto Rico since 1947 has brought public pressure on Government agencies for rapid development of public water supply and waste treatment facilities. Since 1945 the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority has had the responsibility for planning, developing and operating water supply and waste treatment facilities on a municipal basis. The purpose of this study was to develop operational techniques whereby a planning agency, such as the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority, could project the temporal and spatial distribution of .future water demands. \r\n\r\nThis report is part of a 2-year cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Environmental Quality Board of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, for the development of systems analysis techniques for use in water resources planning. While the Commonwealth was assisted in the development of techniques to facilitate ongoing planning, the U.S. Geological Survey attempted to gain insights in order to better interface its data collection efforts with the planning process. \r\n\r\nThe report reviews the institutional structure associated with water resources planning for the Commonwealth. A brief description of alternative water demand forecasting procedures is presented and specific techniques and analyses of Puerto Rico demand data are discussed. Water demand models for a specific area of Puerto Rico are then developed. These models provide a framework for making several sets of water demand forecasts based on alternative economic and demographic assumptions. In the second part of this report, the historical impact of water resources investment on regional economic development is analyzed and related to water demand .forecasting. Conclusions and future data needs are in the last section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7594","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., Close, E., and Lopez, M.A., 1975, Techniques for water demand analysis and forecasting: Puerto Rico, a case study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-94, iii, 95 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7594.","productDescription":"iii, 95 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40741,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e49af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Close, E.R.","contributorId":79481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopez, M. A.","contributorId":12493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26415,"text":"wri7516 - 1975 - Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-16T08:48:32","indexId":"wri7516","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-16","title":"Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7516","usgsCitation":"Burns, A.W., Frimpter, M.H., and Willey, R.E., 1975, Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-16, vi, 22 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7516.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0016/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.3948974609375,\n 41.53119809844284\n ],\n [\n -69.88128662109375,\n 41.53119809844284\n ],\n [\n -69.88128662109375,\n 42.09007006868398\n ],\n [\n -70.3948974609375,\n 42.09007006868398\n ],\n [\n -70.3948974609375,\n 41.53119809844284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Alan W.","contributorId":41419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frimpter, Michael H.","contributorId":8074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frimpter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willey, Richard E.","contributorId":30972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13293,"text":"ofr75105 - 1975 - Hydrology for land-use planning: The Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T21:50:42.482764","indexId":"ofr75105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-105","title":"Hydrology for land-use planning: The Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"Rapid residential growth of the Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska, may cause depletion of aquifers and a change in quality of water resources as a result of extensive development of small-lot tracts. Ground-water yields are low and may be locally inadequate for single family requirements where wells produce from bedrock in the eastern Hillside region. At lower altitudes single family water requirements of 3 to 10 gallons per minute or 0.2 to 0.6 litre per second usually can be obtained, but aquifers capable of being pumped at larger yields for public supplies are uncommon. However, in a few localities, wells do produce 40 to 300 gallons per minute or 2.5 to 19 litres per second from sand and gravel aquifers lying within thick sequences of glacial till. Streamflow within the Hillside area is inadequate as a significant source of water for public supply. Springs, swamps, and water-logged surficial sediments in the Hillside area are mainly caused by hilly terrain and low permeability of surficial materials.
The relative vulnerability of streams, lakes, and ground water to pollution caused by the discharge of liquid waste, particularly from onsite sewage-disposal systems, is moderate to high in about half the study area. At higher altitudes contamination of bedrock aquifers may occur if discharge of liquid wastes is not regulated. The deep sedimentary aquifers at lower altitudes are less susceptible to contamination. However, shallow groundwater bodies may become polluted by discharge of sewage effluent and, consequently, some deep wells may be contaminated by seepage down the outside of casings or through leaky casing joints and underground seals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75105","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough","usgsCitation":"Dearborn, L.L., and Barnwell, W.W., 1975, Hydrology for land-use planning: The Hillside area, Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-105, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75105.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146731,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393069,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15092.htm"},{"id":423406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Hillside area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.803,\n 61.081\n ],\n [\n -149.697,\n 61.081\n ],\n [\n -149.697,\n 61.139\n ],\n [\n -149.803,\n 61.139\n ],\n [\n -149.803,\n 61.081\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dearborn, Larry L.","contributorId":66687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dearborn","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnwell, William W.","contributorId":73621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnwell","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14944,"text":"ofr75574 - 1975 - A finite-element model of a two-dimensional, single-phase heat transport in a porous medium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:48","indexId":"ofr75574","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-574","title":"A finite-element model of a two-dimensional, single-phase heat transport in a porous medium","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75574","usgsCitation":"Mercer, J.W., and Pinder, G.F., 1975, A finite-element model of a two-dimensional, single-phase heat transport in a porous medium: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-574, 115 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75574.","productDescription":"115 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercer, James W.","contributorId":85968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pinder, George Francis","contributorId":99964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinder","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112326,"text":"70112326 - 1975 - Weather modification: possible effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:16:08","indexId":"70112326","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T14:59:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weather modification: possible effects","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1126/science.188.4185.208-a","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C.J., 1975, Weather modification: possible effects: Science, v. 188, no. 4185, p. 208-208, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.188.4185.208-a.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"188","issue":"4185","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc61e4b0e83db6d09083","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70112324,"text":"70112324 - 1975 - ERTS imagery for ground-water investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:16:30","indexId":"70112324","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T14:51:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ERTS imagery for ground-water investigations","docAbstract":"ERTS imagery offers the first opportunity to apply moderately high-resolution satellite data to the nationwide study of water resources. This imagery is both a tool and a form of basic data. Like other tools and basic data, it should be considered for use in ground-water investigations. The main advantage of its use will be to reduce the need for field work. In addition, however, broad regional features may be seen easily on ERTS imagery, whereas they would be difficult or impossible to see on the ground or on low-altitude aerial photographs.
\nSome present and potential uses of ERTS imagery are to locate new aquifers, to study aquifer recharge and discharge, to estimate ground-water pumpage for irrigation, to predict the location and type of aquifer management problems, and to locate and monitor strip mines which commonly are sources for acid mine drainage. In many cases, boundaries which are gradational on the ground appear to be sharp on ERTS imagery. Initial results indicate that the accuracy of maps produced from ERTS imagery is completely adequate for some purposes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Well Journal Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Worthington, OH","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03079.x","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., and Deutsch, M., 1975, ERTS imagery for ground-water investigations: Ground Water, v. 13, no. 2, p. 214-226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03079.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288534,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03079.x"},{"id":288535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbf2e4b0e83db6d08f05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deutsch, Morris","contributorId":69119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Morris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162166,"text":"70162166 - 1975 - Movement of spilled oil as predicted by estuarine nontidal drift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:32:46","indexId":"70162166","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of spilled oil as predicted by estuarine nontidal drift","docAbstract":"Information on water movement obtained from bimonthly releases of surface and seabed drifters in the San Francisco Bay and adjacent Pacific Ocean is used to understand major processes controlling dispersal of oil after a spill of 3,200 m3 of Bunker C in the bay in January 1971. River-induced nontidal estuarine circulation was the dominant factor controlling net movement of the oil spilled at the entrance of the bay system, reinforcing ebbing tidal currents and causing the seaward movement of floating oil, which followed paths taken by surface drifters released 3 weeks before the spill. In contrast, some oil formed globules which sank to the near-bottom waters, had the same relative buoyancy as seabed drifters, and moved similarly, beaching in eastern San Pablo Bay after being transported landward in the near-bottom waters. No oil or surface drifters floated into the south bay because surface waters were drifting seaward, away from the south bay. Notable seasonally modulated phenomena which must be considered in predicting surface and near-bottom oil drifts of future spills include a summer (low-river discharge period) diminution of the estuarine circulation mechanism in the north and central bayadjacent ocean region and a seasonal reversal in two-layer drift in the south bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1975.20.2.0159","usgsCitation":"Conomos, T.J., 1975, Movement of spilled oil as predicted by estuarine nontidal drift: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 20, no. 2, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1975.20.2.0159.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1975.20.2.0159","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -121.3714599609375,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -121.3714599609375,\n 37.068327517596586\n ],\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 37.068327517596586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cfe4b0fbd3f7fa4c51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207194,"text":"70207194 - 1975 - Crustal movement investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-01T12:49:27.407828","indexId":"70207194","displayToPublicDate":"1975-12-11T13:52:35","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal movement investigations","docAbstract":"Studies of horizontal crustal movement using conventional geodetic methods have been considerably expanded in the quadrennium 1971–1974. The basic fault monitor Geodimeter network now covers most of the major faults in California as well as the zone of faulting that extends into Nevada. Isolated Geodimeter networks in seismic areas of Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington are also monitored. Part of the Geodimeter network along the San Andreas fault has been monitored for over 15 yr, and there appears to be a systematic deviation from a linear trend for most of the lines [Greensfelder and Bennett, 1973; Savage et al., 1973]. However, this deviation may be an artifact of a change in survey procedures in mid‐1969. The conclusions that can be drawn from the Geodimeter observations at present are the following: (1) The present apparent interplate motion across the San Andreas fault in central California is only 30–40 mm/yr [Savage and Burford, 1973], in contrast to the average of 50–60 mm/yr as estimated from magnetic anomalies at the mouth of the Gulf of California. (2) Measurements of fault creep on the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault agree reasonably well with the plate movement indicated by geodetic measurements, this agreement suggesting that fault creep on this segment is the principal mode of accommodation [Savage and Burford, 1971]. (3) The rate of strain accumulation along the San Andreas fault is not well measured anywhere, but the overall tensor strain rate appears to be about 0.3 microstrain/yr or less [Savage et al., 1973]. A considerable effort has also been expended reanalyzing old triangulation data for networks that cross the San Andreas fault. In such a study, Thatcher [1974] deduced evidence for several meters of afterslip on the San Andreas fault at depths greater than 10 km following the 1906 earthquake. This appears at the surface as a very rapid accumulation of strain in the years immediately following the earthquake. Meade [1974] has called attention to a remarkably uniform change of the astronomic azimuth with time for a line that crosses the San Andreas fault about 35 km south of the southern terminus of the 1906 rupture. This change of azimuth implies a uniform right lateral motion across the fault amounting to 32 mm/yr in the period 1885–1962. By comparing a 1942 triangulation survey and a 1970 Geodimeter survey, Page [1972] found neither lateral slip nor shear strain accumulation consistent with lateral slip across the Denali fault in Alaska. He did observe a north‐south extension that was possibly an effect of strain release at the time of the 1964 Alaska earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG013i003p00263","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1975, Crustal movement investigations: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 13, no. 3, p. 263-265, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG013i003p00263.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232677,"text":"70232677 - 1975 - Generation of potassium-poor magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada and the Svecofennian of Finland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T17:01:46.527743","indexId":"70232677","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T11:52:11","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of potassium-poor magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada and the Svecofennian of Finland","docAbstract":"Comparison of the evolution of magmas in the Precambrian of southwestern Finland with that in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the northern Sierra Nevada brings out features that may clarify the origin of potassium-poor silicic magmas. In the northern Sierra Nevada, Paleozoic sodarhyolitic effusive rocks and associated trondhjemite represent silicic differentiates of andesitic magmas formed near a Benioff zone. These potassium-poor magmas were formed early, before thickening of the crust, and were followed by basaltic and rhyolitic magmas with normal potassium content. In southwestern Finland, where 70 percent of the area is covered by silicic and intermediate plutonic rocks, the early synkinematic intrusive masses are trondhjemitic and the later ones are granitic with eutectic ratios of quartz, plagioclase, and potassium feldspar. The latest granites are exceptionally rich in potassium feldspar. The oldest rocks, cordierite-garnet-sillimanite gneisses and interbedded metavolcanic rocks, are folded on gently plunging axes that steepen diapirically around large late-kinematic plutonic masses. Trondhjemite occurs as thin sheetlike masses parallel to the folded bedding and could not have traveled far without losing its initial heat. Therefore it seems that the trondhjemitic magma was formed at shallow depths. By analogy with the shallow depth of early magma generation in the northern Sierra Nevada, it is suggested that the trondhjemitic magmas in Finland formed at mantle depths near a Benioff zone or at the base of the early thin crust at pressures where phlogopite or biotite was stable. Later, after thickening of the crust above, potassium from the biotite was released, making the late kinematic magmas rich in potassium. A plate-tectonic model of an island-arc environment explains the coeval age of the Svecofennian and \"Karelian\" foldbelts and the increase of potassium with decreasing age in the extrusive and intrusive magmas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hietanen, A., 1975, Generation of potassium-poor magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada and the Svecofennian of Finland: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 631-645.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"645","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf"}],"country":"Finland, United states","otherGeospatial":"northern Sierra Nevada, Svecofennian block","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 39.45316112807394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 22.631835937499996,\n 60.726943611101966\n ],\n [\n 28.037109375,\n 60.726943611101966\n ],\n [\n 28.037109375,\n 63.65601144183318\n ],\n [\n 22.631835937499996,\n 63.65601144183318\n ],\n [\n 22.631835937499996,\n 60.726943611101966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hietanen, Anna","contributorId":43841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hietanen","given":"Anna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232771,"text":"70232771 - 1975 - Modern pollen surface samples: An analysis of subsamples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T15:31:58.928629","indexId":"70232771","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T10:29:36","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern pollen surface samples: An analysis of subsamples","docAbstract":"Multiple subsamples of pollen samples obtained from the modern soil surface at two sites in southern Arizona were individually collected and analyzed to evaluate the practice of mixing subsamples when collecting modern surface samples. Results suggest that at least five subsamples must be mixed in order to avoid collecting a sample that is not representative of the local pollen rain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., and Mehringer, P.J., 1975, Modern pollen surface samples: An analysis of subsamples: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 733-736.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403504,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mehringer, Peter J.","contributorId":79470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehringer","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232757,"text":"70232757 - 1975 - Structure and Paleozoic stratigraphy of a complex of thrust plates in the Fish Creek Reservoir area, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T14:59:08.409781","indexId":"70232757","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T09:43:36","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and Paleozoic stratigraphy of a complex of thrust plates in the Fish Creek Reservoir area, south-central Idaho","docAbstract":"Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, and Silurian marine rocks of diverse facies are brought together in a complex of six thrust sheets in the Fish Creek Reservoir area on the north edge of the Snake River Plain, Idaho. The lowest structural element, the parautochthon, is made of more than 450 m (1,500 ft) of folded and faulted Devonian miogeosynclinal carbonate rocks present in a 6.5-km2 (2.5-mi2 ) window. Along the east margin of the window, a sliver of continental margin transitional carbonate rocks of Early Devonian and Late Silurian age assigned to the Roberts Mountains Formation is thrust over the miogeosynclinal rocks. The window of middle Paleozoic rocks is overridden along the Fish Creek thrust fault by the flysch facies of the Copper Basin Formation, a turbidite-submarine-fan sequence more than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) thick, of Mississippian age. About 4.8 km (3 mi) southwest of the window, about 100 m (300 ft) of deepwater siliceous oceanic facies clastic rocks are exposed, which are assigned with question to the Milligen(?) Formation of Devonian age. These clastic rocks are interpreted to be thrust over the Copper Basin Formation. The highest structural elements are sequences more than 610 m (2,000 ft) thick of interbedded sandy and conglomeratic limestones, quartzites, and conglomerates and interbedded siltstones and argillites of the Wood River Formation of Middle Pennsylvanian to Early Permian age. The Wood River Formation is in thrust contact with the Milligen(?) Formation in the southwest part of the mapped area and with Copper Basin Formation along the west side of Fish Creek Reservoir. All the thrust sheets have moved eastward. The minimum distance moved is estimated from sedimentation models and facies reconstructions to range from perhaps several kilometres for the allochthon of the Roberts Mountains Formation to 48 km (30 mi) for the Milligen(?) Formation allochthon. The principal period of thrusting was post-Early Permian (post-Wood River Formation) and preEocene (pre-Challis Volcanics) and is of probable Sevier age. Middle Paleozoic rocks of the Milligen and Roberts Mountains Formations, however, also may have been involved in an earlier period of thrusting of latest Devonian to earliest Mississippian age related to the Antler orogeny. The thrust sheets were deformed into a northwest-trending dome in late Mesozoic time and were broken by basin-range faults during the Tertiary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Skipp, B.A., and Hall, W.E., 1975, Structure and Paleozoic stratigraphy of a complex of thrust plates in the Fish Creek Reservoir area, south-central Idaho: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 671-689.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"689","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Fish Creek Reservoir area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.46105957031249,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -113.6700439453125,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -113.6700439453125,\n 43.67979094030124\n ],\n [\n -114.46105957031249,\n 43.67979094030124\n ],\n [\n -114.46105957031249,\n 43.100982876188546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skipp, Betty A. bskipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Betty","email":"bskipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Wayne E.","contributorId":89955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156565,"text":"70156565 - 1975 - Evaluation of stochastic models describing movement of sediment particles on riverbeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T15:02:10","indexId":"70156565","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-31T19:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of stochastic models describing movement of sediment particles on riverbeds","docAbstract":"Various stochastic models have been proposed to describe the movement of sediment particles on the riverbed. Here it is attempted to summarize in an integrated form and to generalize the most important theoretical results in this field. The approach adopted in this paper is based on the fact that most of the stochastic models are only special cases of a particular kind of random walk on the straight line.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Todorovic, P., and Nordin, C.F., 1975, Evaluation of stochastic models describing movement of sediment particles on riverbeds: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 513-517.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"517","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402ee4b0518e354d10fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todorovic, Petar","contributorId":146951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Todorovic","given":"Petar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordin, Carl F. Jr.","contributorId":74751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordin","given":"Carl","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156572,"text":"70156572 - 1975 - A typical cross section based on magnetic data of lower and middle Keweenawan volcanic rocks, Ironwood area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T18:15:11","indexId":"70156572","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-28T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A typical cross section based on magnetic data of lower and middle Keweenawan volcanic rocks, Ironwood area, Michigan","docAbstract":"A north-trending aeromagnetic profile of a sequence of east-striking Keweenawan volcanic rocks near Ironwood, Mich., can be matched to a calculated profile over a model consisting of a series of dipping layers. (The dips were those measured by H. A. Hubbard along the north-trending valley of the Black River.) Remanent and induced magnetizations of 39 oriented cores from the Black River valley were determined by K. G. Books; felsite from Chippewa Hill and basalt from Algonquin Falls of middle Keweenawan age have normal Keweenawan magnetization and lower Keweenawan Powder Mill rocks have reverse magnetization. In the model these magetizations were assigned to 26 layers which alternated with very weakly magnetized layers. The best match of the calculated composite anomalies of remanent and induced magnetization and the aeromagnetic profile occurs if a deeper block of steeply dipping Powder Mill rocks is assumed to underlie the middle Keweenawan flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"King, E.R., 1975, A typical cross section based on magnetic data of lower and middle Keweenawan volcanic rocks, Ironwood area, Michigan: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 543-546.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"546","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.6536865234375,\n 45.9874205909687\n ],\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 45.9874205909687\n ],\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 46.677710064644344\n ],\n [\n -90.6536865234375,\n 46.677710064644344\n ],\n [\n -90.6536865234375,\n 45.9874205909687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4029e4b0518e354d10d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Elizabeth R.","contributorId":40990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156608,"text":"70156608 - 1975 - Quaternary faults at San Diego Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T08:01:13","indexId":"70156608","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-28T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary faults at San Diego Bay, California","docAbstract":"Acoustic-reflection profiles of subbottom strata reveal numerous faults that cut Quaternary deposits within and directly outside of San Diego Bay. These faults, together with previously mapped onshore faults, constitute the Rose Canyon fault zone that forms the local west boundary of the Santa Ana tectonic block, which is bounded on the east by the Elsinore fault zone. The minor earthquakes that have been felt in San Diego during historic time and accurately recorded during the past 41 yr are too infrequent to explain the observed rate of slip. The principal faulting is inferred to take place during moderate earthquakes similar to previous ones recorded along the west side of the Santa Ana block in 1933 at Long Beach, Calif., and in 1956 at San Miguel, Baja California. The known magnitudes of these previous events suggest that earthquakes in San Diego could attain a magnitude of approximately 6.5. An offset of the coast at Point La Jolla, when divided by the offset associated with previously studied earthquakes of magnitude 6.5, suggests that such events occur there at an average of approximately once every 600 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.W., and Kennedy, M.P., 1975, Quaternary faults at San Diego Bay, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 589-595.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"595","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Diego Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bee4b0518e354dd1b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, George W.","contributorId":21625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Michael P.","contributorId":63469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156606,"text":"70156606 - 1975 - Tectonics of the western Valley and Ridge foldbelt, Pendleton County, West Virginia - a summary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T07:50:22","indexId":"70156606","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-28T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics of the western Valley and Ridge foldbelt, Pendleton County, West Virginia - a summary report","docAbstract":"A belt of high anticlines, the Nittany anticlinorium, occupies the western Valley and Ridge foldbelt in the central Appalachians. It extends southwestward from the Nittany arch of central Pennsylvania into the Virginias. An investigation of the tectonics of this anticlinorium in Pendleton County, W. Va., rules out active basement involvement in the deformation of the area. Cross-sectional models consistent with the accumulated data show that Middle Cambrian through Middle Ordovician carbonate rocks are technically stacked, shingle-fashion, from southeast to northwest below predominantly folded younger strata that have undergone less lateral shortening. Differential shortening in this area is of the proper order to balance cover deformation in the Allegheny synclinorium to the west. Field relations suggest a long period of abnormally high fluid pressures in Lower Devonian and older strata during deformation. At this time, the area was under sufficient northwest, near-horizontal compressive stress for abundant quartz deformation lamellae to form. Gravity sliding is ruled out as the deforming mechanism for this part of the Appalachian foldbelt. No significant tectonism appears to have occurred prior to Pennsylvanian time in this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Perry, W.J., 1975, Tectonics of the western Valley and Ridge foldbelt, Pendleton County, West Virginia - a summary report: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 583-588.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"588","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Pendleton County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.2,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -81.2,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -81.2,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bfe4b0518e354dd1c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":32498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222346,"text":"5222346 - 1975 - Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a Markovian environment: A theory and an example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:48:47.180653","indexId":"5222346","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T12:17:59","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a Markovian environment: A theory and an example","docAbstract":"Optimal exploitation strategies were studied for an animal population in a Markovian (stochastic, serially correlated) environment. This is a general case and encompasses a number of important special cases as simplifications. Extensive empirical data on the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were used as an example of general theory. The number of small ponds on the central breeding grounds was used as an index to the state of the environment. A general mathematical model was formulated to provide a synthesis of the existing literature, estimates of parameters developed from an analysis of data, and hypotheses regarding the specific effect of exploitation on total survival. The literature and analysis of data were inconclusive concerning the effect of exploitation on survival. Therefore, two hypotheses were explored: (1) exploitation mortality represents a largely additive form of mortality, and (2) exploitation mortality is compensatory with other forms of mortality, at least to some threshold level. Models incorporating these two hypotheses were formulated as stochastic dynamic programming models and optimal exploitation strategies were derived numerically on a digital computer. Optimal exploitation strategies were found to exist under the rather general conditions. Direct feedback control was an integral component in the optimal decision—making process. Optimal exploitation was found to be substantially different depending upon the hypothesis regarding the effect of exploitation on the population. If we assume that exploitation is largely an additive force of mortality in Mallards, then optimal exploitation decisions are a convex function of the size of the breeding population and a linear or slight concave function of the environmental conditions. Under the hypothesis of compensatory mortality forces, optimal exploitation decisions are approximately linearly related to the size of the Mallard breeding population. Dynamic programming is suggested as a very general formulation for realistic solutions to the general optimal exploitation problem. The concepts of state vectors and stage transformations are completely general. Populations can be modeled stochastically and the objective function can include extra—biological factors. The optimal level of exploitation in year t must be based on the observed size of the population and the state of the environment in year t unless the dynamics of the population, the state of the environment, and the result of the exploitation decisions are completely deterministic. Exploitation based on an average harvest, or harvest rate, or designed to maintain a constant breeding population size is inefficient.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1934697","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.R., 1975, Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a Markovian environment: A theory and an example: Ecology, v. 56, no. 6, p. 1281-1297, https://doi.org/10.2307/1934697.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1297","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6913dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":92722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010117,"text":"70010117 - 1975 - Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:09:59.323207","indexId":"70010117","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","docAbstract":"Ground shaking close to the causative fault of an earthquake is more intense than it was previously believed to be. This raises the possibility that large numbers of buildings and other structures are not sufficiently resistant for the intense levels of shaking that can occur close to the fault. Many structures were built before earthquake codes were adopted; others were built according to codes formulated when less was known about the intensity of near-fault shaking. Although many building types are more resistant than conventional design analyses imply, the margin of safety is difficult to quantify. Many modern structures, such as freeways, have not been subjected to and tested by near-fault shaking in major earthquakes (magnitude 7 or greater). Damage patterns in recent moderate-sized earthquakes occurring in or adjacent to urbanized areas, however, indicate that many structures, including some modern ones designed to meet earthquake code requirements, cannot withstand the severe shaking that can occur close to a fault.
It is necessary to review the ground motion assumed and the methods utilized in the design of important existing structures and, if necessary, to strengthen or modify the use of structures that are found to be weak. New structures situated close to active faults should be designed on the basis of ground motion estimates greater than those used in the past.
The ultimate balance between risk of earthquake losses and cost for both remedial strengthening and improved earthquake-resistant construction must be decided by the public. Scientists and engineers must inform the public about earthquake shaking and its effect on structures.
The exposure to damage from seismic shaking is steadily increasing because of continuing urbanization and the increasing complexity of lifeline systems, such as power, water, transportation, and communication systems. In the near future we should expect additional painful examples of the damage potential of moderate-sized earthquakes in urban areas. Over a longer time span, however, we can significantly reduce the risk to life and property from seismic shaking through better land utilization, improved building codes and construction practices, and at least the gradual replacement of poor buildings by more resistant buildings.
Progress toward reducing risk from seismic shaking through better building design is slowed by deficiencies in our knowledge about the nature of damaging ground motion and the failure mechanisms in structures. For example, lacking observational data, seismologists must rely on simplified theoretical and numerical models of the earthquake process to estimate near-fault ground motion, especially for earthquakes as large as magnitude 7 and 8. Because such models have not been adequately tested against data, their reliability is unknown. Engineers lack detailed information about failure processes in structures during an earthquake. Although many structures have been instrumented to measure their response to an earthquake, few records have been obtained from buildings that actually sustained significant structural damage and few structures are properly instrumented to measure all the modes of deformation that are likely to contribute to failure. Moreover, the fact that many structures have withstood ground motion more intense than that assumed in their design indicates that conventional methods of design do not take into account important contributions to earthquake resistance by nonstructural elements and by the ability of structural elements to deform inelastically without necessarily causing failure of the structure. It is fortunate when such reserve resistance exists, but better understanding of the sources of reserve strength is needed to determine how large a margin of safety they confer and how they might be affected by changes in construction practices and materials with time.
In the next few years we look forward to significant advances in knowledge and to more effective application of what is already known, largely because of substantial funding of research related to seismic engineering by the National Science Foundation . The increasing number of strong-motion seismographs operating in seismically active regions will likely provide for the first time a number of records of damaging levels of ground motion. Significant effort is being directed toward obtaining near-fault records, although many probable sites of future large earthquakes remain inadequately instrumented, especially outside the conterminous United States. New and more complete information on building response and damage mechanisms will be obtained by improved instrumentation of structures and through laboratory investigations of failure in structures and structural elements. Further developments in computer technology and in computer modeling techniques will permit more realistic simulations of the seismic response of soils and structures that take into account their inelastic behavior and their strain-dependent properties. Earthquake design codes will continually be revised to better utilize existing knowledge concerning the nature of strong ground motion and the dynamic behavior of buildings during earthquakes and to incorporate new knowledge and also experiences gained from future earthquakes. We believe that application of new knowledge, improvements in earthquake-resistant design and construction, and remedial strengthening or replacement of weak existing structures can significantly reduce our current level of exposure to earthquake hazards.
The family Ceratolithaceae includes a group of horseshoe-shaped calcareous nannofossils and contains ten species which are assignable to two genera: Amaurolithus n. gen. and Ceratolithus. Species of Amaurolithus are characterized by showing faint or no birefringence in cross-polarized light when viewed in preferred orientation. Included in Amaurolithus are A. amplificus (Bukry and Percival), A. Mzzarus (Bukry), A. delicatus n. sp., A. primus (Bukry and Percival), and A. tricorniculatus (Gartner). Species of Ceratolithus are characterized by their strong birefringence in cross-polarized light when viewed in preferred orientation. Ceratolithus includes C. acutus Gartner and Bukry, C. armatus Miiller, C. cristatus Kamptner, C. rugosus Bukry and Bramlette, and C. telesmus Norris. The family first appears in the geologic record during the late Miocene, represented by the nonbirefringent-appearing species that constitute the genus Amaurolithus. A succession of these species persists into the early Pliocene. The distinctly birefringent forms assigned to the genus Ceratolithus first appear near the base of the Pliocene; the succession has persisted to modern time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Gartner, S., and Bukry, D., 1975, Morphology and phylogeny of the coccolithophycean family Ceratolithaceae: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 451-465.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"465","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, Stefan","contributorId":205466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232590,"text":"70232590 - 1975 - Rockfall seismicity correlation with field observations, Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T15:43:42.358551","indexId":"70232590","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-01T12:12:38","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rockfall seismicity correlation with field observations, Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"During August 7-13, 1972, intense and sustained rockfall activity occurred in Makaopuhi Crater on the east-rift zone of Kilauea Volcano. In a 4-day period (August 7-10), approximately 270,000 m3 of rockfall debris accumulated in Makaopuhi's west pit, representing a total kinetic energy release of about 101B ergs. Because the rockfalls happened within an area with an established seismic network, it was possible to correlate the seismic record of the rockfalls with onsite field observations. The seismic signatures of rockfalls are generally distinguishable from those of earthquakes and other recorded events. Approximate magnitudes determined for some of the largest rockfalls range from 0.8 to 1.2, corresponding to calculated seismic energy releases of 2X1011 to 10X1011 ergs, if the magnitude-energy relationship for earthquakes is applicable to rockfalls. The August 1972 swarms of rockfalls at Makaopuhi correlate in time not with moderate or large earthquakes but rather with local eruptive activity and are inferred to have been caused by eruption-induced modifications of stress patterns of the crater walls. However, the amount and nature of the stress change required to exceed the threshold stability of the crater wall and to trigger a rockfall flurry cannot be determined. The Makaopuhi activity is typical of most major rockfall episodes in other Kilauean pit craters in recent years, which also have been associated with volcanic activity, particularly during times of changes in eruptive behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Koyanagi, R.Y., and Holcomb, R.T., 1975, Rockfall seismicity correlation with field observations, Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 3, p. 345-361.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"361","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue3/report.pdf","size":"22359 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano, Makaopuhi Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.16729354858398,\n 19.35985853308795\n ],\n [\n -155.16458988189697,\n 19.36062781661234\n ],\n [\n -155.16240119934082,\n 19.362409301365904\n ],\n [\n -155.16175746917725,\n 19.363866865322365\n ],\n [\n -155.16167163848874,\n 19.365526852845328\n ],\n [\n -155.16252994537354,\n 19.36767266532593\n ],\n [\n -155.16390323638916,\n 19.368684831219216\n ],\n [\n -155.16570568084717,\n 19.369373100436274\n ],\n [\n -155.16669273376465,\n 19.369332614092194\n ],\n [\n -155.16634941101074,\n 19.370020880573616\n ],\n [\n -155.16772270202637,\n 19.370466227924478\n ],\n [\n -155.16982555389404,\n 19.370223311338513\n ],\n [\n -155.17119884490967,\n 19.36908969581655\n ],\n [\n -155.17343044281006,\n 19.369494559408146\n ],\n [\n -155.17596244812012,\n 19.36908969581655\n ],\n [\n -155.17755031585693,\n 19.367146336577406\n ],\n [\n -155.17712116241455,\n 19.364960029737954\n ],\n [\n -155.1756191253662,\n 19.363300036443277\n ],\n [\n -155.17197132110596,\n 19.361194654781624\n ],\n [\n -155.16729354858398,\n 19.35985853308795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y.","contributorId":52561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holcomb, Robin T.","contributorId":46938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232587,"text":"70232587 - 1975 - Geology, geochemistry, and fluid-inclusion petrography of the Sapo Alegre porphyry copper prospect and its metavolcanic wallrocks, west-central Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T16:24:31.352711","indexId":"70232587","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-01T11:02:53","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, geochemistry, and fluid-inclusion petrography of the Sapo Alegre porphyry copper prospect and its metavolcanic wallrocks, west-central Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The Sapo Alegre prospect, a small porphyry copper-molybdenum occurrence in west-central Puerto Rico, is characterized by distinct zones of alteration and mineralization of quartz diorite porphyry. A biotite-chlorite zone in the porphyry near its contact with surrounding metavolcanic rocks contains copper, molybdenum, gold, silver, selenium, and tellurium. A quartz-sericite-pyrite zone within the porphyry contains abundant sulfur and traces of selenium, but metals of the biotite-chlorite zone are nearly absent and zinc, manganese, nickel, sodium, calcium, and magnesium contents are very low. Quartz grains in the biotite-chlorite zone contain abundant fluid inclusions in which halite crystals are common, whereas in the quartz-sericite-pyrite zone inclusions are less abundant and rarely contain halite inclusions. Metavolcanic rocks northwest of the mineralized porphyry are altered to amphibolitic hornfels near the contact. Biotitic alteration is strong outward from the hornfels and grades into chlorite alteration. The hornfels has very low sulfide content, and the biotite zone has moderate amounts of copper and sulfur, decreasing outward. The chlorite zone is characterized by an abrupt increase in zinc and manganese content. Fluid-inclusion data suggest temperatures between 300° and 400°C for hydrothermal fluids in the biotite-chlorite zone of the porphyry and 250° to 300°C for fluids in the quartz-sericite-pyrite zone. Pressures equivalent to about 1.5 km of burial are indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., Gonzalez, I.P., and Nash, J.T., 1975, Geology, geochemistry, and fluid-inclusion petrography of the Sapo Alegre porphyry copper prospect and its metavolcanic wallrocks, west-central Puerto Rico: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 3, p. 313-327.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"327","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue3/report.pdf","size":"22359 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Puerto Rico","county":"Río Víví district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.79069519042969,\n 18.107513406005165\n ],\n [\n -66.65164947509766,\n 18.107513406005165\n ],\n [\n -66.65164947509766,\n 18.215981050868315\n ],\n [\n -66.79069519042969,\n 18.215981050868315\n ],\n [\n -66.79069519042969,\n 18.107513406005165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Ileana Perez","contributorId":292878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Ileana","email":"","middleInitial":"Perez","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}