Base and precious metal ores valued in excess of $300 million have been mined from vein, pipe, and replacement deposits located on the northwest side of, and structurally related to, the middle Tertiary Silverton caldera. A belt of normal faults radial to the caldera contains veins which have been mined for as much as 15,000 feet (4,600 m) along strike and 3,700 feet (1,100 m) downdip. Structural relations, metal distributions, and fluid inclusion data suggest that many of the veins were open at the same general time and received the same mineralization.
Fluid inclusions in quartz and sphalerite of the main ore stage of the Argentine and adjoining veins have filling temperatures ranging from 315 degrees to 249 degrees C and salinities from 7.9 to 0.1 wt percent NaCl equivalent. However, the majority of inclusions from base metal and gold stages are in a relatively narrow range near 280 degrees to 290 degrees C and salinities are unusually low (less than 2 wt %). Filling temperatures in postsulfide quartz and fluorite are as low as 153 degrees C and salinities are generally less than 0.5 wt percent. A pressure correction of about +25 degrees C should be added to the filling temperatures. Ore fluids were physically homogeneous liquids over the 3,700-foot (1,100 m) vertical and 11,200-foot (3,400 m) lateral range studied and no systematic variations in filling temperatures or salinity in this space are noted, but significant fluctuations are evident locally.
Recently developed base metal replacement deposits occur in the Eocene Telluride Conglomerate adjacent to many metal-bearing veins. Calc-silicate alteration of the conglomerate host was probably by moderately saline fluids that ranged in temperature from 320 degrees to about 400 degrees C. Quartz-bearing clasts in altered zones contain secondary halitebearing inclusions with filling temperatures of about 250 degrees C and salinities about 34 wt percent; such inclusions are not known from the base metal stage and are interpreted to have been preore. Hydrothermal quartz, sphalerite, and calcite from replacement pods contain inclusions with filling temperatures ranging from 204 degrees to 309 degrees C and salinities from 11.2 to 0.2 wt percent. That the replacement zones and throughgoing veins are genetically related is suggested by the similarity of filling temperatures and compositions of base metal-stage fluid inclusions and by structural evidence.
Small high-grade pipe deposits of base and precious metals occur along the ring-fault zone of the Silverton caldera. Filling temperatures for inclusions in quartz, sphalerite, and barite of the main ore stage of these deposits range from 216 degrees to 308 degrees C and salinities range from 1.6 to 0.2 wt percent NaCl. Quartz in altered wall rocks and silicified capping contains moderately saline secondary inclusions with relatively uniform liquid: vapor ratios that suggest filling temperatures of about 225 degrees to 300 degrees C. From the available samples there is no fluid inclusion evidence for boiling. Throttling, which had been hypothesized to explain the telescoped nature of the pipe ores, is neither substantiated nor discredited by the inclusion data.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.70.8.1448","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., 1975, Fluid inclusion studies of vein, pipe, and replacement deposits, northwestern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 70, no. 8, p. 1448-1462, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.70.8.1448.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1448","endPage":"1462","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Northwesterns San Juan Mountains ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.39660644531249,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -107.545166015625,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -107.545166015625,\n 38.28131307922966\n ],\n [\n -108.39660644531249,\n 38.28131307922966\n ],\n [\n -108.39660644531249,\n 37.38325280195101\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1975-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156563,"text":"70156563 - 1975 - The distribution of seepage within lakebeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-01T14:55:26.578013","indexId":"70156563","displayToPublicDate":"1975-02-03T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of seepage within lakebeds","docAbstract":"The mutual exchange of water between lakes and contiguous permeable ground-water bodies, which are thin relative to the diameter of the lakes, was modeled digitally. A significant rate of seepage was found to extend only a relatively short distance from shore, thus forming a narrow band around the lake's perimeter. This near-shore concentration of seepage is an effect only of the geometry of the ground-water flow system, which is governed by the geometry of the body of permeable material, the spatial distribution of permeability within it, and the form of the water table. Near-shore seepage occurs independently of the presence of fine-grained, lowpermeability sedimentary bottom materials in the central part of the lake. Digital modeling indicates that the velocity of seepage generally decreases at an exponential rate as a function of distance from shore. Field measurements of seepage rates through the bottom of Lake Sallie, west-central Minnesota, confirm the model results by demonstrating that both the near-shore seepage band and the exponential decrease in seepage velocity actually exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"McBride, M., and Pfannkuch, H., 1975, The distribution of seepage within lakebeds: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 505-512.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"512","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307313,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Sallie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -455.9039497375488,\n 46.78431077995156\n ],\n [\n -455.89433670043945,\n 46.786779159121984\n ],\n [\n -455.88815689086914,\n 46.78736685176575\n ],\n [\n -455.8818054199218,\n 46.78454586855852\n ],\n [\n -455.87682723999023,\n 46.77455369740659\n ],\n [\n -455.8799171447754,\n 46.765853120825106\n ],\n [\n -455.88558197021484,\n 46.76032634911647\n ],\n [\n -455.89485168457026,\n 46.75703353476754\n ],\n [\n -455.9039497375488,\n 46.755269444304595\n ],\n [\n -455.91270446777344,\n 46.759620762981854\n ],\n [\n -455.9173393249511,\n 46.76538277934874\n ],\n [\n -455.91527938842773,\n 46.77161447063216\n ],\n [\n -455.9125328063965,\n 46.77431856516784\n ],\n [\n -455.9084129333496,\n 46.774436131415555\n ],\n [\n -455.9063529968262,\n 46.778198115825795\n ],\n [\n -455.9039497375488,\n 46.78431077995156\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4032e4b0518e354d112c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, M.S.","contributorId":21928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pfannkuch, H.O.","contributorId":79228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfannkuch","given":"H.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14590,"text":"ofr7574 - 1975 - Effects of lowering interior canal stages on salt-water intrusion into the shallow aquifer in southeast Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T17:15:30.935755","indexId":"ofr7574","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T22:10:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-74","title":"Effects of lowering interior canal stages on salt-water intrusion into the shallow aquifer in southeast Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"Land in southeast Palm Beach County is undergoing a large-scale change in use, from agricultural to residential. To accommodate residential use, a proposal has been made by developers to the Board of the Lake Worth Drainage District to lower the canal stages in the interior part of the area undergoing change. This report documents one of the possible effects of such lowering. Of particular interest to the Board was whether the lower canal stages would cause an increase in salt-water intrusion into the shallow aquifer along the coast. \r\n\r\nThe two main tools used in the investigation were a digital model for aquifer evaluation and an analytical technique for predicting the movement of the salt-water front in response to a change of ground-water flow into the ocean.\r\n\r\nThe method of investigation consisted of developing a digital ground-water flow model for three east-west test strips. They pass through the northern half of municipal well fields in Lake Worth, Delray Beach, and Boca Raton. The strips were first modeled with no change in interior canal stages. Then they were modeled with a change in canal stages of 2 to 4 feet (0.6 to 1.6 metres). Also, two land development schemes were tested. One was for a continuation of the present level of land development, simulated by continuing the present pumpage rates. The second scheme was for land development to continue until the maximum allowable densities were reached, simulated by increasing the pumping rates.\r\n\r\nThe results of the test runs for an east-west strip through Lake Worth show that lowering part of the interior canal water levels 3 feet (1.0 metre), as done in 1961, does not affect the aquifer head or salt-water intrusion along the coastal area of Lake Worth. As a result, no effect in the coastal area would be expected as a result of canal stage lowering in other, interior parts of the study area.\r\n\r\nResults from the other test runs show that lowering interior canal water levels by as much as 4 feet (1.2 metres) would result in some salt-water intrusion for either land development scheme. Salt-water intrusion is dependent on the location, and amount of water withdrawn, from well fields.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr7574","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and Lake Worth Drainage District","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1975, Effects of lowering interior canal stages on salt-water intrusion into the shallow aquifer in southeast Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-74, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7574.","productDescription":"59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":998,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0074/ofr7574.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.23555755615233,\n 26.337422286477317\n ],\n [\n -80.20362854003906,\n 26.327575955050822\n ],\n [\n -80.15796661376952,\n 26.327883665584135\n ],\n [\n -80.13118743896484,\n 26.32849908419746\n ],\n [\n -80.12638092041014,\n 26.66955020082152\n ],\n [\n -80.21942138671875,\n 26.671697757254027\n ],\n [\n -80.2163314819336,\n 26.517892099592242\n ],\n [\n -80.22285461425781,\n 26.514512811622374\n ],\n [\n -80.2218246459961,\n 26.468114356372276\n ],\n [\n -80.23796081542969,\n 26.407860638241498\n ],\n [\n -80.23555755615233,\n 26.337422286477317\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Colluma Crater, on the semiarid Altiplano (high plain) of western Bolivia, is an oval structure having overall dimensions of 6.7 km by 6.0 km. The structure has two almost concentric cuestaform rims (the inner rim is 3.6 km by 3.1 km) composed of poorly consolidated clastic sediments that dip outward. The center of the crater is about 80 m below the maximum height of the rims and about at the altitude of the surrounding plain. Because of the double rim, the centripetal drainage, and the absence of volcanic rocks, this structure is considered a collapsed dome. We believe it was probably formed by the doming of lower Quaternary (?) sediments by a subjacent igneous intrusion, partial retreat of the magma, collapse of the central part of the dome, erosional etching of the two rims, and partial filling of the center by detritus from the walls. Evidence for origin by impact (nickel-iron materials, shock structures, ejecta, and so forth) is lacking or was unrecognized, but this mode of origin is not rejected at this time. Geophysical surveys are recommended to determine whether the structure continues in depth and if an igneous, plug is below the crater.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rosenblum, S., and Anderson, R.J., 1975, Notes on the origin of Colluma Crater, Bolivia: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 1, p. 31-38.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Bolivia","otherGeospatial":"Colluma Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.10321807861328,\n -18.596792049367412\n ],\n [\n -68.06476593017578,\n -18.596792049367412\n ],\n [\n -68.06476593017578,\n -18.562947442888298\n ],\n [\n -68.10321807861328,\n -18.562947442888298\n ],\n [\n -68.10321807861328,\n -18.596792049367412\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Reed J.","contributorId":292919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175639,"text":"70175639 - 1975 - Ground-water data in the Harrisburg-Halsey area, central Willamette Valley, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T14:12:43","indexId":"70175639","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":115,"text":"Ground Water Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Ground-water data in the Harrisburg-Halsey area, central Willamette Valley, Oregon","docAbstract":"THE HARRISBURG-HALSEY AREA COVERS ABOUT 350 SQUARE MILES IN THE CENTRAL WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREG., AND IS PART OF A BROAD ALLUVIAL PLAIN THAT LIES BETWEEN THE CASCADE AND COAST RANGES IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. MOST OF THE DATA FOR THE 506 WELLS IN THIS REPORT WERE OBTAINED FROM WELL DRILLERS' REPORTS. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF WATER FROM 36 WELLS ARE TABULATED. MOST OF THE HIGH-YIELD WELLS IN THE AREA PRODUCE WATER FROM ALLUVIAL (SAND AND GRAVEL) AQUIFERS THAT UNDERLIE THE VALLEY PLAIN OR THAT ARE COEXTENSIVE WITH THE PRESENT FLOOD PLAIN OF THE WILLAMETTE RIVER. THE WATER TABLE IN THE ALLUVIAL AQUIFER IS GENERALLY ONLY A FEW FEET BELOW LAND SURFACE. PUMPING LIFTS ARE RELATIVELY SMALL, AND WELLS PRODUCE MODERATE TO LARGE QUANTITIES OF GROUNDWATER OF GOOD CHEMICAL QUALITY.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Frank, F.J., and Johnson, N.A., 1975, Ground-water data in the Harrisburg-Halsey area, central Willamette Valley, Oregon: Ground Water Report.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Halsey, Harrisburg","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58ad0e4b03bcb0104bbb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, F. J.","contributorId":95037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Nyra A.","contributorId":173771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nyra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001155,"text":"2001155 - 1975 - History of fish toxicants in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2001155","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":81,"text":"Special Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"History of fish toxicants in the United States","docAbstract":"Many bodies of water have been overrun with fish species that are undesirable for the well-being of endemic aquatic biota and are of little or no interest to anglers. This situation has resulted from the transplanting of fish, creation of new waters, increasing fishing pressure and changing water quality. Although as many as 30 toxicants have been tried, only about 30 major piscicides have been used in rehabilitation programs to remove the unwanted species. Explicit knowledge of the mode of action of toxicants in the environment and improvements in fish farming, have permitted fishery managers to reduce the amount of control chemical that is applied to obtain a desired result. The number and volume of waters being reclaimed have increased, but this trend may change soon because environmental laws involving the use of registered pesticides are becoming more restrictive. Registration research has established the safety of some fish toxicants but has eliminated others. Only four piscicides are presently registered (or nonfood use application: antimycin and rotenone as general fish toxicants and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and Bayluscide as selective lampricides.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rehabilitation of fish populations with toxicants: a symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society, North Central Division","usgsCitation":"Cumming, K., 1975, History of fish toxicants in the United States: Special Publication 4, 5-21.","productDescription":"5-21","startPage":"5","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cumming, K.B.","contributorId":40697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cumming","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010062,"text":"70010062 - 1975 - Trace element evaluation of a suite of rocks from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T16:46:31.690744","indexId":"70010062","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element evaluation of a suite of rocks from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean","docAbstract":"Reunion Island consists of an olivine-basalt shield capped by a series of flows and intrusives ranging from hawaiite through trachyte. Eleven rocks representing the total compositional sequence have been analyzed for U, Th and REE. Eight of the rocks (group 1) have positive-slope, parallel, chondrite-normalized REE fractionation patterns. Using a computer model, the major element compositions of group 1 whole rocks and observed phenocrysts were used to predict the crystallization histories of increasingly residual liquids, and allowed semi-quantitative verification of origin by fractional crystallization of the olivine-basalt parent magma. Results were combined with mineral-liquid distribution coefficient data to predict trace element abundances, and existing data on Cr, Ni, Sr and Ba were also successfully incorporated in the model. The remaining three rocks (group 2) have nonuniform positive-slope REE fractionation patterns not parallel to group 1 patterns. Rare earth fractionation in a syenite is explained by partial melting of a source rich in clinopyroxene and/or hornblende. The other two rocks of group 2 are explained as hybrids resulting from mixing of syenite and magmas of group 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(75)90012-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1975, Trace element evaluation of a suite of rocks from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 39, no. 5, p. 713-734, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(75)90012-5.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"734","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb63be4b08c986b326b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":357809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009866,"text":"70009866 - 1975 - Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T07:16:33","indexId":"70009866","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments","docAbstract":"Examination of the silty sediments in the lower Van Normal reservoir after the 1971 San Fernando, California earthquake revealed three zones of deformational structures in the 1-m-thick sequence of sediments exposed over about 2 km2 of the reservoir bottom. These zones are correlated with moderate earthquakes that shook the San Fernando area in 1930, 1952, and 1971. The success of this study, coupled with the experimental formation of deformational structures similar to those of the Van Norman reservoir, led to a search for similar structures in Pleistocene and Holocene lakes and lake sediments in other seismically active areas. Thus, studies have been started in Pleistocene and Holocene silty and sandy lake sediments in the Imperial Valley, southeastern California; Clear Lake, in northern California; and the Puget Sound area of Washington. The Imperial Valley study has yielded spectacular results: five zones of structures in the upper 10 m of Late Holocene sediments near Brawley have been correlated over an area of approximately 100 km2, using natural outcrops. These structures are similar to those of the Van Norman reservoir and are interpreted to represent at least five moderate to large earthquakes that affected the southern Imperial Valley area during Late Holocene time. The Clear Lake study has provided ambiguous results with respect to determination of earthquake recurrence intervals because the cores studied are in clayey rich in organic material sediments that have low liquefaction potential. A study of Late Pleistocene varved glacio-lacustrine sediments has been started in the Puget Sound area of Washington, and thirteen sites have been examined. One has yielded 18.75 m of sediments that contains 1,804 varves and fourteen deformed zones interpreted as being caused by earthquake, because they are identical to structures formed experimentally by simulated seismic shaking. Correlation of deformational structures with seismic events is based on:
(1) proximity to presently active seismic zones;
(2) presence of potentially liquefiable sediments;
(3) similarity to structures formed experimentally;
(4) small-scale internal structures within deformed zones that suggest liquefaction;
(5) structures restricted to single stratigraphic intervals;
(6) zones of structures correlatable over large areas; and
(7) absence of detectable influence by slopes, slope failures, or other sedimentological, biological, or deformational processes.
Olivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (about 8–11 m.y. old) at five widely spaced localities in northeastern Nevada, are geologically related to the basalts of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, to the north and are similar in major element and alkali chemistry to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and island arc tholeiites. The measured K (1250–3350 ppm), Rb (1·9–6·2 ppm) and Sr (140–240 ppm) concentrations overlap the range reported for MORB. Three of the five samples have low, unfractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns, the other two show moderate light-REE enrichment. Barium concentration is high and variable (100–780 ppm) and does not correlate with the other LIL elements. The rocks have 87Sr/86Sr = 0·7052–0·7076, considerably higher than MORB (~0·702–0·703). These samples are chemically distinct (i.e. less alkalic) from the olivine tholeiites from the adjacent Snake River Plain, but their Sr isotopic compositions are similar. They contain Sr that is distinctly more radiogenic than the basalts from the adjacent Great Basin. About 10 b.y. would be required for the mean measured Rb/Sr (~ 0·02) of these samples to generate, in a closed system, the radiogenic Sr they contain. The low alkali content of these basalts makes crustal contamination an unlikely mechanism. If the magma is uncontaminated, the time-averaged Rb/Sr of the source material must have been ~0·04. A significant decrease in Rb/Sr of the source material (a factor 2̆) thus most probably occurred in the relatively recent (1̌09 yr) past. Such a decrease of Rb/Sr in the mantle could accompany alkali depletion produced by an episode of partial melting and magma extraction. In contrast, low
The steelhead trout metamorphosis from a freshwater parr to a sea water-tolerant smolt possessing the migration tendency was evaluated at six different growth temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 C during January through July. The highest temperature where a transformation was indicated was 11.3 C. By April fish reared at 6 C had elevated ATPase levels typical of smolts or migratory animals and showed 92% survival in sea water. Ten and 11.3 C-reared fish showed a short-lived elevation in ATPase in mid-April alone concurrently with 100% sea water survival at that time. Only in 6 C-reared animals did the salt water survival ability continue into May. High ATPase levels likewise were prolonged into May and June only in the 6 C-reared group. The data indicate that metamorphosis (and therefore successful migration) of juvenile steelhead trout is directly controlled by water temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1975)104<766:IOSWSA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Adams, B., Zaugg, W., and McLain, L.R., 1975, Inhibition of salt water survival and Na-K-ATPase elevation in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) by moderate water temperatures: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 104, no. 4, p. 766-769, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1975)104<766:IOSWSA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"769","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569f6c44e4b0961cf27fd1a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, B.L.","contributorId":152340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaugg, W.S.","contributorId":57568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLain, L. R.","contributorId":152341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLain","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197223,"text":"70197223 - 1975 - Mineral resource models and the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T13:47:47","indexId":"70197223","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mineral resource models and the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program","docAbstract":"The least exacting demand that can be made of any model is that it serves as a device whereby we can predict actual physical happenings. Another demand which could be made is that the physical happenings predicted be in some way relevant to man, either by allowing him to anticipate future uncontrollable events or by demonstrating the possible consequences of various decisions. To date, many mineral resource models have been deficient in meeting these demands.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral materials modeling A state-of-the-art review","language":"English","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., 1975, Mineral resource models and the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program, chap. of Mineral materials modeling A state-of-the-art review, p. 370-382.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"370","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15d353e4b092d9651e28e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Vogely, W. A.","contributorId":205178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vogely","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736294,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162481,"text":"70162481 - 1975 - Earthquake history of New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T15:00:20","indexId":"70162481","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of New Mexico","docAbstract":"Most of New Mexico's historical seismcity has been concentrated in the Rio Grande Valley between Socorro and Albuquerque. About half of the earthquakes of intensity V or greater (Modified Mercalli intensity) that occurred in teh State between 1868 and 1973 were centered in this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"von Hake, C., 1975, Earthquake history of New Mexico: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 7, no. 3, p. 23-26.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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A.","contributorId":7699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Hake","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014241,"text":"1014241 - 1975 - Thin-section electron microscopy of mature Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidea) spores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T15:42:04.844145","indexId":"1014241","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thin-section electron microscopy of mature Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidea) spores","docAbstract":"The morphology of purified, mature Myxosoma cerebralis spores was examined by thin-section electron microscopy. Surface architecture corresponded closely to that described in an earlier scanning electron microscopy study of this organism (Lom and Hoffman, 1971). A uniformly thick spore wall is composed of finely granular, electron-lucent material. Intrawall \"valvoplasm\" at the sutural border region contains small, light spheroidal profiles with dense centers situated in a background matrix; such structures are absent in the intermediate wall areas. Ovoid polar capsules contain complex filamentous profiles within the peripheral matrix region. Individual filaments appear twisted into S-shaped configurations and contain moderately electron-opaque material within their lumina.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/3279327","usgsCitation":"Lunger, P., Rhoads, B., Wolf, K., and Markiw, M., 1975, Thin-section electron microscopy of mature Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidea) spores: Journal of Parasitology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 476-480, https://doi.org/10.2307/3279327.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488306,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3279327","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c441","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lunger, P.D.","contributorId":6409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunger","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhoads, B.L.","contributorId":17186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoads","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markiw, M.E.","contributorId":44865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markiw","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":94740,"text":"94740 - 1975 - Duck plague: carrier state and gross pathology in black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-17T16:31:32","indexId":"94740","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Duck plague: carrier state and gross pathology in black ducks","docAbstract":"Duck plague (UP) is a highly fatal disease of ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae), produced by a reticulo-endotheliotrophic virus classified as a member of the Herpesvirus group. The disease was recognized in Europe in 1949. On the American continent, the disease was first diagnosed in the United States in 1967. Very little is known of DP virus ecology, particularly of the mechanisms of interepizootic survival and movement. The tendency of the IIerpesviruses to enter into a quiescent state after an overt or inapparent infection is a proven characteristic for most of the members of this group. Herpes simplex, which is the model of the Herpesviruses, is said to be the classical example of a persistent recurrent viral infection. Burnet and Williams (4) were the first to recognize this kind of relationship between herpes simplex and its host in 1939. Later, it was found that the reactivation of the virus can be brought on by a variety of stimuli either physiological (menstruation), pathological (anaphylactic shock), chemical (pesticides) or physical (sunburn). This same latency property has been proved for every member of this group of viruses which has been studied adequately, DP is among the few Herpesviruses for which the carrier state has not been demonstrated, but there is circumstantial evidence suggesting it. The carrier state for DP seems to be a likely explanation for the persistence and the particular pattern of movement of this disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Ossa, J.E., 1975, Duck plague: carrier state and gross pathology in black ducks, 78 p.","productDescription":"78 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health 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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ossa, Jorge E.","contributorId":37277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ossa","given":"Jorge","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045426,"text":"70045426 - 1975 - Improved digital filters for evaluating Fourier and Hankel transform integrals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T11:36:29","indexId":"70045426","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Improved digital filters for evaluating Fourier and Hankel transform integrals","docAbstract":"New algorithms are described for evaluating Fourier (cosine, sine) and Hankel (J0,J1) transform integrals by means of digital filters. The filters have been designed with extended lengths so that a variable convolution operation can be applied to a large class of integral transforms having the same system transfer function. A f' lagged-convolution method is also presented to significantly decrease the computation time when computing a series of like-transforms over a parameter set spaced the same as the filters. Accuracy of the new filters is comparable to Gaussian integration, provided moderate parameter ranges and well-behaved kernel functions are used. A collection of Fortran IV subprograms is included for both real and complex functions for each filter type. The algorithms have been successfully used in geophysical applications containing a wide variety of integral transforms","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70045426","usgsCitation":"Anderson, W.L., 1975, Improved digital filters for evaluating Fourier and Hankel transform integrals, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70045426.","productDescription":"119 p.","numberOfPages":"122","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272731,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045426/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516e72ece4b00154e4368c0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Walter L.","contributorId":99133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010183,"text":"70010183 - 1975 - Modes of fossil preservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-17T13:39:11.701207","indexId":"70010183","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of fossil preservation","docAbstract":"The processes of geologic preservation are important for understanding the organisms represented by fossils. Some fossil differences are due to basic differences in organization of animals and plants, but the interpretation of fossils has also tended to be influenced by modes of preservation. Four modes of preservation generally can be distinguished: (1) Cellular permineralization (“petrifaction”) preserves anatomical detail, and, occasionally, even cytologic structures. (2) Coalified compression, best illustrated by structures from coal but characteristic of many plant fossils in shale, preserves anatomical details in distorted form and produces surface replicas (impressions) on enclosing matrix. (3) Authigenic preservation replicates surface form or outline (molds and casts) prior to distortion by compression and, depending on cementation and timing, may intergrade with fossils that have been subject to compression. (4) Duripartic (hard part) preservation is characteristic of fossil skeletal remains, predominantly animal. Molds, pseudomorphs, or casts may form as bulk replacements following dissolution of the original fossil material, usually by leaching. Classification of the kinds of preservation in fossils will aid in identifying the processes responsible for modifying the fossil remains of both animals and plants.
Clear Lake, California is located in the California Coast Ranges about 120 km north of San Francisco and is the largest freshwater lake wholly within California. The lake basin is tectonically controlled (Anderson, 1936; Brice, 1953, Sims and Rymer, 1974) and the area seismically active (Coffman and von Hake, 1973).
Interest in this lake was stimulated by hypotheses developed from a study of sediments in Van Norman Reservoir after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake (Sims, 1973). During this study three zones of deformational structures were found in the 1 m-thick sequence of sediments exposed over about 2 km2 of the reservoir bottom. These zones were correlated with moderate earthquakes that shook the San Fernando area in 1930, 1952, and 1971. Results of this study, coupled with the experimental formation of deformational structures similar to those from Van Norman Reservoir, led to a search for similar structures in Pleistocene and Holocene lakes and lake sediments in other seismically active areas. Clear Lake, California was chosen specifically because of .:s location near the San Andreas fault and the San Francisco-Oakland urban complex, and the probability of obtaining an uninterrupted sediment record from the present into Pleistocene time. Eight 12 to 15 cm diameter continuous cores were taken from the lake sediments (fig. 1) as part of a study of earthquake induced structures in sediments and the tectonic framework of the Clear Lake basin. The eight cores range in length from 13.87 m to 133.09 m (Table 1).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75144","usgsCitation":"Sims, J.D., and Rymer, M.J., 1975, Preliminary description and interpretation of cores and radiographs from Clear Lake, Lake County, California: Core 7: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-144, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75144.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":400393,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Clear Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.93838500976561,\n 38.91133881927712\n ],\n [\n -122.6081085205078,\n 38.91133881927712\n ],\n [\n -122.6081085205078,\n 39.14071226655259\n ],\n [\n -122.93838500976561,\n 39.14071226655259\n ],\n [\n -122.93838500976561,\n 38.91133881927712\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sims, John D.","contributorId":60202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, Michael J. mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":172078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047677,"text":"70047677 - 1974 - Digital-model study of ground-water hydrology, Columbia Basin Irrigation Project Area, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-19T10:53:50","indexId":"70047677","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T10:24:04","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"40","title":"Digital-model study of ground-water hydrology, Columbia Basin Irrigation Project Area, Washington","docAbstract":"Since 1952 water diverted from the Columbia River at Grand Coulee Dam has been used to irrigate parts of the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project area in eastern Washington, and as a result ground-water levels generally have risen in the area. The rapid increases in ground-water inflow, outflow, and storage from irrigation have created a need for a better understanding of the ground-water system before and after the start of irrigation to establish guidelines necessary for management of the area's ground-water resource. Data and information from previous geologic and hydrologic studies were used as a basis for quantitative analyses of ground-water inflow and outflow by means of digital computer models representing three major areas--Quincy Basin, Pasco Basin, and Royal Slope.","language":"English","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","publisherLocation":"Olympia, WA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, H., Hansen, A.J., and Skrivan, J., 1974, Digital-model study of ground-water hydrology, Columbia Basin Irrigation Project Area, Washington: Water Supply Bulletin 40, iv, 60 p.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276743,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/wsb/pdfs/WSB_40_Book.pdf"},{"id":276744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047677.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.0,45.0 ], [ -125.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -125.0,45.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e32e4b0b08f446198c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, H.H.","contributorId":30610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, A. J. Jr.","contributorId":29840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skrivan, J.A.","contributorId":107743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skrivan","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047240,"text":"70047240 - 1974 - Application of digital modeling to the prediction of radioisotope migration in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-26T10:00:20","indexId":"70047240","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T09:24:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application of digital modeling to the prediction of radioisotope migration in ground water","docAbstract":"Recently developed numerical techniques have been adapted to the solution of transient radioactive solute migration problems in groundwater.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotope Techniques in Groundwater Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAEA","usgsCitation":"Robertson, J., 1974, Application of digital modeling to the prediction of radioisotope migration in ground water, in Isotope Techniques in Groundwater Hydrology, v. 2, p. 451-478.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"478","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275423,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/documents/IAEA%20Symposia/W-04%20Proc%20Symposium%201974%20Vol%20II%20Isotope%20Techniques%20in%20gw%20hydrology%201974.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.24,41.99 ], [ -117.24,49.0 ], [ -111.04,49.0 ], [ -111.04,41.99 ], [ -117.24,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f39a64e4b0a32220222f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, J.B.","contributorId":85173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038245,"text":"70038245 - 1974 - Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 5: lower Housatonic River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-26T15:00:35","indexId":"70038245","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-22T14:28:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":108,"text":"Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 5: lower Housatonic River basin","docAbstract":"The 557 square miles of the lower Housatonic River basin in western Connecticut include the basins of two major tributaries, the Pomperaug and Naugatuck Rivers. Nearly all water is derived from precipitation, which averaged 47 inches per year during 1931-60, In this period an additional 570 billion gallons of water per year entered the basin in the main stem of the Housatonic River at Lake Lillinonah, and some water was imported by water-supply systems from outside the basin. Almost half the precipitation--21.6 inches--was lost from the basin by evapotranspiration. Except for small amounts exported, the remainder discharged as runoff and underflow into Long Island Sound.
\nVariations in streamflow at 6 long-term continuous-record gaging stations are summarized in standardized graphs and tables that can be used to estimate streamflow characteristics at other sites. For example, mean flow and two low-flow characteristics, the 7-day annual minimum flow for 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals, have been determined for many partial-record stations throughout the basin.
\nOf the 37 principal lakes, ponds, and reservoirs in the basin, 6 have usable storage of more than 1 billion gallons. The “maximum safe draft rate” (described in: “Storage of Water in Lakes and Reservoirs”) of the largest of these, Thomaston Reservoir near Thomaston, is 75.6 million gallons per day for the 10-year and 20-year recurrence intervals of annual lowest mean flow.
\nFloods have occurred during every month, at one time or another. The two greatest floods on the Naugatuck River in historical time occurred 2 months apart in 1955. The larger, in August, had a peak of 106,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) at Beacon Falls. Since then, the likelihood of major floods has been considerably reduced by a program of flood control in the basin.
\nWater can be obtained from three aquifers under-lying the basin-stratified drift, till, and bedrock. Stratified drift covers about 16 percent of the basin, mostly in valleys and lowlands, and its saturated part generally ranges in thickness from 10 feet in small valleys to 200 feet in the Housatonic River valley. Its transmissivity ranges from 0 to 47,000 ft2/day (feet shared per day). Till, deposited directly by glacial ice, forms a widespread but discontinuous mantle over bedrock in most upland areas and extends beneath stratified drift in lowlands; it ranges in thickness from 0 to 200 feet. The median value of 31 published determinations of hydraulic conductivity of till in southern New England is 0.67 ft/day and ranges from 0.013 to 29 ft/day. Crystalline bedrock underlies most of the basin and is composed principally of granite, gneiss, and schist. Sedimentary volcanic bedrock underlies only the Pomperaug River basin. Regardless of rock type, water is obtained mostly from fractures.
\nStreambed deposits are significant features of the hydrogeologic system because they affect the amount of water from streams and lakes that can be induced to infiltrate aquifers. Based on field tests, characteristic values of vertical hydraulic conductivity of streambed deposits are 0.40 ft/day for fine-grained deposits and 14 ft/day for gravelly deposits.
\nGround-water supplies generally range in yield from several millions of gallons per day from large well fields to 1 gpm (gallons per minute) from single wells. Large supplies, with yields of 100 gpm or more from individual wells, are most commonly obtained from stratified drift. Yields to be expected from screened wells tapping this aquifer can be calculated by use of a series of graphs in conjunction with estimates of transmissivity and aquifer thickness.
\nThe yields of 14 principal ground-water reservoirs are estimated from aquifer characteristics and also from the amount of water that can be obtained from aquifer storage, from interception or runoff, and from infiltration of streamflow at low-flow conditions, using a hypothetical well-field arrangement for each reservoir. It is assumed that induced infiltration is restricted to an amount equal to the 7-day annual minimum stream-flow for a 2-year recurrence interval. Yields range from 1.4 to 15 mgd (million gallons per day) during periods of no recharge, and from 2.0 to 17 mgd during recharge periods.
\nSmall to moderate water supplies can be obtained from any of the aquifers under suitable conditions. For example, data from 294 wells in the basin indicate that yields of a few gallons per minute can be obtained from bedrock at most sites. The likelihood of obtaining an adequate domestic supply is slightly greater in granite than in schist and also is greater where the overburden is stratified drift rather than till.
\nChemical analyses of precipitation samples collected monthly from five stations in the basin during a 9-month period in 1966 show that rainfall is acidic and that sulfate is the dominant anion, probably because of industrial fumes and smoke within and near the basin.
\nWhere unaffected by man’s activities, water in the basin is generally low in dissolved-solids concentration, is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, and is soft to moderately hard. In general, streamflow is less mineralized than ground water, particularly when it consists largely of direct runoff. However, streamflow becomes more highly mineralized during low-flow conditions, when most of it consists of more highly mineralized water discharged from aquifers. The median value of dissolved-solids concentration of water at 22 stream sites was 51 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) during high flow, and 68 mg/1 during low flow within the study period. Iron and manganese occur naturally in objectionable concentrations in parts of the basin, particularly in streams draining swamps and in water from bedrock containing iron and manganese-bearing minerals.
\nMan’s activities have degraded the quality of water in streams in much of the basin, except in the Pomperaug subbasin. In the Naugatuck River basin, the degradation in quality is shown by wide and erratic changes in dissolved-solids concentration, excessive amounts of certain trace elements, a low dissolved oxygen content, and abnormally high temperatures. Ground water is degraded principally by induced infiltration of stream water containing chemical wastes, by wastes stored on the ground and by effluents from septic tanks.
\nBelow its confluence with the Naugatuck River, much of the Housatonic River and adjoining marshes, wetlands, and aquifers contain salt water. Measurements of specific conductance during low-flow conditions in 1969 indicate that the dissolved-solids concentration of water in the estuary ranged from 210 mg/1 near Twomile Island to 20,000 mg/1 near Long Island Sound.
\nThe quantity and quality of water in the basin are satisfactory for a wide variety of uses, and, with suitable treatment, the water may be used for most purposes. In 1967, the total amount of water used in the basin was about 194 billion gallons. About 90 percent of this was used for industrial purposes, and 95 percent of the industrial water was obtained from surface-water sources. In the same year, 17 municipal and private water-supply systems supplied water of satisfactory quality to about three-fourths of the population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Wilson, W.E., Burke, E.L., and Thomas, C.E., 1974, Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 5: lower Housatonic River basin: Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin 19, Report: viii, 79 p.; 6 Plates: 28.66 x 40.55 inches and smaller.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 79 p.; 6 Plates: 28.66 x 40.55 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"85","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258805,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0019/report.pdf","size":"29327","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285980,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-a.pdf"},{"id":285981,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-b.pdf"},{"id":285982,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-c-1.pdf"},{"id":285983,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-c-2.pdf"},{"id":285984,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-c-3.pdf"},{"id":285985,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038245/plate-d.pdf"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Housatonic River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.333333,41.125 ], [ -73.333333,42.0 ], [ -72.9,42.0 ], [ -72.9,41.125 ], [ -73.333333,41.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcb7be4b08c986b32d693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, William E.","contributorId":46478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Edward L.","contributorId":38398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Chester E. Jr.","contributorId":37182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Chester","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039544,"text":"70039544 - 1974 - Shore zone land use and land cover: Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039544","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:16:26","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":372,"text":"Natural Resources Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Shore zone land use and land cover: Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site","docAbstract":"Anderson's 1972 United States Geological Survey classification in modified form was applied to the barrier-island coastline within the CARETS region. High-altitude, color-infrared photography of December, 1972, and January, 1973, served as the primary data base in this study. The CARETS shore zone studied was divided into six distinct geographical regions; area percentages for each class in the modified Anderson classification are presented. Similarities and differences between regions are discussed within the framework of man's modification of these landscapes. The results of this study are presented as a series of 19 maps of land-use categories. Recommendations are made for a remote-sensing system for monitoring the CARETS shore zone within the context of the dynamics of the landscapes studied.","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service; U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039544","usgsCitation":"Dolan, R., Hayden, B., and Vincent, C., 1974, Shore zone land use and land cover: Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site: Natural Resources Report 8, v, 50 p.; maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039544.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.; maps; 28 cm.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261668,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039544/report.pdf"},{"id":261669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039544/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e83e4b08c986b3189af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dolan, R.","contributorId":44053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayden, B.P.","contributorId":32049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayden","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vincent, C.L.","contributorId":85849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vincent","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001273,"text":"70001273 - 1974 - Presentation and interpretation of chemical data for igneous rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T13:36:22.450594","indexId":"70001273","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presentation and interpretation of chemical data for igneous rocks","docAbstract":"Arguments are made in favor of using variation diagrams to plot analyses of igneous rocks and their derivatives and modeling differentiation processes by least-squares mixing procedures. These methods permit study of magmatic differentiation and related processes in terms ofall of the chemical data available. Data are presented as they are reported by the chemist and specific processes may be modeled and either quantitatively described or rejected as inappropriate or too simple.
Examples are given of the differing interpretations that can arise when data are plotted on an AEM ternary vs. the same data on a full set of MgO variation diagrams. Mixing procedures are illustrated with reference to basaltic lavas from the Columbia Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00951332","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.L., 1974, Presentation and interpretation of chemical data for igneous rocks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 233-248, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00951332.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 47.69497434186282\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 47.69497434186282\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 43.89789239125797\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001318,"text":"70001318 - 1974 - A comparison of infrared, radar, and geologic mapping of lunar craters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T13:40:30.56891","indexId":"70001318","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:32","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3569,"text":"The Moon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of infrared, radar, and geologic mapping of lunar craters","docAbstract":"Between 1000 and 2000 infrared (eclipse) and radar anomalies have been mapped on the nearside hemisphere of the Moon. A study of 52 of these anomalies indicates that most are related to impact craters and that the nature of the infrared and radar responses is compatible with a previously developed geologic model of crater aging processes. The youngest craters are pronounced thermal and radar anomalies; that is, they have enhanced eclipse temperatures and are strong radar scatterers. With increasing crater age, the associated thermal and radar responses become progressively less noticeable until they assume values for the average lunar surface. The last type of anomaly to disappear is radar enhancement at longer wavelengths. A few craters, however, have infrared and radar behaviors not predicted by the aging model. One previously unknown feature - a field strewn with centimeter-sized rock fragments - has been identified by this technique of comparing maps at the infrared, radar, and visual wavelengths.