{"pageNumber":"1588","pageRowStart":"39675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41062,"records":[{"id":70010915,"text":"70010915 - 1976 - Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T15:39:49.224639","indexId":"70010915","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States","docAbstract":"

New seismic-reflection data show that large sand waves near the head of Wilmington Canyon on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf have a spacing of 100-650 m and a relief of 2-9 m. The bedforms trend northwest and are asymmetrical, the steeper slopes being toward the south or west. Vibracore sediments indicate that the waves apparently have formed on a substrate of relict nearshore sediments. Although the age of the original bedforms is unknown, the asymmetry is consistent with the dominant westerly to southerly drift in this area which has been determined by other methods; the asymmetry, therefore, is probably modern. Observations in the sand-wave area from a submersible during August 1975, revealed weak bottom currents, sediment bioturbation, unrippled microtopography, and lack of scour. Thus, the asymmetry may be maintained by periodic water motion, possibly associated with storms or perhaps with flow in the canyon head. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(76)90003-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., and Folger, D.W., 1976, Large sand waves on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf around Wilmington Canyon, off Eastern United States: Marine Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. M7-M15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90003-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"M7","endPage":"M15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221629,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Wilmington Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.07922635000519,\n 40.354699173945505\n ],\n [\n -75.07922635000519,\n 37.06700454662226\n ],\n [\n -72.40892669843684,\n 37.06700454662226\n ],\n [\n -72.40892669843684,\n 40.354699173945505\n ],\n [\n -75.07922635000519,\n 40.354699173945505\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4482e4b0c8380cd66b83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folger, D. W.","contributorId":97126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30375,"text":"wri7666 - 1976 - Preliminary results of preimpoundment water-quality studies in the Tioga River Basin, Pennsylvania and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T11:23:30","indexId":"wri7666","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-66","title":"Preliminary results of preimpoundment water-quality studies in the Tioga River Basin, Pennsylvania and New York","docAbstract":"

The Tioga River and its major tributaries were sampled monthly from September 1973 to May 1975. Water quality in the Tioga River is degraded by acid-mine drainage entering the stream near Blossburg from both strip- and deep-mined areas. The stream supports few species of aquatic life from Blossburg to its confluence with Crooked Creek. Alkaline water of tributaries Mill Creek, Crooked Creek, and the Cowanesque River counteract the acidity carried downstream from Blossburg, and the water quality of the Tioga River gradually improves, supporting a more diversified population of fish and aquatic life.

\n

All of the streams in the Tioga River basin carry nutrients sufficient for algae blooms. Dissolved solids range from very high to moderately high throughout the basin. The Tioga River has high concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals, particularly iron and manganese. Dissolved oxygen was usually above 80 percent saturation and never dropped below 7.0 milligrams per litre throughout the basin.

\n

Relationships between selected water-quality parameters have been developed for the sampling stations throughout the basin. Downstream trends were also examined. The relationships will be further refined and implemented in predictive water-quality models as more data are collected.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7666","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District, and the Susquehanna River Basin Commission","usgsCitation":"Ward, J.R., 1976, Preliminary results of preimpoundment water-quality studies in the Tioga River Basin, Pennsylvania and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-66, v, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7666.","productDescription":"v, 79 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri7666.jpg"},{"id":318881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0066/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Tioga River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.61428833007812,\n 41.65598416994607\n ],\n [\n -77.61428833007812,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -76.92558288574219,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -76.92558288574219,\n 41.65598416994607\n ],\n [\n -77.61428833007812,\n 41.65598416994607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b27b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Janice R.","contributorId":79930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43988,"text":"ofr76683 - 1976 - Time of travel of solutes in the East Fork Trinity River, November 1975; and Elm Fork Trinity River, December 1975; Trinity River basin, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T14:01:47","indexId":"ofr76683","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-683","title":"Time of travel of solutes in the East Fork Trinity River, November 1975; and Elm Fork Trinity River, December 1975; Trinity River basin, Texas","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Central Texas Council of Governments, the Trinity River Authority of Texas, and the Texas Water Development Board, conducted two time-of-travel studies in the Trinity River basin in November and December, 1975.  Field data were collected on the East Fork Trinity River during November 18-22, 1975, and on the Elm Fork Trinity River during December 8-13, 1975.  The purpose of these two studies was to provide data that could be used by the Trinity River Authority and the Texas Water Quality Board in the development of a mathematical water-quality model of the two streams.  The model is to be used in a comprehensive water-quality management plan for the Trinity River basin.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr76683","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Myers, D.R., and Slade, R.M., 1976, Time of travel of solutes in the East Fork Trinity River, November 1975; and Elm Fork Trinity River, December 1975; Trinity River basin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-683, 3 Plates: 18.13 x 24.06 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76683.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 18.13 x 24.06 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr76683.PNG"},{"id":326948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0683/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":326949,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0683/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.24 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":326950,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0683/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"1.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.51626586914062,\n 32.47964619410741\n ],\n [\n -96.51626586914062,\n 32.759562025650126\n ],\n [\n -96.44622802734375,\n 32.759562025650126\n ],\n [\n -96.44622802734375,\n 32.47964619410741\n ],\n [\n -96.51626586914062,\n 32.47964619410741\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.08480834960938,\n 32.864592899813275\n ],\n [\n -97.08480834960938,\n 33.09384260312052\n ],\n [\n -96.87332153320311,\n 33.09384260312052\n ],\n [\n -96.87332153320311,\n 32.864592899813275\n ],\n [\n -97.08480834960938,\n 32.864592899813275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b69f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Dennis R.","contributorId":57860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M. Jr.","contributorId":46487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27040,"text":"wri7671 - 1976 - Mathematical model of the West Bolsa Ground-water Basin, San Benito County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T13:51:27","indexId":"wri7671","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-71","title":"Mathematical model of the West Bolsa Ground-water Basin, San Benito County, California","docAbstract":"Simulation of the West Bolsa ground-water basin hydrology in California had provided values of basin recharge and discharge and nodally distributed values of transmissivity and storage coefficient. Average net recharge from April 1945 to March 1969 was 6.2 cubic feet per second and occurred as subsurace recharge and infiltration of rain and minor streamflow. Discharge from the basin during the same period was 8.1 cubic feet per second and occurred as pumping and leakage from confined parts of the basin. Values of transmissivity used in the model generally range from 3,300 to 20,000 feet squared per day. Values of storage coefficient used in the model range from 0.0005 to 0.10. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7671","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., 1976, Mathematical model of the West Bolsa Ground-water Basin, San Benito County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-71, v, 54 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7671.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365653,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Benito County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-121.6434,36.8935],[-121.6428,36.8935],[-121.6272,36.9119],[-121.6197,36.9094],[-121.6108,36.9009],[-121.5998,36.8988],[-121.5947,36.9025],[-121.5803,36.8996],[-121.5749,36.8929],[-121.571,36.8966],[-121.5623,36.8963],[-121.56,36.8968],[-121.5592,36.9063],[-121.5587,36.9095],[-121.553,36.9146],[-121.544,36.9184],[-121.5389,36.9221],[-121.5373,36.9271],[-121.5288,36.9336],[-121.5187,36.9419],[-121.5175,36.9415],[-121.5154,36.947],[-121.5115,36.9525],[-121.5128,36.9584],[-121.5049,36.9639],[-121.4987,36.9717],[-121.4903,36.9805],[-121.4869,36.9837],[-121.4713,36.9785],[-121.4678,36.979],[-121.4633,36.9818],[-121.4582,36.986],[-121.4444,36.9853],[-121.4343,36.9769],[-121.4278,36.9684],[-121.4195,36.9608],[-121.3774,36.9601],[-121.3446,36.9606],[-121.257,36.9596],[-121.2116,36.9607],[-121.2127,36.958],[-121.2143,36.9539],[-121.2234,36.947],[-121.2329,36.9364],[-121.2333,36.9287],[-121.2291,36.9206],[-121.2232,36.9152],[-121.2151,36.9144],[-121.2001,36.9142],[-121.1927,36.9143],[-121.188,36.913],[-121.1839,36.9099],[-121.1819,36.8986],[-121.1789,36.8914],[-121.1695,36.8838],[-121.1653,36.8766],[-121.1617,36.8694],[-121.1524,36.8632],[-121.1453,36.8528],[-121.1439,36.842],[-121.138,36.8361],[-121.1159,36.826],[-121.0597,36.8032],[-120.9334,36.7521],[-120.9183,36.7414],[-120.8233,36.6659],[-120.7814,36.6332],[-120.7623,36.6171],[-120.7448,36.6032],[-120.7082,36.5732],[-120.6682,36.5419],[-120.6497,36.5275],[-120.6317,36.5127],[-120.6149,36.4997],[-120.597,36.4881],[-120.5973,36.4731],[-120.5971,36.4586],[-120.5975,36.4441],[-120.5976,36.4137],[-120.5972,36.3847],[-120.5969,36.3275],[-120.6089,36.3238],[-120.6162,36.3192],[-120.6293,36.3168],[-120.6356,36.3181],[-120.6447,36.3176],[-120.6521,36.3157],[-120.6629,36.3124],[-120.6658,36.3106],[-120.6787,36.2982],[-120.6821,36.2945],[-120.6826,36.2918],[-120.6814,36.2859],[-120.675,36.2787],[-120.6732,36.2719],[-120.6799,36.266],[-120.695,36.2799],[-120.6973,36.283],[-120.71,36.2884],[-120.722,36.296],[-120.7272,36.2986],[-120.7365,36.3044],[-120.744,36.3089],[-120.7531,36.3088],[-120.7577,36.3083],[-120.7432,36.2976],[-120.732,36.2773],[-120.7198,36.262],[-120.7156,36.2506],[-120.7102,36.2353],[-120.7067,36.2267],[-120.7065,36.2172],[-120.7047,36.2118],[-120.7063,36.204],[-120.7091,36.2004],[-120.7159,36.1971],[-120.7222,36.1993],[-120.7308,36.2015],[-120.7467,36.1982],[-120.757,36.1999],[-120.7633,36.2043],[-120.7657,36.2116],[-120.7744,36.2188],[-120.7871,36.2277],[-120.7964,36.2344],[-120.8085,36.2411],[-120.8161,36.2541],[-120.8207,36.2568],[-120.8265,36.2608],[-120.8404,36.2747],[-120.8474,36.281],[-120.8561,36.2868],[-120.8642,36.2926],[-120.8762,36.2934],[-120.891,36.2914],[-120.8939,36.2977],[-120.9055,36.3044],[-120.9107,36.3088],[-120.9199,36.3115],[-120.9221,36.3096],[-120.9267,36.3082],[-120.9334,36.3004],[-120.9355,36.2949],[-120.9394,36.2881],[-120.9445,36.2835],[-120.9495,36.2785],[-120.9546,36.2752],[-120.9639,36.2828],[-120.968,36.2878],[-120.9863,36.2911],[-120.9888,36.2748],[-120.9894,36.2757],[-120.999,36.2701],[-121.012,36.2654],[-121.0257,36.2612],[-121.0247,36.2716],[-121.0242,36.2752],[-121.0328,36.2747],[-121.039,36.2719],[-121.0412,36.3231],[-121.1534,36.4155],[-121.1703,36.4275],[-121.1913,36.4454],[-121.1977,36.4503],[-121.2125,36.4714],[-121.2245,36.4717],[-121.2292,36.4752],[-121.2306,36.4888],[-121.2354,36.4983],[-121.2372,36.5014],[-121.2384,36.5041],[-121.2448,36.5063],[-121.2585,36.5061],[-121.2664,36.5033],[-121.2774,36.5049],[-121.2825,36.5044],[-121.2894,36.5065],[-121.2963,36.506],[-121.3031,36.5045],[-121.3065,36.5013],[-121.3094,36.5026],[-121.3111,36.5031],[-121.3123,36.5067],[-121.3001,36.5227],[-121.2962,36.5269],[-121.2963,36.5318],[-121.3099,36.5484],[-121.3191,36.5501],[-121.3255,36.5536],[-121.3279,36.5568],[-121.3316,36.5712],[-121.325,36.579],[-121.3217,36.5877],[-121.3226,36.5981],[-121.321,36.604],[-121.32,36.61],[-121.3288,36.618],[-121.3376,36.6256],[-121.3413,36.6368],[-121.349,36.6458],[-121.3589,36.652],[-121.3624,36.6565],[-121.3687,36.6559],[-121.371,36.6541],[-121.379,36.6535],[-121.3882,36.6543],[-121.4002,36.655],[-121.4066,36.6576],[-121.4109,36.6661],[-121.4116,36.672],[-121.4185,36.6751],[-121.4306,36.6776],[-121.4437,36.6738],[-121.4513,36.6791],[-121.4653,36.6857],[-121.4772,36.7005],[-121.4849,36.7121],[-121.4821,36.7144],[-121.4718,36.7164],[-121.465,36.7183],[-121.4542,36.7217],[-121.4491,36.7245],[-121.4608,36.732],[-121.4609,36.7379],[-121.4639,36.7433],[-121.4709,36.7459],[-121.4756,36.7522],[-121.4747,36.7581],[-121.4753,36.7594],[-121.4829,36.7652],[-121.4972,36.7627],[-121.5081,36.7621],[-121.5246,36.7768],[-121.5987,36.8385],[-121.6219,36.8463],[-121.6417,36.8731],[-121.6401,36.8786],[-121.6434,36.8935]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Benito\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39586,"text":"pp813E - 1976 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – California region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:19:21.369651","indexId":"pp813E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"E","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – California region","docAbstract":"

Most people in the California Region live in a semiarid or arid climate, with precipitation less than the potential evapotranspiration- environments of perennial water deficiency. The deficiency becomes most onerous during the characteristically rainless summers and during recurrent droughts that may continue for 10--20 years. However, water from winter rain and snow can be stored for use during the dry summer months, and water stored during a wet climatic period can be used in a succeeding dry period; moreover, perennial deficiency can be overcome by bringing water from areas of perennial surplus. Ground-water reservoirs have especial significance in arid and semiarid regions as repositories where water is stored or can be stored with minimum loss by evaporation.

\n

Nearly all the ground-water reservoirs of the California Region are in alluvial sediments of valleys and plains that flank the mountain ranges. The largest, underlying the vast Central Valley, occupies 10 percent of the area of the region, has an estimated usable capacity exceeding 100 million acre-feet (125 cubic kilometres), and has an annual pumpage from wells of about 13 million acre-feet (16 cubic kilometres). Another 10 percent of the region is occupied by 55 developed ground-water reservoirs that are widely distributed; aggregate annual pumpage from them is about 3 1/2 million acre-feet (4 cubic kilometres). In the southeastern desert about 60 ground-water reservoirs occupy still another 10 percent of the region; these have been explored only enough to show that most have some usable water, but current use is negligible. In northeastern California and adjacent Oregon and Nevada, ground-water reservoirs are identified only in valleys and lowlands where wells are feasible, but basaltic rocks of the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau are excellent aquifers distributed over an area constituting about 15 percent of the region. In sum, slightly less than half the California Region is underlain by ground-water reservoirs, either in valley fill or in volcanic rocks, which can yield significant quantities of water to wells.

\n

The rest of the California Region includes the mountains, canyons, slopes, and foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Basin Ranges, whose consolidated rocks and products of their weathering may be permeable locally but are not generally so. Here, the prevailing method of ground-water development is still mostly trial and error, and while in many places a well can yield enough water for a family, some families might have to do without amenities such as flush toilets and automatic washers.

\n

For more than half a century the California Region has led all others in North America in pumping of ground water as well as in the area, variety, yield, and export of crops irrigated by water from wells. It has led in the development and use of deep-well turbine pumps for large yield and in the drilling of water wells to great depths. At the same time, such developments have resulted in the elimination of artesian pressures that produced thousands of flowing wells in the 19th century and led to the wide distribution of \"falling water tables.\" Also, California was first to induce encroachment of seawater into wells (in 1906); first to recognize subsidence of land caused by pumping from wells (in 1933), generating news about land sinking in San Jose, Long Beach, and along the Delta-Mendota and Friant-Kern Canals; and first to experience pollution of ground-water reservoirs by brines, chemicals, industrial wastes, and petroleum byproducts including gasoline. The region has led in research in several fields leading to solution of many of these problems.

\n

Ground-water problems developed rapidly after World War II with booming population, agriculture, industry, and water demand during several years of regionwide drought. Water levels in wells trended downward almost everywhere as a natural effect of the drought and at accelerated rates in areas of pumping for new enterprises or to supplement subnormal surface-water supplies. The declines in many pumping areas exceeded 100 feet (30 metres), and in some confined aquifers the potentiometric surface was drawn down more than 330 feet (100 metres). The depletion of ground-water storage has had \"permanent\" side effects, including subsidence of the land exceeding 10 feet (3 metres) in extensive areas, and seawater intrusion that ended the useful lives of many wells along the coast and as much as 6 miles (10 kilometres) inland. Some problems have been solved, but these solutions have at times created other problems. Many ground-water reservoirs have gone through one or more stages - exploration for productive aquifers, exploitation and development for use of the water, restriction to the perennial supply or \"safe\" yield, importation of surface water, artificial recharge of ground water, conjunctive use of surface and ground water, protection of water quality, and integrated management of use and disposal of water. This evolutionary sequence is unique for each reservoir, and so generalizations become difficult in a regional appraisal; also, the changes with time are significant and varied, and knowledge of prior events is a prerequisite in an appraisal of the resource in a specific year.

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As of 1970, water levels in many wells had risen significantly from the minimum levels of record reached during the 1960's or earlier; only in areas of new development and in desert areas of long-continued \"mining\" of nonreplenished water was ground-water storage still being depleted. Land subsidence has continued at diminishing rates and practically has come to a halt in some areas; invading seawater has been stopped or nudged back in most places where problems were significant. The current, favorable situation has been helped by climatic variations, from drought in 1945-52 and exceedingly dry years in 1959 and 1961 to above-normal precipitation in 1969 and 1970; but most of the serious problems have been solved by human efforts, including especially the implementation of the California Water Plan, transporting water from areas of perennial surplus to areas where it is used in lieu of ground water or for ground-water replenishment. All major urban areas now import water to supplement or replace the water pumped from wells. Extensive agricultural areas that formerly were irrigated solely by ground water now obtain some of their water from surface reservoirs and canals, especially in the Central Valley. With surface water available as an alternative supply, well owners can view their ground water with complacency. But complacency can lead to neglect and carelessness and consequent deterioration of the ground-water resource by pollution.

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Claiming heritage from the English Common Law, the existing California law grants to the landowner (riparian) and private enterprise (appropriator) rights to the water stored in ground-water reservoirs or discharged from them, including the base flow of streams. Ground-water development has been by private and local enterprise, and the California legislature has protected and encouraged local responsibility, control, and management of ground water. As to surface water, a constitutional amendment in 1928 limited riparian rights to the quantities of water that were \"reasonably required for the beneficial use to be served.\" The surpluses have become public waters which are collected, stored, transported, and delivered under various contracts by Federal, State, and other agencies. The agencies have not stored water underground because of uncertainty as to their rights, but some local agencies have been encouraged with favorable pricing schedules to undertake the artificial recharge and management of ground-water reservoirs. Thus, conjunctive use of surface and ground water has become a matter of interagency negotiation.

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Of all the constraints on effective use of ground-water reservoirs, the most formidable may be the attitudes of people. Assurance of water supply is vital in areas of water deficiency, and Government has assumed increasing responsibility for the welfare of people in these areas. Unfortunately, when Government provides this assurance, most beneficiaries demand continued subsidy to the exclusion of perhaps cheaper private development. Indeed, as the water resources are presently segregated-with private rights predominant in ground water and public interest dominant in surface water-ground-water development has suffered for lack of public concern. The region has the scientific and technologic capability for effective use of groundwater reservoirs, as shown by the achievements and programs of several districts, but many districts are not organized or staffed for such comprehensive management and will need assistance and scientific expertise available from State and Federal agencies. Those agencies, in turn, may not have the scientific data that are essential to prevent haphazard activities and to enable programs to be organized for the most effective and attractive utilization of the water resources. In these days of increasing concern over pollution, existing data are generally inadequate to assess the natural deterioration of ground waters as a basis for defining pollution.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phoenix, D. A.","contributorId":92665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phoenix","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26658,"text":"wri7683 - 1976 - Measured and simulated ground-water levels in the Franklin area, southeastern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T09:48:49","indexId":"wri7683","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-83","title":"Measured and simulated ground-water levels in the Franklin area, southeastern Virginia","docAbstract":"The Lower Cretaceous aquifer is the principal source of water in Southeastern Virginia. Synoptic water-level measurements made since 1970 have been used to verify a digital model of the aquifer. Measurements made in December 1973, August and December 1974 were used to further verify the model, using updated pumpage for those periods. The close agreement of the potentiometric maps based on measured and simulated water levels indicates that the model is simulating hydrologic conditions satisfactorily. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7683","usgsCitation":"Cosner, O.J., 1976, Measured and simulated ground-water levels in the Franklin area, southeastern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-83, 5 Plates: 34.04 x 22.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7683.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 34.04 x 22.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365655,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0083/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0083/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365656,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0083/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365657,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0083/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365658,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0083/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Franklin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.0306396484375,\n 36.608913667193676\n ],\n [\n -76.7889404296875,\n 36.608913667193676\n ],\n [\n -76.7889404296875,\n 36.71466899719828\n ],\n [\n -77.0306396484375,\n 36.71466899719828\n ],\n [\n -77.0306396484375,\n 36.608913667193676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61081f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cosner, O. J.","contributorId":19587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosner","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26507,"text":"wri7675 - 1976 - Summary of geology and ground-water resources of Passaic County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-25T12:24:00","indexId":"wri7675","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-75","title":"Summary of geology and ground-water resources of Passaic County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"

Ground water in Passaic County occurs in intergranular openings of unconsolidated stratified deposits of Quaternary age and in joints and fractures in consolidated rocks of Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Triassic age.

The Brunswick Formation of Triassic age is the most important aquifer in the southeastern one-third of Passaic County. Reported yields of public supply and industrial wells range from 50 to 510 gallons per minute (3 to 32 litres per second) and the median yield is 130 gallons per minute (8 litres per second). Most of these wells are 200 to 400 feet (61 to 122 metres) deep. The median yield of all public supply and industrial wells over 300 feet (91 metres) deep and 8 inches (203 millimetres) or larger in diameter is 230 gallons per minute (15 litres per second). Crystalline rocks of Precambrian age are the major source of ground water for domestic use in the northwestern two-thirds of Passaic County. Reported well yields range from 1 to 200 gallons per minute (.06 to 13 litres per second). The median reported yield of domestic wells is 5 gallons per minute (.31 litres per second) and that of public supply wells is 30 gallons per minute (2 litres per second).

Other consolidated rocks--rocks of Paleozoic age and the Watchung Basalt of Traissic age--are utilized primarily for domestic water supplies in Passaic County. Reported yields of wells tapping the Paleozoic rocks range from less than 1 to 35 gallons per minute (.06 to 2 litres per second) and the median yield is 10 gallons per minute (.63 litres per second). Reported yields of domestic wells tapping the Watchung Basalt range from less than 1 to 40 gallons per minute (.06 to 3 litres per second) and the median yield is 12 gallons per minute (.76 litres per second). However, reported yields of nine industrial and commercial wells range from 50 to 180 gallons per minute (3 to 11 litres per second).

Unconsolidated stratified deposits of Quaternary age are locally an important source of ground water for public supply and industrial use in parts of Passaic County. These deposits have not been extensively explored but are potentially an important source of ground water for future development. Reported yields of wells tapping the stratified deposits range from 4 to 920 gallons per minute (.25 to 58 litres per second). The median reported yield of domestic wells is 16 gallons per minute (1 litre per second) and that of public supply and industrial wells is 130 gallons per minute (8 litres per second. Depths of wells depend upon the thickness of the deposits. Reported depths range from 22 to 170 feet (7 to 52 metres).

The quality of ground water in Passaic County varies from one aquifer to another. Water from the Precambrian rocks is soft to moderately hard (34 to 104 milligrams per litre) and is low in dissolved solids (66 to 159 milligrams per litre). Water from the Brunswick Formation is moderately hard to very hard (89 to 540 milligrams per litre). The dissolved solids content ranges from 129 to 563 milligrams per litre). The occurrence of more highly mineralized water at depth in the Brunswick Formation is indicated by an analysis, made in 1885, of 16,000 milligrams per litre of dissolved solids at a depth of 2,050 feet (625 metres) in a well in Paterson. Water from two wells tapping the Quaternary deposits is moderately hard (65 and 83 milligrams per litre) and has dissolved solids contents of 122 and 133 milligrams per litre).

Water use from both surface and ground-water supplies in Passaic County averaged about 106 million gallons per day (4.6 cubic metres per second) in 1965. Ground water probably accounts for 5 to 10 percent of this total. Ground-water pumpage by the major public supply companies in the county has increased from 2.1 million gallons per day (.09 cubic metres per second) in 1951 to 4.39 million gallons per day (.19 cubic metres per second) in 1968. About 80 percent of the 4.39 million gallons per day (.19 cubic metres per second) was from wells tapping the Brunswick Formation in the southern part of the county.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wri7675","usgsCitation":"Carswell, L., and Rooney, J., 1976, Summary of geology and ground-water resources of Passaic County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-75, Report: vi, 47 p.; 3 Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7675.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 47 p.; 3 Figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri7675.jpg"},{"id":330375,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330376,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0075/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330377,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0075/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330378,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0075/figure-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Passaic 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L.D.","contributorId":6435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rooney, J.G.","contributorId":72414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rooney","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38696,"text":"pp813H - 1976 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Arkansas-White-Red region","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7852,"text":"ofr75559 - 1975 - Summary appraisals of the nation's groundwater resources: Arkansas-White-Red region","indexId":"ofr75559","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's groundwater resources: Arkansas-White-Red region"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38696,"text":"pp813H - 1976 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Arkansas-White-Red region","indexId":"pp813H","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Arkansas-White-Red region"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:16:32.492485","indexId":"pp813H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"H","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Arkansas-White-Red region","docAbstract":"

The Arkansas-White-Red Region, an area of265,000 square miles (6.86x1011 square metres), is characterized by diversity in geography, climate, and geology and, in turn, by diversity in water resources and water problems. The western semiarid part of the region is water deficient, that is, potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. The eastern, humid part has a surplus. Water use in the region in 1970 averaged 10 billion gallons per day (438 cubic metres per second), of which more than 65 percent was ground water. The largest use of ground water was for irrigation of crops, mostly in the water-deficient areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado. Because of its ready availability and widespread occurrence, ground water is used throughout the region to supply municipal and rural water needs. The most productive aquifers, capable of yielding more than 50 gallons per minute (0.0032 cubic metres per second) to individual wells, are alluvium, carbonate. rocks, gypsum, and sandstone. Fresh water in storage in aquifers in the region is estimated to be 2 billion acre-feet (2.5x1012 cubic metres). In addition, a large, unmeasured volume of saline water (containing more than 1,000 milligrams per litre of dissolved solids) underlies the fresh water at depths generally less than 500 feet (150 metres).

\n

The flow of water in each aquifer depends upon the physical and hydrologic characteristics of the aquifer, the climate, and the relation to, and the character of, adjacent rocks and streams. These factors also determine the effect of water-supply development or other man-induced stresses on the flow and the quality of water in the aquifers. Analog and digital models of aquifers can be used to evaluate stresses on aquifers and thereby provide water managers and planners with efficient tools for planning the development and continued use of aquifers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813H","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., and Sniegocki, R., 1976, Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Arkansas-White-Red region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813H.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5063.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 33.58716733904656\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 33.422272258866016\n ],\n [\n -94.28466796874999,\n 32.98102014898148\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 32.222095840502334\n ],\n [\n -93.61450195312499,\n 32.045332838858506\n ],\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -93.021240234375,\n 32.38923910985902\n ],\n [\n -93.284912109375,\n 33.05471648804276\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -94.2626953125,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -94.361572265625,\n 35.18278813800229\n ],\n [\n -93.526611328125,\n 35.32633026307483\n ],\n [\n -93.218994140625,\n 35.12889434101051\n ],\n [\n -92.900390625,\n 35.16482750605027\n ],\n [\n -91.77978515625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 34.97600151317591\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 36.30627216957992\n ],\n [\n -89.923095703125,\n 36.48314061639213\n ],\n [\n -89.461669921875,\n 37.16907157713011\n ],\n [\n -89.45068359374999,\n 37.448696585910376\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -89.901123046875,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 38.19502155795573\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -90.692138671875,\n 38.522384090200845\n ],\n [\n -90.889892578125,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 38.676933444637925\n ],\n [\n -91.724853515625,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -94.52636718749999,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -94.757080078125,\n 38.62545397209084\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 38.69408504756836\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -96.954345703125,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 39.36827914916011\n ],\n [\n -97.525634765625,\n 39.444677580473424\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 39.444677580473424\n ],\n [\n -98.228759765625,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -100.008544921875,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -100.45898437499999,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 39.52946653645165\n ],\n [\n -104.403076171875,\n 39.42770738465604\n ],\n [\n -104.578857421875,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -104.886474609375,\n 39.308800296002914\n ],\n [\n -104.86450195312499,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -104.908447265625,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -104.600830078125,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -104.56787109374999,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -104.51293945312499,\n 36.19995805932895\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -103.743896484375,\n 34.46127728843708\n ],\n [\n -103.42529296875,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -103.040771484375,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -102.535400390625,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -101.876220703125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -99.942626953125,\n 33.38558626887102\n ],\n [\n -99.03076171875,\n 33.422272258866016\n ],\n [\n -98.756103515625,\n 33.51391942394942\n ],\n [\n -98.33862304687499,\n 33.696922692957685\n ],\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sniegocki, R. T.","contributorId":38546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sniegocki","given":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27310,"text":"wri7646 - 1976 - Availability of ground water near Carmel, Hamilton County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T09:07:59","indexId":"wri7646","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-46","title":"Availability of ground water near Carmel, Hamilton County, Indiana","docAbstract":"

A study of the hydraulic characteristics of the unconsolidated glacial deposits near the city of Carmel in central Indiana shows that 21.3 million gallons per day (933 litres per second) of additional water could be withdrawn from the aquifer for an indefinite period of time . This pumpage is approximately 5 million gallons per day (219 litres per second) above the projected water needs of Carmel for 1990. Saturated thickness, transmissivity , and storage coefficient of the outwash aquifer along the White River east of Carmel were determined , using available data supplemented by test drilling. The saturated thickness of the aquifer ranges from 10 to 110 feet (3 to 34 metres); transmissivity ranges from 1 , 000 feet squared per day (93 metres squared per day) to 24,000 feet squared per day (2,230 metres squared per day); and the average storage coefficient is 0 . 11. Seepage from the aquifer into the White River was estimated in November 1974, using data from u.S. Geological Survey gaging stations. Water- level information was obtained from a network of observation wells at that same time.

\n

Flow in the unconsolidated glacial deposits near the city of Carmel in central Indiana was simulated by a digital-computer model in a study of hydraulic characteristics of the deposits. The study shows that 21.3 million gallons per day (933 litres per second) of additional water could be withdrawn from the aquifer for an indefinite period of time. This pumpage is approximately 5 million gallons per day (219 1itres per second) above the projected water needs of Carmel for 1990. Saturated thickness, transmissivity, and storage coefficient of the outwash aquifer along the White River east of Carmel were determined, using available data supplemented by test drilling . The saturated thickness of the aquifer ranges f r om 10 to 110 feet 0 to 34 me tres); transmissivity ranges from 1,000 feet squared per day (93 metres squared per day) to 24 ,000 feet squared per day (2 ,230 metres squared per day); and the average storage coefficient is 0.11.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7646","usgsCitation":"Gillies, D.C., 1976, Availability of ground water near Carmel, Hamilton County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-46, v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7646.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri7646.GIF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Hamilton, Marion","city":"Carmel","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.8617,40.2201],[-85.863,40.139],[-85.8624,39.9436],[-85.8625,39.9286],[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9523,39.638],[-86.248,39.6335],[-86.3268,39.6318],[-86.3281,39.8526],[-86.328,39.8662],[-86.325,39.8662],[-86.3267,39.9238],[-86.2967,39.9246],[-86.2757,39.925],[-86.2385,39.9259],[-86.239,39.9549],[-86.2417,40.0419],[-86.242,40.1304],[-86.2424,40.1807],[-86.2435,40.2152],[-86.1285,40.2176],[-86.0135,40.2186],[-85.9015,40.2194],[-85.8617,40.2201]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hamilton\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d8a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillies, D. C.","contributorId":53809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillies","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27331,"text":"wri7677 - 1976 - Hydrologic effects of hypothetical earthquake-caused floods below Jackson Lake, northwestern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T09:41:18","indexId":"wri7677","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-77","title":"Hydrologic effects of hypothetical earthquake-caused floods below Jackson Lake, northwestern Wyoming","docAbstract":"Jackson Lake, located in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, is in an area of seismic instability. There is a possibility of flooding in the Snake River downstream from Jackson Lake Dam in the event of a severe earthquake. Hypothetical floods were routed 38 miles (61 kilometers) downstream from the dam for three cases: (1) Instantaneous destruction of the dam outlet structure, (2) instantaneous destruction of the entire dam, and (3) for waves overtopping the dam without failure of the dam. In each case, a full reservoir was assumed. Hydrographs for outflow from the reservoir for the two cases of dam failure were developed utilizing an accelerated discharge due to the travel of a negative wave through the reservoir, and Muskingum storage routing. For the case of waves overtopping the dam, a 10-foot (3-meter) wave was assumed to be propagated from the upstream end of the reservori. A multiple-linearization technique was used to route the flow through the reach. The model was calibrated from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow records. Most extensive flooding and largest water velocities would occur if the entire dam were destroyed; floods for the other two cases were smaller. An inundation map was prepared from channel conveyance curves and profiles of the water surface. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7677","usgsCitation":"Glass, W.R., Keefer, T., and Rankl, J., 1976, Hydrologic effects of hypothetical earthquake-caused floods below Jackson Lake, northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-77, Report: iv, 32 p.; 1 Plate: 32.04 x 49.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7677.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; 1 Plate: 32.04 x 49.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365652,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365651,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0077/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Jackson Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.77789306640625,\n 43.8008364060122\n ],\n [\n -110.5389404296875,\n 43.8008364060122\n ],\n [\n -110.5389404296875,\n 44.03232064275081\n ],\n [\n -110.77789306640625,\n 44.03232064275081\n ],\n [\n -110.77789306640625,\n 43.8008364060122\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, W. R.","contributorId":97535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, T.N.","contributorId":97943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27401,"text":"wri7696 - 1976 - Reaeration-coefficient measurements of 10 small streams in Wisconsin using radioactive tracers : with a section on the energy-dissipation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T12:09:13","indexId":"wri7696","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-96","title":"Reaeration-coefficient measurements of 10 small streams in Wisconsin using radioactive tracers : with a section on the energy-dissipation model","docAbstract":"

Reaeration-rate coefficients were measured for 10 small streams in Wisconsin using the radioactive-tracer method. The coefficients ranged from 2.06 to 55.2 per day (base e at 25 degrees Celsius). Stream discharges ranged from 0.3 to 37.0 cubic feet per second, most discharges being less than 10 cubic feet per second. Data also were collected for evaluation of the energy-dissipation model. The escape coefficient of 0.090 per foot at 25 degrees Celsius may be used for small streams similar to those studied. (Woodward-USGS).

","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri7696","usgsCitation":"Grant, R.S., 1976, Reaeration-coefficient measurements of 10 small streams in Wisconsin using radioactive tracers : with a section on the energy-dissipation model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-96, v, 50 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7696.","productDescription":"v, 50 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, R. Stephen","contributorId":83125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34229,"text":"b1385D - 1976 - Mineral resources of the South Warner Wilderness, Modoc County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T21:44:30.993651","indexId":"b1385D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1385","chapter":"D","title":"Mineral resources of the South Warner Wilderness, Modoc County, California","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1385D","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Weldin, R.D., and Davis, W.E., 1976, Mineral resources of the South Warner Wilderness, Modoc County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1385, Report: iv, 31 p.; 2 Plates: 25.00 x 38.00 inches and 19.00 x 34.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1385D.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 31 p.; 2 Plates: 25.00 x 38.00 inches and 19.00 x 34.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411297,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21495.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":62134,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62135,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62133,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1385d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Modoc County","otherGeospatial":"South Warner Wilderness","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.083,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -120.333,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -120.333,\n 41.167\n ],\n [\n -120.083,\n 41.167\n ],\n [\n -120.083,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a055","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldin, Robert D.","contributorId":85835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, W. E.","contributorId":100844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27839,"text":"wri7661 - 1976 - A model for calculating effects of liquid waste disposal in deep saline aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:01:44","indexId":"wri7661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-61","title":"A model for calculating effects of liquid waste disposal in deep saline aquifer","docAbstract":"

Injection of liquid industrial wastes into confined underground saline aquifers can offer a good disposal alternative from both environmental and economic considerations. One of the needs in choosing from among several disposal alternatives is a means of evaluating the influence such an injection will have on the aquifer system. This report describes a mathematical model to accomplish this purpose.

The objective of the contract was to develop a three-dimensional transient mathematical model which would accurately simulate behavior of waste injection into deep saline aquifers. Fluid properties, density and viscosity are functions of pressure, temperature and composition to provide a comprehensive assessment tool. The model is a finite-difference numerical solution of the partial differential equations describing

  1. single phase flow in the aquifer,
  2. energy transport by convection and conduction, and
  3. compositional changes in the aquifer fluid.

The model is not restricted to examining waste disposal operations. It can be used effectively to evaluate fresh water storage in saline aquifers, hot water storage in underground aquifers, salt water intrusion into groundwater flow systems and other similar applications.

The primary advantages of the present model can be summarized as:

  1. The model is user-oriented for easy application to full-scale evaluation needs.
  2. The model is fully three-dimensional and transient.
  3. The model is comprehensive accounting for density and viscosity variations in the aquifer due to temperature or compositional changes.
  4. The model includes the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion in both the temperature and compositional mixing between resident and injected fluids.
  5. The model energy balance includes the effects of pressure. This can be important in deep aquifer systems where the viscous pressure gradient is significant.
  6. The model uses second-order correct space and time approximations to the convective terms. This minimizes the numerical dispersion problem.
  7. The model is extremely flexible in providing a wide choice of boundary conditions. These include natural flow in the aquifer, aquifer influence functions around the perimeter of the grid in recognition that the gridded region does not have no-flow boundaries, heat losses into the overlying or underlying impermeable strata, and the wellbore heat and pressure drop calculations coupled to the aquifer flow equations.

The limitations of the present techniques are:

  1. The use of the second-order correct finite-difference approximations introduces block size and time step restrictions. These restrictions, though considerably less stringent than explicit methods cause, depend upon the magnitude of the dispersivity.
  2. The comprehensive nature of the model makes the computer time and storage requirements significant.
  3. The model, because of its complexity, is not as efficient in reducing down to solve simpler problems as a specially written model would be.

Included in the report are detailed descriptions of the approach used in the model, validation tests of the model, and a typical application of the model. A comparison volume documents the input data requirements, program structure, and an example problem for the model. '


","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7661","usgsCitation":"Intercomp Resource Development and Engineering, I., 1976, A model for calculating effects of liquid waste disposal in deep saline aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-61, 265 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7661.","productDescription":"265 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359498,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Intercomp Resource Development and Engineering, Inc.","contributorId":54251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Intercomp Resource Development and Engineering","given":"Inc.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29172,"text":"wri7613 - 1976 - WATEQF; a FORTRAN IV version of WATEQ : a computer program for calculating chemical equilibrium of natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:16:52","indexId":"wri7613","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-13","title":"WATEQF; a FORTRAN IV version of WATEQ : a computer program for calculating chemical equilibrium of natural waters","docAbstract":"WATEQF is a FORTRAN IV computer program that models the thermodynamic speciation of inorganic ions and complex species in solution for a given water analysis. The original version (WATEQ) was written in 1973 by A. H. Truesdell and B. F. Jones in Programming Language/one (PL/1.) With but a few exceptions, the thermochemical data, speciation, coefficients, and general calculation procedure of WATEQF is identical to the PL/1 version. This report notes the differences between WATEQF and WATEQ, demonstrates how to set up the input data to execute WATEQF, provides a test case for comparison, and makes available a listing of WATEQF. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri7613","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Jones, B.F., and Truesdell, A.H., 1976, WATEQF; a FORTRAN IV version of WATEQ : a computer program for calculating chemical equilibrium of natural waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-13, 66 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7613.","productDescription":"66 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58046,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0013/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd58a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Truesdell, Alfred Hemingway","contributorId":106137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truesdell","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"Hemingway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28108,"text":"wri7563 - 1976 - Preliminary digital model of ground-water flow in the Madison Group, Powder River Basin and adjacent areas, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T13:47:25","indexId":"wri7563","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-63","title":"Preliminary digital model of ground-water flow in the Madison Group, Powder River Basin and adjacent areas, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska","docAbstract":"A digital simulation model was used to analyze regional ground-water flow in the Madison Group aquifer in the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming and adjacent areas. Most recharge to the aquifer originates in or near the outcrop areas of the Madison in the Bighorn Mountains and Black Hills, and most discharge occurs through springs and wells. Flow through the aquifer in the modeled areas was approximately 200 cubic feet per second. The aquifer can probably sustain increased ground-water withdrawals of up to several tens of cubic feet per second, but these withdrawals probably would significantly lower the potentiometric surface in the Madison aquifer in a large part of the basin. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7563","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1976, Preliminary digital model of ground-water flow in the Madison Group, Powder River Basin and adjacent areas, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-63, Report: v, 44 p.; 6 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7563.","productDescription":"Report: v, 44 p.; 6 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56935,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56936,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56937,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/report.pdf","size":"3057","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56932,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56933,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56934,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0063/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48303,"text":"ofr76684 - 1976 - Digital-computer model of the sandstone aquifer in southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T10:30:22","indexId":"ofr76684","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-684","title":"Digital-computer model of the sandstone aquifer in southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission","publisherLocation":"Waukesha, WI","doi":"10.3133/ofr76684","usgsCitation":"Young, H.L., 1976, Digital-computer model of the sandstone aquifer in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-684, vi, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76684.","productDescription":"vi, 98 p.","numberOfPages":"104","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aed8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Harley L.","contributorId":31454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28394,"text":"wri768 - 1976 - Digital model to predict effects of pumping from the Arikaree aquifer in the Dwyer area, southeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri768","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-8","title":"Digital model to predict effects of pumping from the Arikaree aquifer in the Dwyer area, southeastern Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri768","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1976, Digital model to predict effects of pumping from the Arikaree aquifer in the Dwyer area, southeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-8, iv, 24 p. :ill., maps (some fold. in pocket) ;26 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri768.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., maps (some fold. in pocket) ;26 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57193,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57194,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57195,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57196,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57197,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57198,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57199,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a9b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, G. C.","contributorId":30577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28576,"text":"wri7682 - 1976 - Model analysis of effects on water levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore caused by construction dewatering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T14:51:11","indexId":"wri7682","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-82","title":"Model analysis of effects on water levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore caused by construction dewatering","docAbstract":"

Two computer models were developed to investigate possible hydrologic effects within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore caused by planned dewatering at the adjacent Bailly Nuclear Generator construction site. The dewatering, which is scheduled to last for about 18 months, would cause ground-water levels to be drawn down 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 metres) to an elevation of 4 ft (1.2 m) below Lake Michigan datum under the approximately 7-acre (2.8-square hectometre) construction site, which is about 800 ft (245 m) west of the Lakeshore property. The results of this study have been used by the National Park Service to help evaluate the environmental impact of the dewatering, particularly the effects on the ecosystem of the lakeshore.

The aquifer underlying the area is about 50 ft (15 m) thick and is composed of fine sand with layers of medium sand and gravel. All natural ponds in the area are separated from the aquifer by a low-permeability layer of silty organic muck and clay that ranges from about 1 to 4 ft (0.3 to 1.2 m) in thickness. This pond-bottom material acts only to retard the flow of water either to or from the aquifer beneath the ponds, depending upon the relative head in the pond and the aquifer. Elsewhere, the aquifer is under water-table conditions.

The model analysis indicates that the planned dewatering would cause a drawdown of about 4 ft (1.2 m) under the westernmost pond of the Lakeshore and that this drawdown would cause the pond to go almost dry--less than 0.5 ft (0.15 m) of water remaining in about 1 percent of the pond--under average conditions during the 18-month dewatering period. When water levels are below average, as during late July and early August 1974, the pond would go dry in about 5 1/2 months. However, the pond may not have to go completely dry to damage the ecosystem. If the National Park Service's independent study determines the minimum pond level at which ecosystem damage would be minimized, the models developed in this study could be used to predict the hydrologic conditions necessary to maintain that level.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7682","usgsCitation":"Marie, J.R., 1976, Model analysis of effects on water levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore caused by construction dewatering: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-82, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7682.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359085,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.28869438171387,\n 41.621923034123846\n ],\n [\n -87.26963996887207,\n 41.621730547188456\n ],\n [\n -87.26912498474121,\n 41.60806250618307\n ],\n [\n -87.24603652954102,\n 41.608511736657555\n ],\n [\n -87.24303245544434,\n 41.609859409312534\n ],\n [\n -87.24311828613281,\n 41.61306804041503\n ],\n [\n -87.23959922790527,\n 41.61313221140915\n ],\n [\n -87.23779678344727,\n 41.61396642852365\n ],\n [\n -87.23367691040039,\n 41.61441561788573\n ],\n [\n -87.23221778869629,\n 41.61249049859493\n ],\n [\n -87.2306728363037,\n 41.61531398722544\n ],\n [\n -87.2303295135498,\n 41.61614817612265\n ],\n [\n -87.22672462463377,\n 41.61499314246908\n ],\n [\n -87.22346305847167,\n 41.618329849922084\n ],\n [\n -87.22466468811035,\n 41.62558017672615\n ],\n [\n -87.17668533325195,\n 41.63578058345409\n ],\n [\n -87.17471122741699,\n 41.62301378257129\n ],\n [\n -87.17968940734863,\n 41.62275713753768\n ],\n [\n -87.18063354492188,\n 41.621923034123846\n ],\n [\n -87.1805477142334,\n 41.61807318624671\n ],\n [\n -87.18818664550781,\n 41.616725685192804\n ],\n [\n -87.1889591217041,\n 41.61634067972058\n ],\n [\n -87.18844413757324,\n 41.61364557706411\n ],\n [\n -87.18973159790039,\n 41.61358140658068\n ],\n [\n -87.19127655029297,\n 41.60799833014563\n ],\n [\n -87.19874382019043,\n 41.605174521299304\n ],\n [\n -87.19951629638672,\n 41.60645808609603\n ],\n [\n -87.20681190490723,\n 41.607677449000946\n ],\n [\n -87.2068977355957,\n 41.60273567783677\n ],\n [\n -87.21256256103516,\n 41.59978327031246\n ],\n [\n -87.21359252929686,\n 41.603698390215456\n ],\n [\n -87.22123146057129,\n 41.60286404031713\n ],\n [\n -87.22294807434082,\n 41.600040006763784\n ],\n [\n -87.23161697387695,\n 41.600681843423565\n ],\n [\n -87.23153114318848,\n 41.59644560350027\n ],\n [\n -87.25247383117676,\n 41.59792190049485\n ],\n [\n -87.25273132324217,\n 41.60061766004485\n ],\n [\n -87.25496292114258,\n 41.60074602673845\n ],\n [\n -87.2548770904541,\n 41.60382675078074\n ],\n [\n -87.27805137634276,\n 41.60389093096761\n ],\n [\n -87.27865219116211,\n 41.59914142471562\n ],\n [\n -87.34139442443848,\n 41.605880485097465\n ],\n [\n -87.32903480529784,\n 41.60645808609603\n ],\n [\n -87.31126785278319,\n 41.60594466324155\n ],\n [\n -87.30174064636229,\n 41.609153489052005\n ],\n [\n -87.28517532348633,\n 41.609602711929725\n ],\n [\n -87.28526115417479,\n 41.61640484745891\n ],\n [\n -87.28963851928711,\n 41.616854019839494\n ],\n [\n -87.29006767272949,\n 41.62205135842823\n ],\n [\n -87.28869438171387,\n 41.621923034123846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marie, James R.","contributorId":50503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30477,"text":"wri76121 - 1976 - Effects of urbanization on flood characteristics in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri76121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-121","title":"Effects of urbanization on flood characteristics in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Streamflow data from 14 basins in Davidson County, Tenn., were extended in time by use of a digital model of the hydrologic system. The basins ranged in size from 1.58 to 64.0 square miles and ranged in extent of manmade impervious cover from 3 to 37 percent. The flood-frequency characteristics were defined by weighting frequency curves based on simulated discharges with those based on observed discharges. The average record length of the three rain gages used in simulation was 72 years, and the average record length of observed discharges was 11 years. Discharges corresponding to 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-year floods from the modeled basins were compared with discharges from regional equations for estimating peak discharge rates from rural basins. Basin lag times of the urban basins were compared with those of nearby rural basins. The analyses indicated that in a fully-developed residential area, the flood peaks and the basin lag times will not be significantly different from those expected from an undeveloped area. Data were not sufficient to determine if an increase in flood peaks would occur from extremely small basins with extremely intensive development. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri76121","usgsCitation":"Wibben, H.C., 1976, Effects of urbanization on flood characteristics in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-121, v, 33 p. :ill., map ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri76121.","productDescription":"v, 33 p. :ill., map ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri76-0121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_76_121.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wibben, Herman C.","contributorId":95926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wibben","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30476,"text":"wri76120 - 1976 - Application of the U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff simulation model to improve flood-frequency estimates on small Tennessee streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri76120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-120","title":"Application of the U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff simulation model to improve flood-frequency estimates on small Tennessee streams","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff simulation model was used in conjunction with National Weather Service climatological data to improve flood-frequency estimates for 52 small drainage basins in Tennessee. The basins range in size from 0.17 to 64 square miles (0.44 to 166 square kilometers) and are distributed throughout the State. Model parameters were determined by calibration with observed data from each site. Average error of peak discharge simulation was about 36 percent. Techniques used in screening data for calibration as well as those used to optimize parameter values are discussed. A scheme developed to assess the relative accuracy of the frequency curves based on observed and simulated data indicated that the simulated data are equivalent to nine years of observed data in defining 2-year floods, and fifteen years in defining 100-year floods. Discharges corresponding to the best estimate of flows for selected recurrence intervals are tabulated for each modeled basin. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri76120","usgsCitation":"Wibben, H.C., 1976, Application of the U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff simulation model to improve flood-frequency estimates on small Tennessee streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-120, v, 53 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri76120.","productDescription":"v, 53 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2409,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri76-0120","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_76_120.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a6cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wibben, Herman C.","contributorId":95926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wibben","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28706,"text":"wri7558 - 1976 - Digital model for simulated effects of ground-water pumping in the Hueco Bolson, El Paso Area, Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-09T22:49:21.642435","indexId":"wri7558","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-58","title":"Digital model for simulated effects of ground-water pumping in the Hueco Bolson, El Paso Area, Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico","docAbstract":"

The Hueco Bolson provides a substantial part of the municipal and industrial water supply of the El Paso area of Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Although the supply 6f fresh ground water in the bolson is large, about 10.6 million acre-feet (13,070 hm3) in 1973 in the Texas part of the bolson alone, the supply is being depleted.

\n

A two-layer digital model of the Hueco Bolson was developed to duplicate the historic changes in water levels and the predevelopment (1903) water surface, and'to predict the response of the hydrologic system to any plan of water development.

\n

The model study showed that a proposed plan of development for 1973-91, in which pumping would be increased by 29 percent in the Texas part of the bolson and by 34 percent in Ciudad Juarez, would cause additional waterlevel declines of as much as 45 feet (13.7 m) in the vicinity of El Paso and 70 feet (21.3 m) in Ciudad Juarez. The study also showed that nearly 60 percent of the water would come from storage in the water-table part of the bolson aquifer (model layer 2) and 28 percent from leakage from the alluvium (model layer 1). By the end of the period, 9.84 million acrefeet (12,133 hm3) of fresh water would be in storage in the Texas part of the bolson, as compared to 10.6 million acre-feet (13,070 hm3) in storage in 1973.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri7558","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the city of El Paso and the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Meyer, W., 1976, Digital model for simulated effects of ground-water pumping in the Hueco Bolson, El Paso Area, Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 75-58, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7558.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424245,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34489.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260333,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1975/0058/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5,\n 32.271\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 31.499\n ],\n [\n -106.167,\n 31.499\n ],\n [\n -106.167,\n 32.271\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 32.271\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, W.R.","contributorId":81141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29159,"text":"wri7663 - 1976 - Digital-model analysis to predict water levels in a well field near Columbus, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T12:32:46","indexId":"wri7663","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-63","title":"Digital-model analysis to predict water levels in a well field near Columbus, Indiana","docAbstract":"

Columbus, Indiana, obtains its water supply from six municipally owned wells southwest of the city. The wells are screened in an outwash sand and gravel aquifer that was deposited by glacial melt water in a preglacial bedrock valley. The well field is midway between the East Fork White River and the western edge of the valley.

A digital model was used to determine the effects of two pumping plans on the outwash sand and gravel aquifer. In pumping plan 1, a continuous pumping rate of 1,400 gallons per minute (88 litres per second) for 10 years in each of the city's six existing wells was simulated with the model. Model results of plan 1 indicate that the water levels in the area of the well field would be lowered more than 20 feet (6 metres) and that drawdowns in the wells would approach 35 feet (11 metres) after 10 years' pumping.

Pumping plan 2 had two stages of pumping. In the first, a continuous pumping rate of 1,400 gallons per minute (88 litres per second) for 5 years in each of the city's six existing wells was simulated with the model; the second stage of pumping plan 2 differed from stage 1 only in that five planned wells were added to the six existing wells. Model results of plan 2 indicate that water levels in the area of the well field would be lowered as much as 40 feet (12 metres). Drawdown at two of the well sites would approach 60 feet (18 metres), leaving less than 15 feet (5 metres) of the initial 70 feet (21 metres) of saturated thickness at the two wells after 10 years' pumping.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri7663","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Columbus, Indiana, and Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Planert, M., 1976, Digital-model analysis to predict water levels in a well field near Columbus, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-63, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7663.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Bartholomew County","city":"Columbus","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.6849,39.3505],[-85.6851,39.3387],[-85.6852,39.3274],[-85.6859,39.3197],[-85.6865,39.2621],[-85.6873,39.2476],[-85.6878,39.2009],[-85.6881,39.1746],[-85.688,39.1307],[-85.7989,39.1291],[-85.7988,39.0856],[-85.7983,39.0683],[-85.8048,39.0706],[-85.8173,39.0698],[-85.8238,39.0685],[-85.8286,39.064],[-85.8351,39.0626],[-85.8422,39.0627],[-85.8434,39.0609],[-85.8482,39.0591],[-85.8488,39.0555],[-85.853,39.0546],[-85.8577,39.051],[-85.8625,39.0487],[-85.8631,39.0474],[-85.859,39.0433],[-85.8608,39.041],[-86.08,39.0361],[-86.0805,39.0501],[-86.0809,39.0809],[-86.0831,39.2201],[-86.0836,39.2423],[-86.0854,39.3452],[-86.0247,39.3464],[-85.9902,39.3467],[-85.9812,39.3466],[-85.9521,39.347],[-85.914,39.3472],[-85.7998,39.3507],[-85.6849,39.3505]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bartholomew\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Planert, Michael","contributorId":56659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Planert","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29515,"text":"wri76127 - 1976 - Hydrologic reconnaissance of the geothermal area near Klamath Falls, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T10:29:17","indexId":"wri76127","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-127","title":"Hydrologic reconnaissance of the geothermal area near Klamath Falls, Oregon","docAbstract":"

Geothermal phenomena observed in the vicinity of Klamath Falls include hot springs with temperatures that approach 204°F (96 o C) (the approximate boiling temperature for the altitude), steam and water wells with temperatures that exceed 212°F (100°C), and hundreds of warm-water wells with temperatures mostly ranging from 68° to 95°F (20° to 35°C). Although warm waters are encountered by wells throughout much of the 350 square miles (900 square kilometers) of the area studied, waters with temperatures exceeding 140°F (60°C) are confined to three relatively restricted areas, the northeast part of the City of Klamath Falls, Olene Gap, and the southwest flank of the Klamath Hills.

The hot waters are located near, and are presumably related to, major fault and fracture zones of the Basin and Range type. The displaced crustal blocks are composed of basaltic flow rocks and pyroclastics of Miocene to Pleistocene age, and of sediments and basalt flows of the Yonna Formation of Pliocene age. Dip-slip movement along the high-angle faults may be as much as 6,000 feet (1,800 meters) at places.

Shallow ground water of local meteoric origin moves through the upper 1,000 to 1,500 feet (300 to 450 meters) of sediments and volcanic rocks at relatively slow rates. A small amount of ground water, perhaps 100,000 acre feet (1.2 x 108 cubic meters) per year, leaves the area in flow toward the southwest, but much of the ground water is discharged as evapotranspiration within the basin. Average annual precipitation on 7,317 square miles (18,951 square kilometers) of land surface near Klamath Falls is estimated to be 18.16 inches (461 millimeters), of which between 12 and 14 inches (305 and 356 millimeters) is estimated to be lost through evapotranspiration.

Within the older basaltic rocks of the area, hydraulic conductivities are greater than in the shallow sediments, and ground water may move relatively freely parallel to the northwest-southeast structural trend. Recharge to the geothermal systems probably occurs as water, in the deeper basalt rocks, penetrating downward along the extensive fracture zones that transect the area.

Shallow meteoric water that is assumed to be the source of the thermal waters has low dissolved-solids concentrations generally dominated by calcium and bicarbonate. During its passage through the geothermal reservoir, the water gains dissolved solids in amounts up to about 900 milligrams per liter. Sodium and sulfate become the dominant ions. Chloride concentrations remain relatively low, and silica concentrations increase from an average of about 35 milligrams per liter to about 100 milligrams per liter.

Both cation ratios and silica concentrations in the hot waters indicate that reservoir temperatures are relatively low. The estimate arrived at in this study for the minimum reservoir temperature is 130°C. Silica concentrations are probably more reliable than cation ratios for estimates of reservoir temperatures for these waters. Other chemical indicators, including oxygen and deuterium isotopes, are consistent in indicating that reservoir temperatures are probably not much greater than the minimum estimate.

Temperature distributions and heat flows in the shallow rocks of the area are strongly influenced by convective flow of water. Most observed temperature gradients and estimated heat flows are believed to be unreliable as indicators of conditions in or directly above the thermal reservoir. Some evidence from temperature profiles suggests, however, that heat flow in the Lower Klamath Lake basin is about 1.4 microcalories per square centimeter per second (1.4 HFU), a value that is near the minimum expected for the Basin and Range province.

The net thermal flux discharged from springs and wells in the area is estimated to be on the order of 2 x 106 calories per second. Discharge by thermal waters into the shallow ground-water system beneath land surface may be many times this amount. Reportedly, at present only about 1,300 calories per second of geothermal heat is being put to beneficial use in the area.

A conceptual model of the geothermal system at Klamath Falls suggests that most of the observed phenomena result from transport of heat in a convective hot-water system closely related to the regional fault system. Temperatures at shallow depths are elevated above normal both by convective transport and by blockage of heat flow in sediments of low thermal conductivities. Circulation of meteoric water to depths of 10,000 to 14,000 feet (3,000 to 4,300 meters) could account for the temperatures that probably exist in the thermal reservoir, assuming temperature gradients of 30° to 40°C per kilometer in a crustal zone of normal conductive heat flow. Circulation to shallower depths may be sufficient to warm the water to the required temperatures assuming the more likely conditions of convective transport of heat and the insulating effect of overlying sediments.

Heat contents in the shallow hot-water system (<3 kilometers depth) are probably in the range 12 x 1018 calories to 36 x 1018 calories. The geothermal resource at Klamath Falls may, therefore, be one of the largest in the United States.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/wri76127","usgsCitation":"Sammel, E., and Peterson, D.L., 1976, Hydrologic reconnaissance of the geothermal area near Klamath Falls, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-127, x, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri76127.","productDescription":"x, 129 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri76127.JPG"},{"id":330292,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sammel, E.A.","contributorId":59480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammel","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44560,"text":"wri7625 - 1976 - Computer simulation model of the Pleistocene valley-fill aquifer in southwestern Essex and southeastern Morris counties, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:52","indexId":"wri7625","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-25","title":"Computer simulation model of the Pleistocene valley-fill aquifer in southwestern Essex and southeastern Morris counties, New Jersey","docAbstract":"A finite-difference digital computer model was developed to simulate a buried valley-fill aquifer consisting of outwash sand and gravel deposited in a series of valleys cut into bedrock of Triassic age. Till, clay, silt, and muck function as an overlying semiconfining layer. The bedrock which is represented as an unconfined aquifer and the valley fill are in hydraulic connection. Calibration of the model was achieved by comparing model-computed water-level declines with measured declines at 12 observation wells during the period 1953-71. During calibration, changes in several hydraulic properties were tested. The most significant changes were changes in hydraulic conductivity of the semiconfining layer. The amount of water available from the valley-fill aquifer on a continuing basis, determined using the criterion that water levels would not decline below 30 feet above the base of the aquifer, is approximately 40 Mgal/d or about 40 percent more than the 1972-73 withdrawal rates. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri7625","usgsCitation":"Meisler, H., 1976, Computer simulation model of the Pleistocene valley-fill aquifer in southwestern Essex and southeastern Morris counties, New Jersey (Changed to WRI 83-4028): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-25, 70 p. : maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7625.","productDescription":"70 p. : maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Changed to WRI 83-4028","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meisler, Harold","contributorId":34103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meisler","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26962,"text":"wri7638 - 1976 - History of dredging and filling of lagoons in the San Juan area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T20:26:23.557335","indexId":"wri7638","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-38","title":"History of dredging and filling of lagoons in the San Juan area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"

Laguna La Torrecilla, Laguna de Pinones, Laguna San Jose, and Laguna del Condado, in the San Juan, Puerto Rico area, are located within a metropolitan area of more than 1 million people. Bathymetric maps made during the study, in 1973, showed that Lagunas La Torrecilla, San Jose, and del Condado have been modified by dredging and filling; whereas, Laguna de Pinones has remained in a near natural state. Laguna La Torrecilla has been dredged to a depth, in places, of about 18 meters, and Lagunas San Jose and del Condado, in places to about 11 meters. Dredging in the San Juan lagoons has been harmful, beneficial, and in a few instances has had little or no noticeable effect on the water quality. Usually, dredging in the connecting canals has been beneficial if the water entering the lagoons through the canals was of better quality than the water in the lagoon. Dredging in the mouths of lagoons has been beneficial; whereas, filling or blocking the mouths has been harmful.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7638","usgsCitation":"Ellis, S.R., 1976, History of dredging and filling of lagoons in the San Juan area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-38, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7638.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55848,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1976/0038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394128,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35054.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","city":"San Juan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.083,\n 18.417\n ],\n [\n -65.95,\n 18.417\n ],\n [\n -65.95,\n 18.467\n ],\n [\n -66.083,\n 18.467\n ],\n [\n -66.083,\n 18.417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68849b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, S. R.","contributorId":103278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}