The seismic profile of the crust of the northern part of the Basin and Range province by its thinness and layering is intermediate between typical continental and oceanic crust and resembles that of marginal ocean basins, especially those with thick sedimentary fill. The geologic history of the Great Basin indicates that it was the site of a succession of marginal ocean basins opening and closing behind volcanic arcs during much of Paleozoic time. A long process of sedimentation and deformation followed throughout the Mesozoic modifying, but possibly not completely transforming the originally oceanic crust to continental crust. In the Cenozoic, after at least 40 m.y. of quiescence and stable conditions, substantial crustal and upper-mantle changes are recorded by elevation of the entire region in isostatic equilibrium, crustal extension resulting in Basin and Range faulting, extensive volcanism, high heat flow and a low-velocity mantle. These phenomena, apparently the result of plate tectonics, are superimposed on the inherited subcontinental crust that developed from an oceanic origin in Paleozoic time and possibly retained some of its thin and layered characteristics. The present anomalous crust in the Great Basin represents an accretion of oceanic geosynclinal material to a Precambrian continental nucleus apparently as an intermediate step in the process of conversion of oceanic crust into a stable continental landmass or craton.
The Framingham quadrangle covers about 55 square miles and is centered approximately 18 miles west of Boston. Even though the major topographic features are controlled by the lithology and structure of the bedrock, glacial features, such as drumlins, kames and kettles, kame terraces, eskers, gently sloping deltas, and flat-lying lake-bottom deposits, have modified the preglacial topography. Some bedrock plucking occurred, especially on the south or southeast sides of some hills, and some valleys probably were deepened. A thin veneer of till overlies much of the bedrock and is most extensive in the hills in the western half of the map area. These deposits, which are mostly gently sloping kame deltas or flat-lying lake-bottom deposits, were laid down in or graded to glacial Lakes Charles (Clapp, 1904, p. 198) and Sudbury (Goldthwait, 1905, p. 274), which formed during deglaciation when melt waters were temporarily impounded. Some glacial-lake deposits were laid down in three smaller higher level lakes in the western part of the quadrangle.
\nWith the exception of a small part of the southeast corner, which is drained by the Charles River, the quadrangle is drained by the Sudbury River, whose waters eventually flow into the Merrimack River in the northeast part of the state.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gq1176","collaboration":"Prepared in coopartion with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Nelson, A.E., 1974, Surficial geologic map of the Framingham quadrangle, Middlesex and Worcester Counties, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1176, 1 Plate: 37.10 x 32.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1176.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.10 x 32.01 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309396,"rank":701,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1176/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":248550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1176/report.pdf","text":"Document","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":107609,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10715.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10715"},{"id":253694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1176/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Middlesex County, Worcester County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.5,42.25 ], [ -71.5,42.3675 ], [ -71.36749999999999,42.3675 ], [ -71.36749999999999,42.25 ], [ -71.5,42.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688fcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Arthur E.","contributorId":6035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":267298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57998,"text":"wri7360 - 1974 - Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas metropolitan area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T12:43:26","indexId":"wri7360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-60","title":"Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas metropolitan area","docAbstract":"The effects of urbanization on flood characteristics of streams in the Dallas metropolitan area were studied by use of a digital model of the hydrologic system. The model was calibrated by using observed rainfall and runoff data from 19 storms in six basins having various degrees of urbanization. The calibrated models were used with a 57- year rainfall record to simulate 57-year records of annual peak discharges in 14 basins. The flood-frequency characteristics were defined by fitting the simulated 57-year records to log-Pearson Type III distributions.
\nRegional peak-discharge equations, which can be used to determine the maximum rates of discharge that could be expected to be equaled or exceeded on the average of once in 1.25, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years, were derived from multiple-regression analyses. The relationships among flood frequency, drainage area, and a coefficient of impervious area are given in a nomograph.
\nThe analyses indicate that in a fully-developed residential area, the flood peaks will be 1.2 to 1.4 times those from an undeveloped area; and the annual direct runoff will be about double that from an undeveloped area. Data were not sufficient to determine the increase in runoff from a highly industrialized area where the effective imperviousness approaches 100 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7360","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Dallas","usgsCitation":"Dempster, G.R., 1974, Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas metropolitan area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-60, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7360.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0060/report.pdf","size":"3424","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0060/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dempster, George R. Jr.","contributorId":106975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dempster","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16469,"text":"ofr74255 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16469,"text":"ofr74255 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado","indexId":"ofr74255","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5920,"text":"pp908 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado","indexId":"pp908","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5920,"text":"pp908 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado","indexId":"pp908","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T18:45:02.003408","indexId":"ofr74255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-255","title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Piceance and Yellow Creeks drainage area is about 900 square miles (2,330 square kilometres) and is referred to as the Piceance basin, or simply as the basin. The surface-water and ground-water systems in the Piceance basin are intimately related. The annual volume of runoff from the basin (Piceance and Yellow Creeks) is estimated to be 15,650 acre-feet (19.2 cubic hectometres). About 80 percent of the annual runoff is supplied by ground-water discharge.
Runoff from the basin is affected by irrigation diversions and consumptive use by crops, native vegetation, and evporation. Streamflow depletions resulting from irrigation are estimated to be 4,800 acre-feet (5.9 cubic hectometres) per year. In the absence of irrigation, the mean annual runoff from the basin would be 20,450 acre-feet (25.2 cubic hectometres). The period of lowest flow normally occurs during spring and summer when irrigation diversions are greatest. Peak flows from snowmelt and thunderstorms also occur during this period. A regional analysis, using the index-flood method, was made to estimate flood frequencies in the absence of irrigation diversions for the gaging stations Piceance Creek at White River and Yellow Creek near White River. The estimated mean annual floods are 800 cubic feet per second (22.7 cubic metres per second) for Piceance Creek and 390 cubic feet per second (11.0 cubic metres per second) for Yellow Creek. The peak flow observed during the 5 years of record on Piceance Creek at White River was 407 cubic feet per second (11.5 cubic metres per second) or about one-half the estimated mean annual flood. Yellow Creek is only slightly affected by irrigation diversions and the peak flow for the single year of record was 468 cubic feet per second (13.3 cubic metres per second).
Irrigation return flows and ground-water discharge affect the quality of surface water in the Piceance basin. The concentration of dissolved solids ranges from less than 500 milligrams per litre in the upper reaches to more than 5,000 milligrams per litre in the lower reaches of Piceance Creek and from about 700 to 3,000 milligrams per litre in Yellow Creek. Water quality decreases in the downstream direction due to ground-water discharge from the Green River and Uinta Formations.
The ground-water system in the basin consists of two principal aquifers separated by the Mahogany zone in the Green River Formation. Recharge to the aquifers occurs mainly from snowmelt along the basin margins above 7,000 feet (2,130 metres) altitude. Ground water flows from the basin margins toward the north-central part of the basin where it is discharged in Piceance and Yellow Creek valleys as evapotranspiration and streamflow. Recharge and discharge from the aquifer system are estimated to average 26,100 acre-feet (32.2 cubic hectometres) annually. About 20 percent of the recharge is discharged in Yellow Creek drainage. Estimates of the volume of water in storage in the aquifers range from 2.5 to 25 million acre-feet (3,100 to 31,000 cubic hectometres).
Sodium minerals in the aquifer below the Mahogany zone are actively being dissolved by ground water. The Mahogany zone impedes the flow of water between the aquifers and large chemical differences have developed. Water in the upper aquifer generally has less than 2,000 millgrams per litre dissolved solids while that in the lower aquifer exceeds 30,000 milligrams per litre dissolved solids in the northern part of the basin.
Digital models were used to simulate the hydrologic system. A watershed model was adapted to the drainage above the gage on Piceance Creek below Ryan Gulch to evaluate the possible effects of precipitation changes on the hydrologic system due to the introduction of atmospheric pollutants from oil-shale development or cloud seeding. A 10-percent decrease and 10- and 20-percent increases in the October to May precipitation were examined. It was found that each 10-percent change in precipitation results in a 40-percent change in ground-water recharge. The model study indicates that a 10-percent decrease in October-May precipitation results in a 30-percent decrease in mean annual runoff while 10-and 20-percent increases in precipitation result in 40- and 85 percent increases in mean annual runoff.
A digital model of the ground-water system was used to evaluate the effects of mine dewatering on the hydrologic system. Hypothetical mines in oil-shale lease tracts C-a and C-b were considered. Both mines were assumed to be in the Mahogany zone and to be 4 square miles (5.2 square kilometres) in area. Dewatering of the mines was assumed to occur simultaneously for a period of 30 years. For the hypothetical dewatering scheme simulated, the model study indicates that the mine in tract C-a will not produce enough water to meet the demand for processing and disposal of oil shale while the mine in tract C-b will produce water in excess of the demand. The concentration of dissolved solids of the water discharged from the mines may not exceed 5,000 milligrams per litre for the hypothetical dewatering scheme considered.
Dewatering the hypothetical mines will only slightly affect groundwater discharge in the Yellow Creek drainage. However, after 30 years of dewatering, the model indicates that ground-water discharge will cease in a 10-mile (16-kilometre) reach of Piceance Creek near tract C-b.
The decrease in ground-water discharge in this reach could cause an increase in the concentration of dissolved solids in the downstream reach of Piceance Creek. After 30 years of dewatering, the hydraulic head in the aquifers is decreased in 75 percent of the basin area and about 500,000 acre-feet (620 cubic hectometres) of water are removed from storage in the aquifers.
It is concluded that oil-shale development will have significant effects on the surface- and ground-waters systems in the Piceance basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Weeks, J., Leavesley, G.H., Welder, F.A., and Saulnier, G.J., 1974, Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-255, ix, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74255.","productDescription":"ix, 142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422907,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0255/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0255/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.97161944613201,\n 40.667915697093264\n ],\n [\n -108.97161944613201,\n 39.34681427946842\n ],\n [\n -107.64227374300692,\n 39.34681427946842\n ],\n [\n -107.64227374300692,\n 40.667915697093264\n ],\n [\n -108.97161944613201,\n 40.667915697093264\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f35b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, John B.","contributorId":36123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":172900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welder, Frank A.","contributorId":32173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welder","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saulnier, George J. Jr.","contributorId":108133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saulnier","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":12845,"text":"ofr74272 - 1974 - Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:51","indexId":"ofr74272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-272","title":"Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr74272","usgsCitation":"Burns, A.W., Frimpter, M.H., and Willey, R.E., 1974, Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-272, 42 leaves :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74272.","productDescription":"42 leaves :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Alan W.","contributorId":41419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frimpter, Michael H.","contributorId":8074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frimpter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willey, Richard E.","contributorId":30972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14386,"text":"ofr74113 - 1974 - Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T16:05:38","indexId":"ofr74113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-113","title":"Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas","docAbstract":"The major water-bearing units in the Houston district are the Chicot and the Evangeline aquifers. The Chicot aquifer overlies the Evangeline aquifer, which is underlain by the Burkeville confining layer. Both aquifers consist of unconsolidated and discontinuous layers of sand and clay that dip toward the Gulf of Mexico. Heavy pumping of fresh water has caused large declines in the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces in both aquifers and has created large cones of depression around Houston. The declines have caused compaction of clay layers, which has resulted in land surface subsidence and the movement of saline ground water toward the centers of the cones of depression. An electric analog model was used to study the hydrologic system and to simulate the declines in the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces for several alternative plans of ground-water development. The results indicate that the largest part. of the pumped water comes from storage in the water-table part of the Chicot aquifer. Vertical leakage from the aquifers and water derived from the compaction of clay layers in the aquifers are also large sources of the water being pumped. The response of the system, as observed on the model, indicates that development of additional ground-water supplies from the water-table part of the Chicot aquifer north of Houston would result in a minimum decline of the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces. Total withdrawals of about 1,000 million gallons (5.8 million cubic meters) per day may be possible without seriously, increasing subsidence or salt-water encroachment. Analyses of the recovery of water levels indicate that both land-surface subsidence and salt-water encroachment could be reduced by artificially recharging the artesian part of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74113","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., 1974, Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-113, Report: x, 86 p.; 33 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74113.","productDescription":"Report: x, 86 p.; 33 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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df","size":"3232","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95248,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0113/plate-14.pdf","size":"3448","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95249,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0113/plate-15.pdf","size":"3904","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95250,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0113/plate-16.pdf","size":"2076","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95251,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0113/plate-17.pdf","size":"3356","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6808ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10144,"text":"ofr75612 - 1974 - A program to compute aquifer-response coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr75612","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-612","title":"A program to compute aquifer-response coefficients","docAbstract":"An alternating direction technique is used to solve finite difference equations approximating the flow of water in an aquifer. The solutions produce response coefficients relating pumping from wells to drawdowns within those wells. The product of the response coefficient with the pumping values produces a linear algebraic technological function that can be used for integrating hydrologic phenomena into planning and management models.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75612","usgsCitation":"Maddock, T., 1974, A program to compute aquifer-response coefficients: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-612, 39 leaves (in various foliations) :ill. ;27 cm.; (18 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75612.","productDescription":"39 leaves (in various foliations) :ill. ;27 cm.; (18 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0612/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0612/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maddock, Thomas","contributorId":79892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3826,"text":"cir708 - 1974 - Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"cir708","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"708","title":"Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods","docAbstract":"Synthetic flood records for 43 small-stream sites aided in definition of techniques for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in Missouri. The long-term synthetic flood records were generated by use of a digital computer model of the rainfall-runoff process. A relatively short period of concurrent rainfall and runoff data observed at each of the 43 sites was used to calibrate the model, and rainfall records covering from 66 to 78 years for four Missouri sites and pan-evaporation data were used to generate the synthetic records. \r\n\r\nFlood magnitude and frequency characteristics of both the synthetic records and observed long-term flood records available for 109 large-stream sites were used in a multiple-regression analysis to define relations for estimating future flood characteristics at ungaged sites. That analysis indicated that drainage basin size and slope were the most useful estimating variables. It also indicated that a more complex regression model than the commonly used log-linear one was needed for the range of drainage basin sizes available in this study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/cir708","usgsCitation":"Hauth, L.D., 1974, Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 708, iv, 16 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir708.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0708/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0708/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauth, Leland D.","contributorId":17219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2846,"text":"wsp2027 - 1974 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47981,"text":"ofr71287 - 1971 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"ofr71287","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2846,"text":"wsp2027 - 1974 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2027","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"wsp2027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2027","title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","docAbstract":"An analog model of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley was constructed to determine the effects of imported water on ground-water levels. The model was considered verified when the ground-water levels generated by the model approximated the historical change in water levels of the ground-water basin caused by man's activities for the period 1986-67. The ground-water basin was almost unaffected by man's activities until about 1945 when ground-water development caused the water levels to begin to decline. The Palm Springs area has had the largest water-level decline, 75 feet since 1986, because of large pumpage, reduced natural inflow from the San Gorgonio Pass area, and diversions of natural inflows at Snow and Falls Creeks and Chino Canyon starting in 1945. The San Gorgonio Pass inflow had been reduced from about 18,000 acre-feet in 1986 to about 9,000 acre-feet by 1967 because of increased ground-water pumpage in the San Gorgonio Pass area, dewatering of the San Gorgonio Pass area that took place when the tunnel for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was drilled, and diversions of surface inflow at Snow and Falls Creeks. In addition, 1944-64 was a period of below-normal precipitation which, in part, contributed to the declines in water levels in the Coachella Valley. The Desert Hot Springs, Garnet Hill, and Mission Creek subbasins have had relatively little development; consequently, the water-level declines have been small, ranging from 5 to 15 feet since 1986. In the Point Happy area a decline of about 2 feet per year continued until 1949 when delivery of Colorado River water to the lower valley through the Coachella Canal was initiated. Since 1949 the water levels in the Point Happy area have been rising and by 1967 were above their 1986 levels. \r\n\r\nThe Whitewater River subbasin includes the largest aquifer in the basin, having sustained ground-water pumpage of about 740,000 acre-feet from 1986 to 1967, and will probably continue to provide the most significant supply of ground water for the upper valley. The total ground-water storage depletion for the entire upper valley for 1986-67 was about 600,000 acre-feet, an average storage decrease of about 25,000 acre-feet per year since 1945. \r\n\r\nTransmissivity for the Whitewater River subbasin ranges from 860,000 gallons per day per foot (near Point Happy) to 50,000 gallons per day per foot, with most of the subbasin about 800,000 gallons per day per foot. In contrast, the transmissivities of the Desert Hot Springs, Mission Creek, and Garnet Hill subbasins generally range from 2,000 to 100,000, but the highest value, beneath the Mission Creek streambed deposits, is 200,000 gallons per day per foot; the transmissivity for most of the area of th6 three subbasins is 80,000 gallons per day per foot.\r\n\r\nThe storage coefficients are representative of water-table conditions, ranging from 0.18 beneath the Mission Creek stream deposits to 0.06 in the Palm Springs area. \r\n\r\nThe model indicated that the outflow at Point Happy decreased from 50,000 acre-feet in 1936 to 30,000 acre-feet by 1967 as a result of the rising water levels in the lower valley. \r\n\r\nThe most logical area to recharge the Colorado River water is the Windy Point-Whitewater area, where adequate percolation rates of 2-4 acre-feet per acre per day are probable. The Whitewater River bed may be the best location to spread the water if the largest part of the imported water can be recharged during low-flow periods. The area in sec. 21, T. 2 S., R. 4 E., would be adequate for the smaller quantities of recharge proposed for the Mission Creek area. \r\n\r\nProjected pumpage for the period 1968-2000 was programmed on the model with the proposed recharge of Colorado River water for the same period. The model indicated a maximum water-level increase of 200 feet above the 1967 water level at Windy Point, the proposed recharge site, by the year 2000, a 130-foot increase by 1990, and a 20-foot increas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2027","usgsCitation":"Tyley, S.J., 1974, Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2027, v, 77 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2027.","productDescription":"v, 77 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6837f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tyley, Stephen J.","contributorId":35355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14309,"text":"ofr74242 - 1974 - A special planning technique for stream-aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T08:17:02","indexId":"ofr74242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-242","title":"A special planning technique for stream-aquifer systems","docAbstract":"The potential effects of water-management plans on stream-aquifer systems in several countries have been simulated using electric-analog or digital-computer models. Many of the electric-analog models require large amounts of hardware preparation for each problem to be solved and some become so bulky that they present serious space and access problems. Digital-computer models require no special hardware preparation but often they require so many repetitive solutions of equations that they result in calculations that are unduly unwieldy and expensive, even on the latest generation of computers. Further, the more detailed digital models require a vast amount of core storage, leaving insufficient storage for evaluation of the many possible schemes of water-management. A concept introduced in 1968 by the senior author of this report offers a solution to these problems. The concept is that the effects on streamflow of ground-water withdrawal or recharge (stress) at any point in such a system can be approximated using two classical equations and a value of time that reflects the integrated effect of the following: irregular impermeable boundaries; stream meanders; aquifer properties and their areal variations; distance of the point from the stream; and imperfect hydraulic connection between the stream and the aquifer. The value of time is called the stream depletion factor (sdf). Results of a relatively few tests on detailed models can be summarized on maps showing lines through points of equal sdf. Sensitivity analyses of models of two large stream-aquifer systems in the State of Colorado show that the sdf technique described in this report provides results within tolerable ranges of error. The sdf technique is extremely versatile, allowing water managers to choose the degree of detail that best suits their needs and available computational hardware. Simple arithmetic, using, for example, only a slide rule and charts or tables of dimensionless values, will be sufficient for many calculations. If a large digital computer is available, detailed description of the system and its stresses will require only a fraction of the core storage, leaving the greater part of the storage available for sophisticated analyses, such as optimization. Once these analyses have been made, the model then is ready to perform its principal task--prediction of streamflow and changes in ground-water storage. In the two systems described in this report, direct diversion from the streams is the principal source of irrigation water, but it is supplemented by numerous wells. The streamflow depends largely on snowmelt. Estimates of both the amount and timing of runoff from snowmelt during the irrigation season are available on a monthly basis during the spring and early summer. These estimates become increasingly accurate as the season progresses, hence frequent changes of stress on the predictive model are necessary. The sdf technique is especially well suited to this purpose, because it is very easy to make such changes, resulting in more up-todate estimates of the availability of streamflow and ground-water storage. These estimates can be made for any time and any location in the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, C., and Taylor, O., 1974, A special planning technique for stream-aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-242, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74242.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346208,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, C.T.","contributorId":106099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, O. James","contributorId":23958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O. James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13550,"text":"ofr74224 - 1974 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13550,"text":"ofr74224 - 1974 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams","indexId":"ofr74224","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5893,"text":"pp913 - 1976 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams","indexId":"pp913","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5893,"text":"pp913 - 1976 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams","indexId":"pp913","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:48","indexId":"ofr74224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-224","title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74224","usgsCitation":"Esen, I., and Rathbun, R.E., 1974, A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-224, 177 leaves ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74224.","productDescription":"177 leaves ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esen, I.I.","contributorId":10790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esen","given":"I.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11184,"text":"ofr77643 - 1974 - Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr77643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-643","title":"Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska","docAbstract":"Remote sensing data were taken along a line surveyed for the building of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska, in the winter of 1973-74. The portion considered in this report is the area from the Yukon River south to Isabel Pass in the Alaska Range. \r\n\r\nThe occurrences of aufeis gave the appearance of four rather distinct modes of formation. In the area south of Big Delta, the icings occurred as seepage at the toes of the terraces and along the bottoms of the stream channels cutting into the terraces. In the Yukon-Tanana uplands, the icings occurred generally as seepage at the lowest points in the U-shaped valleys and along the surfaces of the streams in the tributary valleys incised into the rolling hills. The icings formed in the stream channels in both regions have similar hydraulic considerations as do the icings formed in the lower part of the valleys at the toes of the terraces. \r\n\r\nAerial techniques of collecting data by photography and thermal imagery were tested in this setting as a basis for consideration in planning for potential environmental monitoring of the pipeline.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77643","usgsCitation":"Skibitzke, H.E., 1974, Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-643, 32 leaves, 11 fold. ill. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (33 p., 9 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77643.","productDescription":"32 leaves, 11 fold. ill. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (33 p., 9 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38951,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38952,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38953,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38954,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38955,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38946,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38947,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38948,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38949,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38950,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e94c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skibitzke, Herbert E.","contributorId":32142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skibitzke","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16671,"text":"ofr7453 - 1974 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of Sitka and vicinity, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr7453","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-53","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of Sitka and vicinity, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","docAbstract":"A program to study the engineering geology of most of the larger Alaska coastal communities and to evaluate their earthquake and other geologic hazards was started following the 1964 Alaska earthquake; this report about Sitka and vicinity is a product of that program. Field-study methods were of a reconnaissance nature, and thus the interpretations in the report are subject to revision as further information becomes available. This report can provide broad geologic guidelines for planners and engineers during preparation of land-use plans. The use of this information should lead to minimizing future loss of life and property due to geologic hazards, especially during very large earthquakes. \r\n\r\nLandscape of Sitka and surrounding area is characterized by numerous islands and a narrow strip of gently rolling ground adjacent to rugged mountains; steep valleys and some fiords cut sharply into the mountains. A few valley floors are wide and flat and grade into moderate-sized deltas. \r\n\r\nGlaciers throughout southeastern Alaska and elsewhere became vastly enlarged during the Pleistocene Epoch. The Sitka area presumably was covered by ice several times; glaciers deeply eroded some valleys and removed fractured bedrock along some faults. The last major deglaciation occurred sometime before 10,000 years ago. Crustal rebound believed to be related to glacial melting caused land emergence at Sitka of at least 35 feet (10.7 m) relative to present sea level. \r\n\r\nBedrock at Sitka and vicinity is composed mostly of bedded, hard, dense graywacke and some argillite. Beds strike predominantly northwest and are vertical or steeply dipping. Locally, bedded rocks are cut by dikes of fine-grained igneous rock. Host bedrock is of Jurassic and Cretaceous age. \r\n\r\nEight types of surficial deposits of Quaternary age were recognized. Below altitudes of 3S feet (10.7 m), the dominant deposits are those of modern and elevated shores and deltas; at higher altitudes, widespread muskeg overlies a mantle of volcanic ash which commonly overlies glacial drift. Alluvial deposits are minor. Man-emplaced embankment fill, chiefly sandy gravel, covers many muskeg and former offshore areas; quarried blocks of graywacke are placed to form breakwaters and to edge large areas of embankment fill and modified ground.\r\n\r\nThe geologic structure of the area is known only in general outlines. Most bedded Mesozoic rocks probably are part of broad northwest-trending complexes of anticlines and synclines. Intrusion of large bodies of plutonic igneous rocks occurred in Tertiary and Cretaceous time. Extensive faulting is suggested by the numerous linear to gently curving patterns of some fiords, lakes, and valleys, and by a group of Holocene volcanoes and cinder cones. Two major northwest-striking fault zones are most prominent: (1) the apparently inactive Chichagof-Sitka fault, about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of Sitka, and {2) part of the active 800-mile- (1,200-km) long Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system, lying about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the city. \r\n\r\nMany earthquakes have been reported as felt at Sitka since 1832, when good records were first maintained; several shocks were very strong, but none of them caused severe damage. The closest major earthquake (magnitude about 7.3) causing some damage to the city occurred July 30, 1972, and had an epicenter about 30 miles (48 km) to the southwest. Movement along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system apparently caused most of the earthquakes felt at Sitka. \r\n\r\nThe probability of destructive earthquakes at Sitka is unknown. The tectonics of the region and the seismic record suggest that sometime in the future an earthquake of a magnitude of about 8 and related to the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system probably will occur in or near the area. \r\n\r\nEffects from some nearby major earthquakes could cause substantial damage at Sitka. Eight possible effects are as follows: \r\n\r\n1. Sudden dis","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7453","usgsCitation":"Yehle, L.A., 1974, Reconnaissance engineering geology of Sitka and vicinity, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-53, iii, 104 leaves :ill., maps ;29 cm.; (3 sheets, 8 tables, scale 1:9,600 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7453.","productDescription":"iii, 104 leaves :ill., maps ;29 cm.; (3 sheets, 8 tables, scale 1:9,600 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108607,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15070.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"15070"},{"id":150378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45718,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0053/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45719,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0053/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45720,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0053/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45721,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"9600","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64440b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":173259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3604,"text":"cir704 - 1974 - Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir704","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"704","title":"Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado","docAbstract":"The Montezuma mining district, in the Colorado mineral belt, is defined by an assemblage of porphyry, ore, and altered rocks that originated in the venting of a Tertiary batholith through weak structures in Precambrian rocks. The ore consists of silver-lead-zinc veins clustered on the propylitic fringe of a geometrically complex system of altered rocks, which is centered on the intersection of the Oligocene Montezuma stock with the Montezuma shear zone of Precambrian ancestry. Alteration chemistry conforms to the standard porphyry-metal model but is developed around several small intrusives strung out along the shear zone and is expressed as a mottled pattern, rather than as the usual thick concentric zones centered on one large plug. The distribution of trace amounts of molybdenite is consistent with the postulate of molybdenite deposits in the district, but the mottled alteration pattern may signify small and scattered, possibly very deep, deposits. Disseminated molybdenite is essentially coextensive with altered rock and increases slightly in quantity toward the inner alteration zones. Two groups of molybdenite veins, associated with phyllic and potassic alteration, represent possible diffuse halos of molybdenite deposits. One group of veins resembles the Climax and Henderson deposits but was seen only in a small and isolated area of outcrops. The second group of molybdenite veins is in a bismuth-rich part of the Montezuma stock and underlies an area of bismuth veins; this group records the passage of contact metasomatic ore fluids. Another bismuth-rich area is in the southeast corner of the stock in a region of bismuth veins and may indicate a third group of molybdenite veins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir704","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., Botinelly, T., and Watterson, J.R., 1974, Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 704, iii, 21 p. :illus. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir704.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p. :illus. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0704/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30639,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0704/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69925f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botinelly, Theodore","contributorId":101253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watterson, John R.","contributorId":67866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3602,"text":"cir690 - 1974 - Seismic hazards and land-use planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"690","title":"Seismic hazards and land-use planning","docAbstract":"Basic earth-science data are necessary for a realistic assessment of seismic hazards and as a basis for limiting corrective land-use controls only to those areas of greatest hazard. For example, the location, character, and amount of likely displacement and activity of surface faulting can be predicted if detailed geologic maps and seismic data are available and are augmented by field studies at critical localities. Because few structures can withstand displacement of their foundations, they should be located off active fault traces, the distance varying with the character of faulting, the certainty with which fault traces are known, and the importance of the structure. Recreational activities and other nonoccupancy land uses should be considered for fault zone areas where land is under pressure for development; elsewhere, such areas should remain as open space. \r\n\r\nTwo methods of predicting ground shaking effects have applications to land-use decisions: (1) Relative earthquake effects can be related to firmness of the ground and can be used in a gross way to allocate population density in the absence of more sophisticated analyses; and (2) intensity maps, based on, (a) damage from former earthquakes, or (b) a qualitative analyses of geologic units added to a design earthquake, can be helpful both for general and specific plans. Theoretical models are used with caution to predict ground motion for critical structures to be located at specific sites with unique foundation conditions. Fully adequate methods of assessing possible shaking remain to be developed. Where land-use decisions do not reflect likely ground shaking effects, stringent building codes are needed, particularly for important structures. \r\n\r\nGround failure (landsliding, ground cracking and lurching, differential settlement, sand boils, and subsidence) commonly results from liquefaction, loss of soil strength, or compaction. Areas suspected of being most likely to fail should not be developed unless detailed site studies can demonstrate the hazard does not exist or can be overcome. Various methods can be used to reduce the high, long-term public costs that follow development of unstable ground. However, areas subject to tectonic deformation generally cannot be predicted nor can effects of such deformation be minimized. \r\n\r\nLarge water waves, such as produced by tsunamis, seiches, and dam failure or overtopping, can be anticipated in many places. Their effects can be lessened by land-use regulations similar to flood-plain zoning, restrictions on location of critical structures, and appropriate warning systems. \r\n\r\nMany local, state, and federal government agencies, universities, and private consultants may be able to assist planners by advising them of pertinent data and where those data can be obtained. Interpretation of the data for an evaluation of seismic risk commonly requires a team of planners, geologists, and soil and structural engineers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir690","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.R., and Buchanan-Banks, J.M., 1974, Seismic hazards and land-use planning: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 690, iv, 33 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir690.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0690/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30637,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0690/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a879b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Donald R.","contributorId":83129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan-Banks, Jane M.","contributorId":29421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan-Banks","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3598,"text":"cir699 - 1974 - Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"699","title":"Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found","docAbstract":"Of the recorded production of 34,694,552 troy ounces of gold mined in South Dakota through 1971, about 90 percent has come from Precambrian ore bodies in the Homestake mine at Lead in the northern Black Hills. Most of the rest has come from ore deposited in the Deadwood Formation (Cambrian) by hydrothermal replacement during early Tertiary igneous activity. About 99 percent of the total production has been within a radius of 5 miles (8 km) of Lead. Elsewhere, prospecting has been intense, both in the Precambrian rocks, which are exposed over an area 61 by 26 miles (98 by 42 km), and in nearby Paleozoic rocks. \r\n\r\nAll the known ore bodies have been found either at the surface or in subsurface workings of operating mines. Efforts to find totally new deposits have been modest and sporadic; no comprehensive and systematic program has ever been attempted. \r\n\r\nObviously, any exploration program should be aimed at finding a new deposit resembling the Homestake in the Precambrian, but discovery in the Deadwood of a new group of ore bodies containing several hundred thousand ounces of gold would certainly be worthwhile. \r\n\r\nEvidence has long been available that the Deadwood deposits and the Homestake deposit are somehow related. Current opinion is that (1) the Homestake ore is mainly Precambrian, (2) a trivial amount of Homestake ore is Tertiary, (3)gold in Deadwood basal conglomerate is largely of placer origin, and (4) the gold of replacement deposits in the Deadwood and in other rock units came originally from sources similar to the Homestake deposit or its parent materials. \r\n\r\nHomestake ore is virtually entirely contained in a unit of iron-formation locally known as the Homestake Formation, which seemingly had more gold in the original sediments than similar rocks exposed elsewhere in the Black Hills. Gold, sulfur, and other constituents were subsequently concentrated in ore shoots in zones of dilation caused by cross folds that deformed earlier major folds. These ore shoots are in metamorphic rocks of a grade just above the garnet isograd, in a zone where the principal iron-magnesium mineral of the iron-formation changes from a carbonate (sideroplesite) to a silicate (cummingtonite). This metamorphic reaction would release carbon dioxide to the fluid that presumably formed the ore bodies. \r\n\r\nIn short, three controls over localization of the ore have been identified: (1) the cross folds; (2) the so-called Homestake Formation, which passes beneath Paleozoic rocks north of Lead and has not been proved to reappear anywhere else in the Black Hills (Other units of iron-formation less enriched in gold might locally become more like the Homestake Formation beneath the cover of Paleozoic rocks.}; (3} proximity to the garnet isograd--nearly all the exposed Precambrian rocks in the Black Hills are at a metamorphic grade higher than this isograd--and occurrence of this isograd zone mostly beneath Paleozoic rocks. \r\n\r\nIn searching for new deposits, one can guess from existing data where Precambrian rocks of suitable nature may be concealed. The usefulness of such guesses can be increased if they are made with information about the distribution of gold in younger rocks. Gold in the Deadwood basal conglomerate would be the simplest indicator of a deposit once exposed on the pre-Deadwood surface. Tertiary replacement deposits in the Deadwood or other rocks, which obtained their gold from Precambrian sources that may be nearby or far away, can also be helpful; they, like anomalies found by geochemical sampling, at least outline the regions of mineralizing activity. \r\n\r\nA suitable approach to exploration is to make a thorough study of the stratigraphy, the structure, and the metals geochemistry of the Deadwood Formation and associated rocks, chiefly in the northern Black Hills but to a lesser extent elsewhere in localities where the Precambrian geology seems promising and where gold has been found nearby. Such a program, even if it does not yield","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir699","usgsCitation":"Norton, J.J., 1974, Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 699, iii, 22 p. :maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir699.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0699/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30631,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0699/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a493d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, James Jennings","contributorId":59412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Jennings","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15441,"text":"ofr7486 - 1974 - Response of ground-water levels of flood control operations in three basins, south-eastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T17:44:08.754532","indexId":"ofr7486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-86","title":"Response of ground-water levels of flood control operations in three basins, south-eastern Florida","docAbstract":"Three basins in southeastern Florida were investigated to determine the changes in ground-water levels and canal flows that occurred in response to operation of coastal water-control structures in each canal. All three basins are underlain by the Biscayne aquifer. They are, Snapper Creek Canal basin, where the Biscayne aquifer is of high permeability; the Snake Creek Canal basin, where the aquifer is of moderate permeability; and the Pompano-Cypress Canal basin, where the aquifer is of low permeability. In each basin, drainage is a function of permeability; thus, where the permeability of the aquifer is high, drainage is excellent. The coastal water-conrol structures are intended to afford flood protection in the three basins. In general the control operation criteria for flood control in newly developing areas in southeastern Florida do not provide adequate protection from flooding because of the time required for the aquifer to respond to changes in the controls. Adequate protection would require increasing the density of secondary drainage canals, but this could achieved only by reducing the quantity of water available for recharging those segments of the Biscayne aquifer adjacent to the canals. (Woodrad-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7486","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District","usgsCitation":"Pitt, W.A., 1974, Response of ground-water levels of flood control operations in three basins, south-eastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-86, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7486.","productDescription":"71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493444,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0086/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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files","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7433","usgsCitation":"Boning, C.W., 1974, Users guide for a U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model and associated files: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-33, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill. ;27 cm.; (234 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7433.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill. ;27 cm.; (234 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boning, Charles W.","contributorId":86345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boning","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6410,"text":"pp833 - 1974 - Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:58","indexId":"pp833","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"833","title":"Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp833","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T.H., 1974, Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 833, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp833.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0833/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a79c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12921,"text":"ofr74176 - 1974 - Summary of tectonic and structural evidence for stress orientation at the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr74176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-176","title":"Summary of tectonic and structural evidence for stress orientation at the Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"A tectonic synthesis of the NTS (Nevada Test Site) region, when combined with seismic data and a few stress and strain measurements, suggests a tentative model for stress orientation. This model proposes that the NTS is undergoing extension in a N. 50 ? W.-S. 50 ? E. direction coincident with the minimum principal stress direction. The model is supported by (1) a tectonic similarity between a belt of NTS Quaternary faulting and part of the Nevada-California seismic belt, for which northwest-southeast extension has been suggested; (2) historic northeast- trending natural- and explosion-produced fractures in the NTS; (3) the virtual absence in the NTS of northwest-trending Quaternary faults; (4) the character of north-trending faults and basin configuration in the Yucca Flat area, which suggest a component of right-lateral displacement and post-10 m.y. (million year) oblique separation of the sides of the north-trending depression; (5) seismic evidence suggesting a north- to northwest-trending tension axis; (6) strain measurements, which indicate episodes of northwest-southeast extension within a net northeast-southwest compression; (7) a stress estimate based on tectonic cracking that indicates near-surface northwest-southeast-directed tension, and two stress measurements indicating an excess (tectonic) maximum principal compressive stress in a northeast-southwest direction at depths of about 1,000 feet (305 m); and (8) enlargement of some drill holes in Yucca Flat in a northwest-southeast direction. \r\n\r\nIt is inferred that the stress episode resulting in the formation of deep alluvium-filled trenches began somewhere between 10 and possibly less than 4 m.y. ago in the NTS and is currently active. In the Walker Lane of western Nevada, crystallization of plutons associated with Miocene volcanism may have increased the competency and thickness of the crust and its ability to propagate stress, thereby modulating the frequency (spacing) of basin-range faults.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74176","usgsCitation":"Carr, W.J., 1974, Summary of tectonic and structural evidence for stress orientation at the Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-176, iv, 53 leaves, 2 sheets :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74176.","productDescription":"iv, 53 leaves, 2 sheets :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41355,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41356,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, Wilfred James","contributorId":12033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13860,"text":"ofr7467 - 1974 - Posssible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13860,"text":"ofr7467 - 1974 - Posssible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","indexId":"ofr7467","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Posssible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042935,"text":"70042935 - 1975 - Possible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","indexId":"70042935","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Possible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042935,"text":"70042935 - 1975 - Possible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","indexId":"70042935","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Possible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-05T20:06:45.537317","indexId":"ofr7467","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-67","title":"Posssible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","docAbstract":"The ore deposits in the northern part of the Coeur d'Alene district are located within rocks of the Belt Supergroup that have been intruded by Cretaceous quartz monzonites. Lead-zinc-silver replacement veins constitute most of the deposits. The geometry of the district has been modified by post-ore faulting along the Osburn, Dobson Pass, and other faults. The original position of the Gem stocks, before their separation from the Dago Peak stocks by the Dobson Pass fault, can be approximately reconstructed by moving the truncated stocks and associated geochemical dispersion patterns back into matching positions. The known mineral belts are defined by dispersion patterns of both lead and the lead:zinc ratio. Similar dispersion patterns of lead and the lead:zinc ratio northwest of the original position of the Gem stocks suggest that the mineral belts extend into that area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7467","usgsCitation":"Gott, G.B., and Botbol, J.M., 1974, Posssible extension of mineral belts, northern part of Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-67, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7467.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420518,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Coeur d'Alene","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.98736290401153,\n 47.875430904266295\n ],\n [\n -116.98736290401153,\n 47.63548915233548\n ],\n [\n -116.60850011844465,\n 47.63548915233548\n ],\n [\n -116.60850011844465,\n 47.875430904266295\n ],\n [\n -116.98736290401153,\n 47.875430904266295\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683ba3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gott, Garland Bayard","contributorId":6420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gott","given":"Garland","email":"","middleInitial":"Bayard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botbol, Joseph Moses","contributorId":10034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botbol","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Moses","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13205,"text":"ofr74346 - 1974 - An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T14:19:15","indexId":"ofr74346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-346","title":"An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota","docAbstract":"An investigation of the relationship of peak discharge to causative storm variables and drainage-basin characteristics was made to provide guidelines for future analyses of frequency and magnitudes of floods from small drainage areas. The procedure used was (l) to estimate peak discharges on the ll study basins from multiple-regression models developed from the storm variables and (2) to relate the peak discharges to the basin characteristics through regression or correlation with particular attention given to the effect of basin shape.
\nThe average standard error of estimate for the peak discharges ranged from n5 to 119 percent when only the four storm variables common to most basins were used.
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