In order to refine correlations of surface-wave magnitude, fault rupture length at the ground surface, and fault displacement at the surface by including the uncertainties in these variables, the existing data were critically reviewed and a new data base was compiled. Earthquake magnitudes were redetermined as necessary to make them as consistent as possible with the Gutenberg methods and results, which make up much of the data base. Measurement errors were estimated for the three variables for 58 moderate to large shallow-focus earthquakes. Regression analyses were then made utilizing the estimated measurement errors.
The regression analysis demonstrates that the relations among the variables magnitude, length, and displacement are stochastic in nature. The stochastic variance, introduced in part by incomplete surface expression of seismogenic faulting, variation in shear modulus, and regional factors, dominates the estimated measurement errors. Thus, it is appropriate to use ordinary least squares for the regression models, rather than regression models based upon an underlying deterministic relation in which the variance results primarily from measurement errors.
Significant differences exist in correlations of certain combinations of length, displacement, and magnitude when events are grouped by fault type or by region, including attenuation regions delineated by Evernden and others.
Estimates of the magnitude and the standard deviation of the magnitude of a prehistoric or future earthquake associated with a fault can be made by correlating Ms with the logarithms of rupture length, fault displacement, or the product of length and displacement.
Fault rupture area could be reliably estimated for about 20 of the events in the data set. Regression of Ms on rupture area did not result in a marked improvement over regressions that did not involve rupture area. Because no subduction-zone earthquakes are included in this study, the reported results do not apply to such zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0740062379","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., Mark, R., and Lienkaemper, J.J., 1984, Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 74, no. 6, p. 2379-2411, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0740062379.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"2379","endPage":"2411","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":422237,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/74/6/2379/118679/Statistical-relations-among-earthquake-magnitude"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":738761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013881,"text":"70013881 - 1984 - Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T16:38:41.954235","indexId":"70013881","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","docAbstract":"Observed long-term changes in glacier volume and hydrometeorological mass balance models yield data on the transfer of water from glaciers, excluding those in Greenland and Antarctica, to the oceans, The average observed volume change for the period 1900 to 1961 is scaled to a global average by use of the seasonal amplitude of the mass balance. These data are used to calibrate the models to estimate the changing contribution of glaciers to sea level for the period 1884 to 1975. Although the error band is large, these glaciers appear to accountfor a third to half of observed rise in sea level, approximately that fraction not explained by thermal expansion of the ocean.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4681.1418","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1984, Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level: Science, v. 226, no. 4681, p. 1418-1421, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4681.1418.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"226","issue":"4681","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa85e4b0c8380cd4db4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207103,"text":"70207103 - 1984 - Regional deformation near Palmdale, California, 1973-1983 (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:21:41.721361","indexId":"70207103","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-06T10:28:59","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional deformation near Palmdale, California, 1973-1983 (USA)","docAbstract":"The Tehachapi trilateration network spans the intersection of the San Andreas and Garlock faults in southern California in the “Big Bend” region of the San Andreas fault. Analysis of data from 1973–1983 shows strain differences between the northwest and southeast regions of the network and slip at depth on both faults. The Palmdale network, spanning the San Andreas fault entirely within the Tehachapi network, showed increases of about 1 μstrain in both east‐west and north‐south extension in late 1979. The Tehachapi strains also jumped at this time, but the magnitude of the increase was only about one third that of Palmdale. The principal strain rates for Tehachapi over the time interval 1973–1983 are ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0001\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/e552692c-9980-4ea7-aa0c-c8bc21ab42fa/jgrb4718-math-0001.gif\")
μstrain/yr and ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0002\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/1add3584-2422-4463-94d0-3cddb1bed90f/jgrb4718-math-0002.gif\")
μstrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N76°E. Strains were also computed for two subregions. The principal strain rates for the southeast Tehachapi region are ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0003\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/7d1a542b-f435-413e-b2a0-2bbdd7bd5423/jgrb4718-math-0003.gif\")
μstrain/yr and ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0004\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/52c9e8fb-c23f-4510-b0ce-6702d4ca6256/jgrb4718-math-0004.gif\")
μStrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N73°E. This result differs significantly from the principal strain rates at Palmdale ( ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0005\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/7334fe58-4beb-414a-882e-d973f41ef8bf/jgrb4718-math-0005.gif\")
μstrain/yr, ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0006\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/f78759f7-2ba0-42a7-b8ed-2a487c74be0e/jgrb4718-math-0006.gif\")
μstrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N71°E). For the northwest Tehachapi region, ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0007\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/69e7ace1-9f50-481d-ba70-14e69959d3b5/jgrb4718-math-0007.gif\")
μstrain/yr and ![\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0008\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/fe880333-465b-4ccb-8d07-f7628ee502b3/jgrb4718-math-0008.gif\")
μstrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N93°E.
A series of nearshore beach profile measurements from the Outer Banks of North Carolina spanning a four-month period have been examined for temporal variations in nearshore topography. Principal component analysis of the profile data indicates that most of the variation in nearshore topography occurs in four principal modes, two quasiseasonal and two subseasonal. The first principal component, or eigenvector, corresponds to a bar-berm function. The second, to a terrace function. Combined, the first two vectors explain 76.3% of the total variance. The third and fourth components, representing subseasonal modes, are a ridge and runnel and a storm bar function, respectively. Both occur in direct response to storm wave activity. Although the bar-berm and terrace modes of profile variation have been previously identified using principal component analysis techniques, the subsequent modes have not. The ridge and runnel function accounts for 10.6% of total profile variability and the storm bar function accounts for 5.0%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90052-5","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1984, Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography: Marine Geology, v. 62, no. 1-2, p. 13-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90052-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25679346421666,\n 36.146063741929154\n ],\n [\n -76.25679346421666,\n 35.386845871442645\n ],\n [\n -75.36350096680715,\n 35.386845871442645\n ],\n [\n -75.36350096680715,\n 36.146063741929154\n ],\n [\n -76.25679346421666,\n 36.146063741929154\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b987ee4b08c986b31c067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199728,"text":"70199728 - 1984 - Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:48:10","indexId":"70199728","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T12:47:37","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"As part of a plant survivability and ground water study in Owens Valley, California, semipermanent installations are used to measure continuous range‐land evapotranspiration in the valley's phreatophyte community. A proposed mobile installation also has been designed. The semipermanent micrometeoro‐logical station collects continuous data for solution of the Bowen ratio/energy budget equation and the Penman combination equation. Three sites were chosen for this type of installation to provide a representative sampling of Owens Valley. The proposed mobile aerodynamic installation should be capable of calculating evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method. This instrumentation will be used throughout the valley for short periods of time (up to five days). Many problems with equipment operation, calibration and design have been identified and resolved by means of improved calibration techniques, systematic error‐removal techniques, reduced cycle times, modified equipment design and proper observer training. The collected evapotranspiration data will be instrumental in developing a one‐dimensional evapotranspiration flux algorithm for a model of valleywide ground water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., and Duell, L.F., 1984, Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 4, no. 4, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.8,\n 35.7\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 35.7\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 35.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duell, Lowell F. W. Jr.","contributorId":81124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"Lowell","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120876,"text":"70120876 - 1984 - Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:58:29","indexId":"70120876","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T10:48:46","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1021,"text":"Biological Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models","docAbstract":"One of the habitat-based methodologies for impact assessment currently in use by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1980). HEP is based on the assumption that the quality of an area as wildlife habitat at a specified target year can be described by a single number, called a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI). An HSI of 1.0 represents optimum habitat: an HSI of 0.0 represents unsuitable habitat. The verbal or mathematical rules by which an HSI is assigned to an area are called an HSI model. A series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models, described by Schamberger et al. (1982), have been published to assist users in applying HEP.
\nHSI model building approaches are described in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1981). One type of HSI model described in detail requires the development of Suitability Index (SI) graphs for habitat variables believed to be important for the growth, survival, standing crop, or other measure of well-being for a species. Suitability indices range from 0 to 1.0, with 1.0 representing optimum conditions for the variable. When HSI models based on suitability indices are used, habitat variable values are measured, or estimated, and converted to SI's through the use of a Suitability Index graph for each variable. Individual SI's are aggregated into an HSI. Standard methods for testing this type of HSI model did not exist at the time the studies reported in this document were performed.
\nA workshop was held in Fort Collins, Colorado, February 14-15, 1983, that brought together biologists experienced in the use, development, and testing of aquatic HSI models, in an effort to address the following objectives: (1) review the needs of HSI model users; (2) discuss and document the results of aquatic HSI model tests; and (3) provide recommendations for the future development, testing, modification, and use of HSI models. Individual presentations, group discussions, and group decision techniques were used to develop and present information at the meeting. A synthesis of the resulting concepts, results, and recommendations follows this preface. Subsequent papers describe individual tests of selected HSI models. Most of the tests involved comparison of values from HSI models or Suitability index (SI) curves with standing crop, as required contractually. Time and budget constraints generally limited tests to the use of data previously collected for other purposes.
\nThese proceedings are intended to help persons responsible for the development, testing, or use of HSI models by increasing their understanding of potential uses and limitations of testing procedures and models based on aggregated Suitability Indices. Problems encountered when testing HSI models are described, model performance during tests is documents, and recommendations for future model development and testing presented by the participants are listed and interpreted.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Terrell, J.W., 1984, Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models: Biological Report, v. 85, no. 6, 393 p.","productDescription":"393 p.","numberOfPages":"393","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25febe4b0333418718949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrell, James W. 0000-0001-5394-5663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-5663","contributorId":92726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120857,"text":"70120857 - 1984 - A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:13:10","indexId":"70120857","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T09:47:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W02","title":"A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","docAbstract":"Oil and gas exploration and production at marine sites has generated concern over potential environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of spent drilling muds and cuttings. This concern has led to a broad array of publicly and privately sponsored research. This report described a cooperative modeling effort designed to focus information resulting from this research through construction of explicit equations that simulate the potential impacts of discharge drilling fluids (muds) and cuttings on marine communities. The model is the result of collaboration among more than 30 scientists. The principal cooperating organizations were the E.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Minerals Management Service, the Offshore Operators Committee, and the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.
\nThe overall simulation model can be conceptualized as three connected submodels: Discharge and Plume Fate, Sediment Redistribution, and Benthic Community Effects. On each day of simulation, these submodels are executed in sequence, with flows of information between submodels. The Benthic Community Effects submodel can be further divided into sections that calculate mortality due to burial, mortality due to toxicity, mortality due to resuspension disturbance, and growth of the community.
\nThe model represents a series of seven discrete 1-m2 plots at specified distances along a transect in one direction away from a discharge point. It consists of coupled difference equations for which parameter values can easily be set to evaluate different conditions or to examine the sensitivity of output to various assumptions. Sets of parameter values were developed to represent four general cases or scenarios: (1) a shallow (5 m), cold environment with ice cover during a substantial fraction of the year, such as might be encountered in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska; (2) a shallow (20 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a deeper (80 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; and (4) a very deep (1,000 m) environment, such as might be encountered on the Atlantic slope.
\nThe focus of the modeling effort was on the connection of a reasonable representation of physical fate to the biological responses of populations, rather than on highly detailed representations of individual processes. For example, the calculations of physical fate are not as detailed as those in the recently published model of Brandsma et al. (1983). The value of the model described herein is in the broad scope of processes that are explicitly represented and linked together. The model cannot be considered to produce reliable predictions of the quantitative impacts of discharged drilling fluids and cuttings on biological populations at a particular site. Limitations of the model in predicting integrated fate and effects can be traced to three general areas: level of refinement of the algorithms used in the model; lack of understanding of the processes determining fate and effects; and parameter and data values.
\nDespite the limitations, several qualitative conclusions concerning both potential impacts and the importance of various remaining data gaps can be drawn from the modeling effort. These include:
\n(1) Simple, unequivocal conclusions about fate and effects across geographical regions and drilling operations are difficult, if not misleading, due to the large amount of variability in characteristics of discharged materials (e.g., oil content and toxicity), discharge conditions (e.g., duration of drilling operations), physical environments (e.g., water depth, current direction, and sediment disturbance regimes), and biological communities (e.g., intrinsic growth rates). Different combinations of these characteristics can result in substantial differences in simulated environmental fate and biological effects. For examples, simulated recovery in some high-energy environments occurs within months after the cessation of discharge operations, even at heavily impacted sites, whereas simulated recover in some low-energy environments takes years at heavily impacted sites.
\n<2) Considerable difficulties remain in the reliable extrapolation of results from laboratory toxicity experiments to predictions of population effects in the field.
\n(3) The volume of material discharged and duration of operations in the production drilling operations simulated by the model are sufficient to produce substantial simulated biological impacts at some plots, both in terms of differences from a control plot during the period of discharge operations, and in terms of the recovery period following the perturbations.
\nEvaluation of the significance of potential effects involves the following factors:
\n• Definition of a specific spatial and temporal reference frame (e.g., What is the natural variation? Is 1 year to be considered a \"long\" or \"short\" time? Is 50 m to be considered a \"large\" or \"trivial\" distance?
\n• Consideration of rare or unique resources and particularly sensitive biotic assemblages.
\n• Consideration of the potential for long term, cumulative effects.
\nSome of these aspects are clearly beyond the scope of this modeling efforts (e.g., the model does not simulate the long term fate of resuspended material). The model does, however, contain an internal \"reference frame\" by comparison to simulated behavior at a control plot. The model, in general, simulates substantial \"natural\" variation at the reference or control plots, both over time, due to sediment disturbance events in medium to high energy environments, and over space, due to geographically varying conditions, such as water depth and current regime.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Andrews, A.K., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and Shoemaker, T.G., 1984, A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities, 189 p.","productDescription":"189 p.","numberOfPages":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fc2e4b03334187188f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shoemaker, Thomas G.","contributorId":19491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70233967,"text":"70233967 - 1984 - A comparative ground response study near Los Angeles using recordings of Nevada nuclear tests and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-28T13:51:53.997964","indexId":"70233967","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T08:44:01","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative ground response study near Los Angeles using recordings of Nevada nuclear tests and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake","docAbstract":"A comparative ground response study at sites in the Los Angeles region is based on the extensive strong-motion data set recorded in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and 159 three-component recordings of distant nuclear tests in Nevada. Amplitude spectral ratios computed for the nuclear test data over those frequency bands for which there is an adequate signal-to-noise ratio provide statistically stable estimates of the local ground response related to the type of local geologic conditions. Comparison of the strong-motion data recorded from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake with that recorded at 28 of the same sites for the nuclear tests show that the corresponding amplitude spectral ratios are statistically equivalent for most sites, provided reference stations are chosen to minimize effects on the earthquake data of azimuthal source variations and crustal propagation path. Statistical equivalence of the spectral ratios for the two types of data sources suggests that amplitude spectral ratios computed with respect to the appropriate reference station provide a first-order estimate of local ground response.
The biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic position of the Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne Formation has been the subject of much debate. At the Martin-Marietta Quarry at Castle Hayne, New Hanover County, North Carolina, the planktic foraminifers indicate an assignment within an interval of the uppermost Turborotalia frontosa Zone to the Turborotalia pomeroli Zone. The calcareous nannofossils indicate an assignment to the middle part of the Chiasmolithus solitus Zone. The dinocyst data indicate placement in the upper part of the Kisselovia coleothrypta Zone of Costa and Downie. These zonal units are considered to be within the middle Eocene of international usage, and, on the basis of the time scale used in this paper, the Chiasmolithus solitus Zone represents a time interval of 42.1 to 45.4 megaannums (Ma). This differs significantly from a Rb/Sr glauconite date of 34.8 ± 1.0 Ma previously obtained at the same locality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1040:AOTCMO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hazel, J.E., Bybell, L.M., Edwards, L.E., Jones, G.D., and Ward, L.W., 1984, Age of the Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina: GSA Bulletin, v. 95, no. 9-10, p. 1040-1044, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1040:AOTCMO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1040","endPage":"1044","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"New Hanover County","city":"Castle Hayne","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.92791366577148,\n 34.33401010846338\n ],\n [\n -77.86688804626465,\n 34.33401010846338\n ],\n [\n -77.86688804626465,\n 34.38049178631383\n ],\n [\n -77.92791366577148,\n 34.38049178631383\n ],\n [\n -77.92791366577148,\n 34.33401010846338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, G. D.","contributorId":31971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, L. W.","contributorId":58704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013884,"text":"70013884 - 1984 - Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T15:31:49.541187","indexId":"70013884","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume","docAbstract":"Oxygen isotope analyses of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers from low and middle latitude sites in the Atlantic Basin show that different species from the same samples can yield significantly different isotopic values. The range of isotopic values observed between species is greatest at low-latitudes and declines poleward. Many planktonic foraminifers exhibit a systematic isotopic ranking with respect to each other and can therefore be grouped on the basis of their isotopic ranking. The isotopic ranking of some taxa, however, appears to vary geographically and/or through time.
Isotopic and paleontologic data from DSDP Site 522 indicate that commonly used isotopic temperature scales underestimate Oligocene sea surface temperatures. We suggest these temperature scales require revision to reflect the presence of Oligocene glaciation. Comparison of isotopic and paleontologic data from Sites 522, 511 and 277 suggests cold, low-salinity surface waters were present in high southern latitudes during the early Oligocene. Low-salinity, high latitude surface waters could be caused by Eocene/Oligocene paleogeography or by the production of warm saline bottom water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(84)90007-0","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., and Matthews, R., 1984, Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 111-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(84)90007-0.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a729be4b0c8380cd76bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthews, R.K.","contributorId":87295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039255,"text":"70039255 - 1984 - National Cartographic Information Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T01:01:57","indexId":"70039255","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-01T13:53:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"National Cartographic Information Center","docAbstract":"The National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC) exists to help you find maps of all kinds and much of the data and materials used to compile and to print them. NCIC collects, sorts and describes all types of cartographic information from Federal, State and local government agencies and, where possible, from private companies in the mapping business. It is the public's primary source for cartographic information. (See partial list of Federal agencies and their map and other cartographic products.)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039255","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, National Cartographic Information Center: General Information Product, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039255.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261487,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039255/report.pdf"},{"id":261488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039255/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6198e4b0c8380cd71a5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188D","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:13:22","indexId":"wri844188D","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4188","chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","docAbstract":"Recent investigations suggest that dispersion in aquifers is scale dependent and a function of the heterogeneity of aquifer materials. Theoretical stochastic studies indicate that determining hydraulic-conductivity variability in three dimensions is important in analyzing the dispersion process. Even though field methods are available to approximate hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions, the methods are not generally used because of high cost of field equipment and because measurement and analysis techniques are cumbersome and time consuming.
The hypothesis of this study is that field-determined values of dispersivity are scale dependent and that they may be described as a function of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions. The objectives of the study at the Bemidji research site are to (1) determine hydraulic conductivity of the porous media in three dimensions, (2) determine field values of dispersivity and its scale dependence on hydraulic conductivity, and (3) develop and apply a computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system for field use in comprehensive determination of hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity.
Plans for this investigation involve a variety of methods of analysis. Hydraulic conductivity will be determined separately in the horizontal and vertical planes of the hydraulic-conductivity ellipsoid. Field values of dispersivity will be determined by single-well and doublet-well injection or withdrawal tests with tracers. A computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system to measure pressure, flow rate, tracer concentrations, and temperature will be designed for field testing. Real-time computer programs will be used to analyze field data. The initial methods of analysis will be utilized to meet the objectives of the study.
Preliminary field data indicate the aquifer underlying the Bemidji site is vertically heterogeneous, cross-bedded outwash. Preliminary analysis of the flow field around a hypothetical doublet-well tracer test indicates that the location of the wells can affect the field value of dispersivity. Preliminary analysis also indicates that different values of dispersivity may result from anisotropic conditions in tests in which observation wells are located at equal radial distances from either the injection or withdrawal well.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri844188D","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844188D.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73b9e4b03fd6b7df2c87"} ,{"id":70207800,"text":"70207800 - 1984 - Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T14:52:23.573871","indexId":"70207800","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-13T11:31:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","docAbstract":"The section recovered at Site 530 (Holes 53OA and 530B) consists of eight sedimentary units and one basalt unit. The composition of the basalt recovered in Hole 53OA is distinct from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) but is similar to that of Hawaiian tholeiites and basalt from the central part of Walvis Ridge. Throughout most of its history, the southern Angola Basin received large volumes of redeposited material in the form of turbidites and, most recently, debris-flow deposits. Most of this material was derived from Walvis Ridge to the south, but thickness trends of acoustic units suggest that some of the sediment was derived from the African continental margin to the east.
The basal sedimentary unit (Albian to Santonian) at Site 530 contains 262 beds of black shale that are interbedded with green and red claystone. Black shale makes up less than 10% of the total section, but in two cores of early Turonian age, black shale beds compose about 50% of the section. The black shales contain up to 19% organic carbon (average of about 5%) that is mainly of autochthonous marine origin but with significant contributions from terrigenous organic matter. The origin of these more- and less-reduced interbedded lithologies with varying amounts and types of organic matter, and variable amounts of pelagic, hemipelagic, and turbiditic sediment is complex and cannot be explained by any one simple process. Many factors affecting the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters of the Angola Basin varied throughout the middle Cretaceous to produce bottom-water conditions that fluctuated between mildly oxic and oxygen-deficient, but most of the time bottom-waters and sediment-interstitial waters were sufficiently oxic to permit the accumulation of red oxidized sediment.
A relatively complete sedimentary record of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary was recovered within a sequence of mudstone and marlstone turbidites in Hole 530A. There is a significant increase in the concentration of iridium above background levels at the boundary. High concentrations of many other elements also occur within the same stratigraphic interval as the iridium anomaly. Furthermore, there is a marked decrease in CaCO3 in the Tertiary strata above the iridium anomaly which suggests that the production of shallow-water carbonate also may have been affected by whatever caused elevated concentrations of iridium and other elements. These observations are consistent with the asteroid-impact theory proposed to explain the worldwide occurrence of an iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
The Cenozoic history of the Angola Basin was controlled mainly by (1) restriction of bottom-water flow from the south by Walvis Ridge; (2) development of glaciation on Antarctica; (3) opening of circulation passages in the southern oceans; (4) rapid turnover of cold, nutrient-rich waters that resulted in high productivity of diatoms; (5) influx of terrigenous sediment mainly by turbidity currents; and (6) production and preservation of carbonate sediment. The most distinctive Cenozoic event recorded in the section at Site 530 is the beginning of extensive glaciation on Anarctica and concomitant initiation of modern thermohaline bottom-water circulation that is manifested as a middle Eocene to middle Oligocene unconformity or compressed section accompanied by a drastic decrease in accumulation of CaCO3. Diatom abundances in HPC cores from Walvis Ridge (Site 532) and Angola Basin (Hole 53OB) indicate that Benguela upwelling in these areas began in the late Miocene, reached a peak in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, and declined thereafter. Short-term variations in sediment composition at Site 532 are manifested as cyclic variations in concentrations of clay, CaCO3, and organic carbon with average periodicities of about 30-60 k.y. The main variability that produced the cycles probably was the influx of terrigenous clastic material which diluted the CaCO3. The sediment at Site 532 also contains several percent organic carbon that is dominantly of marine origin, but with significant terrigenous components.
Data from multichannel seismic, gravity, and magnetic surveys were used to define the regional stratigraphic and structural evolution of Walvis Ridge and adjacent Cape and Angola basins. Six structural provinces are recognized, four on Walvis Ridge and two additional provinces that correspond to the Cape and Angola basins. The two eastern structural provinces on Walvis Ridge are underlain by continental crust. The two western structural provinces are underlain by oceanic basement. Two main directions of faults are evident in seismic profiles, one trending N 10° and one trending N 60°. The N 60° trend corresponds to the general orientation of the northern and southern flanks of Walvis Ridge as well as to the dominant direction of fracture zones.
During the first phase of separation of Africa from South America (ca. 120-130 m.y. ago), a voluminous mass of volcanics was emplaced simultaneous with the emplacement of basalt in the Parana Basin of Brazil and the Kaokoveld Region of South Africa. This period of volcanism also formed the series of seaward-dipping internal basement reflectors that are characteristic of the two structural provinces of Walvis Ridge. A system of fault blocks developed in the brittle upper part of the newly formed crust. During the second phase of rifting, which ended before late Aptian, more tilted fault blocks were created in the upper brittle stratified continental crust. Magnetic lineations in basement rocks in the Angola and Cape basins in the vicinity of Walvis Ridge are not distinct but suggest that oceanic crust began to be emplaced between 120 and 112 m.y. ago (Barremian to early Aptian). At least part of the oceanic crust of the central plateau of eastern Walvis Ridge (structural province 3) may have been emplaced before any oceanic crust formed in the adjacent basins. A ridge jump occurred during the late Aptian to early Albian in the southern part of the Angola Basin which translated the previously formed oceanic crust and its overlying evaporite deposits on the South American side. Several ridge jumps occurred on both sides of Walvis Ridge during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary to produce a 500-km-long segment of mid-ocean ridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Hay, W., and Sibuet, J., 1984, Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 75, p. 509-544, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Locations of dredge CH 18-DR06 and DSDP drill sites","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ],\n [\n 16.89697265625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ],\n [\n 16.89697265625,\n -17.035777250427184\n ],\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -17.035777250427184\n ],\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, W.W.","contributorId":221650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hay","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28140,"text":"UC Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sibuet, Jean-Claude","contributorId":221651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sibuet","given":"Jean-Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70231443,"text":"70231443 - 1984 - Remote sensing and geophysical investigations of glacial buried valleys in northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T17:15:42.372549","indexId":"70231443","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T11:58:32","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing and geophysical investigations of glacial buried valleys in northeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Aquifers found in glacial buried valleys are a major source of good-quality ground water in northeastern Kansas. The extent and character of many of these deposits are not precisely known, so a detailed study of the buried valleys was undertaken. Test drilling, Landsat imagery, shallow-earth temperature measurements, seismic refraction, surface electrical resistivity, and gravity data were used to evaluate two sites in Nemaha and Jefferson Counties. Tonal patterns on springtime Landsat imagery and winter/summer anomalies in shallow-earth temperatures were quick and inexpensive methods for locating some glacial buried aquifers and suggested areas for more intensive field studies. Reversed seismic refraction and resistivity surveys were generally reliable indicators of the presence or absence of glacial buried valleys, with most depth determinations being within 25% of test-drilling results. The effectiveness of expensive test-hole drilling was greatly increased by integrating remote sensing, shallow-earth temperature, seismic, and resistivity techniques in the two buried valley test areas. A gravity profile allowed precise definition of the extent of one of the channels after the other techniques had been used for general information.
We have measured the concentration of the cosmogenic isotope10Be in soil samples from various horizons at six sites, including three independently dated Rappahannock River terraces and a previously undated Piedmont soil to which we have assigned an age. All of the incident10Be can be accounted for in one of these soils and a second is within a factor of two. In three soils, whose concentrations vary widely with depth, a significant fraction of the incident10Be cannot be accounted for. Incomplete sampling, and enhanced Be mobility caused by organic components, are the probable reasons for the low inventory of Be from these three soils. Overall, the data from these six sites indicate that10Be accumulation could be used to assign ages to soils if Be is not mobilized and lost from the soil profile.
Stability‐dependent and Dalton‐type mass transfer formulas are determined from experimental evaporation data in ambient and heated channels and are shown to have similar performance in prediction of evaporation. The formulas developed are compared with those proposed by other investigators for lakes and flowing channels. The evaporation data were obtained from a heat‐budget analysis of two large outdoor channels, one of which received ambient‐temperature water from an adjacent reservoir while the other received an artificially‐heated discharge. Daily evaporation was calculated from bihourly values of water temperature and hourly values of meteorological variables for a 63‐day study period in the summer. The evaporation data were then used to derive mass transfer evaporation formulas for heated and ambient flowing channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1984)110:1(1)","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J., and Sturm, T., 1984, Evaporation from flowing channels: Journal of Energy Engineering - ASCE, v. 110, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1984)110:1(1).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d10e4b0c8380cd52de0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturm, T.W.","contributorId":79623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturm","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013938,"text":"70013938 - 1984 - Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T13:53:05","indexId":"70013938","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Space systems now provide data in basically orthographic form which greatly simplifies the production of the image map. Moreover, the multispectral capability of space systems facilitates the use of the color mode when compared to aerial photography. Digital graphical information systems are now being developed on a global basis and the response from space which represents the image in multispectral form will undoubtedly be incorporated into such information systems. Thus, the capability of printing out the image along with more conventional map data will be a viable option.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1984, Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Paris, France, p. 957-960.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"960","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8de4b0c8380cd87660","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536285,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013935,"text":"70013935 - 1984 - DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE MAPPING WITH LANDSAT TM AND SPOT SIMULATOR DATA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70013935","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE MAPPING WITH LANDSAT TM AND SPOT SIMULATOR DATA.","docAbstract":"To overcome certain problems associated with the visual selection of Landsat TM bands for image mapping, the author used a quantitative technique that ranks the 20 possible three-band combinations based upon their information content. Standard deviations and correlation coefficients can be used to compute a value called the Optimum Index Factor (OIF) for each of the 20 possible combinations. SPOT simulator images were digitally processed and compared with Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) images covering a semi-arid region in northern Arizona and a highly vegetated urban area near Washington, D. C. Statistical comparisons indicate the more radiometric or color information exists in certain TM three-band combinations than in the three SPOT bands.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, Fr","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., 1984, DIGITAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE MAPPING WITH LANDSAT TM AND SPOT SIMULATOR DATA., in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, Paris, Fr, p. 101-116.","startPage":"101","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd48e4b0c8380cd4e73e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536284,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014062,"text":"70014062 - 1984 - Technical problems in the construction of a map to zone the earthquake ground-shaking hazard in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:50:18.363912","indexId":"70014062","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technical problems in the construction of a map to zone the earthquake ground-shaking hazard in the United States","docAbstract":"Zoning of the earthquake ground-shaking hazard — the division of a region into geographic areas having a similar relative severity or response to ground shaking — has been a goal in the United States for about fifty years. During this period, two types of ground-shaking hazard maps have been constructed. The first type assumes that, except for scaling differences, approximately the same effects that occurred in historic earthquakes will occur in future earthquakes. The second type integrates historic seismicity data and geologic information and uses probabilistic concepts to estimate the characteristics of future ground shaking within specific exposure times. Construction of zoning maps on both a national and regional scale requires innovative research and good data to resolve technical issues about seismicity, the earthquake source, seismic wave attenuation, and local ground response. Because of unresolved issues, implementation in building codes has proceeded fairly slowly.