The physical habitat used during spawning may potentially be an important factor affecting reproductive output of broadcast spawning marine fishes, particularly for species with complex, substrate-oriented mating systems and behaviors, such as Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. We characterized the habitat use and behavior of spawning Atlantic cod at two locations off the coast of southwestern Iceland during a 2-d research cruise (15–16 April 2009). We simultaneously operated two different active hydroacoustic gear types, a split beam echosounder and a dual frequency imaging sonar (DIDSON), as well as a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). A total of five fish species were identified through ROV surveys: including cusk Brosme brosme, Atlantic cod, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, lemon sole Microstomus kitt, and Atlantic redfish Sebastes spp. Of the three habitats identified in the acoustic surveys, the transitional habitat between boulder/lava field and sand habitats was characterized by greater fish density and acoustic target strength compared to that of sand or boulder/lava field habitats independently. Atlantic cod were observed behaving in a manner consistent with published descriptions of spawning. Individuals were observed ascending 1–5 m into the water column from the bottom at an average vertical swimming speed of 0.20–0.25 m s−1 and maintained an average spacing of 1.0–1.4 m between individuals. Our results suggest that cod do not choose spawning locations indiscriminately despite the fact that it is a broadcast spawning fish with planktonic eggs that are released well above the seafloor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0051321","usgsCitation":"Grabowski, T.B., Boswell, K.M., McAdam, B.J., Wells, R.J., and Marteinsdottir, G., 2012, Characterization of Atlantic cod spawning habitat and behavior in Icelandic coastal waters: PLoS ONE, v. 7, no. 12, 10 p.; e51321, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051321.","productDescription":"10 p.; e51321","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038389","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051321","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -20.986633300781246,\n 63.8182581988647\n ],\n [\n -20.92071533203125,\n 63.803712284928814\n ],\n [\n -21.1541748046875,\n 63.61698233975829\n ],\n [\n -21.255798339843746,\n 63.640162338558355\n ],\n [\n -20.986633300781246,\n 63.8182581988647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556ed3b8e4b0d9246a9fa7ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grabowski, Timothy B. 0000-0001-9763-8948 tgrabowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8948","contributorId":4178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Timothy","email":"tgrabowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boswell, Kevin M.","contributorId":141037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boswell","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13050,"text":"Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAdam, Bruce J.","contributorId":141038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAdam","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, R. J. David","contributorId":141039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wells","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. David","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marteinsdottir, Gudrun","contributorId":11099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marteinsdottir","given":"Gudrun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041490,"text":"sir20125235 - 2012 - Residence time, chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater and surface water of a small agricultural watershed in the Coastal Plain, Bucks Branch, Sussex County, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:17:30.23651","indexId":"sir20125235","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5235","title":"Residence time, chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater and surface water of a small agricultural watershed in the Coastal Plain, Bucks Branch, Sussex County, Delaware","docAbstract":"Nitrate is a common contaminant in groundwater and surface water throughout the Nation, and water-resource managers need more detailed small-scale watershed research to guide conservation efforts aimed at improving water quality. Concentrations of nitrate in Bucks Branch are among the highest in the state of Delaware and a scientific investigation was performed to provide water-quality information to assist with the management of agriculture and water resources. A combination of major-ion chemistry, nitrogen isotopic composition and age-dating techniques was used to estimate the residence time and provide a chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater in the surficial aquifer of the Bucks Branch watershed in Sussex County, Delaware. The land use was more than 90 percent agricultural and most nitrogen inputs were from manure and fertilizer. The apparent median age of sampled groundwater is 18 years and the estimated residence time of groundwater contributing to the streamflow for the entire Bucks Branch watershed at the outlet is approximately 19 years. Concentrations of nitrate exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter (as nitrogen) in 60 percent of groundwater samples and 42 percent of surface-water samples. The overall geochemistry in the Bucks Branch watershed indicates that agriculture is the predominant source of nitrate contamination and the observed patterns in major-ion chemistry are similar to those observed in other studies on the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. The pattern of enrichment in nitrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ15N and δ18O) of nitrate in groundwater and surface water indicates there is some loss of nitrate through denitrification, but this process is not sufficient to remove all of the nitrate from groundwater discharging to streams, and concentrations of nitrate in streams remain elevated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125235","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and the Delaware Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Clune, J., and Denver, J., 2012, Residence time, chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater and surface water of a small agricultural watershed in the Coastal Plain, Bucks Branch, Sussex County, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5235, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125235.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040492","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5235.gif"},{"id":263733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5235/"},{"id":263734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5235/pdf/sir2012-5235_508.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Delaware","county":"Sussex","otherGeospatial":"Bucks Branch Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.691667,38.675 ], [ -75.691667,38.733333 ], [ -75.616667,38.733333 ], [ -75.616667,38.675 ], [ -75.691667,38.675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be8fe4b09fd40bb0eb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clune, John W. 0000-0002-3563-1975","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-1975","contributorId":56753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clune","given":"John W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denver, Judith M. jmdenver@usgs.gov","contributorId":780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"Judith M.","email":"jmdenver@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041488,"text":"70041488 - 2012 - Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-07T10:46:40","indexId":"70041488","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network","docAbstract":"We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9946-4","usgsCitation":"Mills, J.S., Dunham, J., Reeves, G.H., McMillan, J.R., Zimmerman, C.E., and Jordan, C.E., 2012, Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 4, p. 505-517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9946-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"517","ipdsId":"IP-034081","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263782,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9946-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"John Day River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.74582,44.249292 ], [ -118.74582,44.459598 ], [ -118.525734,44.459598 ], [ -118.525734,44.249292 ], [ -118.74582,44.249292 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e9ee4b0b57f2415d22b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, Justin S.","contributorId":56944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B.","contributorId":64791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, Gordon H.","contributorId":101521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMillan, John R.","contributorId":27905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jordan, Chris E.","contributorId":88233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041468,"text":"ofr20121147 - 2012 - Streamflow statistics for selected streams in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:24:33","indexId":"ofr20121147","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1147","title":"Streamflow statistics for selected streams in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data for the periods of record through water year 2009 for selected active and discontinued U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan were compiled. The summaries for each streamflow-gaging station include a brief station description, a graph of the annual peak and annual mean discharge for the period of record, statistics of monthly and annual mean discharges, monthly and annual flow durations, probability of occurrence of annual high discharges, annual peak discharge and corresponding gage height for the period of record, and monthly and annual mean discharges for the period of record.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121147","collaboration":"In cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, North Dakota Department of Health, North Dakota Department of Transportation, and Red River Joint Water Resource Board","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, T., 2012, Streamflow statistics for selected streams in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1147, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121147.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029695","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263731,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1147.gif"},{"id":263729,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1147/"},{"id":263730,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1147/ofr2012-1147.pdf"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Manitoba;Minnesota;North Dakota;Saskatchewan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0,45.916667 ], [ -104.0,49.0 ], [ -97.0,49.0 ], [ -97.0,45.916667 ], [ -104.0,45.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c11ac0e4b005831885e282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara","contributorId":57846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041448,"text":"70041448 - 2012 - Effects of hydroperiod duration on survival, developmental rate, and size at metamorphosis in boreal chorus frog tadpoles (Pseudacris maculata)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-07T11:54:38","indexId":"70041448","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hydroperiod duration on survival, developmental rate, and size at metamorphosis in boreal chorus frog tadpoles (Pseudacris maculata)","docAbstract":"Understanding the relationship between climate-driven habitat conditions and survival is key to preserving biodiversity in the face of rapid climate change. Hydroperiod—the length of time water is in a wetland—is a critical limiting habitat variable for amphibians as larvae must metamorphose before ponds dry. Changes in precipitation and temperature patterns are affecting hydroperiod globally, but the impact of these changes on amphibian persistence is poorly understood. We studied the responses of Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata) tadpoles to simulated hydroperiods (i.e., water level reductions) in the laboratory using individuals collected from ponds spanning a range of natural hydroperiods (Colorado Front Range, USA). To assess the effects of experimental hydroperiod reduction, we measured mortality, time to metamorphosis, and size at metamorphosis. We found that tadpoles grew at rates reflecting the hydroperiods of their native ponds, regardless of experimental treatment. Tadpoles from permanent ponds metamorphosed faster than those from ephemeral ponds across all experimental treatments, a pattern which may represent a predation selection gradient or countergradient variation in developmental rates. Size at metamorphosis did not vary across experimental treatments. Mortality was low overall but varied with pond of origin. Our results suggest that adaptation to local hydroperiod and/or predation and temperature conditions is important in P. maculata. Moreover, the lack of a plastic response to reduced hydroperiods suggests that P. maculata may not be able to metamorphose quickly enough to escape drying ponds. These results have important implications for amphibian persistence in ponds predicted to dry more quickly due to rapid climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Herpetologist's League","publisherLocation":"http://www.herpetologistsleague.org","doi":"10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00093","usgsCitation":"Amburgey, S., Funk, W.C., Murphy, M., and Muths, E., 2012, Effects of hydroperiod duration on survival, developmental rate, and size at metamorphosis in boreal chorus frog tadpoles (Pseudacris maculata): Herpetologica, v. 68, no. 4, p. 456-467, https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00093.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"467","ipdsId":"IP-037960","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263813,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00093"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e23e4b0b57f2415d1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amburgey, Staci","contributorId":79379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amburgey","given":"Staci","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Funk, W. Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":97589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Funk","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":6998,"text":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Melanie","contributorId":88239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Melanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muths, Erin 0000-0002-5498-3132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":14012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041501,"text":"fs20123134 - 2012 - Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T21:28:27","indexId":"fs20123134","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3134","title":"Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States","docAbstract":"Gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) are the fundamental environmental characteristics that promote carbon exchanges with the atmosphere (Chapin and others, 2009), although other exchanges of carbon, such as direct oxidation (Lovett and others, 2006), can modify net ecosystem production (NEP). The accumulation of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems results in systems in which soil organic matter (SOM) carbon often exceeds biomass carbon (Post and Kwon, 2000). This SOM pool exists at a steady state between GPP and Re in ecosystems unless drivers change or the ecosystem endures environmental perturbations (for example, climatic). As indicated by Wilhelm and others (2011), conversion of grasslands to agriculture and cultivation can result in reduced soil carbon, with the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere by stimulated oxidation and higher Re; therefore, land-use and land management practices have clear effects on NEP, with potential repercussions on ecosystems. The recent demand for biofuels has changed land-use and cropping patterns, especially in Midwestern United States (Wilhelm and others, 2011). It is important to ensure the sustainability of these and other land uses and to assess the effects on NEP.\nFlux tower networks, such as AmeriFlux and FLUXNET, consist of a growing number of eddy covariance flux tower sites that provide a synoptic record of the exchange of carbon, water, and energy between the ecosystem and atmosphere at various temporal frequencies. These towers also detect and measure certain site characteristics, such as wind, temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil features, and phenological progressions. Efforts are continuous to combine flux tower network data with remote sensing data to upscale the conditions observed at specific sites to a regional and, ultimately, worldwide scale. Data-driven regression tree models have the ability to incorporate flux tower records and remote sensing data to quantify exchanges of carbon with the atmosphere (Wylie and others, 2007; Xiao and others, 2010; Zhang and others, 2010; Zhang and others, 2011). Previous study results demonstrated the dramatic effect weather has on NEP and revealed specific ecoregions and times acting as carbon sinks or sources. As of 2012, more than 100 site-years of flux tower measurements, represented by more than 50 individual cropland or grassland sites throughout the Great Plains and surrounding area, have been acquired, quality controlled, and partitioned into gross photosynthesis (Pg) and ecosystem Re using detailed light-response, soil temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) based analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123134","usgsCitation":"Howard, D., Gilmanov, T., Gu, Y., Wylie, B., and Zhang, L., 2012, Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3134, 6 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123134.","productDescription":"6 p.; maps (col.)","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040006","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263765,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3134/fs12-3134.pdf"},{"id":263764,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3134/"},{"id":263766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3134.gif"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2,28.2 ], [ -114.2,54.1 ], [ -95.6,54.1 ], [ -95.6,28.2 ], [ -114.2,28.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be81e4b09fd40bb0eb1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Daniel 0000-0002-7563-7538","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-7538","contributorId":56946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmanov, Tagir","contributorId":6351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmanov","given":"Tagir","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gu, Yingxin 0000-0002-3544-1856 ygu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-1856","contributorId":409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"Yingxin","email":"ygu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":107996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhang, Li","contributorId":98139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Li","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041507,"text":"sir20125205 - 2012 - Relations among water levels, specific conductance, and depths of bedrock fractures in four road-salt-contaminated wells in Maine, 2007–9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:19:08","indexId":"sir20125205","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5205","title":"Relations among water levels, specific conductance, and depths of bedrock fractures in four road-salt-contaminated wells in Maine, 2007–9","docAbstract":"Data on groundwater-level, specific conductance (a surrogate for chloride), and temperature were collected continuously from 2007 through 2009 at four bedrock wells known to be affected by road salts in an effort to determine the effects of road salting and fractures in bedrock that intersect the well at a depth below the casing on the presence of chloride in groundwater. Dissolved-oxygen data collected periodically also were used to make inferences about the interaction of fractures and groundwater flow. Borehole geophysical tools were used to determine the depths of fractures in each well that were actively contributing flow to the well, under both static and pumped conditions; sample- and measurement-depths were selected to correspond to the depths of these active fractures. Samples of water from the wells, collected at depths corresponding to active bedrock fractures, were analyzed for chloride concentration and specific conductance; from these analyses, a linear relation between chloride concentration and specific conductance was established, and continuous and periodic measurements of specific conductance were assumed to represent chloride concentration of the well water at the depth of measurement. To varying degrees, specific conductance increased in at least two of the wells during winter and spring thaws; the shallowest well, which also was closest to the road receiving salt treatment during the winter, exhibited the largest changes in specific conductance during thaws. Recharge events during summer months, long after application of road salt had ceased for the year, also produced increases in specific conductance in some of the wells, indicating that chloride which had accumulated or sequestered in the overburden was transported to the wells throughout the year. Geophysical data and periodic profiles of water quality along the length of each well’s borehole indicated that the greatest changes in water quality were associated with active fractures; in one case, high concentration of dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the well indicated the presence of a highly transmissive fracture that was in good connection with a surficial feature (stream or atmosphere). Data indicated that fractures have a substantial influence on the transport of chlorides to the subsurface; that elevated specific conductance occurred throughout the year, not just when road salts were applied; and that chloride contamination, as indicated by elevated specific conductance, may persist for years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125205","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Maine Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Schalk, C.W., and Stasulis, N.W., 2012, Relations among water levels, specific conductance, and depths of bedrock fractures in four road-salt-contaminated wells in Maine, 2007–9: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5205, viii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125205.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5205.gif"},{"id":263736,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5205/"},{"id":263737,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5205/pdf/sir2012-5205_508.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 19 North","country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Cumberland;Hancock;Kennebec","city":"Gray;Sullivan;West Gardiner","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.75,43.5 ], [ -70.75,44.75 ], [ -68.0,44.75 ], [ -68.0,43.5 ], [ -70.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be8ae4b09fd40bb0eb27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stasulis, Nicholas W. 0000-0001-7645-4867 nstasuli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-4867","contributorId":4520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stasulis","given":"Nicholas","email":"nstasuli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041518,"text":"sir20125071 - 2012 - Phase II modification of the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) for Kentucky: The sinkhole-drainage process, point-and-click basin delineation, and results of karst test-basin simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T16:09:12.003689","indexId":"sir20125071","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5071","title":"Phase II modification of the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) for Kentucky: The sinkhole-drainage process, point-and-click basin delineation, and results of karst test-basin simulations","docAbstract":"This report describes Phase II modifications made to the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER), which applies the process-based TOPMODEL approach to simulate or predict stream discharge in surface basins in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The previous (Phase I) version of WATER did not provide a means of identifying sinkhole catchments or accounting for the effects of karst (internal) drainage in a TOPMODEL-simulated basin. In the Phase II version of WATER, sinkhole catchments are automatically identified and delineated as internally drained subbasins, and a modified TOPMODEL approach (called the sinkhole drainage process, or SDP-TOPMODEL) is applied that calculates mean daily discharges for the basin based on summed area-weighted contributions from sinkhole drain-age (SD) areas and non-karstic topographically drained (TD) areas. Results obtained using the SDP-TOPMODEL approach were evaluated for 12 karst test basins located in each of the major karst terrains in Kentucky. Visual comparison of simulated hydrographs and flow-duration curves, along with statistical measures applied to the simulated discharge data (bias, correlation, root mean square error, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients), indicate that the SDPOPMODEL approach provides acceptably accurate estimates of discharge for most flow conditions and typically provides more accurate simulation of stream discharge in karstic basins compared to the standard TOPMODEL approach. Additional programming modifications made to the Phase II version of WATER included implementation of a point-and-click graphical user interface (GUI), which fully automates the delineation of simulation-basin boundaries and improves the speed of input-data processing. The Phase II version of WATER enables the user to select a pour point anywhere on a stream reach of interest, and the program will automatically delineate all upstream areas that contribute drainage to that point. This capability enables automatic delineation of a simulation basin of any size (area) and having any level of stream-network complexity. WATER then automatically identifies the presence of sinkholes catchments within the simulation basin boundaries; extracts and compiles the necessary climatic, topographic, and basin characteristics datasets; and runs the SDP-TOPMODEL approach to estimate daily mean discharges (streamflow).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.J., Williamson, T., Newson, J.K., Ulery, R.L., Nelson, H.L., and Cinotto, P.J., 2012, Phase II modification of the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) for Kentucky: The sinkhole-drainage process, point-and-click basin delineation, and results of karst test-basin simulations: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5071, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125071.","productDescription":"vi, 45 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":469893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cinotto, Peter J. pcinotto@usgs.gov","contributorId":451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinotto","given":"Peter","email":"pcinotto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science 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Efforts to increase land productivity include conversion of millions of hectares of rangelands to crop production, including many marginal lands with low resistance and resilience to degradation. Sustaining the productivity of these lands requires careful land use planning and innovative management systems. Historically, this responsibility has been left to agronomists and others with expertise in crop production. In this article, we argue that the revolutionary land use changes necessary to support national and global food security potentially make rangeland science more relevant now than ever. Maintaining and increasing relevance will require a revolutionary change in range science from a discipline that focuses on a particular land use or land cover to one that addresses the challenge of managing all lands that, at one time, were considered to be marginal for crop production. We propose four strategies to increase the relevance of rangeland science to global land management: 1) expand our awareness and understanding of local to global economic, social, and technological trends in order to anticipate and identify drivers and patterns of conversion; 2) emphasize empirical studies and modeling that anticipate the biophysical (ecosystem services) and societal consequences of large-scale changes in land cover and use; 3) significantly increase communication and collaboration with the disciplines and sectors of society currently responsible for managing the new land uses; and 4) develop and adopt a dynamic and flexible resilience-based land classification system and data-supported conceptual models (e.g., state-and-transition models) that represent all lands, regardless of use and the consequences of land conversion to various uses instead of changes in state or condition that are focused on a single land use.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Wheat Ridge, CO","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-11-00186.1","usgsCitation":"Herrick, J.E., Brown, J., Bestelmeyer, B., Andrews, S., Baldi, G., Davies, J., Duniway, M., Havstad, K., Karl, J., Karlen, D., Peters, D., Quinton, J., Riginos, C., Shaver, P., Steinaker, D., and Twomlow, S., 2012, Revolutionary land use change in the 21st century: Is (rangeland) science relevant?: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 65, no. 6, p. 590-598, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-11-00186.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"590","endPage":"598","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-032539","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-11-00186.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263732,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-11-00186.1"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be93e4b09fd40bb0eb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrick, J. 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C.","affiliations":[{"id":25579,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Quinton, J.N.","contributorId":82595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinton","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Riginos, C.","contributorId":54437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riginos","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Shaver, P.L.","contributorId":8705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Steinaker, D.","contributorId":57339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinaker","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Twomlow, S.","contributorId":22650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twomlow","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70041467,"text":"70041467 - 2012 - Synchronous cycling of Ichthyophoniasis with Chinook salmon density revealed during the annual Yukon River spawning migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T13:04:52","indexId":"70041467","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synchronous cycling of Ichthyophoniasis with Chinook salmon density revealed during the annual Yukon River spawning migration","docAbstract":"Populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Yukon River declined by more than 57% between 2003 and 2010, probably the result of a combination of anthropogenic and environmental factors. One possible contributor to this decline is Ichthyophonus, a mesomycetozoan parasite that has previously been implicated in significant losses of fish, including Chinook salmon. A multiyear epidemiological study of ichthyophoniasis in the Yukon River revealed that disease prevalence and Chinook salmon population abundance increased and decreased simultaneously (i.e., were concordant) from 1999 to 2010. The two values rose and fell synchronously 91% of the time for female Chinook salmon and 82% of the time for males; however, there was no significant correlation between Ichthyophonus prevalence and population abundance. This synchronicity might be explained by a single factor, such as a prey item that is critical to Chinook salmon survival as well as a source of Ichthyophonus infection. The host–parasite relationship between Ichthyophonus and migrating Chinook salmon from 2004 to 2010 was similar to that reported for the previous 5 years. During 2004–2010, overall disease prevalence was significantly higher among females (21%) than among males (8%), increased linearly with fish length for both males and females, and increased in both sexes as the fish progressed upriver. These regularly occurring features of host–parasite dynamics confirm a stable base of transmission for Ichthyophonus. However, from 2003 to 2010, disease prevalence decreased from 30% to just 8% in males and from 45% to 9% in females, paralleling a similar decline in Chinook salmon abundance during the same period. These findings may help clarify questions regarding the complex host–parasite dynamics that occur in marine species such as herrings Clupea spp., which have less well-defined population structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2012.683476","usgsCitation":"Zuray, S., Kocan, R., and Hershberger, P., 2012, Synchronous cycling of Ichthyophoniasis with Chinook salmon density revealed during the annual Yukon River spawning migration: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 3, p. 615-623, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.683476.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"623","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029478","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.57312,66.231476 ], [ -147.57312,66.309776 ], [ -147.399078,66.309776 ], [ -147.399078,66.231476 ], [ -147.57312,66.231476 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"141","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be9ce4b09fd40bb0eb36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuray, Stanley","contributorId":38444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuray","given":"Stanley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kocan, Richard","contributorId":58917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hershberger, Paul","contributorId":92557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041510,"text":"fs20123092 - 2012 - The state of amphibians in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T16:02:58","indexId":"fs20123092","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3092","title":"The state of amphibians in the United States","docAbstract":"More than 25 years ago, scientists began to identify unexplained declines in amphibian populations around the world. Much has been learned since then, but amphibian declines have not abated and the interactions among the various threats to amphibians are not clear. Amphibian decline is a problem of local, national, and international scope that can affect ecosystem function, biodiversity, and commerce. 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For thousands of years, lightning-strike fires from summer thunderstorms have helped create and maintain a dynamic landscape suited both to withstand fire and recover quickly in the wake of frequent fires. Today, managers in the Everglades National Park are implementing controlled burns to promote healthy, sustainable vegetation patterns and ecosystem functions. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is using remote sensing to improve fire-management databases in the Everglades, gain insights into post-fire land-cover dynamics, and develop spatially and temporally explicit fire-scar data for habitat and hydrologic modeling.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123133","usgsCitation":"Jones, J., 2012, Wetland fire remote sensing research--The Greater Everglades example: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3133, 2 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123133.","productDescription":"2 p.; maps (col.)","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3133.gif"},{"id":263767,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3133/"},{"id":263768,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3133/pdf/fs2012-3133.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.5183,24.85 ], [ -81.5183,25.8899 ], [ -80.3887,25.8899 ], [ -80.3887,24.85 ], [ -81.5183,24.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1bea4e4b09fd40bb0eb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, John 0000-0001-6117-3691 jwjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-3691","contributorId":2220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"jwjones@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041453,"text":"70041453 - 2012 - Effect of brook trout removal from a spawning stream on an adfluvial population of Lahontan cutthroat trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T22:29:49","indexId":"70041453","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of brook trout removal from a spawning stream on an adfluvial population of Lahontan cutthroat trout","docAbstract":"Independence Lake (Nevada and Sierra counties, California) harbors the only extant native population of Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi in the Truckee River system and one of two extant adfluvial populations in the Lahontan basin. The persistence of this population has been precarious for more than 50 years, with spawning runs consisting of only 30–150 fish. It is assumed that this population was much larger prior to the introduction of nonnative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Brook trout overlap with cutthroat trout in upper Independence Creek, where the cutthroat trout spawn and their resulting progeny emigrate to Independence Lake. In 2005, we began removing brook trout from upper Independence Creek using electrofishers and monitored the cutthroat trout population. Stomach analysis of captured brook trout revealed cutthroat trout fry, and cutthroat trout fry survival increased significantly from 4% to 12% with brook trout removal. Prior to brook trout removal, the only Lahontan cutthroat trout progeny emigrating to Independence Lake were fry; with brook trout removal, juveniles were found entering the lake. In 2010, 237 potential spawners passed a prefabricated weir upstream of Independence Lake. Although the results of this study suggest that brook trout removal from upper Independence Creek has had a positive influence on the population dynamics of Independence Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout, additional years of removal are needed to assess the ultimate effect this action will have upon the cutthroat trout population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.675958","usgsCitation":"Scoppettone, G.G., Rissler, P.H., Shea, S.P., and Somer, W., 2012, Effect of brook trout removal from a spawning stream on an adfluvial population of Lahontan cutthroat trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 3, p. 586-596, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.675958.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"586","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-037012","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1234421","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263772,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.675958"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Independence Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.3292,39.430269 ], [ -120.3292,39.452309 ], [ -120.287093,39.452309 ], [ -120.287093,39.430269 ], [ -120.3292,39.430269 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be7be4b09fd40bb0eb1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scoppettone, G. Gary","contributorId":61137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rissler, Peter H. peter_rissler@usgs.gov","contributorId":4508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rissler","given":"Peter","email":"peter_rissler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shea, Sean P. sean_shea@usgs.gov","contributorId":4334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shea","given":"Sean","email":"sean_shea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Somer, William","contributorId":53266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somer","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041451,"text":"70041451 - 2012 - Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T22:19:00","indexId":"70041451","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring","docAbstract":"We conducted a 3-year radiotelemetry study in the lower Snake River to (1) determine whether juvenile fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha pass dams during winter, when bypass systems and structures designed to prevent mortality are not operated; (2) determine whether downstream movement rate varies annually, seasonally, and from reservoir to reservoir; and (3) identify some of the factors that contribute to annual, seasonal, and spatial variation in downstream movement rate. Fall Chinook salmon juveniles moved downstream up to 169 km and at a sufficiently fast rate (7.5 km/d) such that large percentages (up to 93%) of the fish passed one or more dams during the winter. Mean downstream movement rate varied annually (9.2–11.3 km/d), increased from winter (7.5 km/d) to spring (16.4 km/d), and increased (from 6.9 to 16.8 km/d) as fish moved downstream from reservoir to reservoir. Fish condition factor at tagging explained some of the annual variation in downstream movement rate, whereas water particle velocity and temperature explained portions of the seasonal variation. An increase in migrational disposition as fish moved downstream helped to explain the spatial variation. The potential cost of winter movement might be reduced survival due to turbine passage at a time when the bypass systems and spillway passage structures are not operated. Efforts to understand and increase passage survival of winter migrants in large impoundments might help to rehabilitate some imperiled anadromous salmonid populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2012.662203","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K.F., Kock, T.J., Connor, W.P., Mullins, F., and Steinhorst, R., 2012, Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 2, p. 285-293, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.662203.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"293","ipdsId":"IP-029350","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263771,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263770,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.662203"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.2159,44.9707 ], [ -118.2159,46.7082 ], [ -116.4626,46.7082 ], [ -116.4626,44.9707 ], [ -118.2159,44.9707 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"141","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be69e4b09fd40bb0eb17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kock, Tobias J. 0000-0001-8976-0230 tkock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-0230","contributorId":3038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"Tobias","email":"tkock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connor, William P.","contributorId":107589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connor","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16677,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Fishery Resource Office, 276 Dworshak Complex Drive, Orofino, ID 83544","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mullins, Frank","contributorId":36440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steinhorst, R. Kirk","contributorId":56950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhorst","given":"R. Kirk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041508,"text":"sir20125212 - 2012 - Ohio River backwater flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers in southern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T17:22:01","indexId":"sir20125212","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5212","title":"Ohio River backwater flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers in southern Illinois","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers referenced to elevations on the Ohio River in southern Illinois were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The inundation maps, accessible through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (gage heights) at the USGS streamgage at Ohio River at Old Shawneetown, Illinois-Kentucky (station number 03381700). Current gage height and flow conditions at this USGS streamgage may be obtained on the Internet at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?03381700. In addition, this streamgage is incorporated into the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/) by the National Weather Service (NWS). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often co-located at USGS streamgages. That NWS forecasted peak-stage information, also shown on the Ohio River at Old Shawneetown inundation Web site, may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.
\nIn this study, eight water-surface elevations were mapped at 5-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the streamgage datum ranging from just above the NWS Action Stage (31 ft) to above the maximum historical gage height (66 ft). The elevations of the water surfaces were compared to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by using a Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level.
\nThese maps, along with information on the Internet regarding current gage heights from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125212","usgsCitation":"Murphy, E., Sharpe, J.B., and Soong, D., 2012, Ohio River backwater flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers in southern Illinois (First posted December 5, 2012; Revised and reposted September 18, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5212, Report: iv, 20 p.; Downloads Directory; 8 Sheets: 16.99 x 11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125212.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 20 p.; Downloads Directory; 8 Sheets: 16.99 x 11 inches","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125212.jpg"},{"id":263741,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet1_final.pdf"},{"id":263739,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/"},{"id":263740,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/Downloads"},{"id":263742,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet2_final.pdf"},{"id":263743,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet3_final.pdf"},{"id":263744,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet4_final.pdf"},{"id":263745,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet5_final.pdf"},{"id":263746,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet6_final.pdf"},{"id":263747,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet7_final.pdf"},{"id":263748,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet8_final.pdf"},{"id":263754,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/SIR20125212_salineriver_web.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Kentucky","city":"Old Shawneetown","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River;Saline River;Wabash River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.666667,37.5 ], [ -88.666667,37.916667 ], [ -88.0,37.916667 ], [ -88.0,37.5 ], [ -88.666667,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted December 5, 2012; Revised and reposted September 18, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be86e4b09fd40bb0eb23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soong, David T.","contributorId":87487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"David T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044119,"text":"70044119 - 2012 - Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T12:36:03","indexId":"70044119","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-05T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2010","docAbstract":"This report summarizes three research activities conducted in 2010-2011. The first was a radiotelemetry study conducted in the lower Clearwater River. The second was a hydroacoustic study conducted in Lower Granite and Little Goose reservoirs. The third was an analysis of covariates affecting juvenile fall Chinook salmon survival and behavior. In 2010, we used radiotelemetry to evaluate the migratory behavior, delay, and relative mortality of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in the Clearwater River and Lower Granite Reservoir. We captured, tagged, and released a total of 100 run-at-large subyearlings in the Transition Zone of the lower Clearwater River in late July and monitored their downstream movement past fixed detection sites and by mobile tracking through the end of August. The Transition Zone is that portion of the river where it transitions from free-flowing to impounded habitat. Median residence time of fish that passed through the Transition Zone, Confluence, and Upper Reservoir reaches was relatively short (8.8-25.6 h). However, for fish that remained in the Transition Zone that were detected by mobile tracking, median residence time was over 30 d (N=6). Median migration rates through the study reaches were variable but slow (range 2.9-17.2 km/d) compared to that of more active migrants indicating that subyearlings from the Clearwater River were not actively migrating during July and August. The fate of radio-tagged subyearlings was determined from mobile tracking records. A total of 37 of the 71 fish detected during tracking were deemed to be dead, 22 were determined to be alive, and the fate of 16 was unknown. We also radio tagged 66 smallmouth bass in the Confluence reach and later detected 59 bass during mobile tracking. Predators were primarily located along shorelines in the Confluence reach, but a few fish did swim downstream into the Upper Reservoir reach. Most radio-tagged subyearlings that we determined to be dead were also located in shoreline areas suggesting that predation could account for some of the mortality we observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K.F., Connor, W.P., Buchanan, R.A., St John, S.J., Erhardt, J.M., and Haskell, C.A., 2012, Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2010, 85 p.","productDescription":"85 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035747","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320971,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/PiscesPublication.mvc/SearchByTextInDocuments/?SearchString=P128358"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Clearwater River, Lower Granite reservoir, Little Goose reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -116.53198242187499,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -116.53198242187499,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Chapter 1: Migration delay of juvenile fall Chinook salmon in the vicinity of the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers
\nChapter 2: Hydroacoustic assessment of the density of overwintering juvenile fall Chinook salmon in Lower Granite and Little Goose reservoirs, 2010-2011
\nChapter 3: Covariate analysis for survival parameters and travel time addendum to 2009 Annual Report
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209139e4b071321fe6569c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connor, William P.","contributorId":107589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connor","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16677,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Fishery Resource Office, 276 Dworshak Complex Drive, Orofino, ID 83544","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":517179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchanan, Rebecca A.","contributorId":117624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":517181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"St John, Scott J. sstjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":5381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"St John","given":"Scott","email":"sstjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erhardt, John M. 0000-0002-5170-285X jerhardt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-285X","contributorId":5380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erhardt","given":"John","email":"jerhardt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haskell, Craig A. 0000-0002-3604-1758 chaskell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3604-1758","contributorId":3458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haskell","given":"Craig","email":"chaskell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041423,"text":"70041423 - 2012 - Casual instrument corrections for short-period and broadband seismometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T12:25:31","indexId":"70041423","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Casual instrument corrections for short-period and broadband seismometers","docAbstract":"Of all the filters applied to recordings of seismic waves, which include source, path, and site effects, the one we know most precisely is the instrument filter. Therefore, it behooves seismologists to accurately remove the effect of the instrument from raw seismograms. Applying instrument corrections allows analysis of the seismogram in terms of physical units (e.g., displacement or particle velocity of the Earth’s surface) instead of the output of the instrument (e.g., digital counts). The instrument correction can be considered the most fundamental processing step in seismology since it relates the raw data to an observable quantity of interest to seismologists. Complicating matters is the fact that, in practice, the term “instrument correction” refers to more than simply the seismometer. The instrument correction compensates for the complete recording system including the seismometer, telemetry, digitizer, and any anti‐alias filters. Knowledge of all these components is necessary to perform an accurate instrument correction. The subject of instrument corrections has been covered extensively in the literature (Seidl, 1980; Scherbaum, 1996). However, the prospect of applying instrument corrections still evokes angst among many seismologists—the authors of this paper included. There may be several reasons for this. For instance, the seminal paper by Seidl (1980) exists in a journal that is not currently available in electronic format and cannot be accessed online. Also, a standard method for applying instrument corrections involves the programs TRANSFER and EVALRESP in the Seismic Analysis Code (SAC) package (Goldstein et al., 2003). The exact mathematical methods implemented in these codes are not thoroughly described in the documentation accompanying SAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0220120031","usgsCitation":"Haney, M., Power, J., West, M., and Michaels, P., 2012, Casual instrument corrections for short-period and broadband seismometers: Seismological Research Letters, v. 83, no. 5, p. 834-845, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120031.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"834","endPage":"845","ipdsId":"IP-038556","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263690,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220120031"}],"volume":"83","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfb74ae4b01744973f7782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, Matthew M.","contributorId":107584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, John","contributorId":28143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, Michael","contributorId":74268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michaels, Paul","contributorId":68623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaels","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041413,"text":"70041413 - 2012 - Use of ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data to quantify heat flow and hydrothermal change at Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T08:23:29","indexId":"70041413","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data to quantify heat flow and hydrothermal change at Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"The overarching aim of this study was to use satellite thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing to monitor geothermal activity within the Yellowstone geothermal area to meet the missions of both the U.S. Geological Survey and the Yellowstone National Park Geology Program. Specific goals were to: 1) address the challenges of monitoring the surface thermal characteristics of the > 10,000 spatially and temporally dynamic thermal features in the Park (including hot springs, pools, geysers, fumaroles, and mud pots) that are spread out over ~ 5000 km2, by using satellite TIR remote sensing tools (e.g., ASTER and MODIS), 2) to estimate the radiant geothermal heat flux (GHF) for Yellowstone's thermal areas, and 3) to identify normal, background thermal changes so that significant, abnormal changes can be recognized, should they ever occur (e.g., changes related to tectonic, hydrothermal, impending volcanic processes, or human activities, such as nearby geothermal development). ASTER TIR data (90-m pixels) were used to estimate the radiant GHF from all of Yellowstone's thermal features and update maps of thermal areas. MODIS TIR data (1-km pixels) were used to record background thermal radiance variations from March 2000 through December 2010 and establish thermal change detection limits.
A lower limit for the radiant GHF estimated from ASTER TIR temperature data was established at ~ 2.0 GW, which is ~ 30–45% of the heat flux estimated through geochemical thermometry. Also, about 5 km2 of thermal areas was added to the geodatabase of mapped thermal areas. A decade-long time-series of MODIS TIR radiance data was dominated by seasonal cycles. A background subtraction technique was used in an attempt to isolate variations due to geothermal changes. Several statistically significant perturbations were noted in the time-series from Norris Geyser Basin, however many of these did not correspond to documented thermal disturbances. This study provides concrete examples of the strengths and limitations of current satellite TIR monitoring of geothermal areas, highlighting some specific areas that can be improved. This work provides a framework for future satellite-based thermal monitoring at Yellowstone and other volcanic and geothermal systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.04.022","usgsCitation":"Vaughan, R.G., Keszthelyi, L., Lowenstern, J.B., Jaworowski, C., and Heasler, H., 2012, Use of ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data to quantify heat flow and hydrothermal change at Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 233-234, p. 72-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.04.022.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"89","ipdsId":"IP-037921","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"233-234","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbad2e4b01744973f77c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaughan, R. Greg 0000-0002-0850-6669","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-6669","contributorId":69030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Greg","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaworowski, Cheryl","contributorId":25989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaworowski","given":"Cheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heasler, Henry","contributorId":62683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heasler","given":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041417,"text":"70041417 - 2012 - Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide degassing and cryptic thermal input to Brimstone Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T10:07:54","indexId":"70041417","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide degassing and cryptic thermal input to Brimstone Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Brimstone Basin, a remote area of intense hydrothermal alteration a few km east of the Yellowstone Caldera, is rarely studied and has long been considered to be a cold remnant of an ancient hydrothermal system. A field campaign in 2008 confirmed that gas emissions from the few small vents were cold and that soil temperatures in the altered area were at background levels. Geochemical and isotopic evidence from gas samples (3He/4He ~ 3RA, δ13C-CO2 ~ − 3‰) however, indicate continuing magmatic gas input to the system. Accumulation chamber measurements revealed a surprisingly large diffuse flux of CO2 (~ 277 t d-1) and H2S (0.6 t d-1). The flux of CO2 reduces the 18O content of the overlying cold groundwater and related stream waters relative to normal meteoric waters. Simple isotopic modeling reveals that the CO2 likely originates from geothermal water at a temperature of 93 ± 19 °C. These results and the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons (C1:C2 ~ 100 and δ13C-CH4 = − 46.4 to − 42.8‰) in gases require some heat source at depth and refute the assumption that this is a “fossil” hydrothermal system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.001","usgsCitation":"Bergfeld, D., Evans, W.C., Lowenstern, J.B., and Hurwitz, S., 2012, Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide degassing and cryptic thermal input to Brimstone Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: Chemical Geology, v. 330-331, p. 233-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.001.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"243","ipdsId":"IP-036804","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263688,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Brimstone Basin;Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.06,40.99 ], [ -111.06,45.01 ], [ -104.05,45.01 ], [ -104.05,40.99 ], [ -111.06,40.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"330-331","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfb73ee4b01744973f777e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergfeld, D.","contributorId":58053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041411,"text":"70041411 - 2012 - Detecting hidden volcanic explosions from Mt. Cleveland Volcano, Alaska with infrasound and ground-couples airwaves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T11:42:18","indexId":"70041411","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting hidden volcanic explosions from Mt. Cleveland Volcano, Alaska with infrasound and ground-couples airwaves","docAbstract":"In Alaska, where many active volcanoes exist without ground-based instrumentation, the use of techniques suitable for distant monitoring is pivotal. In this study we report regional-scale seismic and infrasound observations of volcanic activity at Mt. Cleveland between December 2011 and August 2012. During this period, twenty explosions were detected by infrasound sensors as far away as 1827 km from the active vent, and ground-coupled acoustic waves were recorded at seismic stations across the Aleutian Arc. Several events resulting from the explosive disruption of small lava domes within the summit crater were confirmed by analysis of satellite remote sensing data. However, many explosions eluded initial, automated, analyses of satellite data due to poor weather conditions. Infrasound and seismic monitoring provided effective means for detecting these hidden events. We present results from the implementation of automatic infrasound and seismo-acoustic eruption detection algorithms, and review the challenges of real-time volcano monitoring operations in remote regions. We also model acoustic propagation in the Northern Pacific, showing how tropospheric ducting effects allow infrasound to travel long distances across the Aleutian Arc. The successful results of our investigation provide motivation for expanded efforts in infrasound monitoring across the Aleutians and contributes to our knowledge of the number and style of vulcanian eruptions at Mt. Cleveland.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012GL053635","usgsCitation":"De Angelis, S., Fee, D., Haney, M., and Schneider, D., 2012, Detecting hidden volcanic explosions from Mt. Cleveland Volcano, Alaska with infrasound and ground-couples airwaves: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, L21312; 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053635.","productDescription":"L21312; 6 p.","temporalStart":"2011-12-01","temporalEnd":"2012-08-31","ipdsId":"IP-042065","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053635","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263713,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263712,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053635"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Cleveland","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -169.958166,52.813246 ], [ -169.958166,52.83325 ], [ -169.938151,52.83325 ], [ -169.938151,52.813246 ], [ -169.958166,52.813246 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfb793e4b01744973f778e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Angelis, Slivio","contributorId":52055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Slivio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fee, David","contributorId":77761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fee","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haney, Matthew","contributorId":80555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schneider, David","contributorId":78204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}