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Results indicate that water quality in the 'natural' environment is generally very good. Streams draining hydrologic bench-mark basins generally contain low concentrations of dissolved constituents. Water collected at the hydrologic bench-mark stations was analyzed for the following minor metals: arsenic, barium, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and zinc. Of 642 analyses, about 65 percent of the observed concentrations were zero. Only three samples contained metals in excess of U.S. Public Health Service recommended drinking-water standards--two selenium concentrations and one cadmium concentration. A total of 213 samples were analyzed for 11 pesticidal compounds. Widespread but very low-level occurrence of pesticide residues in the 'natural' environment was found--about 30 percent of all samples contained low-level concentrations of pesticidal compounds. The DDT family of pesticides occurred most commonly, accounting for 75 percent of the detected occurrences. The highest observed concentration of DDT was 0.06 microgram per litre, well below the recommended maximum permissible in drinking water. Nitrate concentrations in the 'natural' environment generally varied from 0.2 to 0.5 milligram per litre. The average concentration of nitrate in many major streams is as much as 10 times greater. The relationship between dissolved-solids concentration and discharge per unit area in the 'natural' environment for the various physical divisions in the United States has been shown to be an applicable tool for approximating 'natural' water quality. The relationship between dissolved-solids concentration and discharge per unit area is applicable in all the physical divisions of the United States, except the Central Lowland province of the Interior Plains, the Great Plains province of the Interior Plains, and the Basin and Ridge province of the Intermontane Plateaus. The relationship between dissolved-solids concentration and discharge per unit area is least variable in the New England province and Blue Ridge province of the Appalachian Highlands. The dissolved-solids concentration versus discharge per unit area in the Central Lowland province of the Interior Plains is highly variable. A sample collected from the hydrologic bench-mark station at Bear Den Creek near Mandaree, N. Dak., contained 3,420 milligrams per litre dissolved solids. This high concentration in the 'natural' environment indicates that natural processes can be principal agents in modifying the environment and can cause degradation. Average annual runoff and rock type can be used as predictive tools to determine the maximum dissolved-solids concentration expected in the 'natural' environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir460E","usgsCitation":"Biesecker, J.E., and Leifeste, D.K., 1974, Water quality of hydrologic bench marks; an indicator of water quality in the natural environment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 460, iv, 21 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir460E.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0460e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31252,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0460e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":14386,"text":"ofr74113 - 1974 - Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T16:05:38","indexId":"ofr74113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-113","title":"Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The major water-bearing units in the Houston district are the Chicot and the Evangeline aquifers. The Chicot aquifer overlies the Evangeline aquifer, which is underlain by the Burkeville confining layer. Both aquifers consist of unconsolidated and discontinuous layers of sand and clay that dip toward the Gulf of Mexico. Heavy pumping of fresh water has caused large declines in the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces in both aquifers and has created large cones of depression around Houston. The declines have caused compaction of clay layers, which has resulted in land surface subsidence and the movement of saline ground water toward the centers of the cones of depression. An electric analog model was used to study the hydrologic system and to simulate the declines in the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces for several alternative plans of ground-water development. The results indicate that the largest part. of the pumped water comes from storage in the water-table part of the Chicot aquifer. Vertical leakage from the aquifers and water derived from the compaction of clay layers in the aquifers are also large sources of the water being pumped. The response of the system, as observed on the model, indicates that development of additional ground-water supplies from the water-table part of the Chicot aquifer north of Houston would result in a minimum decline of the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces. Total withdrawals of about 1,000 million gallons (5.8 million cubic meters) per day may be possible without seriously, increasing subsidence or salt-water encroachment. Analyses of the recovery of water levels indicate that both land-surface subsidence and salt-water encroachment could be reduced by artificially recharging the artesian part of the aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74113","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., 1974, Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-113, Report: x, 86 p.; 33 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74113.","productDescription":"Report: x, 86 p.; 33 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29741,"text":"wri7359 - 1974 - Estimating low-flow frequency for perennial Missouri Ozarks streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T13:44:55","indexId":"wri7359","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-59","title":"Estimating low-flow frequency for perennial Missouri Ozarks streams","docAbstract":"<p>A linear regression model, utilizing an independent variable described as the flow area of a stream, has been developed for use in estimating minimum streamflow at ungaged sites in the Ozarks region of Missouri. The basic premise in the method is that low-flow characteristics at any point on perennial Ozarks streams are significantly related to the average width and depth or flow area of the minimum flows.</p><p>The standard errors of regression equations defining the 7-day Q2, 7-day Q10, and 7-day Q20 are 41, 60, and 76 percent, respectively. In comparison, standard errors of 170 to 390 percent were obtained during previous regionalization studies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7359","usgsCitation":"Skelton, J., 1974, Estimating low-flow frequency for perennial Missouri Ozarks streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-59, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7359.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349804,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":16469,"text":"ofr74255 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16469,"text":"ofr74255 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado","indexId":"ofr74255","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5920,"text":"pp908 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado","indexId":"pp908","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5920,"text":"pp908 - 1974 - Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado","indexId":"pp908","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance Basin, Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T18:45:02.003408","indexId":"ofr74255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-255","title":"Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The Piceance and Yellow Creeks drainage area is about 900 square miles (2,330 square kilometres) and is referred to as the Piceance basin, or simply as the basin. The surface-water and ground-water systems in the Piceance basin are intimately related. The annual volume of runoff from the basin (Piceance and Yellow Creeks) is estimated to be 15,650 acre-feet (19.2 cubic hectometres). About 80 percent of the annual runoff is supplied by ground-water discharge.</p><p>Runoff from the basin is affected by irrigation diversions and consumptive use by crops, native vegetation, and evporation. Streamflow depletions resulting from irrigation are estimated to be 4,800 acre-feet (5.9 cubic hectometres) per year. In the absence of irrigation, the mean annual runoff from the basin would be 20,450 acre-feet (25.2 cubic hectometres). The period of lowest flow normally occurs during spring and summer when irrigation diversions are greatest. Peak flows from snowmelt and thunderstorms also occur during this period. A regional analysis, using the index-flood method, was made to estimate flood frequencies in the absence of irrigation diversions for the gaging stations Piceance Creek at White River and Yellow Creek near White River. The estimated mean annual floods are 800 cubic feet per second (22.7 cubic metres per second) for Piceance Creek and 390 cubic feet per second (11.0 cubic metres per second) for Yellow Creek. The peak flow observed during the 5 years of record on Piceance Creek at White River was 407 cubic feet per second (11.5 cubic metres per second) or about one-half the estimated mean annual flood. Yellow Creek is only slightly affected by irrigation diversions and the peak flow for the single year of record was 468 cubic feet per second (13.3 cubic metres per second).</p><p>Irrigation return flows and ground-water discharge affect the quality of surface water in the Piceance basin. The concentration of dissolved solids ranges from less than 500 milligrams per litre in the upper reaches to more than 5,000 milligrams per litre in the lower reaches of Piceance Creek and from about 700 to 3,000 milligrams per litre in Yellow Creek. Water quality decreases in the downstream direction due to ground-water discharge from the Green River and Uinta Formations.</p><p>The ground-water system in the basin consists of two principal aquifers separated by the Mahogany zone in the Green River Formation. Recharge to the aquifers occurs mainly from snowmelt along the basin margins above 7,000 feet (2,130 metres) altitude. Ground water flows from the basin margins toward the north-central part of the basin where it is discharged in Piceance and Yellow Creek valleys as evapotranspiration and streamflow. Recharge and discharge from the aquifer system are estimated to average 26,100 acre-feet (32.2 cubic hectometres) annually. About 20 percent of the recharge is discharged in Yellow Creek drainage. Estimates of the volume of water in storage in the aquifers range from 2.5 to 25 million acre-feet (3,100 to 31,000 cubic hectometres).</p><p>Sodium minerals in the aquifer below the Mahogany zone are actively being dissolved by ground water. The Mahogany zone impedes the flow of water between the aquifers and large chemical differences have developed. Water in the upper aquifer generally has less than 2,000 millgrams per litre dissolved solids while that in the lower aquifer exceeds 30,000 milligrams per litre dissolved solids in the northern part of the basin.</p><p>Digital models were used to simulate the hydrologic system. A watershed model was adapted to the drainage above the gage on Piceance Creek below Ryan Gulch to evaluate the possible effects of precipitation changes on the hydrologic system due to the introduction of atmospheric pollutants from oil-shale development or cloud seeding. A 10-percent decrease and 10- and 20-percent increases in the October to May precipitation were examined. It was found that each 10-percent change in precipitation results in a 40-percent change in ground-water recharge. The model study indicates that a 10-percent decrease in October-May precipitation results in a 30-percent decrease in mean annual runoff while 10-and 20-percent increases in precipitation result in 40- and 85 percent increases in mean annual runoff.</p><p>A digital model of the ground-water system was used to evaluate the effects of mine dewatering on the hydrologic system. Hypothetical mines in oil-shale lease tracts C-a and C-b were considered. Both mines were assumed to be in the Mahogany zone and to be 4 square miles (5.2 square kilometres) in area. Dewatering of the mines was assumed to occur simultaneously for a period of 30 years. For the hypothetical dewatering scheme simulated, the model study indicates that the mine in tract C-a will not produce enough water to meet the demand for processing and disposal of oil shale while the mine in tract C-b will produce water in excess of the demand. The concentration of dissolved solids of the water discharged from the mines may not exceed 5,000 milligrams per litre for the hypothetical dewatering scheme considered.</p><p>Dewatering the hypothetical mines will only slightly affect groundwater discharge in the Yellow Creek drainage. However, after 30 years of dewatering, the model indicates that ground-water discharge will cease in a 10-mile (16-kilometre) reach of Piceance Creek near tract C-b.</p><p>The decrease in ground-water discharge in this reach could cause an increase in the concentration of dissolved solids in the downstream reach of Piceance Creek. After 30 years of dewatering, the hydraulic head in the aquifers is decreased in 75 percent of the basin area and about 500,000 acre-feet (620 cubic hectometres) of water are removed from storage in the aquifers.</p><p>It is concluded that oil-shale development will have significant effects on the surface- and ground-waters systems in the Piceance basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Weeks, J., Leavesley, G.H., Welder, F.A., and Saulnier, G.J., 1974, Simulated effects of oil-shale development on the hydrology of Piceance basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-255, ix, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74255.","productDescription":"ix, 142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422907,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0255/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0255/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.97161944613201,\n              40.667915697093264\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.97161944613201,\n              39.34681427946842\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64227374300692,\n              39.34681427946842\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64227374300692,\n              40.667915697093264\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.97161944613201,\n              40.667915697093264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f35b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, John B.","contributorId":36123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":172900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welder, Frank A.","contributorId":32173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welder","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saulnier, George J. Jr.","contributorId":108133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saulnier","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":45963,"text":"ofr74234 - 1974 - Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Clinton 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:10","indexId":"ofr74234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-234","title":"Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Clinton 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr74234","usgsCitation":"Pomeroy, J.S., 1974, Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Clinton 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-234, 1 map; scale = 1:24000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74234.","productDescription":"1 map; scale = 1:24000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0234/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82944,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0234/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82945,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab490","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pomeroy, J. S.","contributorId":16807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":48240,"text":"ofr741055 - 1974 - Water quality modeling for waste-load allocation studies in Arkansas : stream dissolved oxygen and conservative minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:40","indexId":"ofr741055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1055","title":"Water quality modeling for waste-load allocation studies in Arkansas : stream dissolved oxygen and conservative minerals","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr741055","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M.E., and Bryant, C.T., 1974, Water quality modeling for waste-load allocation studies in Arkansas : stream dissolved oxygen and conservative minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1055, 19 leaves ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr741055.","productDescription":"19 leaves ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Marshall E.","contributorId":55813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Charles T.","contributorId":8438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29196,"text":"wri7431 - 1974 - Oak Glen water-resources development study using modeling techniques, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T12:46:15","indexId":"wri7431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-31","title":"Oak Glen water-resources development study using modeling techniques, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic, digital-model, and economic analyses were made to determine the most efficient balance of conjunctive use of local ground water and surface water--specifically, whether additional ground-water supplies can be developed in the Oak Glen study area, San Bernardino County, Calif., for local use and also for export to the adjacent Yucaipa area, and what will be the effects of imported water available in 1980.</p><p>The hydrologic analysis showed that transmissivity values of the aquifer in the Oak Glen study area ranged from 1,000 to 6,750 gallons per day per foot or their equivalent 134 to 902 feet squared per day (12 to 84 metres squared per day) and that net annual recharge in the area was about 1,940 acre-feet (2.39 cubic hectometres) per year. The volume of ground water in storage in 1970 was about 86,000 acre-feet (106 cubic hectometres).</p><p>The digital-model analysis included building and verifying a steady-state and a non-steady-state model. The steady-state model was considered to be verified when the model-generated water levels approximated the measured 1949 water levels, which were assumed to represent steady-state water-level conditions. The non-steady-state model was verified for 1949-70, and the model satisfactorily reproduced the measured water-level changes for the study area during that period. Water-level changes in the ground-water basin were predicted from 1971 to 1980 using as representative average annual pumpage that from 1966 to 1970 and 1971. The model also predicted water-level changes from 1971 to 1980 using the maximum pumpage capacities of the wells under recharge conditions for average, wet, and dry periods.</p><p>The predicted water-level changes in the Oak Glen study area were used to calculate the average costs of pumping water for 1980. The comparable average costs of importing water from an alternative supply and the capital costs of well construction were also determined. The economic evaluation suggests the following: (1) Increase ground-water pumping for local use, (2) reduce well-water import to the lower parts of the Oak Glen study area from adjacent areas to the west, (3) short term prior to 1980 overdevelopment appears to be feasible with export to Yucaipa, and (4) tunnel development or new shallow wells at the higher altitudes could help alleviate the water problem.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7431","usgsCitation":"Powers, W.R., and Hardt, W.F., 1974, Oak Glen water-resources development study using modeling techniques, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-31, iv, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7431.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358949,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69664c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, William R. III","contributorId":81952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"William","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardt, William F.","contributorId":70013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardt","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27883,"text":"wri7425 - 1974 - Lakes Marion-Moultrie stream system investigation: Part I- Model selection, calibration, and error analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T08:44:58","indexId":"wri7425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-25","title":"Lakes Marion-Moultrie stream system investigation: Part I- Model selection, calibration, and error analysis","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7425","usgsCitation":"Jeffcoat, H.H., Jennings, M.E., and Peterson, J.B., 1974, Lakes Marion-Moultrie stream system investigation: Part I- Model selection, calibration, and error analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-25, vii, 55 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7425.","productDescription":"vii, 55 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":369947,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Lakes Marion-Moultrie","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.595703125,\n              33.201924189778936\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.95574951171875,\n              33.201924189778936\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.95574951171875,\n              33.69006708322201\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.595703125,\n              33.69006708322201\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.595703125,\n              33.201924189778936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b429c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeffcoat, Hillary H.","contributorId":18401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffcoat","given":"Hillary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Marshall E.","contributorId":55813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, Johannes B.","contributorId":61863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Johannes","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":15472,"text":"ofr74121 - 1974 - Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Baden 7-1/2 minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County, and vicinity, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:59","indexId":"ofr74121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-121","title":"Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Baden 7-1/2 minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County, and vicinity, Pennsylvania","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74121","usgsCitation":"Pomeroy, J.S., 1974, Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Baden 7-1/2 minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County, and vicinity, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-121, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., folded map ;27 cm.; (21 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74121.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., folded map ;27 cm.; (21 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44436,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0121/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44437,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pomeroy, John S.","contributorId":18329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6410,"text":"pp833 - 1974 - Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:58","indexId":"pp833","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"833","title":"Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp833","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T.H., 1974, Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 833, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp833.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0833/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a79c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15326,"text":"ofr74344 - 1974 - Storage of low-level radioactive wastes in the ground; hydrogeologic and hydrochemical factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:48","indexId":"ofr74344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-344","title":"Storage of low-level radioactive wastes in the ground; hydrogeologic and hydrochemical factors","docAbstract":"The status of mathematical simulation techniques, as they apply to radioactive waste burial sites, is briefly reviewed, and hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data needs are listed in order of increasing difficulty and cost of acquisition. Predictive modeling, monitoring, and management of radionuclides dissolved and transported by ground water can best be done for sites in relatively simple hydrogeologic settings; namely, in unfaulted relatively flat-lying strata of intermediate permeability such as silt, siltstone and silty sandstone. In contrast, dense fractured or soluble media, and poorly permeable porous media (aquitards) are not suitable for use as burial sites, first because of media heterogeneity and difficulties of sampling, and consequently of predictive modeling, and second, because in humid zones burial trenches in aquitards may overflow. A buffer zone several thousands of feet to perhaps several miles around existing or proposed sites is a mandatory consequence of the site selection criteria. As a specific example, the Maxey Flats, Kentucky low-level waste disposal site is examined. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr74344","usgsCitation":"Papadopulos, S.S., and Winograd, I.J., 1974, Storage of low-level radioactive wastes in the ground; hydrogeologic and hydrochemical factors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-344, iv, 49 leaves :maps ;27 cm.; (51 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74344.","productDescription":"iv, 49 leaves :maps ;27 cm.; (51 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0344/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b40b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papadopulos, Stavros Stefanu","contributorId":31399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papadopulos","given":"Stavros","email":"","middleInitial":"Stefanu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winograd, Isaac Judah","contributorId":9233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"Isaac","email":"","middleInitial":"Judah","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29538,"text":"wri7352 - 1974 - Flood characteristics of Oklahoma streams techniques for calculating magnitude and frequency of floods in Oklahoma, with compilations of flood data through 1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-25T10:51:33","indexId":"wri7352","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-52","title":"Flood characteristics of Oklahoma streams techniques for calculating magnitude and frequency of floods in Oklahoma, with compilations of flood data through 1971","docAbstract":"<p>The 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence interval floods are related to basin and climatic parameters for natural streams in Oklahoma by multiple regression techniques through the mathematical model, </p><p>Q<sub>x</sub>=aA<sup>b</sup>S<sup>c</sup>P<sup>d</sup>,</p><p>where Q<sub>x</sub> is peak discharge for recurrence interval x, A is contributing drainage area, S is main channel slope, P is mean annual precipitation, and a, b, c, and d are regression constants and coefficients. One equation for each recurrence interval applies statewide for all natural streams of less than 2,500 mil (6,500 km<sup>2</sup>), except where manmade works, such as dams, flood-detention structures, levees, channelization, and urban development, appreciably affect flood runoff. The equations can be used to estimate flood frequency of a stream at an ungaged site if drainage area size, main channel slope, and mean annual precipitation are known. At or near gaged sites, a weighted average of the regression results and the gaging station data is recommended.</p><p>Individual relations of flood magnitude to contributing drainage area are given for all or parts of the main stems of the Arkansas, Salt Fork Arkansas, Cimarron, North Canadian, Canadian, Washita, North Fork Red, and Red Rivers. Parts of some of these streams, and all of the Neosho and Verdigris Rivers are not included because the effects of. major regulation from large reservoirs cannot be evaluated within the scope of the report. </p><p>Graphical relations of maximum floods of record for eastern and western Oklahoma provide a guide to maximum probable floods. </p><p>A random sampling of the seasonal occurrence of floods indicated about two-thirds of all annual floods in Oklahoma occur during. April through July. Less than one-half of one percent of annual floods occur in December. </p><p>A compilation of flood records at all gaging sites in Oklahoma and some selected sites in adjacent States is given in an appendix. Basin and climatic parameters and log-Pearson Type III frequency data and statistics are given for most station records. A second appendix gives a reprint of the U.S. Water Resources Council Bulletin 15 which describes procedures for fitting a log-Pearson Type III distribution to gaging station data. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7352","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with State of Oklahoma Department of Highways and U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Sauer, V.B., 1974, Flood characteristics of Oklahoma streams techniques for calculating magnitude and frequency of floods in Oklahoma, with compilations of flood data through 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-52, 306 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7352.","productDescription":"306 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":354494,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.98583984374999,\n              36.99377838872517\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0078125,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.01953125,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              34.56085936708384\n            ],\n            [\n             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,{"id":3604,"text":"cir704 - 1974 - Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir704","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"704","title":"Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado","docAbstract":"The Montezuma mining district, in the Colorado mineral belt, is defined by an assemblage of porphyry, ore, and altered rocks that originated in the venting of a Tertiary batholith through weak structures in Precambrian rocks. The ore consists of silver-lead-zinc veins clustered on the propylitic fringe of a geometrically complex system of altered rocks, which is centered on the intersection of the Oligocene Montezuma stock with the Montezuma shear zone of Precambrian ancestry. Alteration chemistry conforms to the standard porphyry-metal model but is developed around several small intrusives strung out along the shear zone and is expressed as a mottled pattern, rather than as the usual thick concentric zones centered on one large plug. The distribution of trace amounts of molybdenite is consistent with the postulate of molybdenite deposits in the district, but the mottled alteration pattern may signify small and scattered, possibly very deep, deposits. Disseminated molybdenite is essentially coextensive with altered rock and increases slightly in quantity toward the inner alteration zones. Two groups of molybdenite veins, associated with phyllic and potassic alteration, represent possible diffuse halos of molybdenite deposits. One group of veins resembles the Climax and Henderson deposits but was seen only in a small and isolated area of outcrops. The second group of molybdenite veins is in a bismuth-rich part of the Montezuma stock and underlies an area of bismuth veins; this group records the passage of contact metasomatic ore fluids. Another bismuth-rich area is in the southeast corner of the stock in a region of bismuth veins and may indicate a third group of molybdenite veins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir704","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., Botinelly, T., and Watterson, J.R., 1974, Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 704, iii, 21 p. :illus. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir704.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p. :illus. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0704/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30639,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0704/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69925f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botinelly, Theodore","contributorId":101253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watterson, John R.","contributorId":67866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":34242,"text":"b1328 - 1974 - Estimation of petroleum exploration success and the effects of resource base exhaustion via a simulation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:33","indexId":"b1328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1328","title":"Estimation of petroleum exploration success and the effects of resource base exhaustion via a simulation model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1328","usgsCitation":"Drew, L.J., 1974, Estimation of petroleum exploration success and the effects of resource base exhaustion via a simulation model: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1328, iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ; 24 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1328.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ; 24 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1328/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62152,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1328/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb24d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":212672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57998,"text":"wri7360 - 1974 - Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas metropolitan area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T12:43:26","indexId":"wri7360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-60","title":"Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas metropolitan area","docAbstract":"<p>The effects of urbanization on flood characteristics of streams in the Dallas metropolitan area were studied by use of a digital model of the hydrologic system. The model was calibrated by using observed rainfall and runoff data from 19 storms in six basins having various degrees of urbanization. The calibrated models were used with a 57- year rainfall record to simulate 57-year records of annual peak discharges in 14 basins. The flood-frequency characteristics were defined by fitting the simulated 57-year records to log-Pearson Type III distributions.</p>\n<p>Regional peak-discharge equations, which can be used to determine the maximum rates of discharge that could be expected to be equaled or exceeded on the average of once in 1.25, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years, were derived from multiple-regression analyses. The relationships among flood frequency, drainage area, and a coefficient of impervious area are given in a nomograph.</p>\n<p>The analyses indicate that in a fully-developed residential area, the flood peaks will be 1.2 to 1.4 times those from an undeveloped area; and the annual direct runoff will be about double that from an undeveloped area. Data were not sufficient to determine the increase in runoff from a highly industrialized area where the effective imperviousness approaches 100 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7360","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Dallas","usgsCitation":"Dempster, G.R., 1974, Effects of urbanization on floods in the Dallas, Texas metropolitan area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-60, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7360.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0060/report.pdf","size":"3424","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0060/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dempster, George R. Jr.","contributorId":106975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dempster","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2846,"text":"wsp2027 - 1974 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47981,"text":"ofr71287 - 1971 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"ofr71287","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2846,"text":"wsp2027 - 1974 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2027","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"wsp2027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2027","title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","docAbstract":"An analog model of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley was constructed to determine the effects of imported water on ground-water levels. The model was considered verified when the ground-water levels generated by the model approximated the historical change in water levels of the ground-water basin caused by man's activities for the period 1986-67. The ground-water basin was almost unaffected by man's activities until about 1945 when ground-water development caused the water levels to begin to decline. The Palm Springs area has had the largest water-level decline, 75 feet since 1986, because of large pumpage, reduced natural inflow from the San Gorgonio Pass area, and diversions of natural inflows at Snow and Falls Creeks and Chino Canyon starting in 1945. The San Gorgonio Pass inflow had been reduced from about 18,000 acre-feet in 1986 to about 9,000 acre-feet by 1967 because of increased ground-water pumpage in the San Gorgonio Pass area, dewatering of the San Gorgonio Pass area that took place when the tunnel for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was drilled, and diversions of surface inflow at Snow and Falls Creeks. In addition, 1944-64 was a period of below-normal precipitation which, in part, contributed to the declines in water levels in the Coachella Valley. The Desert Hot Springs, Garnet Hill, and Mission Creek subbasins have had relatively little development; consequently, the water-level declines have been small, ranging from 5 to 15 feet since 1986. In the Point Happy area a decline of about 2 feet per year continued until 1949 when delivery of Colorado River water to the lower valley through the Coachella Canal was initiated. Since 1949 the water levels in the Point Happy area have been rising and by 1967 were above their 1986 levels. \r\n\r\nThe Whitewater River subbasin includes the largest aquifer in the basin, having sustained ground-water pumpage of about 740,000 acre-feet from 1986 to 1967, and will probably continue to provide the most significant supply of ground water for the upper valley. The total ground-water storage depletion for the entire upper valley for 1986-67 was about 600,000 acre-feet, an average storage decrease of about 25,000 acre-feet per year since 1945. \r\n\r\nTransmissivity for the Whitewater River subbasin ranges from 860,000 gallons per day per foot (near Point Happy) to 50,000 gallons per day per foot, with most of the subbasin about 800,000 gallons per day per foot. In contrast, the transmissivities of the Desert Hot Springs, Mission Creek, and Garnet Hill subbasins generally range from 2,000 to 100,000, but the highest value, beneath the Mission Creek streambed deposits, is 200,000 gallons per day per foot; the transmissivity for most of the area of th6 three subbasins is 80,000 gallons per day per foot.\r\n\r\nThe storage coefficients are representative of water-table conditions, ranging from 0.18 beneath the Mission Creek stream deposits to 0.06 in the Palm Springs area. \r\n\r\nThe model indicated that the outflow at Point Happy decreased from 50,000 acre-feet in 1936 to 30,000 acre-feet by 1967 as a result of the rising water levels in the lower valley. \r\n\r\nThe most logical area to recharge the Colorado River water is the Windy Point-Whitewater area, where adequate percolation rates of 2-4 acre-feet per acre per day are probable. The Whitewater River bed may be the best location to spread the water if the largest part of the imported water can be recharged during low-flow periods. The area in sec. 21, T. 2 S., R. 4 E., would be adequate for the smaller quantities of recharge proposed for the Mission Creek area. \r\n\r\nProjected pumpage for the period 1968-2000 was programmed on the model with the proposed recharge of Colorado River water for the same period. The model indicated a maximum water-level increase of 200 feet above the 1967 water level at Windy Point, the proposed recharge site, by the year 2000, a 130-foot increase by 1990, and a 20-foot increas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2027","usgsCitation":"Tyley, S.J., 1974, Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2027, v, 77 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2027.","productDescription":"v, 77 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6837f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tyley, Stephen J.","contributorId":35355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4037,"text":"cir703 - 1974 - Water demands for expanding energy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T08:59:49","indexId":"cir703","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"703","title":"Water demands for expanding energy development","docAbstract":"<p>Water is used in producing energy for mining and reclamation of mined lands, onsite processing, transportation, refining, and conversion of fuels to other forms of energy. In the East, South, Midwest, and along the seacoasts, most water problems are related to pollution rather than to water supply. West of about the 100th meridian, however, runoff is generally less than potential diversions, and energy industries must compete with other water users. Water demands for extraction of coal, oil shale, uranium, and oil and gas are modest, although large quantities of water are used in secondary recovery operations for oil. The only significant use of water for energy transportation, aside from in-stream navigation use, is for slurry lines. Substantial quantities of water are required in the retorting and the disposal of spent oil shale. The conversion of coal to synthetic gas or oil or to electric power and the generation of electric power with nuclear energy require large quantities of water, mostly for cooling. Withdrawals for cooling of thermal-electric plants is by far the largest category of water use in energy industry, totaling about 170 billion gallons (644 million m3) per day in 1970. Water availability will dictate the location and design of energy-conversion facilities, especially in water deficient areas of the West.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir703","usgsCitation":"Davis, G.H., and Wood, L., 1974, Water demands for expanding energy development: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 703, iv, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir703.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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,{"id":28784,"text":"wri749 - 1974 - Seawater intrusion, ground-water pumpage, ground-water yield, and artificial recharge of the Pajaro Valley area, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T13:56:49","indexId":"wri749","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-9","title":"Seawater intrusion, ground-water pumpage, ground-water yield, and artificial recharge of the Pajaro Valley area, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California","docAbstract":"<p>The Pajaro Valley area, California, covering about 120 square miles (310 km<sup>2</sup>), extends from the southern part of Santa Cruz County to several miles south of the county line into Monterey County. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Santa Cruz Mountains on the east. The city of Watsonville is the largest center of population.</p><p>Seawater intrusion is occurring in the Pajaro Valley area from several miles north to several miles south of the mouth of the Pajaro River and in a small area about 4 miles (6.5 km) north of the river. The intrusion extends inland about 1 mile (1.6 km). Two water-bearing zones are being intruded--the depth intervals 100-200 feet (30-60 m) and 300-600 feet (90-180 m).</p><p>Ground-water pumpage averaged 49,100 acre-feet per year (60.6 hm<sup>3</sup>/yr) for the 9-year period 1963-71. The long-term ground-water yield of the Pajaro Valley is about 44,000 acre-feet per year (54.3 hm<sup>3</sup>/yr). Artificial recharge can be effected through modified streambeds at infiltration rates as high as 3 feet per day (0.9 m/d). Injection wells may have recharge capabilities of as much as 500 gallons per minute (1.9 m<sup>3</sup>/min).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri749","usgsCitation":"Muir, K.S., 1974, Seawater intrusion, ground-water pumpage, ground-water yield, and artificial recharge of the Pajaro Valley area, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-9, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri749.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359035,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Monterey County, Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Pajaro Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.85760498046875,\n              36.8333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7833,\n              36.8333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7833,\n              36.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.85760498046875,\n              36.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.85760498046875,\n              36.8333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muir, K. S.","contributorId":53764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muir","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":11184,"text":"ofr77643 - 1974 - Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr77643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-643","title":"Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska","docAbstract":"Remote sensing data were taken along a line surveyed for the building of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska, in the winter of 1973-74. The portion considered in this report is the area from the Yukon River south to Isabel Pass in the Alaska Range. \r\n\r\nThe occurrences of aufeis gave the appearance of four rather distinct modes of formation. In the area south of Big Delta, the icings occurred as seepage at the toes of the terraces and along the bottoms of the stream channels cutting into the terraces. In the Yukon-Tanana uplands, the icings occurred generally as seepage at the lowest points in the U-shaped valleys and along the surfaces of the streams in the tributary valleys incised into the rolling hills. The icings formed in the stream channels in both regions have similar hydraulic considerations as do the icings formed in the lower part of the valleys at the toes of the terraces. \r\n\r\nAerial techniques of collecting data by photography and thermal imagery were tested in this setting as a basis for consideration in planning for potential environmental monitoring of the pipeline.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77643","usgsCitation":"Skibitzke, H.E., 1974, Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-643, 32 leaves, 11 fold. ill. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (33 p., 9 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77643.","productDescription":"32 leaves, 11 fold. ill. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (33 p., 9 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38951,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38952,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38953,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38954,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38955,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38946,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38947,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38948,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38949,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38950,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e94c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skibitzke, Herbert E.","contributorId":32142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skibitzke","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13205,"text":"ofr74346 - 1974 - An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T14:19:15","indexId":"ofr74346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-346","title":"An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>An investigation of the relationship of peak discharge to&nbsp;causative storm variables and drainage-basin characteristics&nbsp;was made to provide guidelines for future analyses of frequency&nbsp;and magnitudes of floods from small drainage areas. The procedure&nbsp;used was (l) to estimate peak discharges on the ll study&nbsp;basins from multiple-regression models developed from the&nbsp;storm variables and (2) to relate the peak discharges to the&nbsp;basin characteristics through regression or correlation with&nbsp;particular attention given to the effect of basin shape.</p>\n<p>The average standard error of estimate for the peak discharges&nbsp;ranged from n5 to 119 percent when only the four storm&nbsp;variables common to most basins were used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74346","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Highway Department","usgsCitation":"Crosby, O., 1974, An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-346, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74346.","productDescription":"v, 49 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,{"id":16189,"text":"ofr74197 - 1974 - Recommendations for the study and appraisal of oil-shale deposits in Jordan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-22T21:09:05.152213","indexId":"ofr74197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-197","title":"Recommendations for the study and appraisal of oil-shale deposits in Jordan","docAbstract":"<p>A geologic-geochemical evaluation conducted October 5-24, 1968, both in the field area and in the laboratories has shown the Upper Cretaceous oil shale in the El Lajjun area of central Jordan to be one of Jordan's major natural mineral resources. Continued but slightly modified investigations are strongly recommended to determine the exact volume and quality of this oil shale. Further, a study to determine the most efficient processes of extraction of the oil and possible co-products should be initiated.</p><p>The economic potential of the oil shale is excellent, but the actual exploitation of this rock will depend on national economic and political factors that cannot be interpreted at this time. From a realistic point of view, regardless of these factors which inevitably change with time, systematic investigations and planning for construction of extraction plants for domestic production of fuel and/or other products from the oil shale should be completed at the earliest possible date, to assure rapid utilization of this mineral resource when necessary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74197","usgsCitation":"Swanson, V.E., 1974, Recommendations for the study and appraisal of oil-shale deposits in Jordan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-197, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74197.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0197/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Jordan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              35.126444377981585,\n              32.814823121790724\n            ],\n            [\n              35.126444377981585,\n              29.2136087003626\n            ],\n            [\n              38.88766558353194,\n              29.2136087003626\n            ],\n            [\n              38.88766558353194,\n              32.814823121790724\n            ],\n            [\n              35.126444377981585,\n              32.814823121790724\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64455d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Vernon Emanuel","contributorId":59014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"Emanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3598,"text":"cir699 - 1974 - Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"699","title":"Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found","docAbstract":"Of the recorded production of 34,694,552 troy ounces of gold mined in South Dakota through 1971, about 90 percent has come from Precambrian ore bodies in the Homestake mine at Lead in the northern Black Hills. Most of the rest has come from ore deposited in the Deadwood Formation (Cambrian) by hydrothermal replacement during early Tertiary igneous activity. About 99 percent of the total production has been within a radius of 5 miles (8 km) of Lead. Elsewhere, prospecting has been intense, both in the Precambrian rocks, which are exposed over an area 61 by 26 miles (98 by 42 km), and in nearby Paleozoic rocks. \r\n\r\nAll the known ore bodies have been found either at the surface or in subsurface workings of operating mines. Efforts to find totally new deposits have been modest and sporadic; no comprehensive and systematic program has ever been attempted. \r\n\r\nObviously, any exploration program should be aimed at finding a new deposit resembling the Homestake in the Precambrian, but discovery in the Deadwood of a new group of ore bodies containing several hundred thousand ounces of gold would certainly be worthwhile. \r\n\r\nEvidence has long been available that the Deadwood deposits and the Homestake deposit are somehow related. Current opinion is that (1) the Homestake ore is mainly Precambrian, (2) a trivial amount of Homestake ore is Tertiary, (3)gold in Deadwood basal conglomerate is largely of placer origin, and (4) the gold of replacement deposits in the Deadwood and in other rock units came originally from sources similar to the Homestake deposit or its parent materials. \r\n\r\nHomestake ore is virtually entirely contained in a unit of iron-formation locally known as the Homestake Formation, which seemingly had more gold in the original sediments than similar rocks exposed elsewhere in the Black Hills. Gold, sulfur, and other constituents were subsequently concentrated in ore shoots in zones of dilation caused by cross folds that deformed earlier major folds. These ore shoots are in metamorphic rocks of a grade just above the garnet isograd, in a zone where the principal iron-magnesium mineral of the iron-formation changes from a carbonate (sideroplesite) to a silicate (cummingtonite). This metamorphic reaction would release carbon dioxide to the fluid that presumably formed the ore bodies. \r\n\r\nIn short, three controls over localization of the ore have been identified: (1) the cross folds; (2) the so-called Homestake Formation, which passes beneath Paleozoic rocks north of Lead and has not been proved to reappear anywhere else in the Black Hills (Other units of iron-formation less enriched in gold might locally become more like the Homestake Formation beneath the cover of Paleozoic rocks.}; (3} proximity to the garnet isograd--nearly all the exposed Precambrian rocks in the Black Hills are at a metamorphic grade higher than this isograd--and occurrence of this isograd zone mostly beneath Paleozoic rocks. \r\n\r\nIn searching for new deposits, one can guess from existing data where Precambrian rocks of suitable nature may be concealed. The usefulness of such guesses can be increased if they are made with information about the distribution of gold in younger rocks. Gold in the Deadwood basal conglomerate would be the simplest indicator of a deposit once exposed on the pre-Deadwood surface. Tertiary replacement deposits in the Deadwood or other rocks, which obtained their gold from Precambrian sources that may be nearby or far away, can also be helpful; they, like anomalies found by geochemical sampling, at least outline the regions of mineralizing activity. \r\n\r\nA suitable approach to exploration is to make a thorough study of the stratigraphy, the structure, and the metals geochemistry of the Deadwood Formation and associated rocks, chiefly in the northern Black Hills but to a lesser extent elsewhere in localities where the Precambrian geology seems promising and where gold has been found nearby. Such a program, even if it does not yield","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir699","usgsCitation":"Norton, J.J., 1974, Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 699, iii, 22 p. :maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir699.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0699/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30631,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0699/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a493d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, James Jennings","contributorId":59412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Jennings","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":46184,"text":"ofr74291 - 1974 - Map of land modified by man in the Glassport 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:41","indexId":"ofr74291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-291","title":"Map of land modified by man in the Glassport 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr74291","usgsCitation":"Davies, W., 1974, Map of land modified by man in the Glassport 7 1/2-minute Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-291, 8 p.; 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74291.","productDescription":"8 p.; 1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83151,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0291/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a92e4b07f02db657983","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, W.E.","contributorId":12440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":48224,"text":"ofr741018 - 1974 - Grid-coordinate generation program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:38","indexId":"ofr741018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1018","title":"Grid-coordinate generation program","docAbstract":"This program description of the grid-coordinate generation program is written for computer users who are familiar with digital aquifer models. The program computes the coordinates for a variable grid -used in the 'Pinder Model' (a finite-difference aquifer simulator), for input to the CalComp GPCP (general purpose contouring program). The program adjusts the y-value by a user-supplied constant in order to transpose the origin of the model grid from the upper left-hand corner to the lower left-hand corner of the grid. The user has the options of, (1.) choosing the boundaries of the plot; (2.) adjusting the z-values (altitudes) by a constant; (3.) deleting superfluous z-values and (4.) subtracting the simulated surfaces from each other to obtain the decline. Output of this program includes the fixed format CNTL data cards and the other data cards required for input to GPCP. The output from GPCP then is used to produce a potentiometric map or a decline map by means of the CalComp plotter.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr741018","usgsCitation":"Cosner, O.J., and Horwich, E., 1974, Grid-coordinate generation program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1018, 27 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr741018.","productDescription":"27 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84918,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1018/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84919,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1018/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cosner, Oliver J.","contributorId":38533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosner","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horwich, Esther","contributorId":106557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwich","given":"Esther","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58461,"text":"mf575 - 1974 - Geologic map of unconsolidated and moderately consolidated deposits of San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:07:11","indexId":"mf575","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"575","title":"Geologic map of unconsolidated and moderately consolidated deposits of San Mateo County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf575","usgsCitation":"Lajoie, K.R., Helley, E.J., Nichols, D., and Burke, D.B., 1974, Geologic map of unconsolidated and moderately consolidated deposits of San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 575, 1 map and 1 data sheet ;sheets 124 x 91 cm. and 91 x l24 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf575.","productDescription":"1 map and 1 data sheet ;sheets 124 x 91 cm. and 91 x l24 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104182,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3685.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"3685"},{"id":185361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0575/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279971,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0575/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":279970,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0575/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,37.1175 ], [ -122.5,37.6175 ], [ -122,37.6175 ], [ -122,37.1175 ], [ -122.5,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688784","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helley, E. J.","contributorId":76330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helley","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, D.R.","contributorId":42979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burke, D. B.","contributorId":39420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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