The Joint Administration Committee of the Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watershed Planning Agencies was designated as the agency to conduct studies leading to the development of a comprehensive water-quality management plan for the two watersheds. Hydrologic and salt balances for the Pauma, Pala, Bonsall, and Mission ground-water basins in the San Luis Rey River valley needed to develop the plan were difficult to compute because of the lack of data.
Hydrologic models constructed and verified for 1958-72 for Pauma and Pala basins and for 1946-72 for Bonsall and Mission basins were beneficial in developing the hydrologic balances. Inflow and outflow to the basins used in model verification were consistent with known physical and hydrologic characteristics of the basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7424","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Joint Administration Committee of the Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watershed Planning Agencies","usgsCitation":"Moreland, J.A., 1974, Hydrologic- and salt-balance investigations utilizing digital models Lower San Luis Rey River area, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-24, Report: v, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7424.","productDescription":"Report: v, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":350165,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"Lower San Luis Rey River area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.60864257812501,\n 32.85190345738802\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 32.85190345738802\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 33.461234144932305\n ],\n [\n -117.60864257812501,\n 33.461234144932305\n ],\n [\n -117.60864257812501,\n 32.85190345738802\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreland, Joe A.","contributorId":48171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207476,"text":"70207476 - 1974 - Red Sea geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T18:26:08","indexId":"70207476","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T18:17:09","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Red Sea geochemistry","docAbstract":"The Red Sea drillings reveal a number of new facets of the hot-brine-metalliferous system and other geochemical aspects of the sea, its sediments, and its past history as follows:
1) Dark shales rich in organic material, and containing enhanced Mo and V concentrations, are characteristic of Plio-Pleistocene strata in the Red Sea. Values as high as 1500 ppm V and 500 ppm Mo were obtained in sediments containing up to 8 percent organic carbon.
2) Metalliferous sediments in the hot brine deep (Site 226) are similar in composition in both solids and interstitial water to previously analyzed sediments. However, one site (228) well south of the known hot-brine deeps shows zinc mineralization reaching 5 percent Zn in late Miocene shale-anhydrite breccias.
3) Pore fluid studies show that near-saturated (NaCl) brines having similar total salt concentration to the hot-brine fluids are associated with Miocene evaporites at Sites 225, 227, and 228. However, their chemical and isotopic composition precludes such fluids being part of the \"hot brine plumbing system.\" Hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies demonstrate that fluids trapped between and among the evaporitic rocks have a strong meteoric water component, presumed to have entered the rocks during or shortly after formation in shallow evaporating pans. The composition of pore fluid at Site 227 suggests the presence of late-stage evaporite minerals of the tachyhydrite CaMg2Cl6 • 12H2O series in the in situ rocks.
4) Diffusivity measurements show that the pre-Miocene strata permit dissolved salt or gas diffusion to the extent of from 1/2 to about 1/10 the rate in free solution. However, in anhydrites diffusivity is reduced more than 100-fold, and no diffusion could be detected through halite rock. The rates applied to interstitial salt gradients at Site 225 suggest that less than 1 meter of rock salt is removed per million years by diffusion processes. The diffusion of salt can already be detected a few meters below the sediment-water interface, and based on the interstitial water studies, one can affirm the presence of salt at depth at Sites 228, 230, and possibly 229, where rock salt was not encountered by the drill.
5) Isotopic measurements on leads show that both leads from Site 228 and the hot brine deep (Site 226) require input from igneous or volcanic sources (e.g., volcanic ash). Elsewhere, however, leads of sedimentary-pelagic origin are noted.
6) Isotopic and other evidence indicates that the long-distance transport of subterranean brines advocated by Craig (1969) is unlikely. Instead, it is proposed that the source of the hot brines is subevaporite clastic or other aquifers of early to middle Miocene age that have been disrupted by rifting. These discharge in the deeps by virtue of hydrodynamic continuity with heavy brines at higher positions on the nearby flanks of the Red Sea. In this case, the waters might be fossil (middle Miocene) Red Sea waters of relatively normal salinity that have acquired greater salt concentration by diffusion from overlying late Miocene evaporites. The model is consistent with the isolated nature of the brine deeps and suggests that flow might have been enhanced by increased hydraulic gradients during periods of lowered Red Sea levels.
7) Interstitial water evidence indicates that Pleistocene lowerings of sea level did not cause evaporative conditions leading to actual gypsum or other evaporite deposition in the deeper water zones, as has been postulated. This in turn suggests that sill depths were greater than have been assumed.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.23.138.1974","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., 1974, Red Sea geochemistry: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 23, p. 975-998, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.23.138.1974.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"998","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.23.138.1974","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Red Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.123291015625,\n 28.130127737874005\n ],\n [\n 34.727783203125,\n 28.168875180063345\n ],\n [\n 35.079345703125,\n 29.563901551414418\n ],\n [\n 34.815673828125,\n 29.602118211647333\n ],\n [\n 34.25537109375,\n 28.19792655722615\n ],\n [\n 34.288330078125,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n 33.870849609375,\n 28.04289477256162\n ],\n [\n 32.6513671875,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n 32.10205078125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n 35.35400390625,\n 23.986252599841798\n ],\n [\n 35.628662109375,\n 22.917922936146045\n ],\n [\n 36.749267578125,\n 21.993988560906033\n ],\n [\n 37.012939453125,\n 21.17672864097083\n ],\n [\n 37.28759765625,\n 18.79191774423444\n ],\n [\n 38.232421875,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n 38.748779296875,\n 17.63355221367443\n ],\n [\n 39.26513671875,\n 15.718238544734854\n ],\n [\n 39.79248046875,\n 14.93416989934271\n ],\n [\n 40.7373046875,\n 14.71113475887066\n ],\n [\n 43.275146484375,\n 12.39365886237742\n ],\n [\n 43.780517578125,\n 12.897489183755892\n ],\n [\n 43.39599609375,\n 13.47510594433495\n ],\n [\n 42.86865234375,\n 15.675932151334584\n ],\n [\n 42.791748046875,\n 16.909683615558635\n ],\n [\n 42.451171875,\n 17.28770905062193\n ],\n [\n 41.934814453125,\n 17.926475979176438\n ],\n [\n 41.2646484375,\n 18.87510275035649\n ],\n [\n 40.858154296875,\n 19.880391767822505\n ],\n [\n 40.177001953125,\n 20.385825381874263\n ],\n [\n 39.781494140625,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n 39.30908203125,\n 21.34054846908118\n ],\n [\n 39.0673828125,\n 22.024545601240337\n ],\n [\n 39.287109375,\n 22.411028521558706\n ],\n [\n 38.1005859375,\n 24.256981315882488\n ],\n [\n 37.58422851562499,\n 24.397133017391052\n ],\n [\n 37.276611328125,\n 24.896402266558727\n ],\n [\n 37.254638671875,\n 25.27450351782018\n ],\n [\n 35.123291015625,\n 28.130127737874005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156532,"text":"70156532 - 1974 - Palynological applications of principal component and cluster analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T18:03:10","indexId":"70156532","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological applications of principal component and cluster analyses","docAbstract":"Two multivariate statistical methods are suggested to help describe patterns in pollen data that result from changes in the relative frequencies of pollen types produced by past climatic and environmental variations. These methods, based on a geometric model, compare samples by use of the product-moment correlation coefficient computed from data subjected to a centering transformation. If there are m samples and n pollen types, then the data can be regarded as a set of m points in an n-dimensional space. The first method, cluster analysis, produces a dendrograph or clustering tree in which samples are grouped with other samples on the basis of their similarity to each other. The second method, principal component analysis, produces a set of variates that arc linear combinations of the pollen samples, are uncorrelated with each other, and best describe the data using a minimum number of dimensions. This method is useful in reducing the dimensionality of data sets. A further transformation known as varimax rotation acts on a subset of the principal components to make them easier to interpret. Both methods offer the advantages of reproducibility of results and speed in pattern description. Once the patterns in the data have been described, however, they must be interpreted by the palynologist. An application of the methods in palynology is shown by using data from Osgood Swamp, Calif.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., 1974, Palynological applications of principal component and cluster analyses: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 727-741.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"741","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4031e4b0518e354d1117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231176,"text":"70231176 - 1974 - Geology and mineral resources of the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles, Carbon and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-02T16:05:19.039387","indexId":"70231176","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T10:46:51","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10737,"text":"Atlas","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"195cd","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles, Carbon and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Lehighton and Palmerton 73 1/2-minute quadrangles cover an area of about 112 square miles of diversified terrain in the folded Appalachian Mountain and Great Valley sections of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province in Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania. The Lehigh River and Blue Mountain are the prominent features of the topography. Rock units defined and mapped in the area are the lithified sediments that were deposited in a variety of offshore marine, marine shelf, marginal marine, and fluvial environments associated with two phases of basin filling. The rocks are separated into four lithotectonic units, each deformed semi-independently of adjacent lithotectonic units. Decollements presumably separate the lithotectonic units.
Lithotectonic unit 1 consists of about 12,000 feet of slate and graywacke of the Middle and Upper Ordovician Martinsburg Formation. This unit contains mainly asymmetric, similar, and nearly isoclinal folds, with wave lengths of 1,000 to 3,000 feet and amplitudes of 400 to 2,000 feet, formed mainly by passive flow and slip. Lithotectonic unit 2 includes about 3,100 feet of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate of the Shawangunk Formation (Ordovician(?) and Silurian), Bloomsburg Red Beds (Silurian), and the lower part of the Poxono Island Formation (Silurian). This unit contains mainly asymmetric and concentric folds, with wavelengths of about one mile and amplitudes of 1,500 to 5,000 feet, formed by flexural slip with minor passive slip and flow. Lithotectonic unit 3 contains about 750 feet of limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and dolomite of the upper part of the Poxono Island Formation, Bossardville Limestone, and Decker Formation (all Silurian), the Coeymans and New Scotland Formations, Shriver Chert, and Ridgeley Formation of the Oriskany Group and the Schoharie-Esopus Formation (all Lower Devonian), and the Palmerton Formation and Buttermilk Falls Limestone (both Middle Devonian). This unit has asymmetric, concentric, similar, and flap folds, with wavelengths of 1,000 to 1,500 feet and amplitudes of about 1,550 feet, formed by flexural slip and flow and passive slip and flow. Lithotectonic unit 4 consists of more than 13,000 feet of sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, and shale of the Middle Devonian Marcellus and Mahantango Formations, the Upper Devonian Trimmers Rock and Catskill Formations, the Devonian-Mississippian Spechty Kopf Forma tion, the Mississippian Pocono and Mauch Chunk Formations, and the Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation. This unit contains nearly symmetric, concentric flexural-slip folds with wavelengths of more than five miles and amplitudes of about one mile.
Surficial deposits occur throughout the mapped area and include: Pleistocene pre-lllinoian(?) till and outwash(?), lllinoian(?) till and outwash, Wisconsinan outwash, shale-chip rubble, boulder fields, and colluvium; and Holocene alluvium, landslide deposits, and man-made dumps.
The rocks of the mapped area, except for the deeply weathered lime stones, generally have good slope stability and foundation support strength, moderate to low primary infiltration capacity and aquifer potential but moderate to high secondary values for these properties, moderate resistance to weathering, and are moderately difficult to difficult to excavate. All of these properties are strongly influenced by the abundant bedding, cleavage, and joint partings of the rocks. Similar evaluations for the surficial deposits indicate less desirable values except for the ease of excavation of most of the unconsolidated materials.
Currently active and potential mineral resources are numerous in the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles and include slate, sand, paint ore, building stone, crushed rock, lightweight aggregate, clinker residue, clay, hydraulic cement, and roofing granules.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pennsylvania Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Epstein, J.B., Sevon, W., and Glaeser, J.D., 1974, Geology and mineral resources of the Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles, Carbon and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania: Atlas 195cd, Report: xxii, 460 p.; 4 Plates: 51.60 x 40.70 inches or smaller.","productDescription":"Report: xxii, 460 p.; 4 Plates: 51.60 x 40.70 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://maps.dcnr.pa.gov/publications/Default.aspx?id=189"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Carbon County, Northampton County","otherGeospatial":"Lehighton and Palmerton quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.875\n ],\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.875\n ],\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sevon, W. D.","contributorId":38650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevon","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glaeser, J. Douglas","contributorId":291241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glaeser","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198191,"text":"70198191 - 1974 - Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:56:18","indexId":"70198191","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3284,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy","docAbstract":"Multiring impact basins, formed after solidification of the lunar crust, account for most or all premare regional deposits and structures expressed in the lunar landscape and for major topographic and gravity variations. A fresh basin has two or more concentric mountain rings, a lineated ejecta blanket, and secondary impact craters. Crackled material on the floor may be impact melt. The ejecta blanket was emplaced at least partly as a ground‐hugging flow and was probably hot. A suggested model of basin formation is that the center lifts up and the rings form by inward collapse during evisceration. The resulting basin is shallow and has a central uplift of the mantle. This results in a central gravity high and a ring low. Later flooding by mare basalt has since modified most near side basins. Highland deposits of plains, furrowed and pitted terrain, and various hills, domes, and craters that were interpreted before the Apollo missions as being volcanic can now be interpreted as being basin related. A province map of the whole moon shows that the relatively young Orientale and Imbrium basins imprinted and rejuvenated much of the moon's surface; older basins must have also. The most primitive cratered surface remaining is mostly on the far side, distant from Imbrium and Orientale and other large relatively young basins. All five lunar landings in the highlands sampled stratigraphic units probably related to basins. Several nearly obliterated basins have been discovered recently, including a deep one on the far side that is as wide as the moon's radius. The presence of these ancient basins suggests that the surface is effectively saturated by basins and that many others were completely destroyed by later impacts. Basin impacts may have churned the lunar crust to large depths.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG012i003p00309","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Wilhelms, D., and Scott, D.H., 1974, Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 12, no. 3, p. 309-327, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG012i003p00309.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221215,"text":"5221215 - 1974 - Eggshell thinning and residues in mallards one year after DDE exposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T14:46:54.459698","indexId":"5221215","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-01T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eggshell thinning and residues in mallards one year after DDE exposure","docAbstract":"A group of 16 mallard hens (Anas platyrhynchos), that had been given feed containing 40 ppm ofp,p'-DDE for 96 days, laid eggs with shells averaging about 15%–20% thinner than those of ten control birds during and up to 42 days after treatment. In eight of the treated birds killed at that time, whole-body DDE residues averaged 33.1 ppm (wet weight). The other eight treated birds and ten controls were kept through the winter with no additional DDE exposure and penned separately five days for individual egg collection about three weeks after laying began in spring. At that time (nearly 11 months after DDE feeding had stopped), the treated birds laid eggs with shells averaging 7.4% thinner than control eggshells (significant at P≤0.05) and their whole-body DDE residues averaged 9.6 ppm (wet weight). Variations in eggshell thickness and DDE residues were considerable among treated birds. However, regression analysis showed moderate negative correlations (r=−0.51 to −0.62) between eggshell thickness and DDE residues in whole bodies and eggs, and strong positive correlations (r=0.73 and 0.91) between DDE residues in whole bodies and in eggs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02047100","usgsCitation":"Haegele, M.A., and Hudson, R.H., 1974, Eggshell thinning and residues in mallards one year after DDE exposure: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 2, no. 4, p. 356-363, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02047100.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"356","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60f296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haegele, M. A.","contributorId":107010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haegele","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Rick H.","contributorId":100470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70246982,"text":"70246982 - 1974 - Geohydrologic considerations in the management of radioactive waste","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-20T15:37:09.364305","indexId":"70246982","displayToPublicDate":"1974-09-01T09:52:43","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2910,"text":"Nuclear Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrologic considerations in the management of radioactive waste","docAbstract":"Nongaseous radioactive wastes occur as liquids containing high-level concentrations of radionuclides, liquids containing low concentrations of radionuclides, and solids contaminated by radioactivity. Whether released by accident or design into the earth or onto the earth’s surface, only water is capable of transporting significant quantities of radionuclides away from burial sites. Geohydrologic information that must be determined to predict the velocity and direction of waste movement from a site include climate, hydrology, detailed subsurface geology, permeability, porosity, sorptive potential, seismic potential, and geologic history of the area. Since the late 1960’s mathematical models have been used to make predictions of waste transport in some hydrologic systems. Intensive field investigations at each site are needed before these models can be used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.13182/NT74-A31498","usgsCitation":"DeBuchananne, G.D., 1974, Geohydrologic considerations in the management of radioactive waste: Nuclear Technology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 356-361, https://doi.org/10.13182/NT74-A31498.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"356","endPage":"361","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeBuchananne, George D.","contributorId":10040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBuchananne","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232485,"text":"70232485 - 1974 - Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T15:01:17.842304","indexId":"70232485","displayToPublicDate":"1974-09-01T09:50:26","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain","docAbstract":"Volume was calculated for the 107 individual volcanic shields along the Hawaiian Ridge Emperor Seamounts chain to help fulfill the need for volume data essential to determining eruption rates, fraction of mantle melted, and other parameters. Boundaries used were based principally upon location of rift zones related to each shield. Volcanic loci shown are modified from an earlier map to accommodate changes in bathymetry. Total volumes calculated for the Emperor and Hawaiian chains are 336.3 X 103 km3 and 744.9 X 103 km3
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., and Jackson, E.D., 1974, Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 5, p. 545-550.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"550","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue5/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaiian-Emperor Chain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -172.6171875,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -172.6171875,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -172.6171875,\n 30\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.99,\n 15\n ],\n [\n -149.23828125,\n 15\n ],\n [\n -149.23828125,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -179.99,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -179.99,\n 15\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Everett D.","contributorId":7289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210094,"text":"70210094 - 1974 - Feeding Ecology of Breeding Blue-Winged Teals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T20:54:01.592548","indexId":"70210094","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-31T15:47:19","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding Ecology of Breeding Blue-Winged Teals","docAbstract":"A 5-year investigation of factors influencing the selection of foods consumed by blue-winged teals (Anas discors) during the breeding season in the glaciated prairie region of south-central North Dakota showed that birds first arriving on the breeding grounds consumed a diet consisting of 45 percent invertebrates. The proportion of animal foods in the diet increased to 95 percent at the onset of the nesting season. The quality and quantity of foods selected at any given time were influenced by the biological demands and morphological adaptations of the bird, the behavior and ecology of the invertebrates selected as foods, and the general nature of the aquatic ecosystems as determined by the hydrology and geology of the area and modified by land use and weather. Feeding activities changed significantly when food availability within the aquatic ecosystem changed. During the spring and early summer, temporary and seasonal wetlands, if not severely disturbed, were of paramount importance to breeding blue-winged teals since they provided abundant and readily available, high protein, animal foods. Later in the summer when seasonal wetlands began to dry up, insects began to emerge in the semipermanent ponds and lakes, and feeding intensity shifted to these more permanent waters. This trend, however, was often reversed temporarily during the early summer following heavy precipitation that refilled shallow water areas and again stimulated invertebrate development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800869","usgsCitation":"Swanson, G.A., Meyer, M.I., and Serie, J.R., 1974, Feeding Ecology of Breeding Blue-Winged Teals: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 38, no. 3, p. 396-407, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800869.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"407","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Kidder County, Stutsman County","city":"Jamestown","otherGeospatial":"","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.25299072265625,\n 46.638122462379656\n ],\n [\n -98.08868408203125,\n 46.638122462379656\n ],\n [\n -98.08868408203125,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -100.25299072265625,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -100.25299072265625,\n 46.638122462379656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, George A.","contributorId":49654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Mavis I.","contributorId":224679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Mavis","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Serie, Jerome R.","contributorId":174564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Serie","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010187,"text":"70010187 - 1974 - Mercury's surface: Preliminary description and interpretation from Mariner 10 pictures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T22:55:52.451612","indexId":"70010187","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury's surface: Preliminary description and interpretation from Mariner 10 pictures","docAbstract":"The surface morphology and optical properties of Mercury resemble those of the moon in remarkable detail and record a very similar sequence of events. Chemical and mineralogical similarity of the outer layers of Mercury and the moon is implied; Mercury is probably a differentiated planet with a large iron-rich core. Differentiation is inferred to have occurred very early. No evidence of atmospheric modification of landforms has been found. Large-scale scarps and ridges unlike lunar or Martian features may reflect a unique period of planetary compression near the end of heavy bombardment by small planetesimals.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.185.4146.169","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Murray, B.C., Belton, M.J., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Gault, D.E., Hapke, B., O'Leary, B., Strom, R., Suomi, V., and Trask, N., 1974, Mercury's surface: Preliminary description and interpretation from Mariner 10 pictures: Science, v. 185, no. 4146, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4146.169.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mercury","volume":"185","issue":"4146","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5433e4b0c8380cd6ceed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, B. C.","contributorId":49870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. Edward","contributorId":58769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gault, D. E.","contributorId":38580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gault","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hapke, B.","contributorId":51447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O'Leary, B.","contributorId":80006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Leary","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Strom, R.G.","contributorId":45744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Suomi, V.","contributorId":7836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Trask, N.","contributorId":20065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70199431,"text":"70199431 - 1974 - Some interpretations of sequential bid pricing strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T16:26:40","indexId":"70199431","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:22:09","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5742,"text":"Management Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some interpretations of sequential bid pricing strategies","docAbstract":"This note provides an alternative interpretation for sequential bid pricing strategies as initially formulated by Kortanek, Soden, and Sodaro [Kortanek, K. O., J. V. Soden, D. Sodabo. 1973. Profit analysis and sequential bid pricing models. Management Sci.20 (3, November) 396–417. In particular, bid prices obtained from the sequential model are shown to result from a condition which incorporates the failure rate function as a means of including probable actions of competing firms. A reformulation of the bidder's criterion function in the context of utility theory is also discussed and shown to result in bidding strategies which may also be interpreted in the proposed fashion.
","language":"English","publisher":"INFORMS","doi":"10.1287/mnsc.20.11.1424","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1974, Some interpretations of sequential bid pricing strategies: Management Science, v. 20, no. 11, p. 1413-1496, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.20.11.1424.","productDescription":"84 p.","startPage":"1413","endPage":"1496","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232456,"text":"70232456 - 1974 - Yachats Basalt: An upper Eocene differentiated volcanic sequence in the Oregon Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:29:21.335082","indexId":"70232456","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:16:31","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Yachats Basalt: An upper Eocene differentiated volcanic sequence in the Oregon Coast Range","docAbstract":"The name Yadials Basalt is proposed for a sequence of largely subacrial basalt flows and breccias and associated dikes of late Eocene age that arc exposed along the central Oregon coast. These volcanic rocks, which have a maximum thickness of 750 m, are underlain by marine siltstonc of late Eocene age and overlain by marine siltstone and basaltic sandstone, also of late Eocene age. The siltstone contains a foraminiferal fauna indicative of a moderately deepwatcr marine environment, indicating that local uplift preceded the extrusion of the flows and local subsidence followed. The Yachats Basalt varies widely in composition. Although the bulk of the extrusive rocks and dikes arc basalt, some grade in composition to basaltic andcsite and andcsite; a few dikes are rhyodacitic. Most of the rocks arc porphyritic with phcnocrysts of labradorite and less commonly augite and olivine. Typical flow rock contains 50 percent SiO2 and are characterized by high alumina, alkali, titania, and phosphate content. The wide range in composition and porphyritic character of the Yachats Basalt and the abundance of multiple dikes suggest that the magma that produced these rocks was differentiated in the upper crust before extrusion. The Yachats Basalt, and correlative upper Eocene volcanic rocks in western Oregon and Washington, lie along a generally north-trending belt. The predominance of normal faulting in western Oregon and Washington and on the adjacent continental shelf during post mid-late Eocene time suggests that the volcanics were extruded along a zone of tensional rifting. They do not appear to be related to conventional plate models for continental margins that arc characterized by deep trenches flanked by island arcs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Snavely, P., and MacLeod, N.S., 1974, Yachats Basalt: An upper Eocene differentiated volcanic sequence in the Oregon Coast Range: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 395-403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"403","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402897,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 44.004669106432225\n ],\n [\n -123.78295898437501,\n 44.004669106432225\n ],\n [\n -123.78295898437501,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 44.004669106432225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232488,"text":"70232488 - 1974 - Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T15:34:31.359942","indexId":"70232488","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:00:05","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral","title":"Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral","docAbstract":"Brüggenite, Ca(I0 3 )2 - H2 0, is found in veins of high-purity soda niter in rhyolite tuff at Pampa Pique III, Oficina Lautaro, Chile, as long columnar anhedral crystals, as prismatic crystals, and as irregular anhedral crystals or encrusting masses. The mineral is colorless to bright yellow, and transparent to translucent, has vitreous luster and a hardness of about 3 1/2, is brittle, and has conchoidal fracture. It is biaxial and has variable optic angle and refractive indices, which were determined by the spindle-stage method. Refractive indices are as follows: nα =1.772-1.779, nβ=1.795-1.802, and nγ=1.817-1.824 (all ± 0.003); optic angle shows a range of 2VZ = 86°-96°; Z = b and X∧c = -47°; dispersion (Z) is r<v, moderate. Brüggenite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a=8.509±0.001 A, b = 10.027±0.002 A, c = 7.512±0.001 A, β = 95°16.00'±0.55', volume 638.2 A3 , Z = 4, G(calc) = 4.244, G(meas)=4.24±0.01. The X-ray diffraction powder pattern of brüggenite has the following strong lines (hkl, dhkl1 ): 031, 3.051 A (100); 220, 3.238 A (90); 200, 4.235 A (80); 002, 3.739 A (60); 012, 3.503 A (60); 231, 2.522 A (60). The composition was confirmed by chemical analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G., Mrose, M.E., and Marinenko, J., 1974, Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 471-478.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"478","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Chile","state":"Antofagasta Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n -26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -66.9287109375,\n -26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -66.9287109375,\n -22.836945920943844\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n -22.836945920943844\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n -26.2145910237943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mrose, Mary E.","contributorId":84750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrose","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marinenko, John","contributorId":102861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232480,"text":"70232480 - 1974 - Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T14:38:57.130051","indexId":"70232480","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T09:12:29","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis","title":"Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis","docAbstract":"The common occurrence of cinnabar and stibnite in well-defined districts in the same epithermal environments suggests that similar physiochemical processes are responsible for the genesis of the two minerals; however, cinnabar and stibnite tend to be segregated within these districts and also within individual deposits that contain both minerals. Where cinnabar and stibnite occur in contact, textural evidence indicates that cinnabar is generally younger, although some textures suggest overlap of deposition. To better understand the physicochemical processes involved in the formation of cinnabar and stibnite deposits, we investigated the solubilities of cinnabar and stibnite in aqueous Na2S solutions that were simultaneously saturated with both cinnabar and stibnite at concentrations from 0.384 percent (0.0492 mol/kg) to 1.772 percent(0.227 mol/kg)Na2S at temperatures from 150° to 250°C, at 100 bars pressure. The ratio of dissolved Sb2 S3 to HgS under most conditions is larger than 25:1 moles per mole. We conclude that alkaline sulfide solutions could not transport geologically appreciable amounts of HgS while they are saturated with stibnite; major amounts of HgS could only be transported in solutions that are undersaturated with stibnite. Solubility behavior of HgS and Sb2 S3 is thus a possible mechanism for the segregation of cinnabar and stibnite, especially when the conduit system is modified during the episode of mineralization. The deposition of stibnite before that of cinnabar in most places but with minor overlapping deposition in some places is in accord with deductions made from the solubility studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Tunell, G., and Dickson, F.W., 1974, Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 457-466.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"466","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402944,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tunell, G.","contributorId":49908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tunell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickson, F. W.","contributorId":292713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211092,"text":"70211092 - 1974 - Estimating the “thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from heat-flow and heat-productivity data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T16:47:54.546602","indexId":"70211092","displayToPublicDate":"1974-06-13T11:14:25","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the “thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from heat-flow and heat-productivity data","docAbstract":"Estimates of minimum thickness of the Boulder batholith, computed using the linear relation between heat flow and heat productivity and assuming constant heat productivity with depth, are highly nonspecific. They can vary between about 3 and 20 km, depending on values of surface-rock heat productivity and values of assumed contribution of nonbatholith heat sources (such as lower crustal and upper mantle) to the measured surface heat flow used in the calculations. Models involving radiogenic heat sources decreasing with depth in the batholith lead to significantly greater estimates of thickness by as much as a factor of two or more. A reappraisal of data and arguments related to earlier conflicting estimates, based only on one heat-flow determination and within the context of several newly published additional heat-flow measurements, indicates that the previous differences of opinion are negligible and acceptable, in view of the enormous uncertainties inherent in the method of estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<457:ETTOTB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1974, Estimating the “thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from heat-flow and heat-productivity data: Geology, v. 2, no. 9, p. 457-460, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<457:ETTOTB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"460","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232449,"text":"70232449 - 1974 - Chemical variations across the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T16:30:09.738524","indexId":"70232449","displayToPublicDate":"1974-05-01T11:19:22","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical variations across the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith","docAbstract":"A study of 79 chemical analyses of plutonic rocks in the northern part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith shows that K2O and SiO2 in Late Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks decrease toward the Pacific margin and that Al2O3 and CaO increase. Plots for Fe2O3, FeO, MgO, and TiO2 suggest a possible increase toward the Pacific margin; Na2O, H2O+, and MnO show no significant trends across the batholith. Oxide trends for groups of plutons in the western and eastern parts of the batholith in general are opposite that of the groups combined. For the Jurassic plutonic rocks, K2O may decrease toward the Pacific margin; other oxides show considerable scatter, and meaningful trends are not readily apparent. The oxide trends across the batholith are similar to trends across the central Sierra Nevada batholith of California, with the exception of SiO2 and A12O3, which show no significant changes. In the Coast Range batholith of British Columbia, potassium also increases away from the Pacific margin. The increase in K2O toward the continent in the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith is similar to that found across Quaternary volcanic island arcs, where K2O content increases directly with increasing depth to inclined seismic zones. This increase suggests that generation of magma may have taken place along, or above, a paleoseismic zone. Geologic evidence supports such a model for the Jurassic plutonic rocks, which represent the roots of an early Mesozoic magmatic arc that probably formed above a descending oceanic plate. However, the hypothesis that magma for Late Cretaceous and Tertiary plutonic rocks was generated along seismic zones does not fit available geologic evidence, and an anatectic model cannot be ruled out.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1974, Chemical variations across the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 3, p. 343-352.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"352","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402854,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 57.37393841871411\n ],\n [\n -148.3154296875,\n 57.37393841871411\n ],\n [\n -148.3154296875,\n 62.63376960786813\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 62.63376960786813\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 57.37393841871411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":845569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70247400,"text":"70247400 - 1974 - Artificial Recharge — State of the Art","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T15:31:43.154906","indexId":"70247400","displayToPublicDate":"1974-05-01T10:29:09","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artificial Recharge — State of the Art","docAbstract":"The largest potential reservoir for the storage of potable water is in the unsaturated zone. Use of this space for the storage and retrieval of potable water is a multifaceted problem which requires application of the best talent from the scientific community.
Artificial recharge has many similarities to liquidwaste disposal through deep wells. In both, the problem is to place liquid in a permeable lithologic unit at an economic rate, to predict movement and the chemical reactions and physical changes that take place while the liquid is in the reservoir. Differences between the two operations are principally in the type of fluid injected and the ultimate objective. In artificial recharge the objective is to store and retrieve water of good quality; in waste disposal the objective is to store permanently water of objectionable quality. In both artificial recharge and liquid-waste storage, the nature of the storage must be known, particularly that of the unsaturated zone. The techniques of investigation for recharge and waste disposal are generally the same.
Water commonly is recharged by surface spreading through basins or by induced recharge from adjacent streams and lakes or through injection wells. Research in recharge through basins has been dominated by mathematical models based on idealized conditions and empirical relations, derived by experimental sequencing of recharge operations, and operational controls in the pretreatment of recharge water. Recharge by injection wells has been undertaken in a variety of hydrologic environments. In Israel efforts have been directed toward the analyses of diffusion and dispersion of the injected water. Much research in the United States has been directed toward the movement of bacteria and organic matter through an aquifer and toward the chemical modeling of changes in recharged water as it moves.
Much more research is needed on the basic properties of aquifers, particularly in the unsaturated zone, and on all aspects of recharge-water quality. Research and the use of data produced are increasingly the responsibility of interdisciplinary teams which consider the geologic, hydraulic, and economic aspects of the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03015.x","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.F., and Signor, D., 1974, Artificial Recharge — State of the Art: Groundwater, v. 12, no. 3, p. 152-160, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03015.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. F.","contributorId":55803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signor, D. C.","contributorId":95100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70247389,"text":"70247389 - 1974 - Adsorption of MBAS from wastewaters and secondary effluents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T13:40:43.818053","indexId":"70247389","displayToPublicDate":"1974-05-01T08:37:14","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2573,"text":"Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption of MBAS from wastewaters and secondary effluents","docAbstract":"On the basis of adsorption behavior, there seems to be three groups of methylene blue active substances (MBAS) in wastewaters and secondary effluents. The first group is observed at low dosages of activated carbon, contains the bulk of the total MBAS, and is readily adsorbable. The second is noted at intermediate dosages, contains a small part of the total, and is poorly adsorbable. The third occurs at very high dosages, contains a small part, and is essentially nonadsorbable. Analysis by the Freundlich adsorption model indicates that organic materials in wastewaters and effluents exert a strong competitive effect on the adsorption of MBAS. When competitive effects are normalized, however, the MBAS in wastewaters are slightly more adsorbable than those in effluents.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Rickert, D.A., and Hunter, J.V., 1974, Adsorption of MBAS from wastewaters and secondary effluents: Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, v. 46, no. 5, p. 911-919.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"919","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":419489,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25038733","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickert, David A.","contributorId":80247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickert","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, Joseph V.","contributorId":317838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunter","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001455,"text":"1001455 - 1974 - Estimating survival rates from banding of adult and juvenile birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-26T21:33:17.735325","indexId":"1001455","displayToPublicDate":"1974-04-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating survival rates from banding of adult and juvenile birds","docAbstract":"The restrictive assumptions required by most available methods for estimating survival probabilities render them unsuitable for analyzing real banding data. A model is proposed which allows survival rates and recovery rates to vary with the calendar year, and also allows juveniles to have rates different from adults. In addition to survival rates and recovery rates, the differential vulnerability factors of juveniles relative to adults are estimated. Minimum values of the variances of the estimators are also given. The new procedure is applied to sets of duck and goose data in which reasonably large numbers of adult and juvenile birds were banded. The results are shown to be generally comparable to those procured by other methods, but, in addition, insight into the extent of annual variation is gained. Combining data from adults and juveniles also increases the effective sample size, since the juveniles are assumed to enter the adult age class after surviving their initial year.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800735","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., 1974, Estimating survival rates from banding of adult and juvenile birds: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 38, no. 2, p. 290-297, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800735.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70247402,"text":"70247402 - 1974 - Tectonic evolution of the southern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T15:42:05.803613","indexId":"70247402","displayToPublicDate":"1974-04-01T10:37:56","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic evolution of the southern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"A detailed magnetic survey in the southern Gulf of Mexico shows subdued irregular magnetic anomalies that are similar in wave length to those attributed to sea-floor spreading on present-day oceanic rises. The small amplitude of these anomalies, about 75γ, would be compatible with an oceanic basalt source at a depth of 10 km, and previous seismic refraction studies in this area have shown that layer 2 of the oceanic crust (presumed to be basalt) does indeed lie at approximately that depth.
Palynomorphs in Deep Sea Drilling Project samples of cap-rock material from the Sigsbee Knolls have shown the associated salt to be Jurassic. A crustal model, based on seismic refraction evidence and on new gravity data, suggests that, whereas the salt-dome belt of the southern gulf is underlain by a thick layer with a density of 2.2 g per cm3 (presumed to be halite rock), adjacent deeper areas of the basin seem to lack this low density layer.
In northeastern Mexico, Triassic red beds fill grabens that are correlative with the Newark Group of the Atlantic Coast and suggest that the Gulf of Mexico originated at the time of the initial rifting of the North Atlantic. When the gulf was about half-opened during the Jurassic, oceanic circulation was restricted; and thick deep-basin evaporite deposits, analogous to those found in the Mediterranean Sea by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, were laid down. Further opening established normal salinity and led to the development of salt-free areas of oceanic crust that separated the Sigsbee Escarpment (together with adjacent ridges of offshore Mexico) from the Sigsbee Knolls and salt domes of Cuba.
The subsequent structural evolution of the Gulf of Mexico basin is believed to have been mainly a result of interaction between it and tectonic plates of the Pacific area. After opening of the gulf, subduction began along the Cuban arc, where Atlantic rifting had created a nearly uninterrupted tract of oceanic crust extending from the Pacific between Yucatán and Colombia. Then, folding and gravity sliding associated with Laramide deformation on the west side of the gulf led to salt anticlines that underlie the ridges offshore from Mexico. Except for continued diapirism and subsidence associated with sediment loading, present tectonic activity is confined to the southwestern corner of the gulf, where volcanism and intermediate-focus earthquakes are a distant manifestation of subduction along the Middle America Trench on the Pacific side of Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C607:TEOTSG%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.W., and Del Castillo, L., 1974, Tectonic evolution of the southern Gulf of Mexico: GSA Bulletin, v. 85, no. 4, p. 607-618, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C607:TEOTSG%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"618","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.45840699357132,\n 20.93832815004201\n ],\n [\n -97.45840699357132,\n 17.8318866571838\n ],\n [\n -93.70532521202199,\n 17.8318866571838\n ],\n [\n -93.70532521202199,\n 20.93832815004201\n ],\n [\n -97.45840699357132,\n 20.93832815004201\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, George W.","contributorId":21625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Del Castillo, Luis","contributorId":317849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Del Castillo","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208896,"text":"70208896 - 1974 - Fluid inclusion and light stable isotope study of the climax molybdenum deposits, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T13:14:56","indexId":"70208896","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-04T12:52:49","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion and light stable isotope study of the climax molybdenum deposits, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Climax mine contains three molybdenite ore bodies and widespread late quartz-pyrite-sericite barren mineralization, each related to separate intrusive phases of the Climax stock. Alteration zones spatially related to each molybdenite ore body include a silica zone below, a potassium-silicate zone that approximately coincides with ore, and overlying quartz-sericite-pyrite-topaz, argillic, and propylite zones.
Delta 18 O values of quartz range from +8.4 to 10.9 per mil; delta 18 O values of muscovite and sericite range from --0.8 to +7.5 per mil. Eight of ten sericite values are between +5.8 and +7.5. All of the quartz and most of the sericite is in isotopic equilibrium with a calculated water at 350 degrees C with delta 18 O values of +3.0 to 5.5 per mil.
Delta 18 O values of K-feldspars range from --4.5 to +7.5 per mil. This wide range indicates partial reequilibration of the feldspar with later, isotopically light, waters.
Two muscovites have delta D values of --146 and --91 per mil; sericite ranges from --168 to --116 per mil. The calculated delta D values of water at 275 degrees C in equilibrium with sericite are --144 to --92. This range is the same as that of fluid inclusions in ore samples.Kaolinite in the argillic zone has delta 18 O values of --0.9 to --2.2 and delta D values of --162 per mil. Calculated water at 250 degrees C in equilibrium with kaolinite delta 18 O values of --4.7 to -6 and delta D of about -130 per mil.
The isotopic and fluid inclusion data best fit a model whereby the Climax ore bodies were formed from a hydrothermal fluid that originated by mixing light and heavy waters. The light water is isotopically similar to present-day meteoric water; the heavy water has the isotopic composition postulated for magmatic water, although it could be meteoric water that was heavier than present-day meteoric water.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.884","usgsCitation":"Hall, W., Friedman, I., and Nash, J.T., 1974, Fluid inclusion and light stable isotope study of the climax molybdenum deposits, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 69, no. 6, p. 88-901, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.884.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"901","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"69","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1974-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, W. E.","contributorId":6431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232379,"text":"70232379 - 1974 - WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T16:47:32.05893","indexId":"70232379","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T11:43:01","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters","docAbstract":"The computer program, WATEQ, calculates the equilibrium distribution of inorganic aqueous species of major and important minor elements in natural waters using the chemical analysis and in situ measurements of temperature, pH, and redox potential. From this model, the states of reaction of the water with solid and gaseous phases are calculated. Thermodynamic stabilities of aqueous species, minerals, and gases have been selected from a careful consideration of all available experimental data. The program is written in PL-1 for IBM 360 computers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A.H., and Jones, B.F., 1974, WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 233-248.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402696,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A. H.","contributorId":140646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":845387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232375,"text":"70232375 - 1974 - Preliminary study of rock alteration in the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T15:24:23.924947","indexId":"70232375","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T10:11:51","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary study of rock alteration in the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit, Maine","docAbstract":"Studies of drill cores from the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit indicate that the deposit is of the porphyry type. Hydrothermal alteration and sulfide mineralization are probably distributed in complex but systematic alteration zones. Most or all mineralization at Catheart Mountain is in a medium-fine-grained quartz monzonite enclosed within a larger mass of Attean Quartz Monzonite; no ore and little hydrothermal alteration have been seen in the Attean. Much of the ore and hydrothermal alteration seem to be and presumably are spatially related to irregular intrusive masses of porphyry. Only certain porphyry intrusives are mineral bearing, however, and many have no associated ore and alteration. Studies of hydrothermal alterations in surface exposures supplemented by rock analyses of bulk samples indicate that alteration features and sulfide zone characteristics of an area northwest of the mountain crest are, when measured against accepted porphyry models, very favorable for the occurrence of ore. Even though this favorable area has already been tested by some drilling, the presence together here of the strong center of potassic enrichment, the well-developed pyrite zone, and the strong and extensive phyllic alteration suggest that some further evaluation may be warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, R.G., 1974, Preliminary study of rock alteration in the Catheart Mountain molybdenum-copper deposit, Maine: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 189-194.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Somerset County","otherGeospatial":"Catheart Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.25,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -70.1667,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -70.1667,\n 45.583333\n ],\n [\n -70.25,\n 45.583333\n ],\n [\n -70.25,\n 45.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Robert G.","contributorId":19243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}