Alternative male phenotypes in salmonine fishes arise from individuals that mature as larger and older anadromous marine-migrants or as smaller and younger freshwater residents. To better understand the processes influencing the expression of these phenotypes we examined the influences of growth in length (fork length) and whole body lipid content in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were sampled from the John Day River basin in northeast Oregon where both anadromous (\"steelhead\") and freshwater resident rainbow trout coexist. Larger males with higher lipid levels had a greater probability of maturing as a resident at age-1+. Among males, 38% were maturing overall, and the odds ratios of the logistic model indicated that the probability of a male maturing early as a resident at age-1+ increased 49% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 23-81%) for every 5 mm increase in length and 33% (95% CI = 10-61%) for every 0.5% increase in whole body lipid content. There was an inverse association between individual condition and water temperature as growth was greater in warmer streams while whole body lipid content was higher in cooler streams. Our results support predictions from life history theory and further suggest that relationships between individual condition, maturation, and environmental variables (e.g., water temperature) are shaped by complex developmental and evolutionary influences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9921-0","usgsCitation":"McMillan, J.R., Dunham, J., Reeves, G.H., Mills, J.S., and Jordan, C.E., 2012, Individual condition and stream temperature influence early maturation of rainbow and steelhead trout, ncorhynchus mykiss: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 343-355, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9921-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"355","ipdsId":"IP-034205","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"John Day River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 45.71385093029221\n ],\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 45.71385093029221\n ],\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f32de4b04edf7e93f8e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMillan, John R.","contributorId":27905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B. 0000-0002-6268-0633 jdunham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":1808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","email":"jdunham@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, Gordon H.","contributorId":101521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, Justin S.","contributorId":56944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jordan, Chris E.","contributorId":88233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041040,"text":"70041040 - 2012 - Listening to Glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics near marine-terminating glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:00:59","indexId":"70041040","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2929,"text":"Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Listening to Glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics near marine-terminating glaciers","docAbstract":"The catastrophic breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in the Weddell Sea in 2002 paints a vivid portrait of the effects of glacier-climate interactions. This event, along with other unexpected episodes of rapid mass loss from marine-terminating glaciers (i.e., tidewater glaciers, outlet glaciers, ice streams, ice shelves) sparked intensified study of the boundaries where marine-terminating glaciers interact with the ocean. These dynamic and dangerous boundaries require creative methods of observation and measurement. Toward this effort, we take advantage of the exceptional sound-propagating properties of seawater to record and interpret sounds generated at these glacial ice-ocean boundaries from distances safe for instrument deployment and operation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oceanography Society","publisherLocation":"Rockville, MD","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2012.81","usgsCitation":"Pettit, E., Nystuen, J., and O’Neel, S., 2012, Listening to Glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics near marine-terminating glaciers: Oceanography, v. 25, no. 3, p. 104-105, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"105","ipdsId":"IP-035646","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263558,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df90dce4b0dfbe79e6d960","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettit, E.C.","contributorId":50003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettit","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nystuen, J.A.","contributorId":107165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystuen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041042,"text":"70041042 - 2012 - Food availability and offspring sex in a monogamous seabird: insights from an experimental approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-18T17:09:59","indexId":"70041042","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food availability and offspring sex in a monogamous seabird: insights from an experimental approach","docAbstract":"Sex allocation theory predicts that parents should favor offspring of the sex that provides the greatest fitness return. Despite growing evidence suggesting that vertebrates are able to overcome the constraint of chromosomal sex determination, the general pattern remains equivocal, indicating a need for experimental investigations. We used an experimental feeding design to study sex allocation during 3 years in black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Intense male–male competition for securing a breeding site is common in this species in which males are heavier and larger than females. Hence, we hypothesized that parents producing fledglings in better than average condition, as supplementarily fed pairs do, would increase their fitness return by producing sons. Conversely, producing daughters would be a better tactic for Unfed parents. Hence, we predicted that Fed parents produce more sons than Unfed parents. This prediction is particularly expected if sexual dimorphism arises as early as during chick rearing, suggesting strong selective pressures for optimal male development. Our results showed that 1) males were heavier and larger than females prior to fledging and that 2) Fed parents produced relatively more male hatchlings than Unfed parents. We interpret this result in terms of a Trivers–Willard-type process. Furthermore, our data revealed that Unfed parents significantly overproduced female hatchlings, whereas offspring sex ratio was balanced among Fed parents. Because the 3 reproductive seasons we considered were particularly poor food years, Unfed parents may have overproduced daughters to avoid the apparent higher reproductive costs of raising sons.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","publisherLocation":"Oxford, U.K.","doi":"10.1093/beheco/ars023","usgsCitation":"Merkling, T., Leclaire, S., Danchin, E., Lhuillier, E., Wagner, R., White, J., Hatch, S.A., and Blanchard, P., 2012, Food availability and offspring sex in a monogamous seabird: insights from an experimental approach: Behavioral Ecology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 751-758, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars023.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"758","ipdsId":"IP-031621","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263554,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars023"},{"id":263555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d20c2be4b08b071e771b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merkling, Thomas","contributorId":19453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merkling","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leclaire, Sarah","contributorId":46385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leclaire","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danchin, Etienne","contributorId":69034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"Etienne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lhuillier, Emeline","contributorId":99854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lhuillier","given":"Emeline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wagner, Richard H.","contributorId":94943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Richard H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Joel","contributorId":60100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Blanchard, Pierrick","contributorId":56949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Pierrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70041578,"text":"pp1794A8 - 2012 - Southern Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 8 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T10:58:13","indexId":"pp1794A8","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-8","title":"Southern Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 8 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Southern Rockies Ecoregion is a high-elevation mountainous ecoregion that covers approximately 138,854 km2 (53,612 mi2), including much of central Colorado and parts of southern Wyoming and northern New Mexico (fig. 1) (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). It abuts six other ecoregions: the Wyoming Basin and Colorado Plateaus Ecoregions on the north and west, the Arizona/New Mexico Plateau Ecoregion on the south, and the Northwestern Great Plains, Western High Plains, and Southwestern Tablelands Ecoregions on the east (fig. 1). The ecoregion receives most of its annual precipitation (25–100 cm) as snowfall, which provides a significant amount of high-elevation snowpack that is an important water source for surrounding ecoregions. The Southern Rockies Ecoregion has a steep elevation gradient from low foothills to high peaks, with several hundred summits higher than 3,660 m (12,000 ft). As a southern extension of the larger RockyMountain system, it is composed primarily of seven main north-south trending mountain ranges that are separated by four large intermontane basins. A fifth basin, the San Luis Valley, is outside the ecoregion, forming a northern finger of the Arizona/New Mexico Plateau Ecoregion that lies mostly to the south. To the east, late Tertiary sand and gravel deposits that were eroded from the relatively young Rocky Mountains were carried eastward by streams, forming the nearby Western High Plains Ecoregion and its underlying Ogallala aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A8","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 8 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. 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The ecoregion covers approximately 90,160 km2 (34,881 mi2), and its three distinct geographic sections are bordered by several other ecoregions (fig. 1). The Yellowstone section abuts the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies and the Northern Rockies Ecoregions to the north, the Snake River Basin and the Central Basin and Range Ecoregions to the west, and the Wyoming Basin Ecoregion to the south and east. The Bighorn Mountains section lies between the Wyoming Basin Ecoregion to the west and the Northwestern Great Plains Ecoregion to the east, and it abuts the Montana Valleys and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion to the north. The Black Hills section is entirely surrounded by the Northwestern Great Plains Ecoregion. The Continental Divide crosses the ecoregion from the southeast along the Wind River Range, through Yellowstone National Park, and west along the Montana-Idaho border. On both sides of the divide, topographic relief causes local climate variability, particularly the effects of aspect, exposure to prevailing wind, thermal inversions, and rain-shadow effects, that are reflected in the wide variety of flora and fauna within the ecoregion (Ricketts and others, 1999).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A5","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 5 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. 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The east side of the ecoregion is bordered by the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion, which also forms a large part of the western border of the ecoregion. In addition, the Northern Rockies Ecoregion wraps around the ecoregion to the northwest and south (fig. 1). As the name implies, the Canadian Rocky Mountains are located mostly in Canada, straddling the border between Alberta and British Columbia. However, this ecoregion only includes the part of the northern Rocky Mountains that is in the United States. This ecoregion is characterized by steep, high-elevation mountain ranges similar to most of the rest of the Rocky Mountains. Compared to the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, however, the Canadian Rockies Ecoregion reaches higher elevations and contains a greater proportion of perennial snow and ice (Omernik, 1987) (fig. 2). Over the years, this section of the Rocky Mountains has garnered many different names, including “Crown of the Continent” by George Bird Grinnell (Waldt, 2008) and “Backbone of the World” by the Blackfeet (Pikuni) Nation. Throughout the ecoregion, montane, subalpine, and alpine ecosystems have distinct flora and fauna elevation zones. Glaciers, permanent snowfields, and seasonal snowpack are found at the highest elevations. Spring and summer runoff fills lakes and tarns that form the headwaters of numerous streams and rivers, including the Columbia and Missouri Rivers that flow west and east, respectively, from the Continental Divide.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A4","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 3 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J., 2012, Canadian Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 4 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-4, Chapter 4: 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A4.","productDescription":"Chapter 4: 8 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"68","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263832,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_4.jpg"},{"id":263831,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"},{"id":263829,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":263830,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter04.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park;Canadian Rockies","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,47.0 ], [ -115.0,49.0 ], [ -112.25,49.0 ], [ -112.25,47.0 ], [ -115.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e08e4b0b57f2415d1ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Janis L. 0000-0002-9418-5215","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-5215","contributorId":33409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Janis L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041516,"text":"pp1794A1 - 2012 - Coast Range Ecoregion: Chapter 1 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:03:03","indexId":"pp1794A1","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-1","title":"Coast Range Ecoregion: Chapter 1 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Coast Range Ecoregion, which covers approximately 57,338 km2 (22,138 mi2), is a thin, linear ecoregion along the Pacific Coast, stretching roughly 1,300 km from the Olympic Peninsula, in northwest Washington, to an area south of San Francisco, California (fig. 1) (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). It is bounded on the east by the Puget Lowland, the Willamette Valley, the Klamath Mountains, and the Southern and Central California Chaparral and Oak Woodlands Ecoregions. Almost the entire Coast Range Ecoregion lies within 100 km of the coast. Topography is highly variable, with coastal mountain ranges and valleys ranging from sea level to over 1,000 m in elevation (fig. 2). A maritime climate, along with high topographic relief, results in substantial, but regionally variable, amounts of rainfall, ranging from 130 cm to more than 350 cm per year. The favorable climate of the Coast Range Ecoregion has supported forests of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) along its northern coast and coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) along its southern coast, as well as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western red cedar (Thuja plicata), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) inland (Omernik, 1987). Today, however, much of the forest is heavily managed for logging (fig. 3), although the ecoregion still supports some of the largest remaining areas of old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest. Agriculture is a minor component of the landscape, present locally in flat lands and valleys near the coast. Urban development is minimal; Eureka, California, is the only urban center in the ecoregion, with a population of over 26,000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A1","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 1 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Sohl, T.L., 2012, Coast Range Ecoregion: Chapter 1 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-1, Chapter 1: 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A1.","productDescription":"Chapter 1: 9 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"41","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_1.jpg"},{"id":263791,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"},{"id":263789,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":263790,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter01.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,36.0 ], [ -124.8,48.75 ], [ -120.0,48.75 ], [ -120.0,36.0 ], [ -124.8,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e11e4b0b57f2415d1c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041036,"text":"70041036 - 2012 - Vegetation shifts observed in arctic tundra 17 years after fire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-01T17:38:15","indexId":"70041036","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3251,"text":"Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation shifts observed in arctic tundra 17 years after fire","docAbstract":"With anticipated climate change, tundra fires are expected to occur more frequently in the future, but data on the long-term effects of fire on tundra vegetation composition are scarce. This study addresses changes in vegetation structure that have persisted for 17 years after a tundra fire on the North Slope of Alaska. Fire-related shifts in vegetation composition were assessed from remote-sensing imagery and ground observations of the burn scar and an adjacent control site. Early-season remotely sensed imagery from the burn scar exhibits a low vegetation index compared with the control site, whereas the late-season signal is slightly higher. The range and maximum vegetation index are greater in the burn scar, although the mean annual values do not differ among the sites. Ground observations revealed a greater abundance of moss in the unburned site, which may account for the high early growing season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomaly relative to the burn. The abundance of graminoid species and an absence of Betula nana in the post-fire tundra sites may also be responsible for the spectral differences observed in the remotely sensed imagery. The partial replacement of tundra by graminoid-dominated ecosystems has been predicted by the ALFRESCO model of disturbance, climate and vegetation succession.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Group","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741","usgsCitation":"Barrett, K., Rocha, A.V., van de Weg, M.J., and Shaver, G., 2012, Vegetation shifts observed in arctic tundra 17 years after fire: Remote Sensing Letters, v. 3, no. 8, p. 729-736, https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"736","ipdsId":"IP-036276","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/1f3a5cdd-c8f7-4607-8e78-4029dfd32095","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263549,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741"},{"id":263551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263550,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -164.4,68.0 ], [ -164.4,71.39 ], [ -149.9,71.39 ], [ -149.9,68.0 ], [ -164.4,68.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e56744e4b0a4aa5bb05113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrett, Kirsten","contributorId":26600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Kirsten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rocha, Adrian V.","contributorId":25433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocha","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van de Weg, Martine Janet","contributorId":28141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Weg","given":"Martine","email":"","middleInitial":"Janet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaver, Gaius","contributorId":49680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"Gaius","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041574,"text":"pp1794A6 - 2012 - Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion: Chapter 6 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:00:48","indexId":"pp1794A6","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-6","title":"Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion: Chapter 6 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion comprises numerous intermountain valleys and low-elevation foothill prairies spread across the western half of Montana, on both sides of the Continental Divide (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The ecoregion, which covers approximately 64,658 km2 (24,965 mi2), includes the Flathead Valley and the valleys surrounding Helena, Missoula, Bozeman, Billings, Anaconda, Dillon, and Lewistown (fig. 1). These valleys are generally characterized by shortgrass prairie vegetation and are flanked by forested mountains (Woods and others, 1999); thus, the valleys’ biotas with regards to fish and insects are comparable. In many cases, the valleys are conduits for some of the largest rivers in the state, including Clark Fork and the Missouri, Jefferson, Madison, Flathead, Yellowstone, Gallatin, Smith, Big Hole, Bitterroot, and Blackfoot Rivers (fig. 2). The Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion also includes the “Rocky Mountain front,” an area of prairies along the eastern slope of the northern Rocky Mountains. Principal land uses within the ecoregion include farming, grazing, and mining. The valleys serve as major transportation and utility corridors and also contain the majority of Montana’s human population. The Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion extends into 17 mostly rural counties throughout western Montana. Only three of the counties—Carbon, Yellowstone, and Missoula—are part of a metropolitan statistical area with contiguous built-up areas tied to an employment center. Nearly two-thirds of Montana residents live in nonmetropolitan counties (Albrecht, 2008). Ten of the counties within the ecoregion had population growth rates greater than national averages (9–13 percent) between 1970 and 2000 (table 1). Ravalli and Gallatin Counties had the highest growth rates. Population growth was largely due to amenity-related inmigration and an economy dependent on tourism, health care, and services. Counties that had population declines, such as Deer Lodge, Silver Bow, and Meagher Counties, also had declines in agriculture and mining activity, and they had railroad closures as well. Climate varies from north to south and from the east side of the Continental Divide to the west side. However, all areas are semiarid with long cold winters and short growing seasons. In the western part of the ecoregion, Beaverhead, Bitterroot, Flathead, and Lolo National Forests provide the natural resources, particularly timber, that form the economic base for towns within nearby valleys. Mineral resources from mines in and around Anaconda, Deer Lodge, and Butte have long provided an economic base for these towns (fig. 3).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A6","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 6 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J., 2012, Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion: Chapter 6 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-6, Chapter 6: 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A6.","productDescription":"Chapter 6: 8 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_6.jpg"},{"id":263841,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":263843,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"},{"id":263842,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter06.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Montana Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,44.0 ], [ -115.0,49.0 ], [ -107.0,49.0 ], [ -107.0,44.0 ], [ -115.0,44.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e65e4b0b57f2415d1fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Janis L. 0000-0002-9418-5215","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-5215","contributorId":33409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Janis L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041575,"text":"pp1794A7 - 2012 - Northern Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 7 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T10:59:57","indexId":"pp1794A7","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-7","title":"Northern Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 7 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Northern Rockies Ecoregion (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997) covers approximately 162,746 km2 (63,200 mi2), primarily in Idaho but also including areas in western Montana and northeastern Washington (fig. 1). Canada forms the northern border of the ecoregion. To the west it is bordered by the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountains Ecoregions, to the south by the Snake River Basin Ecoregion, and to the east by the Canadian Rockies, Middle Rockies, Northwestern Great Plains, and Northwestern Glaciated Plains Ecoregions; also to the east, the Northern Rockies Ecoregion interfingers with the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion, each enclosing some isolated areas of the other (fig. 1). The ecoregion is composed of a series of high, rugged mountain ranges, mostly oriented northwest-southeast, with intermontane valleys between them (fig. 2). The entire ecoregion was glaciated during the Pleistocene (1,800,000 to 11,400 years ago), and today numerous large lakes occupy basins formed by glacial action (Omernik, 1987; Habeck and Mutch, 1973). Streams draining these mountain ranges provide a water source for many western cities and towns (fig. 3). The Continental Divide, located at the highest elevations along the northern Rocky Mountains, separates rivers that flow westward into the Columbia River watershed from those that flow eastward into the Missouri River watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A7","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 7 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. 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Methylmercury was injected at doses that resulted in concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 µg/g Hg in the egg on a wet weight basis and selenomethionine at doses that resulted in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 µg/g Se in the egg, also on a wet weight basis. When selenomethionine and methylmercury were injected separately, hatching probability decreased in both cases. However, when methylmercury was injected at 1.6 µg/g in combination with selenomethionine at 0.2 µg/g, the presence of the methylmercury resulted in less embryo mortality than had been seen with 0.2 µg/g Se by itself, but it increased the number of deformed embryos and hatchlings. Selenomethionine appeared to be more embryotoxic than equivalent doses of methylmercury when injected into eggs, and both injected methylmercury and selenomethionine were more toxic to mallard embryos than when deposited naturally in the egg by the mother. The underlying mechanisms behind the interactions between methylmercury and selenomethionine and why methylmercury appeared to improve hatching probability of Se-dosed eggs yet increased deformities when the two compounds were combined are unclear. These findings warrant further studies to understand these mechanisms in both laboratory and field settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","publisherLocation":"Brussels, Belgium","doi":"10.1002/etc.1708","usgsCitation":"Klimstra, J., Yee, J., Heinz, G.H., Hoffman, D.J., and Stebbins, K., 2012, Interactions between methylmercury and selenomethionine injected into mallard eggs: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 31, no. 3, p. 579-584, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1708.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-030115","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263534,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.1708"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df326ee4b0dfbe79e6a1b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klimstra, J.D.","contributorId":62328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klimstra","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yee, J.L.","contributorId":25496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stebbins, K.R.","contributorId":55558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stebbins","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042606,"text":"pp1794A16 - 2012 - Blue Mountains Ecoregion: Chapter 16 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:05:24","indexId":"pp1794A16","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-16","title":"Blue Mountains Ecoregion: Chapter 16 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Blue Mountains Ecoregion encompasses approximately 65,461 km² (25,275 mi²) of land bordered on the north by the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion, on the east by the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, on the south by the Snake River Basin and the Northern Basin and Range Ecoregions, and on the west by the Cascades and the Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills Ecoregions (fig. 1) (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). Most of the Blue Mountains Ecoregion is located within Oregon (83.5 percent); 13.8 percent is in Idaho, and 2.7 percent is in Washington. The Blue Mountains are composed of primarily Paleozoic volcanic rocks, with minor sedimentary, metamorphic, and granitic rocks. Lower mountains and numerous basin-and-range areas, as well as the lack of Quaternary-age volcanoes, distinguish the Blue Mountains from the adjacent Cascade Range (Thorson and others, 2003).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A16","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 16 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Soulard, C.E., 2012, Blue Mountains Ecoregion: Chapter 16 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-16, Chapter 16: 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A16.","productDescription":"Chapter 16: 9 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_16.jpg"},{"id":265650,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":265651,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter16.pdf"},{"id":265652,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.5,43.5 ], [ -121.5,46.5 ], [ -116.0,46.5 ], [ -116.0,43.5 ], [ -121.5,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f536f9e4b0114312ab01e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041257,"text":"70041257 - 2012 - Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:51:55","indexId":"70041257","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?","docAbstract":"Although global food production has been rising, the world sti ll faces a major food security challenge. Over one billion people are currently undernourished (Wheeler and Kay, 2010). By the 2050s, the human population is projected to grow to 9.1 billion. Over three-quarters of these people will be living in developing countries, in regions that already lack the capacity to feed their populations . Under current agricultural practices, the increased demand for food would require in excess of one billion hectares of new cropland, nearly equivalent to the land area of the United States, and would lead to significant increases in greenhouse gases (Tillman et al., 2011). Since climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity, changes to it will influence not only crop yields, but also hydrologic balances and supplies of inputs to managed farming systems, and may lead to a shift in the geographic location of some crops . Therefore, not only must crop productivity (yield per unit of land; kg/m2) increase, but water productivity (yield per unit of water or \"crop per drop\"; kg/m3) must increase as well in order to feed a burgeoning population against a backdrop\nof changing dietary consumption patterns, a changing climate and the growing scarcity of water and land (Beddington, 2010). The impact from these changes wi ll affect the viability of both dryland subsistence and irrigated commodity food production (Knox, et al., 2010a). Since climate is a primary determinant of agricultural productivity, any changes will influence not only crop yields, but also the hydrologic balances, and supplies of inputs to managed farming systems as well as potentially shifting the geographic location for specific crops . Unless concerted and collective action is taken, society risks worldwide food shortages, scarcity of water resources and insufficient energy. This has the potential to unleash public unrest, cross-border conflicts and migration as people flee the worst-affected regions to seck refuge in \"safe havens\", a situation that Beddington described as the \"perfect storm\" (2010).","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Thenkabail, P.S., Knox, J.W., Ozdogan, M., Gumma, M., Congalton, R., Wu, Z., Milesi, C., Finkral, A., Marshall, M., Mariotto, I., You, S., Giri, C., and Nagler, P., 2012, Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 78, no. 8, p. 773-782.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"782","ipdsId":"IP-035587","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d8412be4b0064e695a0a0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad S. 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, Jerry W.","contributorId":26947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ozdogan, Mutlu","contributorId":32060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozdogan","given":"Mutlu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gumma, Murali Krishna","contributorId":50426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumma","given":"Murali Krishna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Congalton, Russell G.","contributorId":84646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Congalton","given":"Russell G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wu, Zhuoting 0000-0001-7393-1832 zwu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-1832","contributorId":4953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Zhuoting","email":"zwu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":498,"text":"Office of Land Remote Sensing (Geography)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milesi, Cristina","contributorId":107590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milesi","given":"Cristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Finkral, Alex","contributorId":92947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkral","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marshall, Mike","contributorId":52473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mariotto, Isabella","contributorId":14140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariotto","given":"Isabella","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"You, Songcai","contributorId":71459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You","given":"Songcai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Giri, Chandra cgiri@usgs.gov","contributorId":2403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"Chandra","email":"cgiri@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":8748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70042657,"text":"pp1794A28 - 2012 - Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion: Chapter 28 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:01:39","indexId":"pp1794A28","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-28","title":"Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion: Chapter 28 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997), also known as the “Madrean Sky Islands” or “Sky Islands,” covers an area of approximately 40,536 km2 (15,651 mi2) in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico (fig. 1). The ecoregion is bounded on the west by the Sonoran Basin and Range Ecoregion, on the east by the Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregion, and on the north by the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains Ecoregion. This area of basin-and-range topography is one of the most biologically diverse in the world (Koprowski, 2005; Skroch, 2008). Although the mountains in the ecoregion bridge the Rocky Mountains to the north and the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico to the south (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997), the lower elevations act as a barrier to species dispersal. Nevertheless, the geographic convergence of these two major continental mountain ranges, as well as of the Chihuahuan Desert to the east and the Sonoran Desert to the west, forms the foundation for ecological interactions found nowhere else on Earth (Skroch, 2008).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A28","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 28 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Ruhlman, J., Gass, L., and Middleton, B., 2012, Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion: Chapter 28 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-28, Chapter 28: 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A28.","productDescription":"Chapter 28: 8 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265759,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_28.jpg"},{"id":265758,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"},{"id":265756,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":265757,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter28.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona;New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.75,31.25 ], [ -111.75,33.5 ], [ -108.25,33.5 ], [ -108.25,31.25 ], [ -111.75,31.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f7da1de4b0faa3ef21ec00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhlman, Jana","contributorId":93013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhlman","given":"Jana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gass, Leila 0000-0002-3436-262X lgass@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-262X","contributorId":3770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gass","given":"Leila","email":"lgass@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Barry","contributorId":38119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043893,"text":"70043893 - 2012 - Bioenergy potential of the United States constrained by satellite observations of existing productivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-07T08:55:45","indexId":"70043893","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Bioenergy potential of the United States constrained by satellite observations of existing productivity","docAbstract":"Background/Question/Methods \nCurrently, the United States (U.S.) supplies roughly half the world’s biofuel (secondary bioenergy), with the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) stipulating an additional three-fold increase in annual production by 2022. Implicit in such energy targets is an associated increase in annual biomass demand (primary bioenergy) from roughly 2.9 to 7.4 exajoules (EJ; 1018 Joules). Yet, many of the factors used to estimate future bioenergy potential are relatively unresolved, bringing into question the practicality of the EISA’s ambitious bioenergy targets. Here, our objective was to constrain estimates of primary bioenergy potential (PBP) for the conterminous U.S. using satellite-derived net primary productivity (NPP) data (measured for every 1 km2 of the 7.2 million km2 of vegetated land in the conterminous U.S) as the most geographically explicit measure of terrestrial growth capacity. \n\nResults/Conclusions \nWe show that the annual primary bioenergy potential (PBP) of the conterminous U.S. realistically ranges from approximately 5.9 (± 1.4) to 22.2 (± 4.4) EJ, depending on land use. The low end of this range represents current harvest residuals, an attractive potential energy source since no additional harvest land is required. In contrast, the high end represents an annual harvest over an additional 5.4 million km2 or 75% of vegetated land in the conterminous U.S. While we identify EISA energy targets as achievable, our results indicate that meeting such targets using current technology would require either an 80% displacement of current croplands or the conversion of 60% of total rangelands. Our results differ from previous evaluations in that we use high resolution, satellite-derived NPP as an upper-envelope constraint on bioenergy potential, which removes the need for extrapolation of plot-level observed yields over large spatial areas. Establishing realistically constrained estimates of bioenergy potential seems a critical next step for effectively incorporating bioenergy into future U.S. energy portfolios.","largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Society of America 97th Annual Meeting, August 5-10, 2012, Portland, Oregon","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Reed, S.C., Smith, W.K., Cleveland, C.C., Miller, N., and Running, S.W., 2012, Bioenergy potential of the United States constrained by satellite observations of existing productivity, in Ecological Society of America 97th Annual Meeting, August 5-10, 2012, Portland, Oregon.","numberOfPages":"1","ipdsId":"IP-035942","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270636,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://eco.confex.com/eco/2012/webprogram/Paper36186.html"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5162956ce4b0c25842758cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, William K.","contributorId":23544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleveland, Cory C.","contributorId":10264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"Cory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Norman L.","contributorId":87830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Norman L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148135,"text":"70148135 - 2012 - A Bayesian spawning habitat suitability model for American shad in southeastern United States rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T10:43:42","indexId":"70148135","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Bayesian spawning habitat suitability model for American shad in southeastern United States rivers","docAbstract":"Habitat suitability index models for American shad Alosa sapidissima were developed by Stier and Crance in 1985. These models, which were based on a combination of published information and expert opinion, are often used to make decisions about hydropower dam operations and fish passage. The purpose of this study was to develop updated habitat suitability index models for spawning American shad in the southeastern United States, building on the many field and laboratory studies completed since 1985. We surveyed biologists who had knowledge about American shad spawning grounds, assembled a panel of experts to discuss important habitat variables, and used raw data from published and unpublished studies to develop new habitat suitability curves. The updated curves are based on resource selection functions, which can model habitat selectivity based on use and availability of particular habitats. Using field data collected in eight rivers from Virginia to Florida (Mattaponi, Pamunkey, Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, Pee Dee, St. Johns), we obtained new curves for temperature, current velocity, and depth that were generally similar to the original models. Our new suitability function for substrate was also similar to the original pattern, except that sand (optimal in the original model) has a very low estimated suitability. The Bayesian approach that we used to develop habitat suitability curves provides an objective framework for updating the model as new studies are completed and for testing the model's applicability in other parts of the species' range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Scientific Journals","doi":"10.3996/082011-JFWM-047","usgsCitation":"Hightower, J.E., Harris, J., Raabe, J.K., Brownell, P., and Drew, C.A., 2012, A Bayesian spawning habitat suitability model for American shad in southeastern United States rivers: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 3, no. 2, p. 184-198, https://doi.org/10.3996/082011-JFWM-047.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"198","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032269","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/082011-jfwm-047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Mattaponi River, Pamunkey River, Roanoke River, Tar River, Neuse River, Cape Fear River, Pee Dee River, St. Johns River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.3876953125,\n 38.548165423046584\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 37.317751851636906\n ],\n [\n -78.68408203124999,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -79.5849609375,\n 35.51434313431818\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -82.50732421875,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -84.0673828125,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 32.861132322810946\n ],\n [\n -85.14404296875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 29.859701442126756\n ],\n [\n -84.35302734375,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 28.362401735238237\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 27.877928333679495\n ],\n [\n -80.39794921875,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -79.29931640625,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -78.6181640625,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -77.27783203125,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 34.90395296559004\n ],\n [\n -75.65185546874999,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -75.95947265625,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 38.048091067457236\n ],\n [\n -75.03662109375,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -77.3876953125,\n 38.548165423046584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566eab3e4b0d9246a9ec2c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hightower, Joseph E. jhightower@usgs.gov","contributorId":835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"Joseph","email":"jhightower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Julianne E.","contributorId":57687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Julianne E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raabe, Joshua K.","contributorId":140952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raabe","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brownell, Prescott","contributorId":54514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownell","given":"Prescott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Drew, C. Ashton","contributorId":140953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drew","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ashton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70118129,"text":"70118129 - 2012 - Spawning salmon and the fitness of stream-dwelling fishes: Marine-derived nutrients show saturating effects on growth and energy storage in juvenile salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T10:54:17.279374","indexId":"70118129","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning salmon and the fitness of stream-dwelling fishes: Marine-derived nutrients show saturating effects on growth and energy storage in juvenile salmonids","docAbstract":"We examined how marine-derived nutrients (MDN), in the form of spawning Pacific salmon, influenced the nutritional status and d15N of stream-dwelling fishes. We sampled juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) during spring and fall from 11 south-central Alaskan streams that ranged widely in spawning salmon biomass (0.1–4.7 kg•m–2). Growth rate (as indexed by RNA–DNA ratios), energy density, and d15N enrichment in spring-sampled fishes increased with spawner biomass, indicating the persistence of spawner effects more than 6 months after salmon spawning. Point estimates suggest that spawner effects on nutrition were substantially greater for coho salmon than Dolly Varden (268% and 175% greater for growth and energy, respectively), indicating that both species benefitted physiologically, but that juvenile coho salmon accrued more benefits than Dolly Varden. Although the data were less conclusive for fall- than spring-sampled fish, they do suggest spawner effects were also generally positive during fall, soon after salmon spawned. In a follow-up analysis where growth rate and energy density were modeled as a function of d15N enrichment, results suggested that both increased with MDN assimilation, especially in juvenile coho salmon. Our results support the importance of salmon runs to the nutritional ecology of stream-dwelling fishes.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council of Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, ON","usgsCitation":"Rinella, D., Wipfli, M., Stricker, C.A., and Heintz, R., 2012, Spawning salmon and the fitness of stream-dwelling fishes: Marine-derived nutrients show saturating effects on growth and energy storage in juvenile salmonids: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 69, no. 1, p. 73-84.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, D.J.","contributorId":58476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wipfli, M.S.","contributorId":51963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricker, C. A.","contributorId":56758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heintz, R.","contributorId":9979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heintz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70154860,"text":"70154860 - 2012 - Spatial and temporal patterns of surface water quality and ichthyotoxicity in urban and rural river basins in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-15T15:10:25","indexId":"70154860","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of surface water quality and ichthyotoxicity in urban and rural river basins in Texas","docAbstract":"The Double Mountain Fork Brazos River (Texas, USA) consists of North (NF) and South Forks (SF). The NF receives urban runoff and twice-reclaimed wastewater effluent, whereas the SF flows through primarily rural areas. The objective of this study was to determine and compare associations between standard water quality variables and ichthyotoxicity at a landscape scale that included urban (NF) and rural (SF) sites. Five NF and three SF sites were sampled quarterly from March 2008 to March 2009 for specific conductance, salinity, hardness, pH, temperature, and turbidity; and a zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo bioassay was used to determine ichthyotoxicity. Metal and nutrient concentrations at all sites were also measured in addition to standard water quality variables in spring 2009. Principal component analyses identified hardness, specific conductance, and salinity as the water variables that best differentiate the urban NF (higher levels) from rural SF habitat. Nutrient levels were also higher in the NF, but no landscape scale patterns in metal concentrations were observed. Ichthyotoxicity was generally higher in NF water especially in winter, and multiple regression analyses suggested a positive association between water hardness and ichthyotoxicity. To test for the potential influence of the toxic golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) on overall ichthyotoxicity, a cofactor known to enhance golden alga toxin activity was used in the bioassays. Golden alga ichthyotoxicity was detected in the NF but not the SF, suggesting golden alga may have contributed to overall ichthyotoxicity in the urban but not in the rural system. In conclusion, the physicochemistry of the urban-influenced NF water was conducive to the expression of ichthyotoxicity and also point to water hardness as a novel factor influencing golden alga ichthyotoxicity in surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.002","usgsCitation":"VanLandeghem, M., Meyer, M.D., Cox, S., Sharma, B., and Patino, R., 2012, Spatial and temporal patterns of surface water quality and ichthyotoxicity in urban and rural river basins in Texas: Water Research, v. 20, p. 6638-6651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.002.","productDescription":"46","startPage":"6638","endPage":"6651","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019013","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Lubbock","otherGeospatial":"Brazos River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.94797515869139,\n 33.52565471117594\n ],\n [\n -101.94797515869139,\n 33.62376800118814\n ],\n [\n -101.78352355957031,\n 33.62376800118814\n ],\n [\n -101.78352355957031,\n 33.52565471117594\n ],\n [\n -101.94797515869139,\n 33.52565471117594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.21429443359375,\n 32.99829825477535\n ],\n [\n -101.21429443359375,\n 33.08118605830584\n ],\n [\n -101.01242065429686,\n 33.08118605830584\n ],\n [\n -101.01242065429686,\n 32.99829825477535\n ],\n [\n -101.21429443359375,\n 32.99829825477535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a78439e4b0183d66e45e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanLandeghem, Matthew M.","contributorId":143728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanLandeghem","given":"Matthew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Matthew D.","contributorId":145648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Stephen B.","contributorId":101505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Stephen B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharma, Bibek","contributorId":100106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"Bibek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193203,"text":"70193203 - 2012 - Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T11:15:58","indexId":"70193203","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis","docAbstract":"Habitat suitability (HS) maps are widely used tools in wildlife science and establish a link between wildlife populations and landscape pattern. Although HS maps spatially depict the distribution of optimal resources for a species, they do not reveal the population size a landscape is capable of supporting--information that is often crucial for decision makers and managers. We used a new approach, \"maximum clique analysis,\" to demonstrate how HS maps for territorial species can be used to estimate the carrying capacity, N(k), of a given landscape. We estimated the N(k) of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) in an 1153-km2 study area in Vermont, USA. These two species were selected to highlight different approaches in building an HS map as well as computational challenges that can arise in a maximum clique analysis. We derived 30-m2 HS maps for each species via occupancy modeling (Ovenbird) and by resource utilization modeling (bobcats). For each species, we then identified all pixel locations on the map (points) that had sufficient resources in the surrounding area to maintain a home range (termed a \"pseudo-home range\"). These locations were converted to a mathematical graph, where any two points were linked if two pseudo-home ranges could exist on the landscape without violating territory boundaries. We used the program Cliquer to find the maximum clique of each graph. The resulting estimates of N(k) = 236 Ovenbirds and N(k) = 42 female bobcats were sensitive to different assumptions and model inputs. Estimates of N(k) via alternative, ad hoc methods were 1.4 to > 30 times greater than the maximum clique estimate, suggesting that the alternative results may be upwardly biased. The maximum clique analysis was computationally intensive but could handle problems with < 1500 total pseudo-home ranges (points). Given present computational constraints, it is best suited for species that occur in clustered distributions (where the problem can be broken into several, smaller problems), or for species with large home ranges relative to grid scale where resampling the points to a coarser resolution can reduce the problem to manageable proportions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Applications","usgsCitation":"Donovan, T., Warrington, G., Schwenk, W.S., and Dinitz, J.H., 2012, Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis: Ecological Applications, v. 22, no. 8, p. 2265-2276.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2265","endPage":"2276","ipdsId":"IP-032164","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610553e4b06e28e9c25536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Therese tdonovan@usgs.gov","contributorId":171599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Therese","email":"tdonovan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrington, Greg","contributorId":199097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warrington","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schwenk, W. Scott","contributorId":172274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwenk","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Dinitz, Jeffrey H.","contributorId":199098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dinitz","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70041366,"text":"70041366 - 2012 - Tectonic influences on the preservation of marine terraces: Old and new evidence from Santa Catalina Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-04T11:36:15","indexId":"70041366","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic influences on the preservation of marine terraces: Old and new evidence from Santa Catalina Island, California","docAbstract":"The California Channel Islands contain some of the best geologic records of past climate and sea-level changes, recorded in uplifted, fossil-bearing marine terrace deposits. Among the eight California Channel Islands and the nearby Palos Verdes Hills, only Santa Catalina Island does not exhibit prominent emergent marine terraces, though the same terrace-forming processes that acted on the other Channel Islands must also have occurred on Santa Catalina. We re-evaluated previous researchers' field evidence and examined new topographic, bathymetric, and stream-profile data in order to find possible explanations for the lack of obvious marine terrace landforms or deposits on the island today. The most likely explanation is associated with the island's unresolved tectonic history, with evidence for both recent uplift and subsidence being offered by different researchers. Bathymetric and seismic reflection data indicate the presence of submerged terrace-like landforms from a few meters below present sea level to depths far exceeding that of the lowest glacial lowstand, suggesting that the Catalina Island block may have subsided, submerging marine terraces that would have formed in the late Quaternary. Similar submerged marine terrace landforms exist offshore of all of the other California Channel Islands, including some at anomalously great depths, but late Quaternary uplift is well documented on those islands. Therefore, such submarine features must be more thoroughly investigated and adequately explained before they can be accepted as definitive evidence of subsidence. Nevertheless, the striking similarity of the terrace-like features around Santa Catalina Island to those surrounding the other, uplifting, Channel Islands prompted us to investigate other lines of evidence of tectonic activity, such as stream profile data. Recent uplift is suggested by disequilibrium stream profiles on the western side of the island, including nickpoints and profile convexities. Rapid uplift is also indicated by the island's highly dissected, steep topography and abundant landslides. A likely cause of uplift is a restraining bend in the offshore Catalina strike-slip fault. Our analysis suggests that Santa Catalina Island has recently experienced, and may still be experiencing, relatively rapid uplift, causing intense landscape rejuvenation that removed nearly all traces of marine terraces by erosion. A similar research approach, incorporating submarine as well as subaerial geomorphic data, could be applied to many tectonically active coastlines in which a marine terrace record appears to be missing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.012","usgsCitation":"Schumann, R.R., Minor, S.A., Muhs, D.R., Groves, L., and McGeehin, J., 2012, Tectonic influences on the preservation of marine terraces: Old and new evidence from Santa Catalina Island, California: Geomorphology, v. 179, p. 208-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"224","ipdsId":"IP-033410","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263655,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.012"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands;Santa Catalina Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.0,32.5 ], [ -121.0,34.5 ], [ -118.0,34.5 ], [ -118.0,32.5 ], [ -121.0,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"179","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbdf7e4b01744973f784a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minor, Scott A. 0000-0002-6976-9235 sminor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-9235","contributorId":765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"Scott","email":"sminor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groves, Lindsey T.","contributorId":61678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"Lindsey T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. 0000-0002-5320-6091 mcgeehin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-6091","contributorId":3444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John P.","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041526,"text":"pp1794A2 - 2012 - Puget Lowland Ecoregion: Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T10:59:41","indexId":"pp1794A2","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-2","title":"Puget Lowland Ecoregion: Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Puget Lowland Ecoregion covers an area of approximately 18,009 km² (6,953 mi²) within northwestern Washington (fig. 1) (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The ecoregion is located between the Coast Range Ecoregion to the west, which includes the Olympic Mountains, and the North Cascades and the Cascades Ecoregions to the east, which include the Cascade Range. From the north, the ecoregion follows the Interstate 5 corridor, from the Canadian border south through Bellingham, Seattle, Olympia, and Longview, Washington, to the northern border of the Willamette Valley Ecoregion. The Puget Lowland Ecoregion borders the shoreline of the greater Puget Sound, a complex bay and saltwater estuary fed by spring freshwater runoff from the Olympic Mountains and Cascade Range watersheds. The ecoregion is situated in a continental glacial trough that has many islands, peninsulas, and bays. Relief is moderate, with elevations ranging from sea level to 460 m but averaging approximately 150 m (DellaSala and others, 2001). Proximity to the Pacific Ocean gives the Puget Lowland Ecoregion its mild maritime climate (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). Mean annual temperature is 10.5°C, with an average of 4.1°C in January and 17.7°C in July (Guttman and Quayle, 1996). Average annual precipitation ranges from 800 to 900 mm, but some areas in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains receive as little as 460 mm (DellaSala and others, 2001). Varying annual average precipitation greatly influences vegetation and soil type in the ecoregion. In the Puget Lowland Ecoregion, soils are dominated by Inceptisols in the north and Ultisols in the south (Jones, 2003). Before European settlement, most of the ecoregion was covered by coniferous forests, with species composition dependent on local climate (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). The World Wildlife Fund places the Puget Lowland Ecoregion in the Western Hemlock Vegetation Zone. Although this vegetation zone is named after the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is the dominant tree species. Seattle, which had an estimated population of 563,376 in 2000, is the largest city in the Puget Lowland Ecoregion (Puget Sound Regional Council, 2001). The greater Seattle metropolitan area, comprising Seattle, Tacoma, Bellevue, and Bremerton, had an estimated population of 3.5 million people in 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Other sizable cities in the ecoregion include the state capital Olympia, as well as Tacoma, Bellingham, and Everett, Washington. The center of the Puget Lowland Ecoregion is dominated by the Seattle metropolitan area and developed land cover, whereas agriculture occurs mainly on river floodplains in the north and south. The remainder of the ecoregion area is dominated by forest land cover (fig. 1).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A2","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Sorenson, D.G., 2012, Puget Lowland Ecoregion: Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-2, Chapter 2: 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A2.","productDescription":"Chapter 2: 8 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"50","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_2.jpg"},{"id":263819,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters"},{"id":263817,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter02.pdf"},{"id":263818,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascades;Puget","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,46.0 ], [ -124.0,49.0 ], [ -121.5,49.0 ], [ -121.5,46.0 ], [ -124.0,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e71e4b0b57f2415d20a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorenson, Daniel G. 0000-0003-0365-9444 dsorenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-9444","contributorId":2898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Daniel","email":"dsorenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}