{"pageNumber":"1593","pageRowStart":"39800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70001402,"text":"70001402 - 1973 - Thermochemical parameters of minerals from oxygen-buffered hydrothermal equilibrium data: Method, application to annite and almandine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T22:12:29.55059","indexId":"70001402","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:21","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermochemical parameters of minerals from oxygen-buffered hydrothermal equilibrium data: Method, application to annite and almandine","docAbstract":"

Reversed univariant hydrothermal phase-equilibrium reactions, in which a redox reaction occurs and is controlled by oxygen buffers, can be used to extract thermochemical data on minerals. The dominant gaseous species present, even for relatively oxidizing buffers such as the QFM buffer, are H2O and H2; the main problem is to calculate the chemical potentials of these components in a binary mixture. The mixing of these two species in the gas phase was assumed by Eugster and Wones (1962) to be ideal; this assumption allows calculation of the chemical potentials of the two components in a binary gas mixture, using data in the literature. A simple-mixture model of nonideal mixing, such as that proposed by Shaw (1967), can also be combined with the equations of state for oxygen buffers to permit derivation of the chemical potentials of the two components. The two mixing models yield closely comparable results for the more oxidizing buffers such as the QFM buffer. For reducing buffers such as IQF, the nonideal-mixing correction can be significant and the Shaw model is better.

The procedure of calculation of mineralogical thermochemical data, in reactions where hydrogen and H2O simultaneously appear, is applied to the experimental data on annite, given by Wones et al. (1971), and on almandine, given by Hsu (1968). For annite the results are: Standard entropy of formation from the elements, S 0f (298, 1)=−283.35±2.2 gb/gf, S 0 (298, 1) =+92.5 gb/gf. G 0f (298, 1)=−1148.2±6 kcal, and H 0f (298, 1)=−1232.7±7 kcal. For almandine, the calculation takes into account the mutual solution of FeAl2O4 (Hc) in magnetite and of Fe3O4 (Mt) in hercynite and the temperature dependence of this solid solution, as given by Turnock and Eugster (1962); the calculations assume a regular-solution model for this binary spinel system. The standard entropy of formation of almandine, S 0f,A (298, 1) is −272.33±3 gb/gf. The third law entropy, S 0 (298, 1) is +68.3±3 gb/gf, a value much less than the oxide-sum estimate but the deviation is nearly the same as that of grossularite, referring to a comparable set of oxide standard states. The Gibbs free energy G 0f,A (298, 1) is −1192.36±4 kcal, and the enthalpy H 0f,A (298, 1) is −1273.56±5 kcal.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00374246","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1973, Thermochemical parameters of minerals from oxygen-buffered hydrothermal equilibrium data: Method, application to annite and almandine: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 65-80, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00374246.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E-An","contributorId":47064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E-An","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210170,"text":"5210170 - 1973 - Pesticide residues in birds and mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210170","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Pesticide residues in birds and mammals","docAbstract":"SUMMARY: Residues of organochlorine pesticides and their breakdown products are present in the tissues of essentially all wild birds throughout the world. These chemicals accumulate in fat from a relatively small environmental exposure. DDE and dieldrin are most prevalent. Others, such as heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, endrin, and benzene hexachloride also occur, the quantities and kinds generally reflecting local or regional use. Accumulation may be sufficient to kill animals following applications for pest control. This has occurred in several large-scale programmes in the United States. Mortality has also resulted from unintentional leakage of chemical from commercial establishments. Residues may persist in the environment for many years, exposing successive generations of animals. In general, birds that eat other birds, or fish, have higher residues than those that eat seeds and vegetation. The kinetic processes of absorption, metabolism, storage, and output differ according to both kind of chemical and species of animal. When exposure is low and continuous, a balance between intake and excretion may be achieved. Residues reach a balance at an approximate animal body equilibrium or plateau; the storage is generally proportional to dose. Experiments with chickens show that dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide have the greatest propensity for storage, endrin next, then DDT, then lindane. The storage of DDT was complicated by its metabolism to DDE and DDD, but other studies show that DDE has a much greater propensity for storage than either DDD or DDT. Methoxychlor has little cumulative capacity in birds. Residues in eggs reflect and parallel those in the parent bird during accumulation, equilibrium, and decline when dosage is discontinued. Residues with the greatest propensity for storage are also lost most slowly. Rate of loss of residues can be modified by dietary components and is speeded by weight loss of the animal. Under sublethal conditions of continuous exposure to an organochlorine pesticide, the concentrations of residues in the different tissues are ordinarily directly correlated with each other. When the dosage is at lethal levels, or when stored residues are mobilised to lethal levels, the balanced relationship is disrupted. The concentrations of residues in the brain provide the most rigorous criteria for diagnosis of death due to these chemicals, and levels are generally similar across a wide range of species of birds and mammals. Residues in liver are closely correlated with recent dose, either from direct intake or from mobilisation from storage, and so reflect hazardous exposure. Residues in the whole carcass show the storage reserve, and so indicate the potential for adverse effects from lethal mobilisation or from the continuous slow mobilisation that occurs during the normal processes of metabolism and excretion. A synchronous, rapid, and widespread decline in weight and thickness of shells of eggs laid by many species of wild birds occurred in the late 1940's and has persisted. Birds of prey were primarily affected; exceptions apparently are the result of lesser exposure because of different food habits. Many species of fish-eating birds are also affected. Others, however, appear to be more resistant and to accumulate much higher residues before shell-thinning occurs. Seed-eating birds do not appear to have been generally affected; their exposure is ordinarily lower, but physiological factors also seem to be involved. A relationship between shell-thinning and population decline has been established for many species. In exceptional cases, such as the herring gull, persistent re-nesting and other population reactions have overcome adverse effects at the population level. The discovery of shell-thinning among natural populations, and the hypothesis that this thinning was related to the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides, stimulated experimental studies to determine wheth","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution by Pesticides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Plenum Press","publisherLocation":"London and New York","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., 1973, Pesticide residues in birds and mammals, chap. of Environmental Pollution by Pesticides, p. 254-312.","productDescription":"x, 542","startPage":"254","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a52c7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Edwards, C.A.","contributorId":53350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506085,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011095,"text":"70011095 - 1973 - Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-11T16:12:15.320931","indexId":"70011095","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years","docAbstract":"

This paper attempts to relate current knowledge of sea-level history in Beringia to the Broecker-van Donk “Termination” concept of climatic and sea-level history. The Einahnuhtan transgression is thought to represent Termination III, which according to Broecker and van Donk, took place about 225,000 y.a. The Kotzebuan transgression is thought to represent a positive fluctuation that modulated the generally falling sea level during the ensuing 100,000 yr. Sea level probably fell to about −135 m in the Bering Sea area during the maximum phase of the penultimate glaciation. The two Pelukian shorelines probably represent Termination II (about 125,000 yr BP in the Broecker-van Donk chronology) and one of the two positive fluctuations that modulated the generally falling sea level of early Wisconsinan time, about 105,000 and 80,000 y.a. according to Broecker and van Donk. Another positive modulation brought sea level to at least −20 m, about 30,000 y.a. Sea level evidently fell to between −90 and −100 m during the late Wisconsinan regression, but a substantial part of the outer Bering shelf remained submerged. Submerged shoreline features at −38m, −30 m, −24 to −20 m, and −12 to −10 m represent stillstands or slight regressions that modulated Termination I, the late Wisconsinan, and early Holocene recovery of sea level.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(73)90029-X","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., 1973, Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years: Quaternary Research, v. 3, no. 4, p. 520-540, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(73)90029-X.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"540","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -187.92108784820468,\n 57.753860819127766\n ],\n [\n -184.6346766574264,\n 51.45946616887085\n ],\n [\n -153.93600988981075,\n 51.45946616887085\n ],\n [\n -146.23409206981916,\n 60.248846784571924\n ],\n [\n -153.93600988981075,\n 62.05442009056344\n ],\n [\n -167.58123469552828,\n 66.14355709738953\n ],\n [\n -187.92108784820468,\n 57.753860819127766\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b87e9e4b08c986b316706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010096,"text":"70010096 - 1973 - Mechanisms of high-temperature, solid-state flow in minerals and ceramics and their bearing on the creep behavior of the mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-29T16:00:39.157525","indexId":"70010096","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of high-temperature, solid-state flow in minerals and ceramics and their bearing on the creep behavior of the mantle","docAbstract":"

The problem of applying laboratory silicate-flow data to the mantle, where conditions can be vastly different, is approached through a critical review of high-temperature flow mechanisms in ceramics and their relation to empirical flow laws. The intimate association of solid-state diffusion and high-temperature creep in pure metals is found to apply to ceramics as well. It is shown that in ceramics of moderate grain size, compared on the basis of self-diffusivity and elastic modulus, normalized creep rates compare remarkably well. This comparison is paralleled by the near universal occurrence of similar creep-induced structures, and it is thought that the derived empirical flow laws can be associated with dislocation creep. Creep data in fine-grained ceramics, on the other hand, are found to compare poorly with theories involving the stress-directed diffusion of point defects and have not been successfully correlated by self-diffusion rates.

We conclude that these fine-grained materials creep primarily by a quasi-viscous grain-boundary sliding mechanism which is unlikely to predominate in the earth's deep interior. Creep predictions for the mantle reveal that under most conditions the empirical dislocation creep behavior predominates over the mechanisms involving the stress-directed diffusion of point defects. The probable role of polymorphic transformations in the transition zone is also discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(73)90038-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., and Raleigh, C., 1973, Mechanisms of high-temperature, solid-state flow in minerals and ceramics and their bearing on the creep behavior of the mantle: Tectonophysics, v. 19, no. 2, p. 165-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(73)90038-3.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a536fe4b0c8380cd6caaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":357887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66195,"text":"i794 - 1973 - Geologic map of the Petavius quadrangle of the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-12T13:46:58.010406","indexId":"i794","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"794","subseriesTitle":"MOON","title":"Geologic map of the Petavius quadrangle of the Moon","docAbstract":"

The large crater Petavius, about 180 km in diameter, is the dominant geologic feature within this quadrangle at the southeast border of Mare Fecunditatis on the east limb of the near side. Four categories of materials have been distinguished herein: (1) terrae, with rugged to gently rolling topography and moderate albedo; (2) plains, of low relief and moderate albedo; (3) craters, with low to rugged relief and low to high albedo; (4) maria, with essentially no relief and very low to moderately low albedo. Materials are places in chronologic sequence according to stratigraphic position and(or) physical characteristics believed indicative of relative age. Development of the lunar time-stratigraphic nomenclature has been summarized by Wilhelms (1970).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i794","usgsCitation":"Hodges, C.A., 1973, Geologic map of the Petavius quadrangle of the Moon: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 794, 1 Plate: 61.33 × 48.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i794.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 61.33 × 48.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":439039,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QJF7LM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Petavius quadrangle of the Moon"},{"id":188671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0794/plate-1.pdf","size":"13689","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","otherGeospatial":"Mare Fecunditatis, Moon, Petavius Crater","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, C. A.","contributorId":104495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60682,"text":"mf532 - 1973 - Bottom features and processes related to drifting ice on the Arctic shelf, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T18:43:11.86545","indexId":"mf532","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"532","title":"Bottom features and processes related to drifting ice on the Arctic shelf, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Early investigations of artic shelf regions led to the hypothesis that certain micro-relief forms are related to the action of grounded ice (for example, Rex, 1955). Since the introduction of side-scan sonar as a tool for ocean-floor surveys, a number of workers have described the occurrence of linear bottom features produced by grounded ice. Such features have been found on modern polar shelves (Skinner, 1971; Pelletier and Shearer, 1972; Kovacs, 1972; Reimnitz and Barnes, 1972; Brooks, 1973), and as relict features (Berkson and Clay, 1973; Belderson and Wilson, 1973; Belderson and others, 1973). Studies of core samples, high resolution seismic profiles, and diving observations indicate that the sediments of the Beaufort Sea Shelf are highly distorted by the action of grounding ice, and that the recurrence rate of gouging is very high. It has also become evident that grounding ice is contributing considerably to the sediment transport processes of modern Arctic shelves.

Sediments from similar environments exposed on the continents today should also contain the record of ice gouging and related processes. Thus it has become apparent that drifting ice is an important agent influencing the sedimentary structures and the sediment transport regime of Arctic shelves today and has been in the past. The diagrams presented here, with supporting evidence in the form of side-scan sonar records, and ice and bottom photos, demonstrate the most prevalent processes and types of bottom features observed on the continental shelf off northern Alaska. As the map shows, most of the shelf is affected by these processes today.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf532","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., Barnes, P.W., and Alpha, T.R., 1973, Bottom features and processes related to drifting ice on the Arctic shelf, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 532, 1 Plate: 35.81 x 23.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf532.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.81 x 23.02 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415275,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0532/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0532/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155,70 ], [ -155,71.5 ], [ -148,71.5 ], [ -148,70 ], [ -155,70 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60290b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":67142,"text":"i761E - 1973 - Map showing man-modified land and man-made deposits in the Golden quadrangle, Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T19:06:29.088591","indexId":"i761E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"761","chapter":"E","title":"Map showing man-modified land and man-made deposits in the Golden quadrangle, Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i761E","usgsCitation":"Simpson, H.E., 1973, Map showing man-modified land and man-made deposits in the Golden quadrangle, Jefferson County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 761, Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 40.74 × 27.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i761E.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 40.74 × 27.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403855,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9515.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0761e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":256489,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0761e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256488,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0761e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Golden quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.25,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -105.125,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -105.125,\n 39.875\n ],\n [\n -105.25,\n 39.875\n ],\n [\n -105.25,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a499c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, H. E.","contributorId":96702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2405,"text":"wsp2017 - 1973 - Improvement of trout streams in Wisconsin by augmenting low flows with ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-01T13:24:03","indexId":"wsp2017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017","title":"Improvement of trout streams in Wisconsin by augmenting low flows with ground water","docAbstract":"

Approximately 2 cubic feet per second of ground water were introduced into the Little Plover River in 1968 when natural streamflow ranged from 3 to 4 cubic feet per second. These augmentation flows were retained undiminished through the 2-mile reach of stream monitored. Maximum stream temperatures were reduced as much as 5?F (3?C) at the augmentation site during the test period, although changes became insignificant more than 1 mile downstream. Maximum temperatures might be reduced as much as 10?F (6?C) during critical periods, based on estimates using a stream temperature model developed as part of the study. During critical periods significant temperature improvement may extend 2 miles or more downstream. Changes in minimum DO (dissolved oxygen) levels were slight, primarily because of the high natural DO levels occurring during the test period. Criteria for considering other streams for flow augmentation are developed on the basis of the observed hydrologic responses in the Little Plover River. Augmentation flows of nearly 2? cubic feet per second of ground water were introduced into the headwater reach of Black Earth Creek from the end of June through mid-October 1969. Streamflow ranged from 1 to 2 cubic feet per second at the augmentation site, and the average flow at the gaging station at Black Earth, approximately 8 miles downstream, ranged from 25 to 50 cubic feet per second. Augmentation flows were retained through the 8-mile reach of stream. Temperature of the augmentation flow as it entered the stream ranged from 60? to 70?F (about 16? to 21?C) during the test period, and minimum stream temperatures were raised 5?F (3?C) or more at the augmentation site, with changes extending from 2 to 3 miles downstream. Augmentation during critical periods could maintain stream temperatures between 40? and 70?F (4? and 21?C) through most of the study reach. DO levels were increased by as much as 2 milligrams per liter or more below the augmentation site, although the improvement diminished to approximately 1 milligram per liter downstream in the problem reach. During critical periods DO improvement in the problem reach would be somewhat greater. Flow augmentation would not be necessary during normal conditions in either of the streams studied. Critical DO and temperature levels are not known to occur in the Little Plover River. Since the construction of secondary treatment facilities at the Cross Plains sewage-treatment plant, critical DO levels are no longer expected to be a problem in Black Earth Creek. However, results from this study may be used to estimate the effectiveness of flow augmentation in other streams in similar areas in which critical DO or temperature levels may occur.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Novitzki, R., 1973, Improvement of trout streams in Wisconsin by augmenting low flows with ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2017, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2017.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28405,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County, Portage County","otherGeospatial":"Black Earth Creek, Little Plover River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.0084,43.2555],[-89.0094,43.2],[-89.01,43.1131],[-89.0109,43.0849],[-89.0107,43.0271],[-89.0132,42.9353],[-89.013,42.8762],[-89.0119,42.8471],[-89.132,42.8479],[-89.2488,42.8478],[-89.3689,42.8484],[-89.3688,42.8575],[-89.4832,42.858],[-89.6026,42.8575],[-89.7196,42.8587],[-89.8377,42.8598],[-89.8375,42.9471],[-89.8386,43.0317],[-89.8384,43.1181],[-89.8394,43.205],[-89.8325,43.2123],[-89.825,43.2187],[-89.8175,43.226],[-89.8125,43.2342],[-89.8088,43.2369],[-89.8012,43.2365],[-89.7874,43.2356],[-89.771,43.237],[-89.7579,43.2379],[-89.7529,43.2443],[-89.7485,43.2507],[-89.7391,43.2548],[-89.7259,43.2644],[-89.7171,43.2739],[-89.714,43.2821],[-89.7165,43.2867],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.0094,43.286]]],[[[-89.2234,44.6814],[-89.2231,44.5916],[-89.2235,44.504],[-89.2238,44.4174],[-89.2242,44.3308],[-89.2245,44.2433],[-89.2469,44.2438],[-89.3464,44.2439],[-89.3649,44.2439],[-89.4835,44.244],[-89.488,44.244],[-89.5977,44.2458],[-89.606,44.2458],[-89.717,44.2475],[-89.7247,44.2479],[-89.7243,44.3372],[-89.7259,44.4239],[-89.7268,44.5114],[-89.8447,44.5116],[-89.8451,44.5983],[-89.8449,44.6849],[-89.7268,44.6852],[-89.608,44.6853],[-89.4899,44.6858],[-89.346,44.6812],[-89.2234,44.6814]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dane\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eeb53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Novitzki, R.P.","contributorId":73986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novitzki","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1119,"text":"wsp2034 - 1973 - Cost analysis of ground-water supplies in the North Atlantic region, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2034","title":"Cost analysis of ground-water supplies in the North Atlantic region, 1970","docAbstract":"The cost of municipal and industrial ground water (or, more specifically, large supplies of ground water) at the wellhead in the North Atlantic Region in 1970 generally ranged from 1.5 to 5 cents per thousand gallons. Water from crystalline rocks and shale is relatively expensive. Water from sandstone is less so. Costs of water from sands and gravels in glaciated areas and from Coastal Plain sediments range from moderate to very low. In carbonate rocks costs range from low to fairly high. \r\n\r\nThe cost of ground water at the wellhead is low in areas of productive aquifers, but owing to the cost of connecting pipe, costs increase significantly in multiple-well fields. In the North Atlantic Region, development of small to moderate supplies of ground water may offer favorable cost alternatives to planners, but large supplies of ground water for delivery to one point cannot generally be developed inexpensively. Well fields in the less productive aquifers may be limited by costs to 1 or 2 million gallons a day, but in the more favorable aquifers development of several tens of millions of gallons a day may be practicable and inexpensive. \r\n\r\nCost evaluations presented cannot be applied to any one specific well or specific site because yields of wells in any one place will depend on the local geologic and hydrologic conditions; however, with such cost adjustments as may be necessary, the methodology presented should have wide applicability. Data given show the cost of water at the wellhead based on the average yield of several wells. The cost of water delivered by a well field includes costs of connecting pipe and of wells that have the yields and spacings specified. Cost of transport of water from the well field to point of consumption and possible cost of treatment are not evaluated. \r\n\r\nIn the methodology employed, costs of drilling and testing, pumping equipment, engineering for the well field, amortization at 5% percent interest, maintenance, and cost of power are considered. \r\n\r\nThe report includes an analysis of test drilling costs leading to a production well field. The discussion shows that test drilling is a relatively low cost item and that more than a minimum of test holes in a previously unexplored area is, above all, simple insurance in keeping down costs and may easily result in final lower costs for the system. \r\n\r\nUse of the jet drill for testing is considered short sighted and may result in higher total costs and possibly failure to discover good aquifers. \r\n\r\nEconomic development of ground water supplies will depend on obtaining qualified hydrologic and engineering advice, on carrying out adequate test drilling, and on utilizing high-quality (at times, more costly) material.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2034","usgsCitation":"Cederstrom, D.J., 1973, Cost analysis of ground-water supplies in the North Atlantic region, 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2034, iv, 48 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2034.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25882,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrom, Dagfin John","contributorId":90287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrom","given":"Dagfin","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23312,"text":"ofr73102 - 1973 - Predicted effects of proposed navigation improvements on residence time and dissolved oxygen of the salt wedge in the Duwamish River estuary, King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr73102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-102","title":"Predicted effects of proposed navigation improvements on residence time and dissolved oxygen of the salt wedge in the Duwamish River estuary, King County, Washington","docAbstract":"A model of the circulation and quality of water in the Duwamish River estuary has been sufficiently developed to allow prediction of the effects of a proposed widening and deepening of waterways on residence time and dissolved oxygen in the estuary's salt wedge. For a low river-discharge period in August 1970, use of the model yielded an estimated residence time of wedge water to be 6.3 days in the present waterways estuary and 8.6 days in the wider and deeper proposed-waterways estuary--a 37-percent increase. June-September 1970 and for the estuary about 4 miles upstream from its mouth, the model estimates indicate that dissolved-oxygen values in the wedge of the proposed-waterways estuary would be as much as 1.4 milligrams per liter lower and would average 0.4 milligram per liter lower than (average difference significant at 95-percent confidence level) dissolved-oxygen values in the wedge of the present-waterways estuary. \r\n\r\nExtrapolation to low dissolved-oxygen values of a regression between the predicted dissolved oxygen for both the proposed and present-waterways estuaries suggests that 4 miles upstream of the estuary mouth oxygen would be completely depleted from the proposed-waterways estuary wedge whereas there still would be 0.2 milligram of oxygen per liter of water in the wedge of the present-waterways estuary.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr73102","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Haushild, W., and Stoner, J., 1973, Predicted effects of proposed navigation improvements on residence time and dissolved oxygen of the salt wedge in the Duwamish River estuary, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-102, 13 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73102.","productDescription":"13 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52612,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67fde2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haushild, W.L.","contributorId":48953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haushild","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5974,"text":"pp776 - 1973 - Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45944,"text":"ofr69106 - 1969 - Paleogeographic maps of the Telegraph Creek, Eagle, Claggett, Judith River, Bearpaw, and Fox Hills times of late Cretaceous Epoch in the western interior region","indexId":"ofr69106","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Paleogeographic maps of the Telegraph Creek, Eagle, Claggett, Judith River, Bearpaw, and Fox Hills times of late Cretaceous Epoch in the western interior region"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5974,"text":"pp776 - 1973 - Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota","indexId":"pp776","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T14:54:45","indexId":"pp776","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"776","title":"Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota","docAbstract":"

During Late Cretaceous time a broad north-trending epicontinental sea covered much of the western interior of North America and extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. The sea was bounded on the west by a narrow, unstable, and constantly rising cordillera which extended from Central America to Alaska and which separated the sea from Pacific oceanic waters. The east margin of the sea was bounded by the low-lying stable platform of the central part of the United States.

Rocks of the type Montana Group in Montana and equivalent rocks in adjacent States, which consist of eastward-pointing wedges of shallow-water marine and nonmarine strata that enclose westward-pointing wedges of fine-grained marine strata, were deposited in and marginal to this sea. These rocks range in age from middle Santonian to early Maestrichtian and represent a time span of about 14 million years. Twenty-nine distinctive ammonite zones, each with a time span of about half a million years, characterize the marine strata.

Persistent beds of bentonite in the transgressive part of the Claggett and Bearpaw Shales of Montana and equivalent rocks elsewhere represent periods of explosive volcanism and perhaps concurrent subsidence along the west shore in the vicinity of the Elkhorn Mountains and the Deer Creek volcanic fields in Montana. Seaward retreat of st randlines, marked by deposition of the Telegraph Creek, Eagle, Judith River, and Fox Hills Formations in Montana and the Mesaverde Formation in Wyoming, may be attributed to uplift in near-coastal areas and to an increase in volcaniclastic rocks delivered to the sea.

Rates of transgression and regression determined for the Montana Group in central Montana reveal that the strandline movement was more rapid during times of transgression. The regression of the Telegraph Creek and Eagle strandlines averaged about 50 miles per million years compared with a rate of about 95 miles per million years for the advance of the strand-line during Claggett time. The Judith River regression averaged about 60 miles per million years compared with movement of the strandline during the Bearpaw advance of about 70 miles per million years.

The final retreat of marine waters from Montana, marked by the Fox Hills regression, was about 35 miles per million years at first, but near the end of the regression it accelerated to a rate of about 500 miles per million years.

Rates of sedimentation range from less than 50 feet per million years in the eastern parts of North and South Dakota to at least 2,500 feet in western Wyoming. The low rates in the Dakotas correspond well with modern rates in the open ocean, and the rates in western Wyoming approach the rate of present coastal sedimentation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp776","usgsCitation":"Gill, J.R., and Cobban, W.A., 1973, Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 776, iii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp776.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":332510,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0776/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0776/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aabc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, James R.","contributorId":44904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, William Aubrey","contributorId":78317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Aubrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13959,"text":"ofr7397 - 1973 - Geology and mineral resources of central Antioquia Department (Zone IIA), Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:53","indexId":"ofr7397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-97","title":"Geology and mineral resources of central Antioquia Department (Zone IIA), Colombia","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the geology of an area of some 6000 square kilometers in the northern part of the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. The area, in north-central Department of Antioquia, was mapped between 1964 and 1968 as part of the Inventario Minero Nacional (IMN) project. Mineral resources are summarized within a larger area, designated as subzone ILK of IMN Zone If, which comprises almost 22,000 sq. kin, including the area mapped geologically by IMN and additional areas mapped by other agencies. \r\n\r\nThe oldest formation is a micaceous paragneiss of early Paleozoic or possibly late Precambrian age. A thick geosynclinal sedimentary series accumulated during the Paleozoic Era and became regionally metamorphosed to greenschist (locally amphibolite) facies during the Permian or early Triassic; these schists and gneisses are designated collectively as the Valdivia Group. The Permian(?) orogenic episode included intrusion of concordant syntectonic plutons, mostly of tonalitic composition. Rocks of unequivocal Triassic or Jurassic age are not recognized.\r\n\r\nThe Cretaceous is well represented by both igneous and sedimentary assemblages. Eugeosynclinal alpine ophiolites comprising submarine basalt flows and numerous intrusions of gabbro and serpentinite are prominent in the Lower Cretaceous, together with flysch composed of marine shale and lesser sandstone and conglomerate. The Upper Cretaceous is represented along the west border of the mapped area by submarine basalt flows and pyroclastic rocks, locally Interbedded with fine-grained clastic sedimentary beds, and lenses of dark laminated chert, at least part of which is radiolarian. The Late Cretaceous was marked by an orogenic event that profoundly folded and faulted all rocks and in the Central Cordillera caused low-grade metamorphism, the overprint of which is hardly observable in pre-Cretaceous rocks elsewhere. The Late Cretaceous orogeny culminated with discordant intrusion of the epizonal tonalitic Antioquian batholith. Displacement along the great Romeral wrench fault may have begun in the Cretaceous. \r\n\r\nPlutonism continued into the Cenozoic, exemplified by the hornblende-diorite Sabanalarga pluton. Intermontane basins were filled with molasse derived from the erosion of adjacent highlands; Tertiary sedimentation in marshy areas included organic carboniferous matter subsequently converted to lignite or subbituminous coal. The Sabanalarga fault system originated in the Late Tertiary; intermittent displacement continued on the older wrench faults such as the Romeral. Epeirogenic uplift, which probably began in the Pliocene and continued through the Pleistocene and Holocene, brought on renewed erosion which has sculptured the mountains into their present form.\r\n\r\nMineral resources in subzone IIA are varied but not of outstanding importance. Gold and silver mining, significant in past centuries, is minor today. Ferruginous laterite on serpentinite once considered as a potential source of iron ore is not economically exploitable. IMN has explored nickeliferous laterite at the extreme northwest corner of subzone IIA; this is a potential resource, exploitable only after exhaustion of the larger and richer nickel laterite deposit at Cerro Matoso, farther to the north and outside the boundaries of Zone If. Known deposits of mercury, chromium, manganese, and copper are small, with limited economic potential. Nonmetallic resources include raw materials for cement, including portland cement. Saprolite clay is widely used in making common red brick and tile, still a dominant construction material in all but the most modern multistory buildings. Aggregate materials are varied and abundant. Kaolin of good quality near La Union is important as a ceramic raw mineral filler. Tertiary subbituminous coal beds are an important energy resource in western subzone IIA, and have a good potential for greater development. Deposits of sodic feldspar, talc, decorative stone, and silica a","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey]","doi":"10.3133/ofr7397","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., Alvarez A., J., and Rico H., H., 1973, Geology and mineral resources of central Antioquia Department (Zone IIA), Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-97, x, 174 p. :maps (3 folded, 1 col.) ;27 cm.; 1 map, scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7397.","productDescription":"x, 174 p. :maps (3 folded, 1 col.) ;27 cm.; 1 map, scale 1:100,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95182,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0097/plate-1.pdf","size":"12413","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42615,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.B.","contributorId":17214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alvarez A., Jairo","contributorId":44411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez A.","given":"Jairo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rico H., Hector","contributorId":42481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rico H.","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3834,"text":"cir689 - 1973 - Effects of the May 5-6, 1973, storm in the Greater Denver area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"cir689","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"689","title":"Effects of the May 5-6, 1973, storm in the Greater Denver area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Rain began falling on the Greater Denver area the evening of Saturday, May 5, 1973, and continued through most of Sunday, May 6. Below about 7,000 feet altitude, the precipitation was mostly rain; above that altitude, it was mostly snow. Although the rate of fall was moderate, at least 4 inches of rain or as much as 4 feet of snow accumulated in some places. Sustained precipitation falling at a moderate rate thoroughly saturated the ground and by midday Sunday sent most of the smaller streams into flood stage. The South Platte River and its major tributaries began to flood by late Sunday evening and early Monday morning. \r\n\r\nGeologic and hydrologic processes activated by the May 5-6 storm caused extensive damage to lands and to manmade structures in the Greater Denver area. Damage was generally most intense in areas where man had modified the landscape--by channel constrictions, paving, stripping of vegetation and topsoil, and oversteepening of hillslopes. Roads, bridges, culverts, dams, canals, and the like were damaged or destroyed by erosion and sedimentation. Streambanks and structures along them were scoured. Thousands of acres of croplands, pasture, and developed urban lands were coated with mud and sand. Flooding was intensified by inadequate storm sewers, blocked drains, and obstructed drainage courses. Saturation of hillslopes along the Front Range caused rockfalls, landslides, and mudflows as far west as Berthoud Pass. Greater attention to geologic conditions in land-use planning, design, and construction would minimize storm damage in the future.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir689","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W.R., 1973, Effects of the May 5-6, 1973, storm in the Greater Denver area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 689, iii, 20 p. :illus. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir689.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p. :illus. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1973/0689/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1973/0689/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Wallace R.","contributorId":90273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2005,"text":"wsp2024 - 1973 - Water resources of the Big Sioux River Valley near Sioux Falls, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T12:37:57","indexId":"wsp2024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024","title":"Water resources of the Big Sioux River Valley near Sioux Falls, South Dakota","docAbstract":"

The major sources of water in the Big Sioux River valley between Sioux Falls and Dell Rapids, S.Dak., are the Big Sioux River and the glacial outwash aquifer beneath the flood plain. The river and the aquifer are hydraulically connected.

\n

The Big Sioux River has an average annual discharge of 246 cubic feet per second, on the average exceeds bankfull stage every 2.3 years, and has moderate basin storage.. Periods of low flow are common in the late summer, fall, and winter. A low flow of 0.1 cubic foot per second has been recorded.

\n

The outwash aquifer is composed of permeable sand, sand and gravel, and some boulders. The aquifer underlies an area of 33 square miles and commonly has a saturated thickness of less than 30 feet.

\n

Aquifer tests and measurements of streamflow indicate a rate of streambed infiltration of about 6 gallons per day per square foot. Analyses of streambed samples and interpretations of lithology from an electric log indicate that the streambed sediments in the diversion channel of the Big Sioux River consist largely of relatively impermeable silts and clays.

\n

Under normal climatic conditions, most of the water pumped by the city of Sioux Falls is water that entered the aquifer by streambed infiltration.

\n

To evaluate the importance of the aquifer in the hydrologic system, both an electrical analog model and a digital model were programmed for storage depletion alone. These models were used to determine the water-level declines in the aquifer that would result from 1 year of withdrawal at a rate of 9-10 million gallons per day. Both models indicated that the existing well field can yield water at that rate for more than 1 year.

\n

The analog model was also used to determine the maximum average daily yield of the aquifer-river system for a 2-year period modeled for the minimum recorded stream discharge and for streambed infiltration as the only recharge. The maximum average yield under these conditions would be less than 24 million gallons per day. Most of the water pumped during this period would be from aquifer storage.

\n

Water from the river is generally less mineralized, softer, and easier to treat than ground water. Water pumped from wells near the river is similar in quality to the river water, but does not have the objectionable odors or tastes often present in water from the river.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2024","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., and Ackroyd, E.A., 1973, Water resources of the Big Sioux River Valley near Sioux Falls, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2024, Report: vii, 50 p.; Plate: 44.26 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2024.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 50 p.; Plate: 44.26 x 25.00 inches","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27449,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2024/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27450,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2024/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Sioux Falls","otherGeospatial":"Big Sioux River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 43.97898113341921\n ],\n [\n -96.5643310546875,\n 43.97898113341921\n ],\n [\n -96.5643310546875,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 43.50075243569041\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackroyd, Earl A.","contributorId":59425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackroyd","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18297,"text":"ofr7335 - 1973 - Erosion processes, fluvial sediment transport, and reservoir sedimentation in a part of the Newell and Zayante Creek basins, Santa Cruz County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T19:41:15.704749","indexId":"ofr7335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-35","title":"Erosion processes, fluvial sediment transport, and reservoir sedimentation in a part of the Newell and Zayante Creek basins, Santa Cruz County, California","docAbstract":"The drainage basins upstream from Loch Lomond, a water-supply reservoir on Newell Creek, and a proposed reservoir site on Zayante Creek were investigated for their characteristics with respect to the erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment. The study area is underlain predominantly by sandstone, siltstone, and shale of Tertiary age that decompose readily into moderately deep soils, friable colluvium, and easily transported sediment particles. The Rices Mudstone and Twobar, Shale Members of the San Lorenzo Formation of Brabb (1964) underlie steep dip slopes in the study area, and probably are the most highly erodible of the several geologic units present there. However, nearly all of the geologic units have shown a propensity for accelerated erosion accompanying the disturbance of the land surface by the roadbuilding practices that predominate over other types of sediment-producing land-use activities in the study area. \r\n\r\nSediment transport in the study area was estimated from (1) a reservoir survey of Loch Lomond in 1971 that was compared with a preconstruction survey of 1960, and (2) sampling of sediment transported in suspension by Zayante Creek during the 1970 and 1971 water years. At least 46 acre-feet of sediment accumulated in Loch Lomond in a 10-year period, and an unmeasured quantity of very fine sediment in the form of a thin layer over much of the reservoir bottom was observed. The measured quantity of deposited sediment in a 10-year period represented a sediment yield of about 1,100 tons annually per square mile of drainage basin upstream from the reservoir arms where the major deposition occurred. This sediment occupied less than i percent of the original capacity of Loch Lomond, but the volume of measured sediment deposition is probably conservative in view of the unmeasured deposits observed and a reservoir trap efficiency of about 95 percent. \r\n\r\nSediment sampling on Zayante Creek indicated suspended-sediment yields of about 4,570 and 570 tons per square mile for the 1970 and 1971 water years. These values were considered excessive with respect to the relatively low flows during which they were measured, and probably reflect the intensive and current roadbuilding practices in the central and upstream parts of the Zayante Creek drainage in the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7335","usgsCitation":"Brown, W.M., 1973, Erosion processes, fluvial sediment transport, and reservoir sedimentation in a part of the Newell and Zayante Creek basins, Santa Cruz County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-35, Report: iv, 31 p.; 2 Plates: 16.98 x 19.55 inches and 24.96 x 19.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7335.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 31 p.; 2 Plates: 16.98 x 19.55 inches and 24.96 x 19.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493280,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8825.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47651,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47650,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0035/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0035/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Newell and Zayante Creek basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.972,\n 37.258\n ],\n [\n -122.105,\n 37.258\n ],\n [\n -122.105,\n 37.083\n ],\n [\n -121.972,\n 37.083\n ],\n [\n -121.972,\n 37.258\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, W. M. III","contributorId":27060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"W.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20474,"text":"ofr73371 - 1973 - Field reconnaissance of the effects of the earthquake of April 13, 1973, near Laguna de Arenal, Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T16:51:25.307628","indexId":"ofr73371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-371","title":"Field reconnaissance of the effects of the earthquake of April 13, 1973, near Laguna de Arenal, Costa Rica","docAbstract":"

At about 3:34 a.m. on April 13, 1973, a moderate-sized, but widely-felt, earthquake caused extensive damage with loss of 23 lives in a rural area of about 150 km2 centered just south of Laguna de Arenal in northwestern Costa Rica (fig. 1).

\n
\n

This report summarizes the results of the writer's reconnaissance investigation of the area that was affected by the earthquake of April 13, 1973. A 4-day field study of the meizoseismal area was carried out during the period from April 28 through May 1 under the auspices of the U.S. Geological Survey. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate geologic factors that contributed to the damage and loss of life. The earthquake was also of special interest because of the possibility that it was accompanied by surface faulting comparable to that which occurred at Managua, Nicaragua, during the disastrous earthquake of December 23, 1972 (Brown, Ward, and Plafker, 1973). Such earthquake-related surface faulting can provide scientifically valuable information on active tectonic processes at shallow depths within the Middle America arc. Also, identification of active faults in this area is of considerable practical importance because of the planned construction of a major hydroelectrical facility within the meizoseismal area by the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (I.C.E.). The project would involve creation of a storage reservoir within the Laguna de Arenal basin and part of the Río Arenal valley with a 75 m-high earthfill dam across Río Arenal at a point about 10 km east of the outlet of Laguna de Arenal.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73371","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., 1973, Field reconnaissance of the effects of the earthquake of April 13, 1973, near Laguna de Arenal, Costa Rica: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-371, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73371.","productDescription":"17 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0371/report.pdf"},{"id":287507,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica, Nicaragua","otherGeospatial":"Laguna De Arenal","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.2846,9.204 ], [ -87.2846,13.0052 ], [ -83.5479,13.0052 ], [ -83.5479,9.204 ], [ -87.2846,9.204 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f57fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1750,"text":"wsp1940 - 1973 - Effects of coal mining on the water resources of the Tradewater River Basin, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1940","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1940","title":"Effects of coal mining on the water resources of the Tradewater River Basin, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The effects of coal-mine drainage on the water resources of the Tradewater River basin, in the Western Coal Field region of Kentucky, were evaluated (1) by synthesis and interpretation of 16 years of daily conductance data. 465 chemical analyses covering an 18-year period, 28 years of daily discharge data, and 14 years of daily suspended-sediment data from the Tradewater River at Olney and (2) by collection, synthesis, and interpretation of chemical and physical water-quality data and water-quantity data collected over a 2-year period from mined and nonmined sites in the basin. \r\n\r\nMaximum observed values of 13 chemical and physical water-quality parameters were three to 300 times greater in the discharge from mined subbasins than in the discharge from nonmined subbasins. Potassium, chloride, and nitrate concentrations were not significantly different between mined and nonmined areas. \r\n\r\nMean sulfate loads carried by the Tradewater River at Olney were about 75 percent greater for the period 1955-67 than for the period 1952-54. Suspended-sediment loads at Olney for the November-April storm-runoff periods generally vary in response to strip-mine coal production in the basin above Olney. Streamflow is maintained during extended dry periods in mined subbasins after streams in nonmined subbasins have ceased flowing. \r\n\r\nSome possible methods of reducing the effects of mine drainage on the streams are considered in view of a geochemical model proposed by Ivan Barnes and F. E. Clarke. Use of low-flow-augmenting reservoirs and crushed limestone in streambeds in nonmined areas seems to be the most promising method for alleviating effects of mine drainage at the present time. Other aspects of the water resources such as variability of water quantity and water quality in the basin are discussed briefly.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1940","usgsCitation":"Grubb, H.F., and Ryder, P.D., 1973, Effects of coal mining on the water resources of the Tradewater River Basin, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1940, v, 83 p. :illus. (2 fold. maps in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1940.","productDescription":"v, 83 p. :illus. (2 fold. maps in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110055,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25168.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25168"},{"id":137122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1940/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26855,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1940/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26856,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1940/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26857,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1940/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c19b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubb, Hayes F.","contributorId":91079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Hayes","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryder, Paul D.","contributorId":60188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24117,"text":"ofr73218 - 1973 - Preliminary appraisal of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Modesto, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr73218","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-218","title":"Preliminary appraisal of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Modesto, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Services Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr73218","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Page, R.W., 1973, Preliminary appraisal of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Modesto, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-218, iii, 44 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73218.","productDescription":"iii, 44 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67caa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24717,"text":"ofr73282 - 1973 - Iterative digital model for aquifer evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr73282","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-282","title":"Iterative digital model for aquifer evaluation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr73282","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Trescott, P., 1973, Iterative digital model for aquifer evaluation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-282, 18 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73282.","productDescription":"18 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0282/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53745,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trescott, P.C.","contributorId":16399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trescott","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13578,"text":"ofr7369 - 1973 - Geology and mineral deposits of an area in the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas (Subzone IIB), Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr7369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-69","title":"Geology and mineral deposits of an area in the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas (Subzone IIB), Colombia","docAbstract":"The Inventario Minero National (IMN), a four-year cooperative geologic mapping and mineral resources appraisal project, was accomplished under an agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the U. S. Agency for International Development from 1964 through 1969. Subzone IIB, consisting essentially of the east half of Zone comprises nearly 20,000 km2 principally in the Department of Antioquia but including also small parts of the Departments of Caldas and Tolima. The rocks in IIB range from Precambrian to Holocene. Precambrian feldspar-quartz gneiss occupies a mosaic of fault-bounded blocks intruded by igneous rocks between the Oto fault and the Rio Magdalena. \r\n\r\nPaleozoic rocks are extensive, and include lightly metamorphosed graptolite-bearing Ordovician shale at Cristalina, and a major suite of graphitic quartz-mica schist, feldspathic and aluminous gneiss, quartzite, marble, amphibolite, and other rocks. Syntectonic intrusive gneiss included many of the older rocks during a late Paleozoic(?) orogeny, which was accompanied by Abukuma-type metamorphosing from lowermost greenschist to upper amphibolite facies. A Jurassic diorite pluton bounded by faults cuts volcanic rocks of unknown age east of the Otu fault. Cretaceous rocks are major units. Middle Cretaceous carbonaceous shale, sandstone, graywacke, conglomerate, and volcanic rocks are locally prominent. The Antioquian batholith (quartz diorite) of Late Cretaceous age cuts the middle Cretaceous and older rocks. A belt of Tertiary nonmarine clastic sedimentary rocks crops out along the Magdalena Valley. Patches of Tertiary alluvium are locally preserved in the mountains. Quaternary alluvium, much of it auriferous, is widespread in modern stream valleys. \r\n\r\nStructurally IIB constitutes part of a vast complex synclinorium intruded concordantly by syntectonic catazonal or mesozonal felsic plutons, and by the later epizonal post-tectonic Antioquian batholith. Previously unrecognized major wrench faults are outstanding structural features of IIB. Some are traceable for several hundred kilometers and probably have displacements measurable in kilometers, although only the Palestina fault, with right-lateral displacement of 27.7 km, is accurately documented. \r\n\r\nCorrelations of rocks mapped in IIB with those of outlying areas including neighboring IIA are discussed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7369","usgsCitation":"Feininger, T., Barrero L., D., Castro, N., and Hall, R., 1973, Geology and mineral deposits of an area in the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas (Subzone IIB), Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-69, ix, 223 p. :ill., maps (2 col.) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7369.","productDescription":"ix, 223 p. :ill., maps (2 col.) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95147,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0069/plate-1.pdf","size":"12911","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95148,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0069/plate-2.pdf","size":"12089","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b468e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feininger, Tomas","contributorId":97905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feininger","given":"Tomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrero L., Dario","contributorId":21171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrero L.","given":"Dario","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro, Nestor","contributorId":68749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro","given":"Nestor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, R.B.","contributorId":17214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24379,"text":"ofr73241 - 1973 - Hydrology of the dunes area north of Coos Bay, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr73241","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-241","title":"Hydrology of the dunes area north of Coos Bay, Oregon","docAbstract":"Hydrology of a 20-square-mile area of dunes along the central Oregon coast was studied. The area is underlain by 80 to 150 feet of Quaternary dune and marine sand which overlies Tertiary marine clay and shale. Ground water for industrial and municipal use is being withdrawn at a rate of 4 million gallons per day. Original plans to withdraw as much as 30 million gallons per day are evidently limited by the prospect of excessive lowering of levels in shallow lakes near the wells, and possibly sea-water intrusion, if water-level gradients are reversed. \r\n\r\nAt the present stage of development there are 18 production wells, each capable of producing 200-300 gallons per minute from the lower part of the sand deposits. Except for thin layers of silt, clay, and organic matter, the deposits of sand are clean and uniform; horizontal permeability is two orders of magnitude times the vertical permeability. \r\n\r\nBecause of the low vertical permeability, drawdown cones are not evident in the upper part of the aquifer adjacent to the wells. However, present pumping lowers general water levels in the lakes and the shallow ground-water zone as much as several feet. \r\n\r\nA two-layer electric analog model was built to analyze effects of present and projected development as well as any alternate plans. Model results were used to develop curves for short-term prediction of water levels.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr73241","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robison, J.H., 1973, Hydrology of the dunes area north of Coos Bay, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-241, v, 152 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. +envelope 31 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73241.","productDescription":"v, 152 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. +envelope 31 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53474,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0241/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53475,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0241/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53476,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc75f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robison, J. H.","contributorId":60183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2861,"text":"wsp1974 - 1973 - Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56068,"text":"ofr70352 - 1970 - Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin","indexId":"ofr70352","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2861,"text":"wsp1974 - 1973 - Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin","indexId":"wsp1974","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp1974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1974","title":"Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin","docAbstract":"The Ramapo River, a major stream in the Passaic River basin, drains an area of 161 square miles, 70 percent of which is in Orange and Rockland Counties, N.Y., and 30 percent is in Bergen and Passaic Counties, N.J. This report describes the hydrology of the New Jersey part of the basin and evaluates the feasibility of developing large ground-water supplies from the stratified drift in the Ramapo River valley by inducing recharge to the aquifer from the river. The ground water and surface water of the basin are considered as a single resource because the development of either ground water or surface water affects the availability of the other. \r\n\r\nPrecambrian gneiss, sparsely mantled with Pleistocene glacial drift, underlies the basin west of the Ramapo River in New Jersey. To the east, bedrock consists of the Watchung Basalt and of shale, sandstone, and conglomerate of the Brunswick Formation of Triassic age. Glacial drift occurs nearly everywhere in the eastern part of the basin, and deposits of stratified drift more than 100 feet thick occur in the Ramapo valley. Average annual runoff at Pompton Lakes accounts for 25 inches of the 45 inches of annual precipitation in the New Jersey part of the basin, and the remaining 20 inches is accounted for by evapotranspiration. Streamflow is highly variable--particularly in the area underlain by gneissic rocks-because of the low storage capacity of the rocks and the rough topography. \r\n\r\nMany of the small tributaries go dry during extended periods of no precipitation. Small domestic supplies of ground water can be obtained nearly everywhere, but the Brunswick Formation is the only consolidated-rock aquifer in the basin that can be depended upon to yield 100-200 gallons per minute to wells. Supplies of more than 1,000 gallons per minute are available from wells tapping the stratified drift in the Ramapo valley. The drift supplies 75 percent of the ground water pumped for public supply in the basin. Sustained ground-water yield in upland areas, based on stream base-flow recession, is estimated to be 200,000-300,000 gallons per day per square mile for the drift-covered Brunswick Formation and about 100,000-200,000 gallons per day per square mile for the gneiss and basalt. Potential sustained yield of the stratified drift in the valley depends on the availability of the streamflow and on the induced rate of infiltration. \r\n\r\nPumping from the stratified drift results in a reduction in streamflow, which may be undesirable, mainly because of prior downstream water rights. On the basis of the storage available in the stratified drift and an analysis of daily flow during the drought period of October 1964 to September 1967 at Pompton Lakes, 20-25 million gallons per day of Ramapo River water are available for development after existing downstream water requirements are supplied. However, some low-flow augmentation will be. necessary to insure downstream rights. Rates of infiltration computed from seepage losses observed near Mahwah indicate that at least 11 million gallons per day, on an average basis, can be infiltrated from the river by the pumping of wells tapping the stratified drift. The use of recharge pits and spreading areas would increase the rate of infiltration. Losses from the Ramapo River could be minimized by returning treated sewage effluent directly to the river or, preferably, by recharging the stratified-drift aquifer with the treated effluent. \r\n\r\nGround-water quality and surface-water quality at times of low-flow vary according to the type of rock from which the water is obtained. Water from the gneiss is low in dissolved solids--less than 127 mg/l (milligrams per liter)--and soft to moderately hard--less than 94 rag/l. Water from the Brunswick Formation is more mineralized--total dissolved-solids content is as much as 278 mg/1 and hardness as much as 188 mg/1. Water from the stratified drift is generally intermediate in quality--that is, total dissolved-solids content is as ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1974","usgsCitation":"Vecchioli, J., and Miller, E., 1973, Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1974, vi, 77 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1974.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1974/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29456,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1974/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29457,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1974/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29458,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1974/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29459,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1974/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29460,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1974/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, E.G.","contributorId":44132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1826,"text":"wsp2009D - 1973 - Appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Little Falls area, Morrison County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:53:45","indexId":"wsp2009D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009","chapter":"D","title":"Appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Little Falls area, Morrison County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Anticipated irrigation on sandy soils has prompted evaluation of ground-water supply potential in the Little Falls area. Geologic conditions cause ground-water availability to vary widely in the area. The largest and most readily available groundwater source is the glacial outwash sand and gravel from which the soils were derived.

\n

Test augering shows that the saturated surficial outwash is as much as 50-100 feet thick in the area where the outwash fills a probable former meltwater channel and that it is also this thick in smaller areas elsewhere. Transmissivity of the thicker parts of the aquifer approaches or exceeds 100,000 gallons per day per foot, and probable well yields should exceed 1,000 gallons per minute. In about two-thirds of the study area, a saturated thickness of less than 40 feet generally limits well yields to less than 300 gallons per minute.

\n

Recharge to the surficial aquifer is obtained primarily from precipitation. Most discharge occurs as evapotranspiration, base flow to the Mississippi River, and base flow to other streams and to lakes.

\n

Possible future response to pumping was studied through electric analog analyses by stressing the modeled aquifer system in accordance with areal variations in expected well yields. The model interpretation indicates most of the sustained pumpage would be obtained from intercepted base flow and evapotranspiration. Simulated withdrawals totaling 18,000 acre-feet of water per year for 10 years resulted in little adverse effect on the aquifer system. Simulated larger withdrawals, assumed to represent denser well spacing, caused greater depletion of aquifer storage, streamflow, and lake volumes, excessively so in some areas. Results of model analyses provide a guide for ground-water development by identifying the capability of all parts of the aquifer system to support sustained pumping for irrigation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2009D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Morrison County Soil and Water Conservation District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., 1973, Appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Little Falls area, Morrison County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2009, Document: iv, 40 p.; Plate: 43 x 20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2009D.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 40 p.; Plate: 43 x 20 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27023,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Morrison County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.49752807617188,\n 45.78189063850085\n ],\n [\n -94.49752807617188,\n 46.16556561464647\n ],\n [\n -93.9715576171875,\n 46.16556561464647\n ],\n [\n -93.9715576171875,\n 45.78189063850085\n ],\n [\n -94.49752807617188,\n 45.78189063850085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, John O.","contributorId":101630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2858,"text":"wsp1969 - 1973 - Water-supply development and management alternatives for Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T11:55:59","indexId":"wsp1969","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1969","title":"Water-supply development and management alternatives for Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan","docAbstract":"

The Tri-County region, consisting of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, is an area of 1,697 square miles in Michigan's Lower Peninsula and has as its hub the Lansing metropolitan area. The land surface ranges in altitude from about 700 to about 1,000 feet. The region receives an average of about 31 inches of precipitation each year.

The population is nearing 400,000 and by 1990 will be near 600,000. Average daily water use is slightly more than 30 million gallons today; by 1980 it will be about 50 million gallons, and by 1990 it will probably be about 70 million gallons.

The Tri-County region is drained by seven river systems. The median annual 7 -day mean low flows of the principal streams in these systems were measured at the point farthest downstream within the region. These values, in cubic feet per second, are as follows: Grand River, 180; Maple River, 34; Looking Glass River, 28; Red Cedar River, 30; Portage Creek, 15; Battle Creek, 20; and Thornapple River, 24-a total of 331 cubic feet per second or about 220 million gallons per day. The areal variance in 7-day low-flow runoff ranges from 0 to 0.15 cubic foot per second per square mile.

The principal source of ground water in the Tri-County region is a complex aquifer system composed of the Saginaw and Grand River Formations and some of the overlying glacial sediments. This aquifer yields between 300 and 700 gallons per minute to individual wells in much of the western half of Ingham County, in the eastern half of Clinton County, in a small area in southeastern Clinton County, and in northeastern Eaton County. In some parts of the region, the glacial sediments are favorable for development of moderate to large supplies of water. Minor aquifers in the region are the Bayport, Michigan, and Marshall Formations.

Providing water supplies in the future requires complete and comprehensive water-management programs. Such management programs involve determining which of several alternative water-development systems is the best. Some of the chief factors and methods that must be considered when planning these systems are combined use of ground and surface water, artificial recharge, treatment of wastes, use of storage reservoirs, and importation of water from the Great Lakes.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1969","usgsCitation":"Vanlier, K.E., Wood, W., and Brunett, J.O., 1973, Water-supply development and management alternatives for Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1969, Document: vii, 111 p.; 3 Plates: 35.70 x 31.97 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1969.","productDescription":"Document: vii, 111 p.; 3 Plates: 35.70 x 31.97 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1969/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247253,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1969/plate-1.pdf","size":"5337","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247254,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1969/plate-2.pdf","size":"10148","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247255,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1969/plate-3.pdf","size":"13282","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1969/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Clinton County, Eaton County, Ingham County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.3681,43.1172],[-84.3675,42.9561],[-84.3679,42.9439],[-84.3666,42.861],[-84.3668,42.8561],[-84.3649,42.7746],[-84.1593,42.7779],[-84.1519,42.685],[-84.146,42.5999],[-84.1402,42.4239],[-84.2539,42.4236],[-84.2607,42.4242],[-84.3676,42.4242],[-84.3677,42.4224],[-84.4864,42.4215],[-84.6026,42.4215],[-84.7207,42.4209],[-84.83,42.421],[-84.8375,42.4215],[-84.9561,42.4221],[-85.0667,42.4215],[-85.0736,42.4211],[-85.0738,42.5956],[-85.0745,42.7707],[-84.9577,42.7712],[-84.8391,42.7706],[-84.8376,42.857],[-84.8393,42.9434],[-84.8382,43.1199],[-84.6022,43.1185],[-84.3681,43.1172]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clinton\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vanlier, Kenneth Eugene","contributorId":6840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanlier","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":145916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunett, Jilann O.","contributorId":92230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunett","given":"Jilann","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14371,"text":"ofr73135 - 1973 - Salt deposits in Los Medanos area, Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T18:30:50.262379","indexId":"ofr73135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-135","title":"Salt deposits in Los Medanos area, Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The salt deposits of Los Medanos area, in Eddy and Lea Counties, southeastern New Mexico, are being considered for possible use as a receptacle for radioactive wastes in a pilot-plant repository. The salt deposits of the area. are in three evaporite formations: the Castile, Salado, and Rustler Formations, in ascending order. The three formations are dominantly anhydrite and rock salt, but some gypsum, potassium ores, carbonate rock, and fine-grained clastic rocks are present. They have combined thicknesses of slightly more than 4,000 feet, of which roughly one-half belongs to the Salado. Both the Castile and the Rustler are-richer in anhydrite-and poorer in rock salt-than the Salado, and they provide this salt-rich formation with considerable Protection from any fluids which might be present in underlying or overlying rocks.\r\n\r\nThe Salado Formation contains many thick seams of rock salt at moderate depths below the surface. The rock salt has a substantial cover of well-consolidated rocks, and it is very little deformed structurally.\r\n\r\nCertain geological details essential for Waste-storage purposes are unknown or poorly known, and additional study involving drilling is required to identify seams of rock salt suitable for storage purposes and to establish critical details of their chemistry, stratigraphy, and structure.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73135","usgsCitation":"Jones, C., Cooley, M., and Bachman, G.O., 1973, Salt deposits in Los Medanos area, Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-135, Report: v, 67 p.; 13 Plates: 17.00 × 29.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73135.","productDescription":"Report: v, 67 p.; 13 Plates: 17.00 × 29.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406704,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95228,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95227,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95226,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43048,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95224,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95233,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95232,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95231,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95230,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95229,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95225,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95223,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95222,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95221,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0135/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Eddy County, Lea County","otherGeospatial":"Los Medanos area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.929,\n 32.254\n ],\n [\n -103.619,\n 32.254\n ],\n [\n -103.619,\n 32.522\n ],\n [\n -103.929,\n 32.522\n ],\n [\n -103.929,\n 32.254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, C.L.","contributorId":60218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, Maurice E.","contributorId":7717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Maurice E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bachman, George Odell","contributorId":102497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Odell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}