{"pageNumber":"1594","pageRowStart":"39825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184569,"records":[{"id":70041528,"text":"pp1794A4 - 2012 - Canadian Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 4 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:05:07","indexId":"pp1794A4","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-4","title":"Canadian Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 4 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Canadian Rockies Ecoregion covers approximately 18,494 km2 (7,141 mi2) in northwestern Montana (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The east side of the ecoregion is bordered by the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion, which also forms a large part of the western border of the ecoregion. In addition, the Northern Rockies Ecoregion wraps around the ecoregion to the northwest and south (fig. 1). As the name implies, the Canadian Rocky Mountains are located mostly in Canada, straddling the border between Alberta and British Columbia. However, this ecoregion only includes the part of the northern Rocky Mountains that is in the United States. This ecoregion is characterized by steep, high-elevation mountain ranges similar to most of the rest of the Rocky Mountains. Compared to the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, however, the Canadian Rockies Ecoregion reaches higher elevations and contains a greater proportion of perennial snow and ice (Omernik, 1987) (fig. 2). Over the years, this section of the Rocky Mountains has garnered many different names, including “Crown of the Continent” by George Bird Grinnell (Waldt, 2008) and “Backbone of the World” by the Blackfeet (Pikuni) Nation. Throughout the ecoregion, montane, subalpine, and alpine ecosystems have distinct flora and fauna elevation zones. Glaciers, permanent snowfields, and seasonal snowpack are found at the highest elevations. Spring and summer runoff fills lakes and tarns that form the headwaters of numerous streams and rivers, including the Columbia and Missouri Rivers that flow west and east, respectively, from the Continental Divide.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A4","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 3 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. 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The ecoregion, which covers approximately 64,658 km2 (24,965 mi2), includes the Flathead Valley and the valleys surrounding Helena, Missoula, Bozeman, Billings, Anaconda, Dillon, and Lewistown (fig. 1). These valleys are generally characterized by shortgrass prairie vegetation and are flanked by forested mountains (Woods and others, 1999); thus, the valleys’ biotas with regards to fish and insects are comparable. In many cases, the valleys are conduits for some of the largest rivers in the state, including Clark Fork and the Missouri, Jefferson, Madison, Flathead, Yellowstone, Gallatin, Smith, Big Hole, Bitterroot, and Blackfoot Rivers (fig. 2). The Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion also includes the “Rocky Mountain front,” an area of prairies along the eastern slope of the northern Rocky Mountains. Principal land uses within the ecoregion include farming, grazing, and mining. The valleys serve as major transportation and utility corridors and also contain the majority of Montana’s human population. The Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion extends into 17 mostly rural counties throughout western Montana. Only three of the counties—Carbon, Yellowstone, and Missoula—are part of a metropolitan statistical area with contiguous built-up areas tied to an employment center. Nearly two-thirds of Montana residents live in nonmetropolitan counties (Albrecht, 2008). Ten of the counties within the ecoregion had population growth rates greater than national averages (9–13 percent) between 1970 and 2000 (table 1). Ravalli and Gallatin Counties had the highest growth rates. Population growth was largely due to amenity-related inmigration and an economy dependent on tourism, health care, and services. Counties that had population declines, such as Deer Lodge, Silver Bow, and Meagher Counties, also had declines in agriculture and mining activity, and they had railroad closures as well. Climate varies from north to south and from the east side of the Continental Divide to the west side. However, all areas are semiarid with long cold winters and short growing seasons. In the western part of the ecoregion, Beaverhead, Bitterroot, Flathead, and Lolo National Forests provide the natural resources, particularly timber, that form the economic base for towns within nearby valleys. Mineral resources from mines in and around Anaconda, Deer Lodge, and Butte have long provided an economic base for these towns (fig. 3).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A6","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 6 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. 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Canada forms the northern border of the ecoregion. To the west it is bordered by the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountains Ecoregions, to the south by the Snake River Basin Ecoregion, and to the east by the Canadian Rockies, Middle Rockies, Northwestern Great Plains, and Northwestern Glaciated Plains Ecoregions; also to the east, the Northern Rockies Ecoregion interfingers with the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion, each enclosing some isolated areas of the other (fig. 1). The ecoregion is composed of a series of high, rugged mountain ranges, mostly oriented northwest-southeast, with intermontane valleys between them (fig. 2). The entire ecoregion was glaciated during the Pleistocene (1,800,000 to 11,400 years ago), and today numerous large lakes occupy basins formed by glacial action (Omernik, 1987; Habeck and Mutch, 1973). Streams draining these mountain ranges provide a water source for many western cities and towns (fig. 3). The Continental Divide, located at the highest elevations along the northern Rocky Mountains, separates rivers that flow westward into the Columbia River watershed from those that flow eastward into the Missouri River watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A7","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 7 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J., 2012, Northern Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 7 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-7, Chapter 7: 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A7.","productDescription":"Chapter 7: 9 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"93","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263851,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_7.jpg"},{"id":263848,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":263849,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter07.pdf"},{"id":263850,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Rockies","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,43.0 ], [ -120.0,49.0 ], [ -109.0,49.0 ], [ -109.0,43.0 ], [ -120.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e69e4b0b57f2415d202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Janis L. 0000-0002-9418-5215","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-5215","contributorId":33409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Janis L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041529,"text":"pp1794A5 - 2012 - Middle Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 5 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T11:01:22","indexId":"pp1794A5","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-5","title":"Middle Rockies Ecoregion: Chapter 5 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Middle Rockies Ecoregion—characterized by steep, high-elevation mountain ranges and intermountain valleys—is a disjunct ecoregion composed of three distinct geographic areas: the Greater Yellowstone area in northwest Wyoming, southwest Montana, and eastern Idaho; the Bighorn Mountains in north-central Wyoming and south-central Montana; and the Black Hills in western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The ecoregion covers approximately 90,160 km2 (34,881 mi2), and its three distinct geographic sections are bordered by several other ecoregions (fig. 1). The Yellowstone section abuts the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies and the Northern Rockies Ecoregions to the north, the Snake River Basin and the Central Basin and Range Ecoregions to the west, and the Wyoming Basin Ecoregion to the south and east. The Bighorn Mountains section lies between the Wyoming Basin Ecoregion to the west and the Northwestern Great Plains Ecoregion to the east, and it abuts the Montana Valleys and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion to the north. The Black Hills section is entirely surrounded by the Northwestern Great Plains Ecoregion. The Continental Divide crosses the ecoregion from the southeast along the Wind River Range, through Yellowstone National Park, and west along the Montana-Idaho border. On both sides of the divide, topographic relief causes local climate variability, particularly the effects of aspect, exposure to prevailing wind, thermal inversions, and rain-shadow effects, that are reflected in the wide variety of flora and fauna within the ecoregion (Ricketts and others, 1999).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A5","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 5 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. 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Carmel, Illinois, Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-10T14:18:27","indexId":"70045157","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic velocity model of the central United States (Version 1): Description and simulation of the 18 April 2008 Mt. Carmel, Illinois, Earthquake","docAbstract":"

We have developed a new three‐dimensional seismic velocity model of the central United States (CUSVM) that includes the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) and covers parts of Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The model represents a compilation of decades of crustal research consisting of seismic, aeromagnetic, and gravity profiles; geologic mapping; geophysical and geological borehole logs; and inversions of the regional seismic properties. The density, P‐ and S‐wave velocities are synthesized in a stand‐alone spatial database that can be queried to generate the required input for numerical seismic‐wave propagation simulations. We test and calibrate the CUSVM by simulating ground motions of the 18 April 2008 Mw 5.4 Mt. Carmel, Illinois, earthquake and comparing the results with observed records within the model area. The selected stations in the comparisons reflect different geological site conditions and cover distances ranging from 10 to 430 km from the epicenter. The results, based on a qualitative and quantitative goodness‐of‐fit (GOF) characterization, indicate that both within and outside the Mississippi Embayment the CUSVM reasonably reproduces: (1) the body and surface‐wave arrival times and (2) the observed regional variations in ground‐motion amplitude, cumulative energy, duration, and frequency content up to a frequency of 1.0 Hz. In addition, we discuss the probable structural causes for the ground‐motion patterns in the central United States that we observed in the recorded motions of the 18 April Mt. Carmel earthquake.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120110303","usgsCitation":"Ramírez‐Guzmán, L., Boyd, O.S., Hartzell, S.H., and Williams, R., 2012, Seismic velocity model of the central United States (Version 1): Description and simulation of the 18 April 2008 Mt. Carmel, Illinois, Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 6, p. 2622-2645, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110303.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"2622","endPage":"2645","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037208","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P939E3EZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Code to access the Central United States Velocity Model, v1.3"},{"id":438801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P995PCQY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Database for the Central United States Velocity Model, v1.3"},{"id":272159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272152,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/​0120110303"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Mt. Carmel","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.80,38.39 ], [ -87.80,38.44 ], [ -87.74,38.44 ], [ -87.74,38.39 ], [ -87.80,38.39 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518cc56ae4b05ebc8f7cc163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramírez‐Guzmán, Leonardo","contributorId":83824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramírez‐Guzmán","given":"Leonardo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. olboyd@usgs.gov","contributorId":956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartzell, Stephen H. 0000-0003-0858-9043 shartzell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9043","contributorId":2594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"Stephen","email":"shartzell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045593,"text":"70045593 - 2012 - Using a non-physical behavioural barrier to alter migration routing of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:07:01","indexId":"70045593","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a non-physical behavioural barrier to alter migration routing of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","docAbstract":"

Anthropogenic alterations to river systems, such as irrigation and hydroelectric development, can negatively affect fish populations by reducing survival when fish are routed through potentially dangerous locations. Non-physical barriers using behavioural stimuli are one means of guiding fish away from such locations without obstructing water flow. In the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, we evaluated a bio-acoustic fish fence (BAFF) composed of strobe lights, sound and a bubble curtain, which was intended to divert juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) away from Georgiana Slough, a low-survival migration route that branches off the Sacramento River. To quantify fish response to the BAFF, we estimated individual entrainment probabilities from two-dimensional movement paths of juvenile salmon implanted with acoustic transmitters. Overall, 7.7% of the fish were entrained into Georgiana Slough when the BAFF was on, and 22.3% were entrained when the BAFF was off, but a number of other factors influenced the performance of the BAFF. The effectiveness of the BAFF declined with increasing river discharge, likely because increased water velocities reduced the ability of fish to avoid being swept across the BAFF into Georgiana Slough. The BAFF reduced entrainment probability by up to 40 percentage points near the critical streakline, which defined the streamwise division of flow vectors entering each channel. However, the effect of the BAFF declined moving in either direction away from the critical streakline. Our study shows how fish behaviour and the environment interacted to influence the performance of a non-physical behavioural barrier in an applied setting.

","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","doi":"10.1002/rra.2628","usgsCitation":"Perry, R., Romine, J., Adams, N., Blake, A., Burau, J., Johnston, S., and Liedtke, T., 2012, Using a non-physical behavioural barrier to alter migration routing of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta: River Research and Applications, v. 30, no. 2, p. 192-203, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2628.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"203","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039363","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.21,37.91 ], [ -122.21,38.22 ], [ -121.50,38.22 ], [ -121.50,37.91 ], [ -122.21,37.91 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51adbaebe4b07c214e64bd53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, R.W.","contributorId":43947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romine, J.G.","contributorId":58540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romine","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":93175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blake, A.R. 0000-0001-7348-2336","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-2336","contributorId":94576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnston, S.V.","contributorId":34807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Liedtke, T.L.","contributorId":32800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70154860,"text":"70154860 - 2012 - Spatial and temporal patterns of surface water quality and ichthyotoxicity in urban and rural river basins in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-15T15:10:25","indexId":"70154860","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of surface water quality and ichthyotoxicity in urban and rural river basins in Texas","docAbstract":"

The Double Mountain Fork Brazos River (Texas, USA) consists of North (NF) and South Forks (SF). The NF receives urban runoff and twice-reclaimed wastewater effluent, whereas the SF flows through primarily rural areas. The objective of this study was to determine and compare associations between standard water quality variables and ichthyotoxicity at a landscape scale that included urban (NF) and rural (SF) sites. Five NF and three SF sites were sampled quarterly from March 2008 to March 2009 for specific conductance, salinity, hardness, pH, temperature, and turbidity; and a zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo bioassay was used to determine ichthyotoxicity. Metal and nutrient concentrations at all sites were also measured in addition to standard water quality variables in spring 2009. Principal component analyses identified hardness, specific conductance, and salinity as the water variables that best differentiate the urban NF (higher levels) from rural SF habitat. Nutrient levels were also higher in the NF, but no landscape scale patterns in metal concentrations were observed. Ichthyotoxicity was generally higher in NF water especially in winter, and multiple regression analyses suggested a positive association between water hardness and ichthyotoxicity. To test for the potential influence of the toxic golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) on overall ichthyotoxicity, a cofactor known to enhance golden alga toxin activity was used in the bioassays. Golden alga ichthyotoxicity was detected in the NF but not the SF, suggesting golden alga may have contributed to overall ichthyotoxicity in the urban but not in the rural system. In conclusion, the physicochemistry of the urban-influenced NF water was conducive to the expression of ichthyotoxicity and also point to water hardness as a novel factor influencing golden alga ichthyotoxicity in surface waters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.002","usgsCitation":"VanLandeghem, M., Meyer, M.D., Cox, S., Sharma, B., and Patino, R., 2012, Spatial and temporal patterns of surface water quality and ichthyotoxicity in urban and rural river basins in Texas: Water Research, v. 20, p. 6638-6651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.002.","productDescription":"46","startPage":"6638","endPage":"6651","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019013","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Lubbock","otherGeospatial":"Brazos River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.94797515869139,\n 33.52565471117594\n ],\n [\n -101.94797515869139,\n 33.62376800118814\n ],\n [\n -101.78352355957031,\n 33.62376800118814\n ],\n [\n -101.78352355957031,\n 33.52565471117594\n ],\n [\n -101.94797515869139,\n 33.52565471117594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.21429443359375,\n 32.99829825477535\n ],\n [\n -101.21429443359375,\n 33.08118605830584\n ],\n [\n -101.01242065429686,\n 33.08118605830584\n ],\n [\n -101.01242065429686,\n 32.99829825477535\n ],\n [\n -101.21429443359375,\n 32.99829825477535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a78439e4b0183d66e45e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanLandeghem, Matthew M.","contributorId":143728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanLandeghem","given":"Matthew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Matthew D.","contributorId":145648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Stephen B.","contributorId":101505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Stephen B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharma, Bibek","contributorId":100106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"Bibek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043592,"text":"70043592 - 2012 - Application of Wind Fetch and Wave Models for Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T09:37:56","indexId":"70043592","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Application of Wind Fetch and Wave Models for Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects","docAbstract":"Models based upon coastal engineering equations have been developed to quantify wind fetch length and several physical wave characteristics including significant height, length, peak period, maximum orbital velocity, and shear stress. These models were used to quantify differences in proposed island construction designs for three Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects (HREPs) in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District (Capoli Slough and Harpers Slough) and St. Louis District (Swan Lake). Weighted wind fetch was calculated using land cover data supplied by the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) for each island design scenario for all three HREPs. Figures and graphs were created to depict the results of this analysis. The difference in weighted wind fetch from existing conditions to each potential future island design was calculated for Capoli and Harpers Slough HREPs. A simplistic method for calculating sediment suspension probability was also applied to the HREPs in the St. Paul District. This analysis involved determining the percentage of days that maximum orbital wave velocity calculated over the growing seasons of 2002–2007 exceeded a threshold value taken from the literature where fine unconsolidated sediments may become suspended. This analysis also evaluated the difference in sediment suspension probability from existing conditions to the potential island designs. Bathymetric data used in the analysis were collected from the LTRMP and wind direction and magnitude data were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. These models are scheduled to be updated to operate using the most current Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcGIS Geographic Information System platform, and have several improvements implemented to wave calculations, data processing, and functions of the toolbox.","largerWorkTitle":"Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Rohweder, J.J., Rogala, J.T., Johnson, B.L., Anderson, D., Clark, S., and Chamberlin, F., 2012, Application of Wind Fetch and Wave Models for Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects, in Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society.","ipdsId":"IP-042647","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268005,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://afs.confex.com/afs/2012/webprogram/Paper10406.html"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f30ee4b04edf7e93f84b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. jrohweder@usgs.gov","contributorId":460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Barry L. bljohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry","email":"bljohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":473917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Dennis","contributorId":96793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Steve","contributorId":92769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chamberlin, Ferris","contributorId":32635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chamberlin","given":"Ferris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70042778,"text":"70042778 - 2012 - High-resolution tephrochronology of the Wilson Creek Formation (Mono Lake, California) and Laschamp event using 238U-230Th SIMS dating of accessory mineral rims","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T08:28:34","indexId":"70042778","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution tephrochronology of the Wilson Creek Formation (Mono Lake, California) and Laschamp event using 238U-230Th SIMS dating of accessory mineral rims","docAbstract":"Sediments of the Wilson Creek Formation surrounding Mono Lake preserve a high-resolution archive of glacial and pluvial responses along the eastern Sierra Nevada due to late Pleistocene climate change. An absolute chronology for the Wilson Creek stratigraphy is critical for correlating the paleoclimate record to other archives in the western U.S. and the North Atlantic region. However, multiple attempts to date the Wilson Creek stratigraphy using carbonates and tephras yield discordant results due to open-system effects and radiocarbon reservoir uncertainties as well as abundant xenocrysts. New ion microprobe 238U-230Th dating of the final increments of crystallization recorded by allanite and zircon autocrysts from juvenile pyroclasts yield ages that effectively date eruption of key tephra beds and delimit the timing of basal Wilson Creek sedimentation to the interval between 26.8±2.1 and 61.7±1.9 ka. Tephra (Ash 15) erupted during the geomagnetic excursion originally designated the Mono Lake excursion yields an age of 40.8±1.9 ka, indicating that the event is instead the Laschamp excursion. The new ages support a depositional chronology from magnetostratigraphy that indicates quasi-synchronous glacial and hydrologic responses in the Sierra Nevada and Mono Basin to regional climate change, with intervals of lake filling and glacial-snowpack melting that are in phase with peaks in spring insolation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.013","usgsCitation":"Vazquez, J.A., and Lidzbarski, M.I., 2012, High-resolution tephrochronology of the Wilson Creek Formation (Mono Lake, California) and Laschamp event using 238U-230Th SIMS dating of accessory mineral rims: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 357-358, p. 54-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.013.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"67","ipdsId":"IP-042979","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273020,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.013"},{"id":273021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wilson Creek;Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.15,37.94 ], [ -119.15,38.07 ], [ -118.91,38.07 ], [ -118.91,37.94 ], [ -119.15,37.94 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"357-358","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a874e5e4b082d85d5ed89d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vazquez, Jorge A. 0000-0003-2754-0456 jvazquez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2754-0456","contributorId":4458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vazquez","given":"Jorge","email":"jvazquez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidzbarski, Marsha I. mlidzbarski@usgs.gov","contributorId":5346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidzbarski","given":"Marsha","email":"mlidzbarski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042663,"text":"70042663 - 2012 - Individual condition and stream temperature influence early maturation of rainbow and steelhead trout, ncorhynchus mykiss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T14:38:38","indexId":"70042663","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Individual condition and stream temperature influence early maturation of rainbow and steelhead trout, ncorhynchus mykiss","docAbstract":"

Alternative male phenotypes in salmonine fishes arise from individuals that mature as larger and older anadromous marine-migrants or as smaller and younger freshwater residents. To better understand the processes influencing the expression of these phenotypes we examined the influences of growth in length (fork length) and whole body lipid content in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were sampled from the John Day River basin in northeast Oregon where both anadromous (\"steelhead\") and freshwater resident rainbow trout coexist. Larger males with higher lipid levels had a greater probability of maturing as a resident at age-1+. Among males, 38% were maturing overall, and the odds ratios of the logistic model indicated that the probability of a male maturing early as a resident at age-1+ increased 49% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 23-81%) for every 5 mm increase in length and 33% (95% CI = 10-61%) for every 0.5% increase in whole body lipid content. There was an inverse association between individual condition and water temperature as growth was greater in warmer streams while whole body lipid content was higher in cooler streams. Our results support predictions from life history theory and further suggest that relationships between individual condition, maturation, and environmental variables (e.g., water temperature) are shaped by complex developmental and evolutionary influences.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9921-0","usgsCitation":"McMillan, J.R., Dunham, J., Reeves, G.H., Mills, J.S., and Jordan, C.E., 2012, Individual condition and stream temperature influence early maturation of rainbow and steelhead trout, ncorhynchus mykiss: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 343-355, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9921-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"355","ipdsId":"IP-034205","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"John Day River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -117.80639648437499,\n 45.71385093029221\n ],\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 45.71385093029221\n ],\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f32de4b04edf7e93f8e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMillan, John R.","contributorId":27905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B. 0000-0002-6268-0633 jdunham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":1808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","email":"jdunham@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, Gordon H.","contributorId":101521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, Justin S.","contributorId":56944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jordan, Chris E.","contributorId":88233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042656,"text":"pp1794A27 - 2012 - Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregion: Chapter 27 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:41:47","indexId":"pp1794A27","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-27","title":"Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregion: Chapter 27 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Chihuahuan Desert is the largest of the North American deserts, extending from southern New Mexico and Texas deep into Mexico, with approximately 90 percent of its area falling south of the United States–Mexico border (Lowe, 1964, p. 24). The Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregion covers approximately 174,472 km2 (67,364 mi2) within the United States, including much of west Texas, southern New Mexico, and a small portion of southeastern Arizona (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The ecoregion is generally oriented from northwest to southeast, with the Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion to the west; the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, Arizona/New Mexico Plateau, Southwestern Tablelands, and Western High Plains Ecoregions to the north; and the Edwards Plateau and Southern Texas Plains Ecoregions to the east (fig. 1).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A27","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 27 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Ruhlman, J., Gass, L., and Middleton, B., 2012, Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregion: Chapter 27 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-27, Chapter 27: 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A27.","productDescription":"Chapter 27: 10 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"284","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_27.jpg"},{"id":265754,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"},{"id":265752,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":265753,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter27.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico;United States","state":"Arizona;New Mexico;Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.5,29.0 ], [ -109.5,34.5 ], [ -100.25,34.5 ], [ -100.25,29.0 ], [ -109.5,29.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f7da0be4b0faa3ef21ebbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhlman, Jana","contributorId":93013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhlman","given":"Jana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gass, Leila 0000-0002-3436-262X lgass@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-262X","contributorId":3770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gass","given":"Leila","email":"lgass@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Barry","contributorId":38119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041366,"text":"70041366 - 2012 - Tectonic influences on the preservation of marine terraces: Old and new evidence from Santa Catalina Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-04T11:36:15","indexId":"70041366","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic influences on the preservation of marine terraces: Old and new evidence from Santa Catalina Island, California","docAbstract":"The California Channel Islands contain some of the best geologic records of past climate and sea-level changes, recorded in uplifted, fossil-bearing marine terrace deposits. Among the eight California Channel Islands and the nearby Palos Verdes Hills, only Santa Catalina Island does not exhibit prominent emergent marine terraces, though the same terrace-forming processes that acted on the other Channel Islands must also have occurred on Santa Catalina. We re-evaluated previous researchers' field evidence and examined new topographic, bathymetric, and stream-profile data in order to find possible explanations for the lack of obvious marine terrace landforms or deposits on the island today. The most likely explanation is associated with the island's unresolved tectonic history, with evidence for both recent uplift and subsidence being offered by different researchers. Bathymetric and seismic reflection data indicate the presence of submerged terrace-like landforms from a few meters below present sea level to depths far exceeding that of the lowest glacial lowstand, suggesting that the Catalina Island block may have subsided, submerging marine terraces that would have formed in the late Quaternary. Similar submerged marine terrace landforms exist offshore of all of the other California Channel Islands, including some at anomalously great depths, but late Quaternary uplift is well documented on those islands. Therefore, such submarine features must be more thoroughly investigated and adequately explained before they can be accepted as definitive evidence of subsidence. Nevertheless, the striking similarity of the terrace-like features around Santa Catalina Island to those surrounding the other, uplifting, Channel Islands prompted us to investigate other lines of evidence of tectonic activity, such as stream profile data. Recent uplift is suggested by disequilibrium stream profiles on the western side of the island, including nickpoints and profile convexities. Rapid uplift is also indicated by the island's highly dissected, steep topography and abundant landslides. A likely cause of uplift is a restraining bend in the offshore Catalina strike-slip fault. Our analysis suggests that Santa Catalina Island has recently experienced, and may still be experiencing, relatively rapid uplift, causing intense landscape rejuvenation that removed nearly all traces of marine terraces by erosion. A similar research approach, incorporating submarine as well as subaerial geomorphic data, could be applied to many tectonically active coastlines in which a marine terrace record appears to be missing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.012","usgsCitation":"Schumann, R.R., Minor, S.A., Muhs, D.R., Groves, L., and McGeehin, J., 2012, Tectonic influences on the preservation of marine terraces: Old and new evidence from Santa Catalina Island, California: Geomorphology, v. 179, p. 208-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"224","ipdsId":"IP-033410","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263655,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.012"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands;Santa Catalina Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.0,32.5 ], [ -121.0,34.5 ], [ -118.0,34.5 ], [ -118.0,32.5 ], [ -121.0,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"179","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbdf7e4b01744973f784a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minor, Scott A. 0000-0002-6976-9235 sminor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-9235","contributorId":765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"Scott","email":"sminor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groves, Lindsey T.","contributorId":61678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"Lindsey T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. 0000-0002-5320-6091 mcgeehin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-6091","contributorId":3444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John P.","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041257,"text":"70041257 - 2012 - Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:51:55","indexId":"70041257","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?","docAbstract":"Although global food production has been rising, the world sti ll faces a major food security challenge. Over one billion people are currently undernourished (Wheeler and Kay, 2010). By the 2050s, the human population is projected to grow to 9.1 billion. Over three-quarters of these people will be living in developing countries, in regions that already lack the capacity to feed their populations . Under current agricultural practices, the increased demand for food would require in excess of one billion hectares of new cropland, nearly equivalent to the land area of the United States, and would lead to significant increases in greenhouse gases (Tillman et al., 2011). Since climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity, changes to it will influence not only crop yields, but also hydrologic balances and supplies of inputs to managed farming systems, and may lead to a shift in the geographic location of some crops . Therefore, not only must crop productivity (yield per unit of land; kg/m2) increase, but water productivity (yield per unit of water or \"crop per drop\"; kg/m3) must increase as well in order to feed a burgeoning population against a backdrop\nof changing dietary consumption patterns, a changing climate and the growing scarcity of water and land (Beddington, 2010). The impact from these changes wi ll affect the viability of both dryland subsistence and irrigated commodity food production (Knox, et al., 2010a). Since climate is a primary determinant of agricultural productivity, any changes will influence not only crop yields, but also the hydrologic balances, and supplies of inputs to managed farming systems as well as potentially shifting the geographic location for specific crops . Unless concerted and collective action is taken, society risks worldwide food shortages, scarcity of water resources and insufficient energy. This has the potential to unleash public unrest, cross-border conflicts and migration as people flee the worst-affected regions to seck refuge in \"safe havens\", a situation that Beddington described as the \"perfect storm\" (2010).","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Thenkabail, P.S., Knox, J.W., Ozdogan, M., Gumma, M., Congalton, R., Wu, Z., Milesi, C., Finkral, A., Marshall, M., Mariotto, I., You, S., Giri, C., and Nagler, P., 2012, Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 78, no. 8, p. 773-782.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"782","ipdsId":"IP-035587","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d8412be4b0064e695a0a0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad S. 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, Jerry W.","contributorId":26947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ozdogan, Mutlu","contributorId":32060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozdogan","given":"Mutlu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gumma, Murali Krishna","contributorId":50426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumma","given":"Murali Krishna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Congalton, Russell G.","contributorId":84646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Congalton","given":"Russell G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wu, Zhuoting 0000-0001-7393-1832 zwu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-1832","contributorId":4953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Zhuoting","email":"zwu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":498,"text":"Office of Land Remote Sensing (Geography)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milesi, Cristina","contributorId":107590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milesi","given":"Cristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Finkral, Alex","contributorId":92947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkral","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marshall, Mike","contributorId":52473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mariotto, Isabella","contributorId":14140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariotto","given":"Isabella","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"You, Songcai","contributorId":71459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You","given":"Songcai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Giri, Chandra cgiri@usgs.gov","contributorId":2403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"Chandra","email":"cgiri@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":8748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70044247,"text":"70044247 - 2012 - The nature of porosity in organic-rich mudstones of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, North Sea, offshore United Kingdom","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T12:42:48","indexId":"70044247","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of porosity in organic-rich mudstones of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, North Sea, offshore United Kingdom","docAbstract":"Analyses of organic-rich mudstones from wells that penetrated the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, offshore United Kingdom, were performed to evaluate the nature of both organic and inorganic rock constituents and their relation to porosity in this world-class source rock. The formation is at varying levels of thermal maturity, ranging from immature in the shallowest core samples to mature in the deepest core samples. The intent of this study was to evaluate porosity as a function of both organic macerals and thermal maturity. At least four distinct types of organic macerals were observed in petrographic and SEM analyses and they all were present across the study area. The macerals include, in decreasing abundance: 1) bituminite admixed with clays; 2) elongate lamellar masses (alginite or bituminite) with small quartz, feldspar, and clay entrained within it; 3) terrestrial (vitrinite, fusinite, semifusinite) grains; and 4) Tasmanites microfossils. Although pores in all maceral types were observed on ion-milled surfaces of all samples, the pores (largely nanopores with some micropores) vary as a function of maceral type. Importantly, pores in the macerals do not vary systematically as a function of thermal maturity, insofar as organic pores are of similar size and shape in both the immature and mature Kimmeridge rocks. If any organic pores developed during the generation of hydrocarbons, they were apparently not preserved, possibly because of the highly ductile nature of much of the rock constituents of Kimmeridge mudstones (clays and organic material). Inorganic pores (largely micropores with some nanopores) have been observed in all Kimmeridge mudstones. These pores, particularly interparticle (i.e., between clay platelets), and intraparticle (i.e., in framboidal pyrite, in partially dissolved detrital K-feldspar, and in both detrital and authigenic dolomite) are noteworthy because they compose much of the observable porosity in the shales in both immature and mature samples. The absence of a systematic increase in organic porosity as a function of either maceral type or thermal maturity indicates that such porosity was probably unrelated to hydrocarbon generation. Instead, much of the porosity within mudstones of the Kimmeridge appears to be largely intraparticle and interparticle (adjacent to inorganic constituents), so the petroleum storage potential in these organic-rich mudstones largely resides in inorganic pores.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2012.07.012","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N.S., Hackley, P.C., Lowers, H., Hill, R., Egenhoff, S.O., Eberl, D.D., and Blum, A.E., 2012, The nature of porosity in organic-rich mudstones of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, North Sea, offshore United Kingdom: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.07.012.","numberOfPages":"42","ipdsId":"IP-035419","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273208,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.07.012"}],"country":"United Kingdom","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -4,0.001388888888888889 ], [ -4,0.0016666666666666668 ], [ 0,0.0016666666666666668 ], [ 0,0.001388888888888889 ], [ -4,0.001388888888888889 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51af0c71e4b08a3322c2c364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, Neil S.","contributorId":106464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Ronald J.","contributorId":62306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Ronald J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Egenhoff, Sven O.","contributorId":101171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egenhoff","given":"Sven","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blum, Alex E. aeblum@usgs.gov","contributorId":2845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Alex","email":"aeblum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70041527,"text":"pp1794A3 - 2012 - Willamette Valley Ecoregion: Chapter 3 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T10:56:19","indexId":"pp1794A3","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-3","title":"Willamette Valley Ecoregion: Chapter 3 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Willamette Valley Ecoregion (as defined by Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997) covers approximately 14,458 km² (5,582 mi2), making it one of the smallest ecoregions in the conterminous United States. The long, alluvial Willamette Valley, which stretches north to south more than 193 km and ranges from 32 to 64 km wide, is nestled between the sedimentary and metamorphic Coast Ranges (Coast Range Ecoregion) to the west and the basaltic Cascade Range (Cascades Ecoregion) to the east (fig. 1). The Lewis and Columbia Rivers converge at the ecoregion’s northern boundary in Washington state; however, the majority of the ecoregion falls within northwestern Oregon. Interstate 5 runs the length of the valley to its southern boundary with the Klamath Mountains Ecoregion. Topography here is relatively flat, with elevations ranging from sea level to 122 m. This even terrain, coupled with mild, wet winters, warm, dry summers, and nutrient-rich soil, makes the Willamette Valley the most important agricultural region in Oregon. Population centers are concentrated along the valley floor. According to estimates from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (2006), over 2.3 million people lived in Willamette Valley in 2000. Portland, Oregon, is the largest city, with 529,121 residents (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Other sizable cities include Eugene, Oregon; Salem (Oregon’s state capital); and Vancouver, Washington. Despite the large urban areas dotting the length of the Willamette Valley Ecoregion, agriculture and forestry products are its economic foundation (figs. 2,3). The valley is a major producer of grass seed, ornamental plants, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and grains, as well as poultry, beef, and dairy products. The forestry and logging industries also are primary employers of the valley’s rural residents (Rooney, 2008). These activities have affected the watershed significantly, with forestry and agricultural runoff contributing to river sedimentation and decreased water quality in the Willamette River and its tributary streams (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2006). Recent years have seen a marked decline in forest health related to the increased frequency of multiyear droughts. Insect damage and other diseases also are present; however, drought- related water stress is the primary factor in coniferous-tree mortality (Oregon Department of Forestry, 2008). Trees most at risk include Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Overstocking by timber companies and planting on sites with poor conditions increase susceptibility. Over time, these problems may lead to changes in planting practices and the use of more drought-tolerant species such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A3","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 3 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Wilson, T.S., and Sorenson, D.G., 2012, Willamette Valley Ecoregion: Chapter 3 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-3, Chapter 3: 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A3.","productDescription":"Chapter 3: 7 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"57","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_3.jpg"},{"id":263823,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"},{"id":263824,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter03.pdf"},{"id":263825,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Portland","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,43.5 ], [ -124.0,46.0 ], [ -122.0,46.0 ], [ -122.0,43.5 ], [ -124.0,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31ea6e4b0b57f2415d232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Tamara S.","contributorId":36640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Tamara","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorenson, Daniel G. 0000-0003-0365-9444 dsorenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-9444","contributorId":2898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Daniel","email":"dsorenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041526,"text":"pp1794A2 - 2012 - Puget Lowland Ecoregion: Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T10:59:41","indexId":"pp1794A2","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794-A-2","title":"Puget Lowland Ecoregion: Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"The Puget Lowland Ecoregion covers an area of approximately 18,009 km² (6,953 mi²) within northwestern Washington (fig. 1) (Omernik, 1987; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). The ecoregion is located between the Coast Range Ecoregion to the west, which includes the Olympic Mountains, and the North Cascades and the Cascades Ecoregions to the east, which include the Cascade Range. From the north, the ecoregion follows the Interstate 5 corridor, from the Canadian border south through Bellingham, Seattle, Olympia, and Longview, Washington, to the northern border of the Willamette Valley Ecoregion. The Puget Lowland Ecoregion borders the shoreline of the greater Puget Sound, a complex bay and saltwater estuary fed by spring freshwater runoff from the Olympic Mountains and Cascade Range watersheds. The ecoregion is situated in a continental glacial trough that has many islands, peninsulas, and bays. Relief is moderate, with elevations ranging from sea level to 460 m but averaging approximately 150 m (DellaSala and others, 2001). Proximity to the Pacific Ocean gives the Puget Lowland Ecoregion its mild maritime climate (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). Mean annual temperature is 10.5°C, with an average of 4.1°C in January and 17.7°C in July (Guttman and Quayle, 1996). Average annual precipitation ranges from 800 to 900 mm, but some areas in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains receive as little as 460 mm (DellaSala and others, 2001). Varying annual average precipitation greatly influences vegetation and soil type in the ecoregion. In the Puget Lowland Ecoregion, soils are dominated by Inceptisols in the north and Ultisols in the south (Jones, 2003). Before European settlement, most of the ecoregion was covered by coniferous forests, with species composition dependent on local climate (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). The World Wildlife Fund places the Puget Lowland Ecoregion in the Western Hemlock Vegetation Zone. Although this vegetation zone is named after the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is the dominant tree species. Seattle, which had an estimated population of 563,376 in 2000, is the largest city in the Puget Lowland Ecoregion (Puget Sound Regional Council, 2001). The greater Seattle metropolitan area, comprising Seattle, Tacoma, Bellevue, and Bremerton, had an estimated population of 3.5 million people in 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Other sizable cities in the ecoregion include the state capital Olympia, as well as Tacoma, Bellingham, and Everett, Washington. The center of the Puget Lowland Ecoregion is dominated by the Seattle metropolitan area and developed land cover, whereas agriculture occurs mainly on river floodplains in the north and south. The remainder of the ecoregion area is dominated by forest land cover (fig. 1).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (PP 1794-A)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794A2","collaboration":"This publication is Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000, which is Volume A in Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000, PP 1794. Volume A consists of 30 chapters. For access to other chapters, please visit PP 1794-A.","usgsCitation":"Sorenson, D.G., 2012, Puget Lowland Ecoregion: Chapter 2 in Status and trends of land change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A-2, Chapter 2: 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1794A2.","productDescription":"Chapter 2: 8 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"50","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1794_A_2.jpg"},{"id":263819,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters"},{"id":263817,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/chapters/pp1794a_chapter02.pdf"},{"id":263818,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/a/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascades;Puget","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,46.0 ], [ -124.0,49.0 ], [ -121.5,49.0 ], [ -121.5,46.0 ], [ -124.0,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e71e4b0b57f2415d20a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorenson, Daniel G. 0000-0003-0365-9444 dsorenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-9444","contributorId":2898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Daniel","email":"dsorenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70118129,"text":"70118129 - 2012 - Spawning salmon and the fitness of stream-dwelling fishes: Marine-derived nutrients show saturating effects on growth and energy storage in juvenile salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T10:54:17.279374","indexId":"70118129","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning salmon and the fitness of stream-dwelling fishes: Marine-derived nutrients show saturating effects on growth and energy storage in juvenile salmonids","docAbstract":"

We examined how marine-derived nutrients (MDN), in the form of spawning Pacific salmon, influenced the nutritional status and d15N of stream-dwelling fishes. We sampled juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) during spring and fall from 11 south-central Alaskan streams that ranged widely in spawning salmon biomass (0.1–4.7 kg•m–2). Growth rate (as indexed by RNA–DNA ratios), energy density, and d15N enrichment in spring-sampled fishes increased with spawner biomass, indicating the persistence of spawner effects more than 6 months after salmon spawning. Point estimates suggest that spawner effects on nutrition were substantially greater for coho salmon than Dolly Varden (268% and 175% greater for growth and energy, respectively), indicating that both species benefitted physiologically, but that juvenile coho salmon accrued more benefits than Dolly Varden. Although the data were less conclusive for fall- than spring-sampled fish, they do suggest spawner effects were also generally positive during fall, soon after salmon spawned. In a follow-up analysis where growth rate and energy density were modeled as a function of d15N enrichment, results suggested that both increased with MDN assimilation, especially in juvenile coho salmon. Our results support the importance of salmon runs to the nutritional ecology of stream-dwelling fishes.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council of Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, ON","usgsCitation":"Rinella, D., Wipfli, M., Stricker, C.A., and Heintz, R., 2012, Spawning salmon and the fitness of stream-dwelling fishes: Marine-derived nutrients show saturating effects on growth and energy storage in juvenile salmonids: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 69, no. 1, p. 73-84.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, D.J.","contributorId":58476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wipfli, M.S.","contributorId":51963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricker, C. A.","contributorId":56758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heintz, R.","contributorId":9979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heintz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042537,"text":"70042537 - 2012 - Sea lamprey orient toward a source of a synthesized pheromone using odor-conditioned rheotaxis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T11:49:22","indexId":"70042537","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":982,"text":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea lamprey orient toward a source of a synthesized pheromone using odor-conditioned rheotaxis","docAbstract":"Characterization of vertebrate chemo-orientation strategies over long distances is difficult because it is often not feasible to conduct highly controlled hypothesis-based experiments in natural environments. To overcome the challenge, we couple in-stream behavioral observations of female sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) orienting to plumes of a synthesized mating pheromone, 7a,12a,24-trihydroxy-5a-cholan-3-one-24-sulfate (3kPZS), and engineering algorithms to systematically test chemo-orientation hypotheses. In-stream field observations and simulated movements of female sea lampreys according to control algorithms support that odor-conditioned rheotaxis is a component of the mechanism used to track plumes of 3kPZS over hundreds of meters in flowing water. Simulated movements of female sea lampreys do not support that rheotaxis or klinotaxis alone is sufficient to enable the movement patterns displayed by females in locating 3kPZS sources in the experimental stream. Odor-conditioned rheotaxis may not only be effective at small spatial scales as previous described in crustaceans, but may also be effectively used by fishes over hundreds of meters. These results may prove useful for developing management strategies for the control of invasive species that exploit the odor-conditioned tracking behavior and for developing biologically inspired navigation strategies for robotic fish.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00265-012-1409-1","usgsCitation":"Johnson, N.S., Muhammad, A., Thompson, H., Choi, J., and Li, W., 2012, Sea lamprey orient toward a source of a synthesized pheromone using odor-conditioned rheotaxis: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, v. 66, no. 12, p. 1557-1567, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1409-1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1557","endPage":"1567","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-025659","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268547,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1409-1"}],"country":"United States","volume":"66","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a9de4b04c194073ae50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhammad, Azizah","contributorId":32054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhammad","given":"Azizah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Henry","contributorId":100705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choi, Jongeun","contributorId":84229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"Jongeun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Li, Weiming","contributorId":65440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Weiming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70191969,"text":"70191969 - 2012 - High plains playas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:29:10","indexId":"70191969","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"High plains playas","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland habitats of North America: Ecology and conservation concern","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkley, CA","usgsCitation":"Smith, L., Haukos, D.A., and McMurry, S.T., 2012, High plains playas, chap. of Wetland habitats of North America: Ecology and conservation concern, p. 299-311.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"311","ipdsId":"IP-032605","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520271647"}],"country":"United States","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610553e4b06e28e9c25538","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Batzer, Darold P.","contributorId":94248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batzer","given":"Darold","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724358,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Andrew H.","contributorId":11479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724359,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Loren M.","contributorId":88876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Loren M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haukos, David A. 0000-0001-5372-9960 dhaukos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-9960","contributorId":3664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"David","email":"dhaukos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMurry, Scott T.","contributorId":191876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McMurry","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041264,"text":"70041264 - 2012 - Interactions between methylmercury and selenomethionine injected into mallard eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-01T12:07:54","indexId":"70041264","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between methylmercury and selenomethionine injected into mallard eggs","docAbstract":"Methylmercury chloride and seleno-L-methionine were injected separately or in combinations into mallard eggs (Anas platyrhynchos), and embryo mortality and teratogenic effects (deformities) were modeled using a logistic regression model. Methylmercury was injected at doses that resulted in concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 µg/g Hg in the egg on a wet weight basis and selenomethionine at doses that resulted in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 µg/g Se in the egg, also on a wet weight basis. When selenomethionine and methylmercury were injected separately, hatching probability decreased in both cases. However, when methylmercury was injected at 1.6 µg/g in combination with selenomethionine at 0.2 µg/g, the presence of the methylmercury resulted in less embryo mortality than had been seen with 0.2 µg/g Se by itself, but it increased the number of deformed embryos and hatchlings. Selenomethionine appeared to be more embryotoxic than equivalent doses of methylmercury when injected into eggs, and both injected methylmercury and selenomethionine were more toxic to mallard embryos than when deposited naturally in the egg by the mother. The underlying mechanisms behind the interactions between methylmercury and selenomethionine and why methylmercury appeared to improve hatching probability of Se-dosed eggs yet increased deformities when the two compounds were combined are unclear. These findings warrant further studies to understand these mechanisms in both laboratory and field settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","publisherLocation":"Brussels, Belgium","doi":"10.1002/etc.1708","usgsCitation":"Klimstra, J., Yee, J., Heinz, G.H., Hoffman, D.J., and Stebbins, K., 2012, Interactions between methylmercury and selenomethionine injected into mallard eggs: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 31, no. 3, p. 579-584, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1708.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-030115","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263534,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.1708"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df326ee4b0dfbe79e6a1b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klimstra, J.D.","contributorId":62328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klimstra","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yee, J.L.","contributorId":25496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heinz, G. 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This study addresses changes in vegetation structure that have persisted for 17 years after a tundra fire on the North Slope of Alaska. Fire-related shifts in vegetation composition were assessed from remote-sensing imagery and ground observations of the burn scar and an adjacent control site. Early-season remotely sensed imagery from the burn scar exhibits a low vegetation index compared with the control site, whereas the late-season signal is slightly higher. The range and maximum vegetation index are greater in the burn scar, although the mean annual values do not differ among the sites. Ground observations revealed a greater abundance of moss in the unburned site, which may account for the high early growing season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomaly relative to the burn. The abundance of graminoid species and an absence of Betula nana in the post-fire tundra sites may also be responsible for the spectral differences observed in the remotely sensed imagery. The partial replacement of tundra by graminoid-dominated ecosystems has been predicted by the ALFRESCO model of disturbance, climate and vegetation succession.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Group","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741","usgsCitation":"Barrett, K., Rocha, A.V., van de Weg, M.J., and Shaver, G., 2012, Vegetation shifts observed in arctic tundra 17 years after fire: Remote Sensing Letters, v. 3, no. 8, p. 729-736, https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"736","ipdsId":"IP-036276","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/1f3a5cdd-c8f7-4607-8e78-4029dfd32095","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263549,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741"},{"id":263551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263550,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2150704X.2012.676741"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -164.4,68.0 ], [ -164.4,71.39 ], [ -149.9,71.39 ], [ -149.9,68.0 ], [ -164.4,68.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e56744e4b0a4aa5bb05113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrett, Kirsten","contributorId":26600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Kirsten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rocha, Adrian V.","contributorId":25433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocha","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van de Weg, Martine Janet","contributorId":28141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Weg","given":"Martine","email":"","middleInitial":"Janet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaver, Gaius","contributorId":49680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"Gaius","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041042,"text":"70041042 - 2012 - Food availability and offspring sex in a monogamous seabird: insights from an experimental approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-18T17:09:59","indexId":"70041042","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food availability and offspring sex in a monogamous seabird: insights from an experimental approach","docAbstract":"Sex allocation theory predicts that parents should favor offspring of the sex that provides the greatest fitness return. Despite growing evidence suggesting that vertebrates are able to overcome the constraint of chromosomal sex determination, the general pattern remains equivocal, indicating a need for experimental investigations. We used an experimental feeding design to study sex allocation during 3 years in black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Intense male–male competition for securing a breeding site is common in this species in which males are heavier and larger than females. Hence, we hypothesized that parents producing fledglings in better than average condition, as supplementarily fed pairs do, would increase their fitness return by producing sons. Conversely, producing daughters would be a better tactic for Unfed parents. Hence, we predicted that Fed parents produce more sons than Unfed parents. This prediction is particularly expected if sexual dimorphism arises as early as during chick rearing, suggesting strong selective pressures for optimal male development. Our results showed that 1) males were heavier and larger than females prior to fledging and that 2) Fed parents produced relatively more male hatchlings than Unfed parents. We interpret this result in terms of a Trivers–Willard-type process. Furthermore, our data revealed that Unfed parents significantly overproduced female hatchlings, whereas offspring sex ratio was balanced among Fed parents. Because the 3 reproductive seasons we considered were particularly poor food years, Unfed parents may have overproduced daughters to avoid the apparent higher reproductive costs of raising sons.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","publisherLocation":"Oxford, U.K.","doi":"10.1093/beheco/ars023","usgsCitation":"Merkling, T., Leclaire, S., Danchin, E., Lhuillier, E., Wagner, R., White, J., Hatch, S.A., and Blanchard, P., 2012, Food availability and offspring sex in a monogamous seabird: insights from an experimental approach: Behavioral Ecology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 751-758, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars023.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"758","ipdsId":"IP-031621","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263554,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars023"},{"id":263555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d20c2be4b08b071e771b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merkling, Thomas","contributorId":19453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merkling","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leclaire, Sarah","contributorId":46385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leclaire","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danchin, Etienne","contributorId":69034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"Etienne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lhuillier, Emeline","contributorId":99854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lhuillier","given":"Emeline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wagner, Richard H.","contributorId":94943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Richard H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Joel","contributorId":60100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Blanchard, Pierrick","contributorId":56949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Pierrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70041040,"text":"70041040 - 2012 - Listening to Glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics near marine-terminating glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:00:59","indexId":"70041040","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2929,"text":"Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Listening to Glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics near marine-terminating glaciers","docAbstract":"The catastrophic breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in the Weddell Sea in 2002 paints a vivid portrait of the effects of glacier-climate interactions. This event, along with other unexpected episodes of rapid mass loss from marine-terminating glaciers (i.e., tidewater glaciers, outlet glaciers, ice streams, ice shelves) sparked intensified study of the boundaries where marine-terminating glaciers interact with the ocean. These dynamic and dangerous boundaries require creative methods of observation and measurement. Toward this effort, we take advantage of the exceptional sound-propagating properties of seawater to record and interpret sounds generated at these glacial ice-ocean boundaries from distances safe for instrument deployment and operation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oceanography Society","publisherLocation":"Rockville, MD","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2012.81","usgsCitation":"Pettit, E., Nystuen, J., and O’Neel, S., 2012, Listening to Glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics near marine-terminating glaciers: Oceanography, v. 25, no. 3, p. 104-105, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"105","ipdsId":"IP-035646","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263558,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df90dce4b0dfbe79e6d960","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettit, E.C.","contributorId":50003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettit","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nystuen, J.A.","contributorId":107165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystuen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160578,"text":"70160578 - 2012 - Evaluating the negative effect of benthic egg predators on bloater recruitment in northern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T14:27:49","indexId":"70160578","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Evaluating the negative effect of benthic egg predators on bloater recruitment in northern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"

As the only extant deepwater cisco in Lake Michigan, bloater is currently at record low levels of abundance.  Several mechanisms to regulate their recruitment have been proposed, including skewed sex ratios, predation on their larvae by adult alewife, and climatic factors during early life history stages, but none has unequivocal support.  In this research, we evaluated an alternative mechanism of egg predation that was supported by an inverse relationship between bloater recruitment and biomass of slimy sculpin, which are known to be effective egg predators.  To that end, we used a combination of field sampling, laboratory experiments, and modeling to estimate the proportion of bloater eggs consumed by sculpins each year between 1973 and 2008.  Monthly field sampling between January through May 2009-2010 (when bloater eggs were incubating) offshore of Frankfort (Michigan), Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin), Two Rivers (Wisconsin), and Muskegon (Michigan) provided benthivore diets for subsequent laboratory processing.  Identification and enumeration of stomach contents and subsequent genetic analyses of eggs revealed that the mean proportion of bloater eggs in slimy sculpin diets (N = 1016) equaled 0.04.  Bloater eggs also were consumed by deepwater sculpins (N = 699) at a slightly lower mean proportion (0.02), and only one round goby diet among 552 enumerated revealed a bloater egg.  Based on the diet results, we developed daily ration models to estimate consumption for both deepwater and slimy sculpins.  We conducted feeding experiments to estimate gastric evacuation (GEVAC) for water temperatures ranging 2-5 °C, similar to those observed during egg incubation.  GEVAC rates equaled 0.0115/ h for slimy sculpin and 0.0147/h for deepwater sculpin, and did not vary between 2.7 and 5.1 °C for either species or between prey types (Mysis relicta and fish eggs) for slimy sculpin.  Index of fullness [(g prey/g fish weight)100%] was estimated from sculpins sampled in bottom trawls in the same seasons and years as the diets, and varied with fish size (averaging 1.93% and 1.85% for slimy and deepwater sculpins, respectively).  Estimates of daily consumption ranged from 0.2-0.8% of sculpin body weight.  Annual estimates of bloater egg consumption predicted higher values for deepwater sculpin than slimy sculpin between 1973 and 2005.  This pattern was reversed in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 as slimy sculpin abundance increased while that of deepwater sculpin declined.  The sum of sculpin consumption of bloater eggs exceeded 25% of bloater population egg production early (1975-1980) and late (2008-2010) in the time series.  Despite the strong field pattern implicating egg predation by slimy sculpin, our consumption models failed to fully support this hypothesis.  In particular, our results were unable to explain why bloater recruitment was relatively poor during 1995-2005 when the proportion of bloater eggs consumed was very low (< 0.06).  The results did, however, demonstrate that bloater recruitment was consistently poor when the proportion of eggs consumed was relatively high.  In conclusion, consumption by native benthivores can be a contributing factor to poor recruitment of bloater, especially when slimy sculpin reach high levels of abundance.  This result exemplifies the importance of ecosystem-based fishery management, given that the maintenance of healthy lake trout populations in the Great Lakes should control the abundance of slimy sculpin egg predators.  In addition, future research will be required to fully understand the primary bottleneck to bloater recruitment in Lake Michigan so that efforts to stock and restore bloater in Lake Ontario have a greater probability of resulting in naturalized and sustainable populations.

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cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193203,"text":"70193203 - 2012 - Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T11:15:58","indexId":"70193203","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis","docAbstract":"

Habitat suitability (HS) maps are widely used tools in wildlife science and establish a link between wildlife populations and landscape pattern. Although HS maps spatially depict the distribution of optimal resources for a species, they do not reveal the population size a landscape is capable of supporting--information that is often crucial for decision makers and managers. We used a new approach, \"maximum clique analysis,\" to demonstrate how HS maps for territorial species can be used to estimate the carrying capacity, N(k), of a given landscape. We estimated the N(k) of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) in an 1153-km2 study area in Vermont, USA. These two species were selected to highlight different approaches in building an HS map as well as computational challenges that can arise in a maximum clique analysis. We derived 30-m2 HS maps for each species via occupancy modeling (Ovenbird) and by resource utilization modeling (bobcats). For each species, we then identified all pixel locations on the map (points) that had sufficient resources in the surrounding area to maintain a home range (termed a \"pseudo-home range\"). These locations were converted to a mathematical graph, where any two points were linked if two pseudo-home ranges could exist on the landscape without violating territory boundaries. We used the program Cliquer to find the maximum clique of each graph. The resulting estimates of N(k) = 236 Ovenbirds and N(k) = 42 female bobcats were sensitive to different assumptions and model inputs. Estimates of N(k) via alternative, ad hoc methods were 1.4 to > 30 times greater than the maximum clique estimate, suggesting that the alternative results may be upwardly biased. The maximum clique analysis was computationally intensive but could handle problems with < 1500 total pseudo-home ranges (points). Given present computational constraints, it is best suited for species that occur in clustered distributions (where the problem can be broken into several, smaller problems), or for species with large home ranges relative to grid scale where resampling the points to a coarser resolution can reduce the problem to manageable proportions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Applications","usgsCitation":"Donovan, T., Warrington, G., Schwenk, W.S., and Dinitz, J.H., 2012, Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis: Ecological Applications, v. 22, no. 8, p. 2265-2276.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2265","endPage":"2276","ipdsId":"IP-032164","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610553e4b06e28e9c25536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Therese tdonovan@usgs.gov","contributorId":171599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Therese","email":"tdonovan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrington, Greg","contributorId":199097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warrington","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schwenk, W. Scott","contributorId":172274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwenk","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Dinitz, Jeffrey H.","contributorId":199098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dinitz","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ]}