This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973).
Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73337","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Insititute of Technology and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"United States Geological Survey, 1973, Atlas of Mars, Iapygia Quadrangle, MC-21: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-337, 1 Plate: 22.87 x 26.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73337.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 22.87 x 26.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0337/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":432252,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0337/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"5000000","projection":"Mercator Projection","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"United States Geological Survey","contributorId":128013,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Geological Survey","id":531679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27646,"text":"wri7329 - 1973 - Electric-analog simulation network of unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Wabash River basin, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-02T10:30:32","indexId":"wri7329","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-29","title":"Electric-analog simulation network of unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Wabash River basin, Indiana","docAbstract":"The ground-water budget of the unconsolidated deposits in the upper Wabash River basin was modeled. An electrical-simulation network was used to determine an integrated storage coefficient of 0.003 for the basin. Two practical problems were investigated: a municipal pumping problem and the change in flow regime due to the addition of surface-water reservoirs to the basin. Because these are demonstration exercises, the information presented is not intended to be used for construction justification. The network is available and can be used to determine the effect on basin hydrology due to local development of the ground-water resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7329","usgsCitation":"Heisel, J.E., 1973, Electric-analog simulation network of unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Wabash River basin, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-29, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7329.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359112,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Wabash River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.5,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -84.5,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -84.5,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -86.5,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -86.5,\n 40.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60734a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heisel, James E.","contributorId":68378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisel","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006470,"text":"70006470 - 1973 - Effects of temperature on embryonic development of lake herring (Coregonus artedii)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T11:36:49","indexId":"70006470","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T11:18:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of temperature on embryonic development of lake herring (Coregonus artedii)","docAbstract":"Embryonic development of lake herring (Coregonus artedii) was observed in the laboratory at 13 constant temperatures from 0.0 to 12.1 C and in Pickerel Lake (Washtenaw County, Michigan) at natural temperature regimes. Rate of development during incubation was based on progression of the embryos through 20 identifiable stages. \n\nAn equation was derived to predict development stage at constant temperatures, on the general assumption that development stage (DS) is a function of time (days, D) and temperature (T). The equation should also be useful in interpreting estimates from future regressions that include other environmental variables that affect egg development. \n\nA second regression model, derived primarily for fluctuating temperatures, related development rate for stage j (DRj), expressed as the reciprocal of time, to temperature (x). The generalized equation for a development stage is: DRj = abx cx2 dx3. \n\nIn general, time required for embryos to reach each stage of development in Pickerel Lake agreed closely with the time predicted from this equation, derived from our laboratory observations. Hatching time was predicted within 1 day in 1969 and within 2 days in 1970. \n\nWe used the equations derived with the second model to predict the effect of the superimposition of temperature increases of 1 and 2 C on the measured temperatures in Pickerel Lake. Conceivably, hatching dates could be affected sufficiently to jeopardize the first feeding of lake herring through loss of harmony between hatching date and seasonal food availability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f73-135","usgsCitation":"Colby, P.J., and Brooke, L., 1973, Effects of temperature on embryonic development of lake herring (Coregonus artedii): Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 30, no. 6, p. 799-810, https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-135.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"799","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288968,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f73-135"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Washtenaw County","otherGeospatial":"Pickerel Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.789812,45.386668 ], [ -84.789812,45.408435 ], [ -84.743084,45.408435 ], [ -84.743084,45.386668 ], [ -84.789812,45.386668 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae76a1e4b0abf75cf2bfc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, Peter J.","contributorId":89831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooke, L.T.","contributorId":60589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooke","given":"L.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207089,"text":"70207089 - 1973 - Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:14:24","indexId":"70207089","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-31T14:27:28","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii","docAbstract":"The thermal-feedback theory of mantle melting proposed by Shaw in 1969 is found to be quantitatively consistent with data pertaining to the evolution of the Hawaiian Ridge. Applicable rate factors are estimated from relations between lava volumes and position along the ridge given in this paper and the radio-metric age distributions given by Jackson and others in 1972. Rate curves derived from these data provide a new method of age extrapolation or interpolation; results indicate that previous methods used to estimate the age of the Hawaiian-Emperor Bend are in error. No definite age is established, but calculations suggest an age greater than 50 m.y. Much more extensive radiometric data are required to define kinematic relations between the Hawaiian Ridge and Emperor Seamount chain. It appears to be firmly established from the work of Jackson and others and from the present study that the evolution of the Hawaiian Ridge has been episodic, with episodes of several different time scales. Average growth rates of the entire ridge system are divided into two regimes with a discontinuity at a position roughly 1,000 km northwest of Kilauea; the estimated age of this discontinuity is about 10 m.y. Other episodes relate to the durations of eruptive sequences along individual or contiguous lines of volcanoes within the en échelon set of locus lines defined by Jackson and others. The latest of these episodes, beginning about 6 m.y. ago, is marked by accelerating volume rates of eruption and accelerating rates of ridge propagation; this episode appears to be approaching a culminating stage represented by the present activity of Kilauea Volcano. The calculated rate of eruption of Kilauea (0.11 km3 per yr) is virtually identical with a rate independently estimated by Swanson in 1972 using different data. Calculated durations for older locus lines are generally greater than 6 m.y., but major time overlaps occur that are not adequately understood. Episodic behavior of shorter durations also exists relative to growth of individual shields or to synchronous activity on neighboring shields (for example, Mauna Loa and Kilauea). Some of these shorter term effects are partly explained in terms of isostatic factors acting on the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The longer episodes are explained in terms of variations of melting rates in the asthenosphere, governed by viscous heating produced by the interaction of lithosphere translation and both vertical and horizontal shear flows in the subjacent mantle. Accelerations of eruption and propagation rates are explained by melting instabilities in the upper zones of the asthenosphere as a result of thermal feedback. During the latest melting episode, shear stresses in the asthenosphere derived from the rate data as interpreted by the thermal feedback model are in the range 100 to 200 bars; apparent viscosities range from 2 × 1021 to 4 × 1020 poise, decreasing with increasing melting rate. In general, a thermomechanical model is shown to be consistent with the idea that oceanic melting spots can be fixed relative to the deep mantle, although this invariance is not completely established. The thermal plume model of Morgan is not definitely ruled out but does not seem to be required for internally consistent interpretations of oceanic chains of volcanism. It is concluded that motion vectors of the Pacific plate cannot be inferred directly from rates of propagation of volcanic chains, because these rates reflect local, not average, relative velocities of lithosphere versus mantle flow. During growth of the Hawaiian Ridge, propagation speeds calculated on the basis of rate data for the southeastern Hawaiian Islands ranged from less than 1 cm per yr near the Hawaiian-Emperor Bend to nearly 30 cm per yr at the present ridge front.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., 1973, Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 5, p. 1505-1526, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States 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\"}}]}","volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207541,"text":"70207541 - 1973 - Magma Mixing as Illustrated by the 1959 Eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:17:01.56453","indexId":"70207541","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-23T10:47:14","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma Mixing as Illustrated by the 1959 Eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The 1959 eruption of Kilauea volcano is unique among recent Kilauea summit eruptions (1952 to 1968) in at least two respects: (1) a large collapse of Kilauea summit accompanied the eruption, and (2) the erupted lavas show a complex variation in their bulk chemical composition. Both features suggest that the 1959 eruption was fed from a source different from that which fed other summit eruptions in this period.
The variations in chemical composition can be interpreted in terms of mixing chromite-bearing olivine with variable proportions of two “end-member” magmas represented by the composition of samples of pumice erupted during the first phase of the eruption. Mixing calculations show that the MgO content of olivine varies with the MgO content of the lava and thus with olivine percentage in the same manner as previously determined by Richter and Murata (1966) from petrographic study of hand samples. The calculations also show that the proportion of the two end-member magma types varies throughout the eruption. These results suggest that the eruption was fed from two separate magma batches, each of which was held in a reservoir with an olivine-poor top and olivine accumulation toward the bottom. There is also evidence that the two end-member magmas may be related by redistribution of clinopyroxene in a third hypothetical magma. The complex pre-eruption history implied by the chemical data is at present not satisfactorily explained by any physical model of fractionation, storage, and mixing that can be inferred from data on other well-studied Kilauea eruptions.
The average MgO content (15.5 percent) of the 1959 eruption is estimated to be in minimum MgO content of magma produced by partial melting in the mantle beneath Kilauea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<849:MMAIBT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., 1973, Magma Mixing as Illustrated by the 1959 Eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 3, p. 849-858, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<849:MMAIBT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"858","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Summit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -155.1324462890625,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -155.1324462890625,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.31114335506464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121273,"text":"70121273 - 1973 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Leg 15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:46:47","indexId":"70121273","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-01T14:16:24","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Leg 15","docAbstract":"Analyses of pore fluids from reducing environments demonstrate that reduction of SO4 is accompanied by large increases in alkalinity and strong depletion of Ca and Mg. The data are compatible with a model of replacement of Fe3+ in clay lattices by Mg from the interstitial solutions and the precipitation of pyrite. Depletions of Na in the interstitial solutions are related to Mg losses by a ratio of approximately 1:3. Pore fluids from oxidizing pelagic sediments exhibit little SO4 depletion. Losses of Mg are accompanied by the addition of Ca to the pore solutions on a nearly 1:1 basis. Strong Sr enrichment is also found in these solutions. The magnitude of the Sr increase suggests that considerable carbonate recrystallization has occurred.
\nAs part of an extensive interlaboratory and analytical calibration, the effect of squeezing sediment at different temperatures has been studied in depth. Samples of a variety of lithologies have been included. Enrichment of K by as much as 24 percent and depletion of Mg and Ca by up to 7 percent occurs during warming. However, no significant effect upon Cl and SO4 could be detected. The strongest effects are seen in the minor constituents studied. On warming, Sr, Si, and B are enriched as much as 19, 40, and 60 percent, respectively. The size of the observed concentration changes varies with the mineralogy of the sediment, but is significant in all types studied, particularly with regards to Mg and K.
","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.20.207.1973","usgsCitation":"Sayles, F.L., Manheim, F., and Waterman, L.S., 1973, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Leg 15: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 15, p. 783-804, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.20.207.1973.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"783","endPage":"804","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.20.207.1973","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.0,8.0 ], [ -82.0,20.0 ], [ -61.0,20.0 ], [ -61.0,8.0 ], [ -82.0,8.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b655e4b09d12e0e8e6e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayles, Fred L.","contributorId":88279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":45294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waterman, Lee S.","contributorId":30151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waterman","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241488,"text":"70241488 - 1973 - Resistivity, self‐potential, and induced‐polarization surveys of a vapor‐dominated geothermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T19:16:07.390216","indexId":"70241488","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-01T14:07:13","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resistivity, self‐potential, and induced‐polarization surveys of a vapor‐dominated geothermal system","docAbstract":"The Mud Volcano area in Yellowstone National Park provides an example of a vapor‐dominated geothermal system. A test well drilled to a depth of about 347 ft penetrated the vapor‐dominated reservoir at a depth of less than 300 ft. Subsequently, 16 vertical electrical soundings (VES) of the Schlumberger type were made along a 3.7‐mile traverse to evaluate the electrical resistivity distribution within this geothermal field. Interpretation of the VES curves by computer modeling indicates that the vapor‐dominated layer has a resistivity of about 75–130 ohm‐m and that its lateral extent is about 1 mile. It is characteristically overlain by a low‐resistivity layer of about 2–6.5 ohm‐m, and it is laterally confined by a layer of about 30 ohm‐m. This 30‐ohm‐m layer, which probably represents hot water circulating in low‐porosity rocks, also underlies most of the survey at an average depth of about 1000 ft. Horizontal resistivity profiles, measured with two electrode spacings of an AMN array, qualitatively corroborate the sounding interpretation. The profiling data delineate the southeast boundary of the geothermal field as a distinct transition from low to high apparent resistivities. The northwest boundary is less distinctly defined because of the presence of thick lake deposits of low resistivities. A broad positive self‐potential anomaly is observed over the geothermal field, and it is interpretable in terms of the circulation of the thermal waters. Induced‐polarization anomalies were obtained at the northwest boundary and near the southeast boundary of the vapor‐dominated field. These anomalies probably are caused by relatively high concentrations of pyrite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.1190/1.1440400","usgsCitation":"Zohdy, A., Anderson, L.A., and Muffler, L.P., 1973, Resistivity, self‐potential, and induced‐polarization surveys of a vapor‐dominated geothermal system: Geophysics, v. 38, no. 6, p. 1130-1144, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440400.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1130","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Mud Volcano, Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.60905607728807,\n 44.706407927367536\n ],\n [\n -110.60905607728807,\n 44.57802847588391\n ],\n [\n -110.29948543173212,\n 44.57802847588391\n ],\n [\n -110.29948543173212,\n 44.706407927367536\n ],\n [\n -110.60905607728807,\n 44.706407927367536\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zohdy, A.A.R.","contributorId":43503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"A.A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, L. A.","contributorId":22763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muffler, L.J. Patrick 0000-0001-6638-7218 pmuffler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6638-7218","contributorId":3322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.","email":"pmuffler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241580,"text":"70241580 - 1973 - Critically refracted waves in a spherically symmetric radially heterogeneous Earth model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T18:08:46.234935","indexId":"70241580","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T13:01:06","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1804,"text":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critically refracted waves in a spherically symmetric radially heterogeneous Earth model","docAbstract":"A theoretical analysis of acoustic waves refracted by a spherical boundary across which velocity and density increase abruptly and below which velocity and density may either increase or decrease continuously with depth is formulated in terms of waves generated at a harmonic point source and scattered by a radially heterogeneous spherical body. Through the application of an Earth-flattening transformation on the radial solution and the Watson transform on the sum over eigenfunctions, the solution to the spherical problem for high frequencies is expressed as an integral for the corresponding half-space problem in which the effect of boundary curvature maps into an effective positive velocity gradient with depth. The results of both analytical and numerical evaluation of this integral can be summarized as follows for body waves in the crust and upper mantle:
(1) In the special case of a critical velocity gradient (a gradient equal and opposite to the effective curvature gradient), waves interacting with the boundary at the critical angle of incidence have the same form as the classical head wave for flat, homogeneous layers.
(2) For gradients more negative than critical, the amplitude of waves incident at the critical angle decay more rapidly with distance than the classical head wave.
(3) For gradients that are positive, null, and less negative than critical, the amplitude of waves near the critical angle decays less rapidly with distance than the classical head wave, and at sufficiently large distances, the refracted wave field can be adequately described in terms of ray-theoretical diving waves. At intermediate distances from the critical point, the spectral amplitude of the refracted wave is scalloped due to multiple diving wave interference.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb02390.x","usgsCitation":"Hill, D.P., 1973, Critically refracted waves in a spherically symmetric radially heterogeneous Earth model: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 34, no. 2, p. 149-177, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb02390.x.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1973.tb02390.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":414636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162008,"text":"70162008 - 1973 - Microprobe analyses of sericite, chlorite, and epidote from Jerome, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T15:39:31","indexId":"70162008","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microprobe analyses of sericite, chlorite, and epidote from Jerome, Arizona","docAbstract":"Volcanic rocks in the vicinity of the massive sulfide deposits at the United Verde mine, Jerome, Ariz., have been modified in several periods of hydrothermal alteration and greenschist metamorphism. Chlorite, 2M, mica (sericite), and epidote are characteristic alteration products. Microprobe analyses for sericite, chlorite, and epidote are recalculated to structural formulas by the method employing oxygen anion equivalents. The sericite has the general composition of muscovite, but is moderately phengitic, and two samples have 6-12 percent paragonite in solid solution. Most of the chlorite is ripidolite with approximately one-third of the tetrahedral sites filled by aluminum; octahedral aluminum slightly exceeds tetrahedral. Fe:Fe+Mg+Mn ratios range from 0.34 to 0.66; low values are associated with sulfide minerals; higher values occur in a sample peripheral to the massive sulfide deposit. The epidote is a solid solution of 70 percent epidote, 30 percent clinozoisite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., 1973, Microprobe analyses of sericite, chlorite, and epidote from Jerome, Arizona: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 6, p. 673-678.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"678","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Jerome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.12320327758789,\n 34.75014614974241\n ],\n [\n -112.11599349975586,\n 34.75458894128617\n ],\n [\n -112.11221694946289,\n 34.75127450039575\n ],\n [\n -112.10294723510741,\n 34.75331959666246\n ],\n [\n -112.09865570068358,\n 34.74471574661928\n ],\n [\n -112.11685180664062,\n 34.73886179538729\n ],\n [\n -112.12320327758789,\n 34.75014614974241\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e049e4b039675d005e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156683,"text":"70156683 - 1973 - An accurate Invar-wire extensometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T17:24:08","indexId":"70156683","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-30T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An accurate Invar-wire extensometer","docAbstract":"Stevens Type F water-level recorders have been modified to measure changes in the distance between two points, with amplification of up to 10 times. Such recorders are capable of measuring strains of 10-5 and possibly 10-6 over 10-m distances when corrections are made for frictional effects and temperature. In two field experiments, one on Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii, and the other on the San Andreas fault in central California, measurements by the recorders agree well with those by several different methods for the same episodes of ground deformation. Equipment for the entire system costs about $300 and requires 1 to 2 man-days for installation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Burford, R.O., 1973, An accurate Invar-wire extensometer: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 569-577.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"577","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91ade4b0518e354dd11b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241805,"text":"70241805 - 1973 - Karst hydrology: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T01:07:32.82577","indexId":"70241805","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-01T20:02:28","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Karst hydrology: A review","docAbstract":"Karst regions of the world are characterized by limestones and other soluble rocks at or near land surface that have been modified by solutional erosion. Such surface features as sinks, long dry valleys, sparse streams, and bare rock and such subsurface features as caverns, arterial solution openings leading to large springs, and a deep water table are typical of karst terranes. These features result in an uneven distribution of permeability in karst systems and surface and subsurface hydrologic conditions that require special hydrogeologic studies. Local high permeability at shallow depth in mature karst regions leads to an ecology associated with a soilless and water-scarce surface environment. Many practical problems result from this high permeability, including: (1) scarcity and poor predictability of groundwater supplies; (2) scarcity of surface-water supplies; (3) instability of the ground; (4) leakage of surface reservoirs; and (5) an unreliable waste-disposal environment.
Interest in karst hydrology has increased greatly in the past decade; this interest has resulted in the international exchange of numerous published reports on local areas and on special topical karst problems. Many of these reports have been used by the authors in preparing this paper, which synthesizes results of many workers and focuses attention on: (1) the development of karst features through hydrologic processes; and (2) hydrologic systems of karst terranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(73)90034-6","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., and Stringfield, V.T., 1973, Karst hydrology: A review: Journal of Hydrology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 97-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(73)90034-6.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241835,"text":"70241835 - 1973 - Fusion Relations in the System NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O and Generation of Granitic Magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T18:42:26.611793","indexId":"70241835","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-01T13:34:24","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Fusion Relations in the System NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O and Generation of Granitic Magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith","title":"Fusion Relations in the System NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O and Generation of Granitic Magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses of 167 typical specimens indicate that about 95 percent of the intrusive rocks of the central Sierra Nevada contain more than 79 percent normative Ab + An + Or + Qz. If the composition of the lower continental crust is similar to or slightly more felsic than andesite, as seems likely, the system NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O provides an excellent chemical model for testing various schemes of fusion of the lower crust and crystallization of the resulting magmas. From consideration of this system in conjunction with field and petrographic data, we conclude that the intrusive rocks are best explained by repeated episodes of equilibrium fusion corresponding to magmatic sequences defined by field, petrologic, chemical, and geochronologic data. Fractional crystallization of the crystal-liquid mush generated by equilibrium fusion, coupled with periodic upward or lateral movement of the less crystallized central part of the magma, would produce the characteristic mafic to felsic sequence of intrusion; each mafic to felsic sequence corresponds to a separate equilibrium fusion event. In contrast, a close approach to fractional fusion of the lower crust is inadequate for obtaining most of the plutonic rocks, because rock compositions capable of being produced by this process do not match those observed. Normal amounts of conductive heat from the mantle and from radioactive decay in the crust may have been capable of causing fusion in the deepest parts of a thickened crust under the central part of the Sierra Nevada without the aid of a transient heat source from the mantle, but would have been inadequate where the crust was thin in the western Sierra Nevada. However, upward transport of andesitic and basaltic magmas generated along a Mesozoic subduction zone dipping beneath the Sierra Nevada would have provided sufficient additional heat to make fusion of the lower crust unavoidable. This implies that a major portion of the present batholith must have been derived from the lower crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3181:FRITSN>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Presnall, D.C., and Bateman, P.C., 1973, Fusion Relations in the System NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O and Generation of Granitic Magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 10, p. 3181-3201, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3181:FRITSN>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"3181","endPage":"3201","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.82025968143948,\n 35.24326084638287\n ],\n [\n -118.85804985053483,\n 35.09271504206025\n ],\n [\n -118.41401536367508,\n 34.87598259909346\n ],\n [\n -117.68655460860712,\n 35.262601864026706\n ],\n [\n -117.22362503720022,\n 35.04632068627053\n ],\n [\n -116.42058394394306,\n 35.239456391314434\n ],\n [\n -115.7592559847903,\n 35.632029320479035\n ],\n [\n -115.90096911889441,\n 36.01504231133271\n ],\n [\n -118.41401536367496,\n 37.9133018912424\n ],\n [\n -119.99175492336838,\n 39.015472729729\n ],\n [\n -119.91617458517948,\n 40.10072924991488\n ],\n [\n -120.3885516988598,\n 40.62622016060595\n ],\n [\n -120.77590093207807,\n 40.94810975435476\n ],\n [\n -121.44667643350454,\n 41.069306243226436\n ],\n [\n -122.02297651219467,\n 40.76947482076346\n ],\n [\n -121.8907109203643,\n 40.4826575628239\n ],\n [\n -122.07966176583642,\n 40.187392575000075\n ],\n [\n -121.16325016529608,\n 38.868510121499924\n ],\n [\n -120.90816652390757,\n 38.18856618033129\n ],\n [\n -120.13346805747159,\n 37.344654210268814\n ],\n [\n -119.31153187966729,\n 36.582240592599646\n ],\n [\n -118.92418264644928,\n 35.99588250525595\n ],\n [\n -118.82025968143948,\n 35.24326084638287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presnall, Dean C.","contributorId":299499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Presnall","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bateman, P. C.","contributorId":27851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199710,"text":"70199710 - 1973 - Stable isotope and chemical relations during mineralization in the Bodie mining district, Mono County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T10:03:14","indexId":"70199710","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-01T10:02:24","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope and chemical relations during mineralization in the Bodie mining district, Mono County, California","docAbstract":"Stable isotope and chemical relations have been determined in a typical epithermal Au-Ag deposit located in the Bodie mining district of California. Analyses were made of altered host rocks, vein minerals, alteration clays, fluid inclusions, modern spring waters, and unaltered rocks of the area.The results indicate that a hydrothermal convection system was set up by the interaction of a cooling shallow intrusion and local meteoric water. The water traveled to depth where it picked up ore constituents and SiO 2 , K, and Rb, without significant shifts in the stable isotope ratios of the water. The altered rocks have equilibrated to various degrees with an ore fluid of constant K/Rb, O 18 /O 16 and D/H ratios. Deposition of ore took place over the approximate temperature range 215 degrees -245 degrees . From C 13 /C 12 ratios of minor calcite, a volcanic source of CO 2 is postulated. The chemical and isotope composition of the ore fluid is strikingly similar to that of modern spring waters in the area.All ore deposition at Bodie took place from essentially isotopically unaltered ground water with delta O 18 = -13ppm and delta D = -98ppm.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.6.765","usgsCitation":"O’Neil, J.R., Silberman, M., Fabbi, B., and Chesterman, C.W., 1973, Stable isotope and chemical relations during mineralization in the Bodie mining district, Mono County, California: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 6, p. 765-784, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.6.765.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"784","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono County","otherGeospatial":"Bodie Mining District","volume":"68","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":111576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fabbi, B.P.","contributorId":208188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fabbi","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chesterman, C. W.","contributorId":115850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesterman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70241917,"text":"70241917 - 1973 - Trans-Andean geophysical profile, southern Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-30T18:02:40.582657","indexId":"70241917","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-01T12:48:44","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trans-Andean geophysical profile, southern Colombia","docAbstract":"Negative Bouguer anomalies (−80 mgals) near the Pacific coast of southern Colombia define the position of the Tertiary Bolívar trough. Values increase eastward to a huge positive anomaly (+75 mgals) over Mesozoic “eugeosynclinal” rocks of the western Andes. This anomaly is part of the West Colombian gravity high, which extends from Panamá into western Ecuador and is caused by shallow mafic crust. Bouguer anomalies are strongly negative (−220 mgals) over pre-Mesozoic(?) metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic(?) granitic bodies, and Tertiary to Holocene volcanic rocks of the central Andes between Pasto and Ipiales. The steep gravity gradient between the West Colombian gravity high and the negative anomaly of the central Andes represents the transition between mafic crust to the west and continental crust to the east. This zone parallels the Romeral-Cauca megashear system. East of the Andes, Bouguer anomalies range from −50 to −120 mgals over a Mesozoic-Tertiary basin of the Putumayo district, indicating that the crust there is thinner or denser than it is beneath the central Andes.
Models derived from gravity data suggest that the crust is about 45 km thick under the south-central Colombian Andes. If this is correct, the crust must thicken southward along the strike of the Andes, as thicknesses of 70 km have been reported in the Andes of southern Perú, Bolivia, and northern Chile by Lomnitz (1962) and James (1971a). Such differing crustal thicknesses may reflect different intensities of tectonic activity, greater crustal thickness indicating more intense or rapid growth of the volcano-plutonic arc or foreshortening of an existing crustal section.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2895:TGPSC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Case, J.E., Barnes, J., Paris Q., G., Gonzalez I., H., and Vina, A., 1973, Trans-Andean geophysical profile, southern Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 9, p. 2895-2904, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2895:TGPSC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2895","endPage":"2904","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.40595107873489,\n 0.2126407990776471\n ],\n [\n -76.40595107873489,\n 2.853672648562963\n ],\n [\n -79.08661514123469,\n 2.853672648562963\n ],\n [\n -79.08661514123469,\n 0.2126407990776471\n ],\n [\n -76.40595107873489,\n 0.2126407990776471\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Jerry","contributorId":303831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paris Q., Gabriel","contributorId":303832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paris Q.","given":"Gabriel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gonzalez I., Humberto","contributorId":303833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez I.","given":"Humberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vina, Alvaro","contributorId":303834,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vina","given":"Alvaro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70161895,"text":"70161895 - 1973 - Bathymetry of the continental margin off Liberia, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T15:13:58","indexId":"70161895","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bathymetry of the continental margin off Liberia, West Africa","docAbstract":"A bathymetric map based on new data allows examination of geomorphic features on the narrow continental margin off Liberia. The continental shelf in this region is relatively flat and featureless. The northwestern part of the continental slope, off Monrovia and Cape Mount, shows complex slump features and two submarine valleys. The central part of the slope is smoother, apparently as a result of progradation. The southeastern part of the slope, near Cape Palmas, is crossed oblique to the shoreline by a structural valley that has been modified by large slumps or landslides. This valley may be the termination, at the continental margin, of an oceanic fracture zone. The major slumplike features of the Liberian continental margin appear to be surface manifestations of deep faulting which has been partially masked by sedimentation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J., Robb, J.M., and Behrendt, J.C., 1973, Bathymetry of the continental margin off Liberia, West Africa: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 563-567.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"567","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Liberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -11.557617187499998,\n 6.871892962887516\n ],\n [\n -11.458740234375,\n 6.599130675207247\n ],\n [\n -10.931396484375,\n 6.424483546180726\n ],\n [\n -10.777587890625,\n 6.18424616128059\n ],\n [\n -10.338134765625,\n 6.053161295714079\n ],\n [\n -9.173583984375,\n 4.970560127932007\n ],\n [\n -7.580566406250001,\n 4.269724272266757\n ],\n [\n -7.547607421875,\n 4.795416925285452\n ],\n [\n -7.503662109375,\n 5.233187143028983\n ],\n [\n -11.18408203125,\n 7.373362480979634\n ],\n [\n -11.557617187499998,\n 6.871892962887516\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebc6e4b09c7f9a218bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":60225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161900,"text":"70161900 - 1973 - Ice ages and the thermal equilibrium of the earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T15:27:46","indexId":"70161900","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ice ages and the thermal equilibrium of the earth","docAbstract":"A model for climatic change, and particularly for the changes of the late Cenozoic, involves as its primary variables the albedo of the earth and the heat storage characteristics of the oceans. Geography exerts a strong influence. The model proposed does not require metaphysical causes or astronomical events other than known variations in the earth's orbit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., 1973, Ice ages and the thermal equilibrium of the earth: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 587-596.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"596","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebcee4b09c7f9a218bdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161865,"text":"70161865 - 1973 - Pliocene marine fossils in the Paso Robles Formation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-07T13:57:13","indexId":"70161865","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene marine fossils in the Paso Robles Formation, California","docAbstract":"Marine invertebrates from the Paso Robles Formation recently discovered near Atascadero, Calif., indicate that the basal part of this chiefly nonmarine deposit is of provincial early Pliocene age. Heretofore the lack of direct fossil or radiometric evidence of the age of the Paso Robles has made it a difficult unit to place in the late Cenozoic history of the Coast Ranges. The assemblage is dominated by Ostrea vespertina and by Nettastomella rostrata, a rock-boring bivalve; its mode of preservation indicates that the fossils are in place and have
not been recycled from older marine formations. This occurrence suggests that during the early Pliocene a seaway connected the present
southern Salinas Valley area with the northern part of the Santa Maria basin; the fossils occur about halfway between the southernmost
exposures of the Pancho Rico Formation near San Miguel and fossiliferous strata east of Pismo Beach, both marine units of early Pliocene age.
For reconnaissance geologic mapping and mineral resource evaluation of the Granite Fiords wilderness study area, we developed and used a system of machine-processable field notes. Preprinted field forms standardize notes and serve as checklists that insure collection of all available data. The use of this system cut in half the time required to record data at an outcrop. The system consists of three related but
different types of preprinted field sheets, a key to abbreviations and codes, and a set of written instructions. The field sheets include a
station sheet for basic outcrop data, a specimen sheet for rock samples, and a geochemical sheet for materials to be chemically analyzed. Data on the field sheets are keypunched on standard IBM cards, then arranged in subfiles and retrieved by using a card sorter. Our system is
designed specifically for a region of granitic and metamorphic rocks but is easily modified for use in different geologic terranes. We offer four
guidelines for developing a system of machine-processable field notes: (1) Time and money spent to develop the system must be worth its
anticipated benefits. (2) The system should be as flexible as possible. (3) It is necessary to tailor the system to a particular geologic terrane or project objective. (4) The system should be as simple and self-explanatory as possible.
Rocks of the Late Cretaceous composite Boulder batholith, though successively emplaced in a relatively small segment of the Earth's crust within a very brief time span (78 to 68 m.y.), can be grouped chemically into two magma series: (1) the main series, defined principally by plutons in the central and northern parts of the batholith; and (2) the sodic series, defined mostly by plutons in the southern part. For any given SiO2 content, the rocks of the main series tend to be higher in K2O and lower in Na2O than rocks of the sodic series. The chemical distinction between the two series proposed is also expressed by variation patterns for U, Th, Rb, and Sr abundances, by lead isotope compositions, but not by strontium isotope compositions.
The prebatholith Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics (Late Cretaceous), especially the mafic members, are chemically and isotopically similar to the rocks of the main series, confirming geologic evidence of the genetic association between them. The postbatholith Lowland Creek Volcanics (early Eocene), though chemically more closely related to the sodic series, isotopically are more akin to, but slightly more radiogenic than, the main series. Post–Lowland Creek volcanic rocks (Miocene or Pliocene) are compositionally similar to the sodic series rocks. Spatial distribution of the batholith and the volcanic rocks exhibits a very crude chemical zonation of the region: for a given silica content, relatively more potassic rocks (main series and prebatholith volcanic rocks) tend to occur mainly in the north and east, whereas relatively more sodic rocks (sodic series and postbatholith volcanic rocks) predominate in the south and west.
Available field, chemical, and isotopic evidence collectively suggests that the observed compositional variations for the Boulder batholith are most reasonably interpreted in terms of a model involving two magma series derived from two or more magma sources within the lower crust or upper mantle. These source regions are interred to vary chemically and isotopically, either laterally or vertically; in view of the rather small areal extent of the Boulder batholith, however, a vertically zoned source region is more probable.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3879:BBMAPO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1973, Boulder Batholith, Montana: A product of two contemporaneous but chemically distinct magma series: GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 12, p. 3879-3900, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3879:BBMAPO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"3879","endPage":"3900","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Batholith, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.18115234375,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -111.741943359375,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -111.741943359375,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -113.18115234375,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -113.18115234375,\n 45.78284835197676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241807,"text":"70241807 - 1973 - Hydraulics of sheetlike solution cavities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T01:22:05.060537","indexId":"70241807","displayToPublicDate":"1973-07-01T20:17:14","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulics of sheetlike solution cavities","docAbstract":"The sheetlike solution cavities that supply water to most wells in central Tennessee are 100 to 2,500 feet wide and less than 0.2 inch high. These dimensions have a scale similar to those in Hele-Shaw models. Both logical and mathematical evidence indicate laminar ground-water flow, except close to pumping wells. The Theis nonequilibrium formula may be used to analyze aquifer-test data and to calculate significant values for transmissivity and storage. The Navier-Stokes equation and the Darcy equation for steady-state conditions may be used to estimate cavity dimensions.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02976.x","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., 1973, Hydraulics of sheetlike solution cavities: Groundwater, v. 11, no. 4, p. 4-11, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02976.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241484,"text":"70241484 - 1973 - Thermochemical approximations for sulfosalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T18:08:34.521567","indexId":"70241484","displayToPublicDate":"1973-07-01T12:54:46","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermochemical approximations for sulfosalts","docAbstract":"Most sulfosalts may be regarded as intermediate phases on joins between simple sulfide components (e.g., all lead sulfbismuthinides lie on the PbS-Bi 2 S 3 join). Many of the structures are characterized by subunits whose individual structures are similar to those of the component simple sulfides (e.g., galena-like and stibnite-like layers in the lead sulfantimonides). Therefore, as a first approximation one may estimate the properties of many sulfosalts in terms of mixtures of the simple sulfides.Recent work has shown that the free energy of reaction from the end-member sulfides, delta G m , for more than 20 sulfosalts is usually less negative than the hypothetical ideal free energy of mixing and that the standard free energy of formation, delta G degrees , per gram atom of sulfur in the formula may be represented as:delta G degrees = (N a delta G a degrees + . . . N i delta G i [degree) + (1.2 + or - 0.8)(N a RT ln N a + . . . N i RT ln N i )where N i is the mole fraction of the i-th simple sulfide component, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in kelvins. The first term is far larger than the second. Estimates made for compounds in which the structural environment for the metals is quite different from that in the end-member sulfides, e.g., enargite, are subject to the greatest uncertainty.The estimated free energies may permit prediction of solubilities to a precision sufficient for many purposes, e.g., for H. C. Helgeson's computer-modeled hydrothermal systems. One may introduce some predictive capability into experimental design and anticipate some aspects of phase diagrams. This is especially true for redox reactions such as the behavior of proustite in the oxidized zone or the partial reduction of jamesonite to antimony + galena + pyrrhotite. However, other aspects, such as the prediction of the configuration of joins, e.g., PbS-As 2 S 3 , requires greater precision than the present rough estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.493","usgsCitation":"Craig, J.R., and Barton, P.B., 1973, Thermochemical approximations for sulfosalts: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 4, p. 493-506, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.493.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, James R.","contributorId":303278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Craig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, Paul B. Jr.","contributorId":68406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221225,"text":"5221225 - 1973 - Tests of pesticidal synergism with young pheasants and Japanese quail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-12T06:57:48","indexId":"5221225","displayToPublicDate":"1973-06-16T12:18:38","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tests of pesticidal synergism with young pheasants and Japanese quail","docAbstract":"Thirteen pairs of chemicals involving 18 pesticides and two polychlorinated biphenyl preparations were each fed for 5 days to Japanese quail or ring-necked pheasant chicks 7 to 16 days of age. Malathion + EPN, and malathion + trichlorofon were moderately synergistic in tests with both species, whereas joint toxicities of the other chemicals tended to be additive. Comparisons with other studies of joint action of pesticides against mammals and insects suggest that the two species of birds tested are less susceptible to synergism than are mammals or insects. The results also suggest that the likelihood of a factor of synergism greater than three in birds is not great.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01684833","usgsCitation":"Kreitzer, J., and Spann, J.W., 1973, Tests of pesticidal synergism with young pheasants and Japanese quail: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 250-256, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01684833.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17035,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/j37480v187765244/?p=44a3994208304658bb62c98fb76dac32&pi=9","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6846d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreitzer, J.F.","contributorId":57170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreitzer","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010988,"text":"70010988 - 1973 - Avalanche mode of motion: Implications from lunar examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T21:02:27.632847","indexId":"70010988","displayToPublicDate":"1973-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avalanche mode of motion: Implications from lunar examples","docAbstract":"A large avalanche (21 square kilometers) at the Apollo 17 landing site moved out several kilometers over flat ground beyond its source slope. If not triggered by impacts, then it was as \"efficient\" as terrestrial avalanches attributed to air-cushion sliding. Evidently lunar avalanches are able to flow despite the lack of lubricating or cushioning fluid.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.180.4090.1052","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., 1973, Avalanche mode of motion: Implications from lunar examples: Science, v. 180, no. 4090, p. 1052-1055, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4090.1052.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1052","endPage":"1055","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"180","issue":"4090","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef52e4b0c8380cd4a1c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241585,"text":"70241585 - 1973 - Origin of andesitic and granitic magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T19:15:37.911621","indexId":"70241585","displayToPublicDate":"1973-06-01T14:09:26","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of andesitic and granitic magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"The early magmas of the northern Sierra Nevada, calc-alkaline andesite of island-arc type and its derivatives, all low in potassium, were generated during the Devonian(?) period, possibly along an eastward-dipping sub-duction zone. These magmas could have been derived from mantle peridotite of the continental plate by introduction of water from the descending oceanic plate. Later, during the Permian(?) period, the magmas became basaltic, with potassium-rich silicic derivatives indicating anhydrous conditions and a deeper level of magma generation. Plutonism began in Jurassic time, at the end of a period of intense deformation and metamorphism. The earliest intrusive rocks are gabbro and diorite. At the end of the Jurassic period, large granitic plutons were emplaced. These grade from hornblende quartz diorite at the borders to monzotonalite at the centers. Trondhjemite occurs as the latest product of crystallization differentiation of plutonic magmas. Exchange of elements between plutonic and metamorphic rocks suggests that the plutonic magmas were composite. The partial melts of the downfolded volcanic and sedimentary rocks were modified by partial melts from the mantle and the subducted oceanic lithosphere below. Relative amounts of material contributed by each of the three sources of plutonic magma changed with time, and these changes, along with differentiation processes, were responsible for the diversity in composition of magmas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2111:OOAAGM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hietanen, A., 1973, Origin of andesitic and granitic magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 6, p. 2111-2118, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2111:OOAAGM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2111","endPage":"2118","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.34922812220827,\n 39.01246631701153\n ],\n [\n -121.01117322043225,\n 38.666546657135\n ],\n [\n -120.03677968001867,\n 38.816479466197535\n ],\n [\n -119.99700851510377,\n 39.00216471562018\n ],\n [\n -120.0235226250469,\n 39.84190368534905\n ],\n [\n -120.12295053733394,\n 40.12632294197442\n ],\n [\n -120.22900697710688,\n 40.37926736512091\n ],\n [\n -120.40797721922371,\n 40.65641341470604\n ],\n [\n -120.76591770345738,\n 40.90736947457003\n ],\n [\n -121.44202750700943,\n 41.08747041294211\n ],\n [\n -121.99219528833132,\n 40.7870289012165\n ],\n [\n -122.08499467313288,\n 40.1921794318817\n ],\n [\n -121.56134100175413,\n 39.54607952185563\n ],\n [\n -121.34922812220827,\n 39.01246631701153\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hietanen, Anna","contributorId":43841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hietanen","given":"Anna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241831,"text":"70241831 - 1973 - Petrogenesis of the Superstition-Superior volcanic area as inferred from strontium- and oxygen-isotope studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T17:27:34.017506","indexId":"70241831","displayToPublicDate":"1973-06-01T12:19:30","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of the Superstition-Superior volcanic area as inferred from strontium- and oxygen-isotope studies","docAbstract":"Apparent initial Sr87/Sr86 ratios of five ash-flow tuffs (0.7063 to 0.7139) and several mafic to silicic lavas (0.7055 to 0.7131) indicate that the magmas were derived below the base of the Precambrian granitic crust (0.7231 to 1.0906). Liquidus compositions in the system Q-Or-Ab-H2O and oxygen-isotope geother-mometry suggest that the silicic magmas started to crystallize quartz, magnetite, and two feldspars in a water-undersaturated environment of high pressure (∼10 kb) and moderate temperature of at least 830°C.
During or after ascent into the crust, the magmas underwent varying degrees of crystal-melt re-equilibration. Measured plagioclase-biotite O18 fractionations (0.5 to 0.7) imply a temperature that is too high for the observed mineral assemblage, and the inference is that the two minerals did not crystallize in equilibrium. Prior to eruption, the upper part of the magma column assimilated crustal Sr such that the base of each ash flow is now enriched in Sr87. In some cases, this assimilation was too rapid to allow crystal-melt equilibration of Sr isotopes. δO18 values for the magmas are within the range typical of similar magma types, indicating that no significant interaction took place between the melts and meteoric water; however, some rocks have exchanged oxygen isotopes with meteoric water at low temperatures after eruption.
Some of the magma appears to have had a long residence in the crust at lower pressure (1 kb) and temperature (750°C), because two of the ash-flow tuffs and one lava are greatly enriched in Sr87 and have largely re-equilibrated under the P-T conditions of a shallow magma chamber. Even these, however, have retained evidence for a multistage genesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1987:POTSVA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J.S., and O’Neil, J.R., 1973, Petrogenesis of the Superstition-Superior volcanic area as inferred from strontium- and oxygen-isotope studies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 6, p. 1987-1997, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1987:POTSVA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1987","endPage":"1997","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, James R.","contributorId":70762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}