Screens are installed at water diversion sites to reduce entrainment of fish. Recently, the Farmers Irrigation District (Oregon) developed a unique flat-plate screen (the “Farmers Screen”) that operates passively and may offer reduced installation and operating costs. To evaluate the effectiveness of this screen on fish, we conducted two separate field experiments. First, juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were released over a working version of this screen under a range of inflows (0.02–0.42 m3/s) and diversion flows (0.02–0.34 m3/s) at different water depths. Mean approach velocities ranged from 0 to 5 cm/s and sweeping velocities ranged from 36 to 178 cm/s. Water depths over the screen surface ranged from 1 to 25 cm and were directly related to inflow. Passage of fish over the screen under these conditions did not severely injure them or cause delayed mortality, and no fish were observed becoming impinged on the screen surface. Second, juvenile coho salmon and steelhead O. mykiss were released at the upstream end of a 34-m flume and allowed to volitionally move downstream and pass over a 3.5-m section of the Farmers Screen to determine whether fish would refuse to pass over the screen after encountering its leading edge. For coho salmon, 75–95% of the fish passed over the screen within 5 min and 82–98% passed within 20 min, depending on hydraulic conditions. For steelhead, 47–90% of the fish passed over the screen within 5 min and 79–95% passed within 20 min. Our results indicate that when operated within its design criteria, the Farmers Screen provides safe and efficient downstream passage of juvenile salmonids under a variety of hydraulic conditions.
","largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.678966","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., Rose, B.P., and Copeland, E.S., 2012, Field-based evaluations of horizontal flat-plate fish screens, II: Testing of a unique off-stream channel device - The Farmers Screen: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 3, p. 604-612, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.678966.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"604","endPage":"612","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036737","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcd4e9e4b0d55926e40ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, Brien P. brose@usgs.gov","contributorId":3493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Brien","email":"brose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Copeland, Elizabeth S.","contributorId":82415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copeland","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041092,"text":"70041092 - 2012 - Elevated streamflows increase dam passage by juvenile coho salmon during winter: Implications of climate change in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-29T15:54:57","indexId":"70041092","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated streamflows increase dam passage by juvenile coho salmon during winter: Implications of climate change in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"A 4-year evaluation was conducted to determine the proportion of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch passing Cowlitz Falls Dam, on the Cowlitz River, Washington, during winter. River and reservoir populations of coho salmon parr were monitored using radiotelemetry to determine if streamflow increases resulted in increased downstream movement and dam passage. This was of interest because fish that pass downstream of Cowlitz Falls Dam become landlocked in Riffe Lake and are lost to the anadromous population. Higher proportions of reservoir-released fish (0.391-0.480) passed Cowlitz Falls Dam than did river-released fish (0.037-0.119). Event-time analyses demonstrated that streamflow increases were important predictors of dam passage rates during the study. The estimated effect of increasing streamflows on the risk of dam passage varied annually and ranged from 9% to 75% for every 28.3 m3/s increase in streamflow. These results have current management implications because they demonstrate the significance of dam passage by juvenile coho salmon during winter months when juvenile fish collection facilities are typically not operating. The results also have future management implications because climate change predictions suggest that peak streamflow timing for many watersheds in the Pacific Northwest will shift from late spring and early summer to winter. Increased occurrence of intense winter flood events is also expected. Our results demonstrate that juvenile coho salmon respond readily to streamflow increases and initiate downstream movements during winter months, which could result in increased passage at dams during these periods if climate change predictions are realized in the coming decades.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.720645","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Liedtke, T.L., Rondorf, D.W., Serl, J.D., Kohn, M., and Bumbaco, K., 2012, Elevated streamflows increase dam passage by juvenile coho salmon during winter: Implications of climate change in the Pacific Northwest: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1070-1079, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.720645.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1070","endPage":"1079","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-037057","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2506920","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263496,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.720645"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cowlitz River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,46.0 ], [ -122.5,47.5 ], [ -121.5,47.5 ], [ -121.5,46.0 ], [ -122.5,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50db5c04e4b061270600aa3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kock, Tobias J. 0000-0001-8976-0230 tkock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-0230","contributorId":3038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"Tobias","email":"tkock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, Dennis W. drondorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"Dennis","email":"drondorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Serl, John D.","contributorId":15911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serl","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kohn, Mike","contributorId":50064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohn","given":"Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bumbaco, Karin A.","contributorId":94187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumbaco","given":"Karin A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041088,"text":"70041088 - 2012 - Efficacy of a glycoprotein DNA vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T13:21:41","indexId":"70041088","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2286,"text":"Journal of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of a glycoprotein DNA vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes","docAbstract":"Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and its associated disease state, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), is hypothesized to be a proximate factor accounting for the decline and failed recovery of Pacific herring populations in Prince William Sound, AK (Marty et al. 1998, 2003, 2010). Survivors of laboratory-induced VHSV epizootics develop resistance to subsequent viral exposure (Kocan et al. 2001; Hershberger et al. 2007, 2010), which is likely the result of immune system recognition of the viral glycoprotein (G) (Lecocq-Xhonneux et al. 1994), a surface antigen that contains neutralizing epitopes (Lorenzen, Olesen & Jorgensen 1990; Jørgensen et al. 1995) and cell attachment domains (Lecocq-Xhonneux et al. 1994; Estepa & Coll 1996). These properties have proven useful in the development of G-gene-based DNA vaccines for VHSV and a related rhabdovirus, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) (Anderson et al. 1996; Heppell et al. 1998; Corbeil et al. 1999; Einer-Jensen et al. 2009). Rainbow trout fingerlings, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), vaccinated with 1 µg of either the VHS or IHN vaccine are protected from VHS when exposed to virus as early as 4 days (44 degree days) post-vaccination (p.v.) (Lorenzen et al. 2002). At later time points (80 days p.v.; 880 degree days), the level of cross-protection against VHS by IHN vaccination is either completely lost (60 days p.v.; 660 degree days) (3 g rainbow trout; 1 µg vaccine dose) (Lorenzen et al. 2002) or present at intermediate levels (6.5 g rainbow trout; 1 µg vaccine dose) (Einer-Jensen et al. 2009). Comparatively, VHS vaccination remains effective as long as 9 months (2520 degree days) p.v. (100 g rainbow trout; 0.5 µg vaccine dose) (McLauchlan et al. 2003). These results suggest that IHN and VHS vaccination activate a rapid transitory innate immune response against VHSV that is followed by long-term adaptive immunity in VHS-vaccinated trout (Lorenzen et al. 2002).
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01364.x","usgsCitation":"Hart, L., Lorenzen, N., LaPatra, S., Grady, C., Roon, S., O’Reilly, J., Gregg, J., and Hershberger, P., 2012, Efficacy of a glycoprotein DNA vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes: Journal of Fish Diseases, v. 35, no. 10, p. 775-779, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01364.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"775","endPage":"779","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036108","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50db549de4b061270600a581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, L.M.","contributorId":44008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenzen, Niels","contributorId":23041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenzen","given":"Niels","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaPatra, S. E.","contributorId":55371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LaPatra","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grady, C.A.","contributorId":7929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roon, S.E.","contributorId":107166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roon","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Reilly, J.","contributorId":89426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gregg, J.L.","contributorId":78521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70041062,"text":"70041062 - 2012 - Kinetics of viral load and erythrocytic inclusion body formation in pacific herring artificially infected with erythrocytic necrosis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T09:16:15","indexId":"70041062","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetics of viral load and erythrocytic inclusion body formation in pacific herring artificially infected with erythrocytic necrosis virus","docAbstract":"Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) is a condition that affects marine and anadromous fish species, including herrings and salmonids, in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Infection is frequently associated with severe anemia and causes episodic mortality among wild and hatchery fish when accompanied by additional stressors; VEN can be presumptively diagnosed by (1) light microscopic identification of a single characteristic—a round, magenta-colored, 0.8-μm-diameter inclusion body (IB) within the cytoplasm of erythrocytes and their precursors on Giemsa-stained blood films; or (2) observation (via transmission electron microscopy [TEM]) of the causative iridovirus, erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), within erythrocytes or their precursors. To better understand the kinetics of VEN, specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasii were infected with ENV by intraperitoneal injection. At 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 d postexposure, samples of blood, spleen, and kidney were collected and assessed (1) via light microscopy for the number of intracytoplasmic IBs in blood smears and (2) via TEM for the number of virions within erythrocytes. The mean prevalence of intracytoplasmic IBs in the blood cells increased from 0% at 0–4 d postexposure to 94% at 28 d postexposure. Viral load within circulating red blood cells peaked at 7 d postexposure, fell slightly, and then reached a plateau. However, blood cells observed within the kidney and spleen tissues demonstrated high levels of ENV between 14 and 28 d postexposure. The results indicate that the viral load within erythrocytes does not correlate well with IB prevalence and that the virus can persist in infected fish for more than 28 d.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/08997659.2012.676592","usgsCitation":"Glenn, J.A., Emmenegger, E.J., Grady, C.A., Roon, S.R., Gregg, J., Conway, C.M., Winton, J.R., and Hershberger, P., 2012, Kinetics of viral load and erythrocytic inclusion body formation in pacific herring artificially infected with erythrocytic necrosis virus: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 24, no. 3, p. 195-200, https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2012.676592.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036800","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df5290e4b0dfbe79e6b44e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Jolene A.","contributorId":86241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Jolene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmenegger, Eveline J. 0000-0001-5217-6030 eemmenegger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-6030","contributorId":2434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"Eveline","email":"eemmenegger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grady, Courtney A.","contributorId":8352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Courtney","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roon, Sean R.","contributorId":57331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roon","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gregg, Jacob L.","contributorId":30883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Jacob L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Conway, Carla M. 0000-0002-3851-3616 cmconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-3616","contributorId":2946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Carla","email":"cmconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Winton, James R. 0000-0002-3505-5509 jwinton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":1944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hershberger, Paul K. phershberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"Paul K.","email":"phershberger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70040977,"text":"sir20125139 - 2012 - Evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) blank data and application of study reporting levels to groundwater data collected for the California GAMA Priority Basin Project, May 2004 through September 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-27T20:00:08","indexId":"sir20125139","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5139","title":"Evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) blank data and application of study reporting levels to groundwater data collected for the California GAMA Priority Basin Project, May 2004 through September 2010","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed in quality-control samples collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project. From May 2004 through September 2010, a total of 2,026 groundwater samples, 211 field blanks, and 109 source-solution blanks were collected and analyzed for concentrations of 85 VOCs. Results from analyses of these field and source-solution blanks and of 2,411 laboratory instrument blanks during the same time period were used to assess the quality of data for the 2,026 groundwater samples. Eighteen VOCs were detected in field blanks or source-solution blanks: acetone, benzene, bromodichloromethane, 2-butanone, carbon disulfide, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethene, dichloromethane, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, styrene, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, trichloroethene, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, m- and p-xylenes, and o-xylene.\n\nThe objective of the evaluation of the VOC-blank data was to determine if study reporting levels (SRLs) were needed for any of the VOCs detected in blanks to ensure the quality of the data from groundwater samples. An SRL is equivalent to a raised reporting level that is used in place of the reporting level used by the analyzing laboratory [long‑term method detection level (LT-MDL) or laboratory reporting level (LRL)] to reduce the probability of reporting false-positive detections. Evaluation of VOC-blank data was done in three stages: (1) identification of a set of representative quality‑control field blanks (QCFBs) to be used for calculation of SRLs and identification of VOCs amenable to the SRL approach, (2) evaluation of potential sources of contamination to blanks and groundwater samples by VOCs detected in field blanks, and (3) selection of appropriate SRLs from among four potential SRLs for VOCs detected in field blanks and application of those SRLs to the groundwater data. An important conclusion from this study is that to ensure the quality of the data from groundwater samples, it was necessary to apply different methods of determining SRLs from field blank data to different VOCs, rather than use the same method for all VOCs.\n\nFour potential SRL values were defined by using three approaches: two values were defined by using a binomial probability method based on one-sided, nonparametric upper confidence limits, one was defined as equal to the maximum concentration detected in the field blanks, and one was defined as equal to the maximum laboratory method detection level used during the period when samples were collected for the project. The differences in detection frequencies and concentrations among different types of blanks (laboratory instrument blanks, source-solution blanks, and field blanks collected with three different sampling equipment configurations) and groundwater samples were used to infer the sources and mechanisms of contamination for each VOC detection in field blanks. Other chemical data for the groundwater samples (oxidation-reduction state, co-occurrence of VOCs, groundwater age) and ancillary information about the well sites (land use, presence of known sources of contamination) were used to evaluate whether the patterns of detections of VOCs in groundwater samples before and after application of potential SRLs were plausible. On this basis, the appropriate SRL was selected for each VOC that was determined to require an SRL.\n\nThe SRLs for ethylbenzene [0.06 microgram per liter (μg/L)], m- and p-xylenes (0.33 μg/L), o-xylene (0.12 μg/L), toluene (0.69 μg/L), and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (0.56 μg/L) corresponded to the highest concentrations detected in the QCFBs and were selected because they resulted in the most censoring of groundwater data. Comparisons of hydrocarbon ratios in groundwater samples and blanks and comparisons between detection frequencies of the five hydrocarbons in groundwater samples and different types of blanks suggested three dominant sources of contamination that affected groundwater samples and blanks: (1) ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylenes, o-xylene, and toluene from fuel or exhaust components sorbed onto sampling lines, (2) toluene from vials and the source blank water, and (3) 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene from materials used for collection of samples for radon-222 analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125139","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., Olsen, L., and Belitz, K., 2012, Evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) blank data and application of study reporting levels to groundwater data collected for the California GAMA Priority Basin Project, May 2004 through September 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5139, viii, 94 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125139.","productDescription":"viii, 94 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"106","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-05-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5139.jpg"},{"id":263430,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5139/"},{"id":263431,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5139/pdf/sir20125139.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dca8b1e4b0d55926e3ec23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Lisa D. ldolsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Lisa D.","email":"ldolsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041089,"text":"70041089 - 2012 - Salinity adaptation of the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in the Columbia River estuary (Pacific Northwest, USA): Physiological and molecular studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T13:30:57","indexId":"70041089","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":863,"text":"Aquatic Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity adaptation of the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in the Columbia River estuary (Pacific Northwest, USA): Physiological and molecular studies","docAbstract":"In this study, we examine salinity stress tolerances of two populations of the invasive species New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, one population from a high salinity environment in the Columbia River estuary and the other from a fresh water lake. In 1996, New Zealand mud snails were discovered in the tidal reaches of the Columbia River estuary that is routinely exposed to salinity at near full seawater concentrations. In contrast, in their native habitat and throughout its spread in the western US, New Zealand mud snails are found only in fresh water ecosystems. Our aim was to determine whether the Columbia River snails have become salt water adapted. Using a modification of the standard amphipod sediment toxicity test, salinity tolerance was tested using a range of concentrations up to undiluted seawater, and the snails were sampled for mortality at daily time points. Our results show that the Columbia River snails were more tolerant of acute salinity stress with the LC50 values averaging 38 and 22 Practical Salinity Units for the Columbia River and freshwater snails, respectively. DNA sequence analysis and morphological comparisons of individuals representing each population indicate that they were all P. antipodarum. These results suggest that this species is salt water adaptable and in addition, this investigation helps elucidate the potential of this aquatic invasive organism to adapt to adverse environmental conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/s10452-012-9396-x","usgsCitation":"Hoy, M., Boese, B.L., Taylor, L., Reusser, D., and Rodriguez, R., 2012, Salinity adaptation of the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in the Columbia River estuary (Pacific Northwest, USA): Physiological and molecular studies: Aquatic Ecology, v. 46, no. 2, p. 249-260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-012-9396-x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030014","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Devils Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.09332275390624,\n 44.80522439622254\n ],\n [\n -124.09332275390624,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -123.6346435546875,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -123.6346435546875,\n 44.80522439622254\n ],\n [\n -124.09332275390624,\n 44.80522439622254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4b408e4b0e8fec6cde415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoy, Marshal","contributorId":107997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoy","given":"Marshal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boese, Bruce L.","contributorId":8354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boese","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Louise","contributorId":107587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reusser, Deborah","contributorId":46383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Deborah","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, Rusty","contributorId":89423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Rusty","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041080,"text":"70041080 - 2012 - Inability to demonstrate fish-to-fish transmission of Ichthyophonus from laboratory infected Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to naïve conspecifics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T12:54:31","indexId":"70041080","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inability to demonstrate fish-to-fish transmission of Ichthyophonus from laboratory infected Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to naïve conspecifics","docAbstract":"The parasite Ichthyophonus is enzootic in many marine fish populations of the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Forage fishes are a likely source of infection for higher trophic level predators; however, the processes that maintain Ichthyophonus in forage fish populations (primarily clupeids) are not well understood. Lack of an identified intermediate host has led to the convenient hypothesis that the parasite can be maintained within populations of schooling fishes by waterborne fish-to-fish transmission. To test this hypothesis we established Ichthyophonus infections in Age-1 and young-of-the-year (YOY) Pacific herring Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes) via intraperitoneal (IP) injection and cohabitated these donors with naïve conspecifics (sentinels) in the laboratory. IP injections established infection in 75 to 84% of donor herring, and this exposure led to clinical disease and mortality in the YOY cohort. However, after cohabitation for 113 d no infections were detected in naïve sentinels. These data do not preclude the possibility of fish-to-fish transmission, but they do suggest that other transmission processes are necessary to maintain Ichthyophonus in wild Pacific herring populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","doi":"10.3354/dao02458","usgsCitation":"Gregg, J., Grady, C., Friedman, C., and Hershberger, P., 2012, Inability to demonstrate fish-to-fish transmission of Ichthyophonus from laboratory infected Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to naïve conspecifics: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 99, no. 2, p. 139-144, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02458.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033745","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02458","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df1a7be4b0dfbe79e6936e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, J.L.","contributorId":78521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, C.A.","contributorId":7929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, C.S.","contributorId":27762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040956,"text":"ofr20121240 - 2012 - Geomorphic and hydrologic study of peak-flow management on the Cedar River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-27T16:26:42","indexId":"ofr20121240","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1240","title":"Geomorphic and hydrologic study of peak-flow management on the Cedar River, Washington","docAbstract":"Assessing the linkages between high-flow events, geomorphic response, and effects on stream ecology is critical to river management. High flows on the gravel-bedded Cedar River in Washington are important to the geomorphic function of the river; however, high flows can deleteriously affect salmon embryos incubating in streambed gravels. A geomorphic analysis of the Cedar River showed evidence of historical changes in river form over time and quantified the effects of anthropogenic alterations to the river corridor. Field measurements with accelerometer scour monitors buried in the streambed provided insight into the depth and timing of streambed scour during high-flow events. Combined with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the recorded accelerometer disturbances allowed the prediction of streambed disturbance at the burial depth of Chinook and sockeye salmon egg pockets for different peak discharges. Insight gained from these analyses led to the development of suggested monitoring metrics for an ongoing geomorphic monitoring program on the Cedar River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Seattle Public Utilities","usgsCitation":"Magirl, C.S., Gendaszek, A.S., Czuba, C.R., Konrad, C.P., and Marineau, M.D., 2012, Geomorphic and hydrologic study of peak-flow management on the Cedar River, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1240, Report: iv, 4p.; Slide Presentation: 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121240.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 4p.; Slide Presentation: 61 p.","numberOfPages":"69","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040808","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1240.jpg"},{"id":263426,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1240/"},{"id":263427,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1240/pdf/ofr20121240.pdf"},{"id":263428,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1240/pdf/ofr20121240_slidePresentation.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Renton","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River;Chester Morse Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.333333,47.333333 ], [ -122.333333,47.5 ], [ -121.5,47.5 ], [ -121.5,47.333333 ], [ -122.333333,47.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50de2214e4b0e31bb0295327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gendaszek, Andrew S. 0000-0002-2373-8986 agendasz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-8986","contributorId":3509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gendaszek","given":"Andrew","email":"agendasz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marineau, Mathieu D. 0000-0002-6568-0743 mmarineau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-0743","contributorId":4954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marineau","given":"Mathieu","email":"mmarineau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041094,"text":"70041094 - 2012 - Viral tropism and pathology associated with viral hemorrhagic septicemia in larval and juvenile Pacific herring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-30T12:54:20","indexId":"70041094","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3685,"text":"Veterinary Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viral tropism and pathology associated with viral hemorrhagic septicemia in larval and juvenile Pacific herring","docAbstract":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVa causes mass mortality in wild Pacific herring, a species of economic value, in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Young of the year herring are particularly susceptible and can be carriers of the virus. To understand its pathogenesis, tissue and cellular tropisms of VHSV in larval and juvenile Pacific herring were investigated with immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and viral tissue titer. In larval herring, early viral tropism for epithelial tissues (6d post-exposure) was indicated by foci of epidermal thickening that contained heavy concentrations of virus. This was followed by a cellular tropism for fibroblasts within the fin bases and the dermis, but expanded to cells of the kidney, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and meninges in the brain. Among wild juvenile herring that underwent a VHS epizootic in the laboratory, the disease was characterized by acute and chronic phases of death. Fish that died during the acute phase had systemic infections in tissues including the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidney, liver, and meninges. The disease then transitioned into a chronic phase that was characterized by the appearance of neurological signs including erratic and corkscrew swimming and darkening of the dorsal skin. During the chronic phase viral persistence occurred in nervous tissues including meninges and brain parenchymal cells and in one case in peripheral nerves, while virus was mostly cleared from the other tissues. The results demonstrate the varying VHSV tropisms dependent on the timing of infection and the importance of neural tissues for the persistence and perpetuation of chronic infections in Pacific herring.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Veterinary Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.020","usgsCitation":"Lovy, J., Lewis, N., Hershberger, P., Bennett, W., Meyers, T., and Garver, K., 2012, Viral tropism and pathology associated with viral hemorrhagic septicemia in larval and juvenile Pacific herring: Veterinary Microbiology, v. 161, no. 1-2, p. 66-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.020.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-037049","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263513,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.020"}],"country":"United States","volume":"161","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5683ee4b0a4aa5bb0535b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovy, Jan","contributorId":14708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovy","given":"Jan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, N.L.","contributorId":69436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, W.","contributorId":25055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garver, K.A.","contributorId":42766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garver","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70040894,"text":"ofr20121216 - 2012 - Proceedings of the workshop on alternative futures: Accounting for growth in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-02T14:01:02.89002","indexId":"ofr20121216","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1216","title":"Proceedings of the workshop on alternative futures: Accounting for growth in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"This workshop provided a forum for identifying and discussing policies and assumptions for use in creating regionally consistent alternative future land-use scenarios. The alternative scenarios will help to inform how planning can potentially be used as a primary Best Management Practice by identifying land-use policies and other planning actions that can be taken to minimize future increases in nutrients and sediments associated with the spatial pattern and intensity of land development. The Chesapeake Bay Program Office will run these scenarios through the watershed model to quantify the differences in loadings achieved through implementation of land-use policies and to help assess the uncertainty associated with the current trend forecast. In addition, the outcomes of this workshop can assist jurisdictions in planning for growth with respect to minimizing future increases in nutrient and sediment associated with land development. Ultimately, this workshop was intended to provide jurisdictions with information that can be used to better account for refinement of their Watershed Implementation Plans.
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Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730946,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Renee L. rthompson1@usgs.gov","contributorId":2933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Renee L.","email":"rthompson1@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":730947,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038918,"text":"70038918 - 2012 - Effect of survey design and catch rate estimation on total catch estimates in Chinook salmon fisheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-27T09:04:26","indexId":"70038918","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of survey design and catch rate estimation on total catch estimates in Chinook salmon fisheries","docAbstract":"Roving–roving and roving–access creel surveys are the primary techniques used to obtain information on harvest of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Idaho sport fisheries. Once interviews are conducted using roving–roving or roving–access survey designs, mean catch rate can be estimated with the ratio-of-means (ROM) estimator, the mean-of-ratios (MOR) estimator, or the MOR estimator with exclusion of short-duration (≤0.5 h) trips. Our objective was to examine the relative bias and precision of total catch estimates obtained from use of the two survey designs and three catch rate estimators for Idaho Chinook salmon fisheries. Information on angling populations was obtained by direct visual observation of portions of Chinook salmon fisheries in three Idaho river systems over an 18-d period. Based on data from the angling populations, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the properties of the catch rate estimators and survey designs. Among the three estimators, the ROM estimator provided the most accurate and precise estimates of mean catch rate and total catch for both roving–roving and roving–access surveys. On average, the root mean square error of simulated total catch estimates was 1.42 times greater and relative bias was 160.13 times greater for roving–roving surveys than for roving–access surveys. Length-of-stay bias and nonstationary catch rates in roving–roving surveys both appeared to affect catch rate and total catch estimates. Our results suggest that use of the ROM estimator in combination with an estimate of angler effort provided the least biased and most precise estimates of total catch for both survey designs. However, roving–access surveys were more accurate than roving–roving surveys for Chinook salmon fisheries in Idaho.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.716017","usgsCitation":"McCormick, J.L., Quist, M.C., and Schill, D.J., 2012, Effect of survey design and catch rate estimation on total catch estimates in Chinook salmon fisheries: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1090-1101, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.716017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1090","endPage":"1101","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037567","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263400,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.716017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50db2804e4b0612706008dd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, Joshua L.","contributorId":105193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quist, Michael C. mquist@usgs.gov","contributorId":4042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Michael","email":"mquist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schill, Daniel J.","contributorId":66562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040911,"text":"70040911 - 2012 - Spatial and temporal trends of freshwater mussel assemblages in the Meramec River Basin, Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T14:53:44","indexId":"70040911","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal trends of freshwater mussel assemblages in the Meramec River Basin, Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"The Meramec River basin in east-central Missouri has one of the most diverse unionoid mussel faunas in the central United States with >40 species identified. Data were analyzed from historical surveys to test whether diversity and abundance of mussels in the Meramec River basin (Big, Bourbeuse, and Meramec rivers, representing >400 river miles) decreased between 1978 and 1997. We found that over 20y, species richness and diversity decreased significantly in the Bourbeuse and Meramec rivers but not in the Big River. Most species were found at fewer sites and in lower numbers in 1997 than in 1978. Federally endangered species and Missouri Species of Conservation Concern with the most severe temporal declines were Alasmidonta viridis, Arcidens confragosus, Elliptio crassidens, Epioblasma triquetra, Fusconaia ebena, Lampsilis abrupta, Lampsilis brittsi, and Simpsonaias ambigua. Averaged across all species, mussels were generally being extirpated from historical sampling sites more rapidly than colonization was occurring. An exception was one reach of the Meramec River between river miles 28.4 and 59.5, where mussel abundance and diversity were greater than in other reaches and where colonization of Margaritiferidae, Lampsilini, and Quadrulini exceeded extirpation. The exact reasons mussel diversity and abundance have remained robust in this 30- mile reach is uncertain, but the reach is associated with increased gradients, few long pools, and vertical rock faces, all of which are preferable for mussels. Complete loss of mussel communities at eight sites (16%) with relatively diverse historical assemblages was attributed to physical habitat changes including bank erosion, unstable substrate, and sedimentation. Mussel conservation efforts, including restoring and protecting riparian habitats, limiting the effects of in-stream sand and gravel mining, monitoring and controlling invasive species, and protecting water quality, may be warranted in the Meramec River basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Scientific Journals","doi":"10.3996/052012-JFWM-038","usgsCitation":"Hinck, J.E., McMurray, S., Roberts, A.D., Barnhart, M., Ingersoll, C.G., Wang, N., and Augspurger, T., 2012, Spatial and temporal trends of freshwater mussel assemblages in the Meramec River Basin, Missouri, USA: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 3, no. 2, p. 319-331, https://doi.org/10.3996/052012-JFWM-038.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"331","ipdsId":"IP-035423","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/052012-jfwm-038","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263419,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3996/052012-JFWM-038"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.77,36.0 ], [ -95.77,40.61 ], [ -89.1,40.61 ], [ -89.1,36.0 ], [ -95.77,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4ce19e4b0e8fec6ce2279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinck, Jo Ellen 0000-0002-4912-5766","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-5766","contributorId":38507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinck","given":"Jo","email":"","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMurray, Stephen E.","contributorId":38687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMurray","given":"Stephen E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Andrew D.","contributorId":52304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnhart, M. Christopher","contributorId":78061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"M. Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wang, Ning 0000-0002-2846-3352 nwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-3352","contributorId":2818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Ning","email":"nwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Augspurger, Tom","contributorId":63921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Augspurger","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70040856,"text":"ofr20121249 - 2012 - Assessment of photographs from wildlife monitoring cameras in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T16:54:40","indexId":"ofr20121249","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1249","title":"Assessment of photographs from wildlife monitoring cameras in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California","docAbstract":"Between 2007 and 2010, National Park Service (NPS) staff at the Point Reyes National Seashore, California, collected over 300,000 photographic images of Drakes Estero from remotely operated wildlife monitoring cameras. The purpose of the systems was to obtain photographic data to help understand possible relationships between anthropogenic activities and Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) behavior and distribution. \n\nThe value of the NPS photographs for use in assessing the frequency and impacts of seal disturbance and displacement in Drakes Estero has been debated. In September 2011, the NPS determined that the photographs did not provide meaningful information for development of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit. Limitations of the photographs included lack of study design, poor photographic quality, inadequate field of view, incomplete estuary coverage, camera obstructions, and weather limitations. \n\nThe Marine Mammal Commission (MMC) reviewed the scientific data underpinning the Drakes Bay Oyster Company DEIS in November 2011 and recommended further analysis of the NPS photographs for use in characterizing rates and consequences of seal disturbance (Marine Mammal Commission, 2011). In response to that recommendation, the NPS asked the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to conduct an independent review of the photographs and render an opinion on the utility of the remote camera data for informing the environmental impact analyses included in the DEIS.\n\nIn consultation with the NPS, we selected the 2008 photographic dataset for detailed evaluation because it covers a full harbor seal breeding season (March 1 to June 30), provides two fields of view (two cameras were deployed), and represents a time period when cameras were most consistently deployed and maintained. The NPS requested that the photographs be evaluated in absence of other data or information pertaining to seal and human activity in the estuary and that we focus on the extent to which the photographs could be used in understanding the relationship between human activity (including commercial oyster production) and harbor seal disturbance and distribution in the estuary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121249","usgsCitation":"Lellis, W.A., Blakeslee, C.J., Allen, L.K., Molnia, B.F., Price, S.D., Bristol, R.S., and Stewart, B., 2012, Assessment of photographs from wildlife monitoring cameras in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1249, iii, 24 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121249.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263359,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1249.jpg"},{"id":263355,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1249/"},{"id":263356,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1249/pdf/OFR2012-1249.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Drakes Estero;Point Reyes National Seashore","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b48f7de4b0b3fb1a229134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lellis, William A. 0000-0001-7806-2904 wlellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-2904","contributorId":2369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"William","email":"wlellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakeslee, Carrie J. 0000-0002-0801-5325 cblakeslee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0801-5325","contributorId":5462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakeslee","given":"Carrie","email":"cblakeslee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Laurie K. lkallen@usgs.gov","contributorId":5134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Laurie","email":"lkallen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":469141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, Bruce F. bmolnia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Bruce","email":"bmolnia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Price, Susan D. sprice@usgs.gov","contributorId":3825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Susan","email":"sprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":469139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bristol, R. Sky 0000-0003-1682-4031 sbristol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-4031","contributorId":3585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bristol","given":"R.","email":"sbristol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Sky","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stewart, Brent","contributorId":69862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Brent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70040860,"text":"sir20125164 - 2012 - Global exploration and production capacity for platinum-group metals from 1995 through 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-20T08:59:45","indexId":"sir20125164","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5164","title":"Global exploration and production capacity for platinum-group metals from 1995 through 2015","docAbstract":"Platinum-group metals (PGMs) are required in a variety of commercial, industrial, and military applications for many existing and emerging technologies, yet the United States is highly dependent on foreign sources of PGMs. Information on global exploration for PGMs since 1995 has been used in this study as a basis for identifying locations where the industry has determined that exploration has provided data sufficient to warrant development of a new mine or expansion of an existing operation or where a significant increase in capacity for PGMs is anticipated by 2015. Discussions include an overview of the industry and the selected sites, factors affecting mineral supply, and circumstances leading to the development of mineral properties with the potential to affect mineral supply. Of the 52 sites or regional operations that were considered in this analysis, 16 sites were producing before 1995, 28 sites commenced production from 1995 through 2010, and 8 sites were expected to begin production from 2011 through 2015 if development plans came to fruition. The United States imports PGMs primarily from Canada, Russia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe to meet increasing demand for these materials in a variety of specialized and high-tech applications. Feed sources of PGMs are changing in South Africa and Russia, which together accounted for about 89 percent of platinum production and 82 percent of palladium production in 2009. A greater amount of South African PGM capacity is likely to come from deeper, higher cost Upper Group Reef seam 2 deposits and deposits in the Eastern Bushveld area. Future Russian PGM capacity is likely to come from ore zones with generally lower PGM content and different platinum-to-palladium ratios than the nickel-rich ore that dominated PGM supply in the 1990s. Because PGM supply from Canada and Russia is derived as a byproduct of copper and nickel mining, the PGM supply from these countries is influenced by economic, environmental, political, and technological factors affecting exploration for and development of copper and nickel, as well as factors affecting the PGM industry. The recovery of PGMs from mill tailings since 2004 and the recycling of PGMs from catalytic converters, electrical components, and jewelry has increased since 1995 so that recycled PGMs recovered from these products accounted for about 30 percent of the supply of platinum worldwide and 29 percent of the supply of palladium worldwide in 2010. Economic and geopolitical conditions have influenced PGM supply and demand. The global recession of 2008 and 2009 temporarily decreased demand for PGMs and constrained PGM mine exploration and development, at least through 2010. Legislation regulating the structure of the mining sector has affected mining in Russia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Stricter vehicle emissions standards in established markets since the 1980s have led to mandatory use of pollution control devices, such as catalytic converters, that contain PGMs and are required on vehicles in expanding markets, such as China and India. It is expected that South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Zimbabwe will continue to be the principal sources of PGM at least for the next decade. Based on this review of the PGM industry, the world’s platinum capacity, expressed in terms of recoverable platinum metal, increased from 1995 through 2010 by 77,000 kilograms (kg) in South Africa, 9,000 kg in Zimbabwe, 6,000 kg in Russia, 2,000 kg in Botswana, and 2,000 kg in Canada. For the same period, palladium capacity worldwide increased by 44,000 kg in South Africa, 22,000 kg in Russia, 8,000 kg in Canada, 8,000 kg in the United States, 7,000 kg in Zimbabwe, and 3,000 kg in Botswana. Platinum capacity worldwide is expected to further increase by 24,000 kg in South Africa, 9,000 kg in Russia, 3,000 kg in Canada, and 2,000 kg in Zimbabwe from 2011 through 2015. Palladium capacity worldwide is likewise expected to increase an additional 16,000 kg in Russia, 14,000 kg in South Africa, 4,000 kg in Zimbabwe, and 1,000 kg in Canada if new or expanded mine and associated processing capacity comes into production as planned. It is likely that the magnitude of these changes in PGM capacity has been influenced by such factors as the global economy, electrical capacity shortages and mine safety concerns in South Africa, and geopolitical conditions in the major PGM producing countries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125164","usgsCitation":"Wilburn, D.R., 2012, Global exploration and production capacity for platinum-group metals from 1995 through 2015 (Originally posted November 26, 2012; Revised December 14, 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5164, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125164.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2015-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264658,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/"},{"id":263371,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5164/"},{"id":263372,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5164/pdf/sir2012-5164.pdf"},{"id":263373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5164.gif"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted November 26, 2012; Revised December 14, 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b48f8ae4b0b3fb1a229140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilburn, David R. 0000-0002-5371-7617 wilburn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7617","contributorId":1755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilburn","given":"David","email":"wilburn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040865,"text":"sir20125215 - 2012 - Byproduct metals and rare-earth elements used in the production of light-emitting diodes—Overview of principal sources of supply and material requirements for selected markets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-26T14:51:43","indexId":"sir20125215","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5215","title":"Byproduct metals and rare-earth elements used in the production of light-emitting diodes—Overview of principal sources of supply and material requirements for selected markets","docAbstract":"The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is expanding because of environmental issues and the efficiency and cost savings achieved compared with use of traditional incandescent lighting. The longer life and reduced power consumption of some LEDs have led to annual energy savings, reduced maintenance costs, and lower emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from powerplants because of the resulting decrease in energy consumption required for lighting applications when LEDs are used to replace less-energy-efficient sources. Metals such as arsenic, gallium, indium, and the rare-earth elements (REEs) cerium, europium, gadolinium, lanthanum, terbium, and yttrium are important mineral materials used in LED semiconductor technology. Most of the world's supply of these materials is produced as byproducts from the production of aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc. Most of the rare earths required for LED production in 2011 came from China, and most LED production facilities were located in Asia. The LED manufacturing process is complex and is undergoing much change with the growth of the industry and the changes in demand patterns of associated commodities. In many respects, the continued growth of the LED industry, particularly in the general lighting sector, is tied to its ability to increase LED efficiency and color uniformity while decreasing the costs of producing, purchasing, and operating LEDs. Research is supported by governments of China, the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Because of the volume of ongoing research in this sector, it is likely that the material requirements of future LEDs may be quite different than LEDs currently (2011) in use as industry attempts to cut costs by reducing material requirements of expensive heavy rare-earth phosphors and increasing the sizes of wafers for economies of scale. Improved LED performance will allow customers to reduce the number of LEDs in automotive, electronic, and lighting applications, which could reduce the overall demand for material components. Non-Chinese sources for rare earths are being developed, and some of these new sources are likely to be operational in time to meet increasing demand for rare earths from the LED sector. Because most LED component production and manufacturing occurs in Asia and many LED producers have established supply contracts with Chinese producers of rare earths, a significant amount of the metallic gallium, indium, and the rare earths used for LED production will likely continue to come from Chinese sources at least for the next 5 years; however, a greater amount of these materials are now being processed in Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan. As non-Chinese sources of rare earths come into production, these new mines are likely to be sources of light REEs, but China will likely remain the leading source of supply for the heavy REEs suitable for use as LED dopants and phosphors at least for the next few years. Increased research in the development of phosphors that use smaller amounts of or different REEs is intended to reduce dependence on rare earths from China. Supply disruption of rare earths and other specialty metals could take place if China's specialty metal exports are redirected to domestic markets. The cost of recovery is high and the lifespan for LEDs is comparatively long; thus, the LED waste volume was low in 2010, and few LEDs were recycled. The minute metal content of LEDs leads to a high cost for recovery, so recycling of LEDs outside of electronic waste is unlikely in the near term, although some LED producers are evaluating recycling options. Recycling of metals from LEDs in electronic waste is possible if the costs of recovering metals are justified by demand and metal prices.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125215","usgsCitation":"Wilburn, D.R., 2012, Byproduct metals and rare-earth elements used in the production of light-emitting diodes—Overview of principal sources of supply and material requirements for selected markets: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5215, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125215.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263378,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5215/pdf/sir2012-5215.pdf"},{"id":263379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5215.gif"},{"id":263377,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5215/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b48f86e4b0b3fb1a22913c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilburn, David R. 0000-0002-5371-7617 wilburn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7617","contributorId":1755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilburn","given":"David","email":"wilburn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040857,"text":"sir20125256 - 2012 - Alluvial diamond resource potential and production capacity assessment of Guinea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-27T15:40:31.211434","indexId":"sir20125256","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5256","title":"Alluvial diamond resource potential and production capacity assessment of Guinea","docAbstract":"In May of 2000, a meeting was convened in Kimberley, South Africa, by representatives of the diamond industry and leaders of African governments to develop a certification process intended to assure that export shipments of rough diamonds were free of conflict concerns. Outcomes of the meeting were formally supported later in December of 2000 by the United Nations in a resolution adopted by the General Assembly. By 2002, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was ratified and signed by diamond-producing and diamond-importing countries. The goal of this study was to estimate the alluvial diamond resource endowment and the current production capacity of the alluvial diamond mining sector of Guinea. A modified volume and grade methodology was used to estimate the remaining diamond reserves within Guinea's diamondiferous regions, while the diamond-production capacity of these zones was estimated by inputting the number of artisanal miners, the number of days artisans work per year, and the average grade of the deposits into a formulaic expression. Guinea's resource potential was estimated to be approximately 40 million carats, while the production capacity was estimated to lie within a range of 480,000 to 720,000 carats per year. While preliminary results have been produced by integrating historical documents, five fieldwork campaigns, and remote sensing and GIS analysis, significant data gaps remain. The artisanal mining sector is dynamic and is affected by a variety of internal and external factors. Estimates of the number of artisans and deposit variables, such as grade, vary from site to site and from zone to zone. This report has been developed on the basis of the most detailed information available at this time. However, continued fieldwork and evaluation of artisanally mined deposits would increase the accuracy of the results.","language":"English, French","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125256","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ministère des Mines et de la Géologie of Guinea under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"Chirico, P., Malpeli, K., Van Bockstael, M., Diaby, M., Cisse, K., Diallo, T.A., and Sano, M., 2012, Alluvial diamond resource potential and production capacity assessment of Guinea (Originally posted November 26, 2012; French Translation April 30, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5256, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125256.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"59","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":240,"text":"Eastern Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125256.gif"},{"id":263364,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263365,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5256/pdf/sir2012-5256.pdf","text":"Report (English)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":286835,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5256/french/pdf/sir2012-5256_frenchversion.pdf","text":"Report (French)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Guinea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -15.0,7.0 ], [ -15.0,13.0 ], [ -7.25,13.0 ], [ -7.25,7.0 ], [ -15.0,7.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted November 26, 2012; French Translation April 30, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b48f69e4b0b3fb1a22912c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chirico, Peter G.","contributorId":27086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malpeli, Katherine C.","contributorId":55106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malpeli","given":"Katherine C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Bockstael, Mark","contributorId":8351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Bockstael","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diaby, Mamadou","contributorId":50057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaby","given":"Mamadou","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cisse, Kabinet","contributorId":66140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisse","given":"Kabinet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Diallo, Thierno Amadou","contributorId":80987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diallo","given":"Thierno","email":"","middleInitial":"Amadou","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sano, Mahmoud","contributorId":23406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sano","given":"Mahmoud","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70040866,"text":"sim3235 - 2012 - Bathymetry of the Hong and Luoc River Junction, Red River Delta, Vietnam, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-26T15:05:57","indexId":"sim3235","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3235","title":"Bathymetry of the Hong and Luoc River Junction, Red River Delta, Vietnam, 2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the Water Resources University in Hanoi, Vietnam, conducted a bathymetric survey of the junction of the Hong and Luoc Rivers. The survey was done to characterize the channel morphology of this delta distributary network and provide input for hydrodynamic and sediment transport models. The survey was carried out in December 2010 using a boat-mounted multibeam echo sounder integrated with a global positioning system. A bathymetric map of the Hong and Luoc River junction was produced which was referenced to the datum of the Trieu Duong tide gage on the Luoc River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3235","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with the Water Resources University, Hanoi, Vietnam","usgsCitation":"Kinzel, P.J., Nelson, J.M., Toan, D.D., Thanh, M.D., and Shimizu, Y., 2012, Bathymetry of the Hong and Luoc River Junction, Red River Delta, Vietnam, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3235, 1 Map: 41.11 x 26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3235.","productDescription":"1 Map: 41.11 x 26 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3235.gif"},{"id":263380,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3235/"},{"id":263381,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3235/SIM3235.pdf"}],"country":"Vietnam","otherGeospatial":"Hong River;Luoc River;Red River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 106.075,20.575 ], [ 106.075,20.654167 ], [ 106.141667,20.654167 ], [ 106.141667,20.575 ], [ 106.075,20.575 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b48f81e4b0b3fb1a229138","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinzel, Paul J. 0000-0002-6076-9730 pjkinzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-9730","contributorId":743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzel","given":"Paul","email":"pjkinzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toan, Duong Duc","contributorId":85059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toan","given":"Duong","email":"","middleInitial":"Duc","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thanh, Mung Dinh","contributorId":30113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thanh","given":"Mung","email":"","middleInitial":"Dinh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shimizu, Yasuyuki","contributorId":28875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shimizu","given":"Yasuyuki","affiliations":[{"id":25249,"text":"Univ. of Hokkaido, Sapporo,Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038916,"text":"70038916 - 2012 - Adaptive breeding habitat selection: Is it for the birds?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-07T10:34:55","indexId":"70038916","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive breeding habitat selection: Is it for the birds?","docAbstract":"The question of why animals choose particular habitats has important implications for understanding behavioral evolution and distribution of organisms in the wild and for delineating between habitats of different quality for conservation and management. Habitats chosen by animals can influence fitness outcomes via the costs (e.g., predation risk) and benefits (e.g., food availability) of habitat use. Habitat preferences should therefore be under selection to favor those that confer fitness advantages (Clark and Shutler 1999). Indeed, prevailing theory suggests that the habitat preferences of animals should be adaptive, such that fitness is higher in preferred habitats (Hildén 1965, Southwood 1977, Martin 1998). However, studies have often identified apparent mismatches between observed habitat preferences and fitness outcomes across a wide variety of taxa (Valladares and Lawton 1991, Mayhew 1997, Kolbe and Janzen 2002, Arlt and Pärt 2007, Mägi et al. 2009). Certainly, one limitation of studies may be that assessment of “fitness” is typically constrained to fitness surrogates such as nest success rather than lifetime reproductive success or classic Fisherian fitness (Endler 1986). Nevertheless, important habitat choices such as nest sites influence the probability that temporarily sedentary, dependent young are discovered by enemies such as predators and parasites. We therefore expect, on average, to see congruence between evolved habitat preferences and relevant components of fitness (e.g., nest success). Here, we (1) review the prevalence of apparent mismatches between avian breeding-habitat preferences and fitness outcomes using nest-site selection as a focus; (2) describe several potential mechanisms for such mismatches, including anthropogenic, methodological, and ecological–evolutionary; and (3) suggest a framework for understanding the contexts in which habitat preferences represent adaptive decisions, with a primary focus on ecological information theory. We largely focus on habitat selection as a behavioral process at the scale of individuals (e.g., Robertson and Hutto 2006), rather than at the scale of population-level patterns (Fretwell and Lucas 1970, Morris 2003, Johnson 2007). However, these two scales cannot be wholly divorced from one another, as we will discuss.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2012.129.4.589","usgsCitation":"Chalfoun, A., and Schmidt, K.A., 2012, Adaptive breeding habitat selection: Is it for the birds?: The Auk, v. 129, no. 4, p. 589-599, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.129.4.589.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"599","ipdsId":"IP-038678","costCenters":[{"id":683,"text":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.129.4.589","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b1ec76e4b0d1ade0ddf938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalfoun, Anna D.","contributorId":36794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalfoun","given":"Anna D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Kenneth A.","contributorId":62486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039417,"text":"70039417 - 2012 - A comparative and experimental evaluation of performance of stocked diploid and triploid brook trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-24T11:32:33","indexId":"70039417","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative and experimental evaluation of performance of stocked diploid and triploid brook trout","docAbstract":"Despite numerous negative impacts, nonnative trout are still being stocked to provide economically and socially valuable sport fisheries in western mountain lakes. We evaluated relative performance and potential differences in feeding strategy and competitive ability of triploid versus diploid brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in alpine lakes, as well as behavioral and performance differences of diploid and triploid brook trout in two controlled experimental settings: behavioral experiments in the laboratory and performance evaluations in ponds. Across lakes, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and relative weight (Wr ) were not significantly different between ploidy levels. Mean sizes were also similar between ploidy levels except in two of the larger lakes where diploids attained slightly larger sizes (approximately 20 mm longer). We observed no significant differences between diploids and triploids in diet, diet preference, or trophic structure. Similarly, growth and condition did not differ between ploidy levels in smaller-scale pond experiments, and aggressive behavior did not differ between ploidy levels (fed or unfed fish trials) in the laboratory. Independent of ploidy level, the relative performance of brook trout varied widely among lakes, a pattern that appeared to be a function of lake size or a factor that covaries with lake size such as temperature regime or carrying capacity. In summary, we observed no significant differences in the relative performance of brook trout from either ploidy level across a number of indices, systems, and environmental conditions, nor any indication that one group is more aggressive or a superior competitor than the other. Collectively, these results suggest that triploid brook trout will offer a more risk-averse and promising management opportunity when they are stocked to these lakes and elsewhere to simultaneously meet the needs for the sport fishery and conservation objectives.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.728172","usgsCitation":"Budy, P.E., Thiede, G., Dean, A., Olsen, D., and Rowley, G., 2012, A comparative and experimental evaluation of performance of stocked diploid and triploid brook trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1211-1224, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.728172.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1211","endPage":"1224","ipdsId":"IP-039560","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263347,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.728172"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50b1ec67e4b0d1ade0ddf934","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budy, Phaedra E. pbudy@usgs.gov","contributorId":2232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"Phaedra","email":"pbudy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":322,"text":"Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thiede, G.P.","contributorId":19448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiede","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, A.","contributorId":45595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olsen, D.","contributorId":47662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowley, G.","contributorId":54084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}