{"pageNumber":"1596","pageRowStart":"39875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70010158,"text":"70010158 - 1973 - Lonar Lake, India: An impact crater in basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T21:13:17.239244","indexId":"70010158","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lonar Lake, India: An impact crater in basalt","docAbstract":"

Discovery of shock-metamorphosed material establishes the impact origin of Lonar Crater. Coarse breccia with shatter coning and microbreccia with moderately shocked fragments containing maskelynite were found in drill holes through the crater floor. Trenches on the rim yield strongly shocked fragments in which plagioclase has melted and vesiculated, and bombs and spherules of homogeneous rock melt. As the only known terrestrial impact crater in basalt, Lonar Crater provides unique opportunities for comparison with lunar craters. In particular, microbreccias and glass spherules from Lonar Crater have close analogs among the Apollo specimens.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.180.4088.862","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Fredriksson, K., Dube, A., Milton, D., and Balasundaram, M., 1973, Lonar Lake, India: An impact crater in basalt: Science, v. 180, no. 4088, p. 862-864, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4088.862.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"862","endPage":"864","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","otherGeospatial":"Lonar Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 76.49381373435432,\n 19.98754757916558\n ],\n [\n 76.49381373435432,\n 19.969004842797304\n ],\n [\n 76.51625924199948,\n 19.969004842797304\n ],\n [\n 76.51625924199948,\n 19.98754757916558\n ],\n [\n 76.49381373435432,\n 19.98754757916558\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"180","issue":"4088","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a495ce4b0c8380cd68545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fredriksson, K.","contributorId":11328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredriksson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dube, A.","contributorId":8615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dube","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balasundaram, M.S.","contributorId":50655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balasundaram","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221226,"text":"5221226 - 1973 - Territorial behavior, pesticides, and the population ecology of red-shouldered hawks in central Maryland, 1943-1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:53:44.711994","indexId":"5221226","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-01T12:17:55","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Territorial behavior, pesticides, and the population ecology of red-shouldered hawks in central Maryland, 1943-1971","docAbstract":"

A breeding population of red—shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus) along the Patuxent River in central Maryland was studied during the interval 1943—71. Numbers of breeding pairs remained unchanged or increased on the PWRC (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center) and an adjoining area where habibat was not altered. A reduction in breeding pairs occurred on the third study area where large portions of the habitat had been destroyed. Basic information on 74 nests was obtained and the annual number of breeding pairs on the PWRC ranged from a low of four to a high of nine during the study. Nesting success of this highly territorial species decreased significantly as the distance between adjacent nest sites decreased (Errington's principle of inversity). Since 1960, the recruitment rate during “high” density years was 1.34 young fledged per pair as opposed to 1.95 during “optimum” (1943 and 1947 levels) density years. The 1.95 figure compared favorably with the estimated recruitment rate necessary for maintaining a stable population and with recruitment rates observed in other locations prior to the modern pesticide era. As the observed recruitment rate during the 4 years of “optimum” density was believed adequate, it is doubtful that the relatively low pesticide levels in the eggs had a detrimental effect on the reproductive performance of the population.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1935339","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Schmid, F.C., Martin, E.M., and Hood, L.L., 1973, Territorial behavior, pesticides, and the population ecology of red-shouldered hawks in central Maryland, 1943-1971: Ecology, v. 54, no. 3, p. 545-554, https://doi.org/10.2307/1935339.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6850da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":333338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmid, F. C.","contributorId":39885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Elwood M.","contributorId":107342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Elwood","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hood, L. L.","contributorId":31072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161766,"text":"70161766 - 1973 - Metamorphic facies indicated by vein minerals in basal beds of the Great Valley sequence, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-05T16:34:21","indexId":"70161766","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-01T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic facies indicated by vein minerals in basal beds of the Great Valley sequence, northern California","docAbstract":"

A reexamination of reported blueschist mineral localities in the basal strata of the Great Valley sequence revealed only prehnite-pumpellyite facies minerals. Franciscan graywacke thrust below the Great Valley rocks contains lawsonite-quartz blueschist assemblages. At a common pressure of about 4 kb, the Franciscan blueschists formed at lower temperatures than the overlying Great Valley prehnite-bearing rocks, lending support to tectonic models that involve rapid subduction of the Franciscan rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E., and Jones, D.L., 1973, Metamorphic facies indicated by vein minerals in basal beds of the Great Valley sequence, northern California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 4, p. 383-385.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"385","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313871,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Valley Sequence","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 40.421860362045194\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 39.80009595634841\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 39.29179704377487\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 38.84826438869913\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 38.53097889440026\n ],\n [\n -122.01416015625,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -121.67358398437499,\n 37.80544394934274\n ],\n [\n -121.343994140625,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -121.08032226562499,\n 37.02886944696474\n ],\n [\n -120.38818359375,\n 36.39475669987383\n ],\n [\n -120.10253906249999,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 35.380092992092145\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 35.092945313732635\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -118.85009765625,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -118.66333007812499,\n 35.25459097465025\n ],\n [\n -118.7841796875,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 36.30627216957992\n ],\n [\n -119.72900390625001,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -120.157470703125,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -120.50903320312501,\n 37.666429212090605\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 37.89219554724437\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 38.12591462924157\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -121.014404296875,\n 38.66835610151509\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 39.08743603215884\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 39.63953756436671\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 40.136890695345905\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 40.63896734381723\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568cf747e4b0e7a44bc0f178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Edgar H.","contributorId":55835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Edgar H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, David L.","contributorId":61925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160798,"text":"70160798 - 1973 - Hydrologic changes after clear-cut logging in a small Oregon coastal watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T12:45:40","indexId":"70160798","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-01T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic changes after clear-cut logging in a small Oregon coastal watershed","docAbstract":"

Preliminary graphical analysis indicates that clear-cut logging of a small Oregon watershed has significantly altered certain hydrologic characteristics. After logging, moderate increases were noted in annual runoff, but no significant changes were detected in either peak or minimum flow rates. Both the annual sediment yields and the maximum monthly water temperatures increased greatly after logging; sediment yields and temperatures in the unlogged control watershed actually decreased during the postlogging period.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Harris, D., 1973, Hydrologic changes after clear-cut logging in a small Oregon coastal watershed: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 4, p. 487-491.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"491","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.88964653015137,\n 44.537938196796\n ],\n [\n -123.8719654083252,\n 44.54497334861026\n ],\n [\n -123.85497093200684,\n 44.545095691555815\n ],\n [\n -123.84140968322752,\n 44.53879469550639\n ],\n [\n -123.83849143981934,\n 44.52729209003314\n ],\n [\n -123.848876953125,\n 44.51254340585983\n ],\n [\n -123.87660026550293,\n 44.50954425403351\n ],\n [\n -123.89368057250977,\n 44.520132406737744\n ],\n [\n -123.88964653015137,\n 44.537938196796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56850eafe4b0a04ef493398c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, D.D.","contributorId":59002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161550,"text":"70161550 - 1973 - Deep-sea fan paleocurrent patterns of the Eocene Butano Sandstone, Santa Cruz Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-05T13:14:16","indexId":"70161550","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep-sea fan paleocurrent patterns of the Eocene Butano Sandstone, Santa Cruz Mountains, California","docAbstract":"

The Butano Sandstone is an Eocene continental borderland deep-sea fan deposit located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Calif.  Paleoslope measurements from contorted strata within it yield a regional northward paleoslope for the fan. Detailed paleocurrent measurements from conglomerate clast orientations, flute casts, groove casts, current-ripple markings, small-scale cross-strata, convolute laminations, and flame structures yield a sediment-dispersal pattern characterized by northward transport of coarser grained sediments downfan along major channels and transport of finer grained sediments outward and away from channels by overspilling. The overall paleocurrent pattern is oriented radially outward from the fan apex and indicates that the growth, development, and dispersal of sediments on this
ancient deep-sea fan resembled that on modern deep-sea fans.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T., and Simoni, T., 1973, Deep-sea fan paleocurrent patterns of the Eocene Butano Sandstone, Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 4, p. 439-452.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"452","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.50579833984375,\n 37.62075814551956\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -122.53051757812499,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -122.46734619140625,\n 37.49011473195046\n ],\n [\n -122.42340087890624,\n 37.34832607355296\n ],\n [\n -122.44262695312501,\n 37.23907530202184\n ],\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 37.02229110771151\n ],\n [\n -122.03338623046874,\n 36.912568282851964\n ],\n [\n -121.90979003906249,\n 36.95208671786997\n ],\n [\n -121.84661865234374,\n 36.83346996591306\n ],\n [\n -121.48406982421875,\n 36.97183825093165\n ],\n [\n -121.761474609375,\n 37.26312408340919\n ],\n [\n -122.025146484375,\n 37.267495764381856\n ],\n [\n -122.10479736328125,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -122.22290039062499,\n 37.448696585910376\n ],\n [\n -122.46185302734375,\n 37.64685933620959\n ],\n [\n -122.50579833984375,\n 37.62075814551956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568cf73fe4b0e7a44bc0f146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor H.","contributorId":100016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simoni, T.R. Jr.","contributorId":34581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoni","given":"T.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160797,"text":"70160797 - 1973 - Application of the source-area concept of storm runoff to a small Arizona watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-30T15:56:08","indexId":"70160797","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the source-area concept of storm runoff to a small Arizona watershed","docAbstract":"

An attempt to demonstrate the source-area concept of storm runoff by analysis of the rainfall-runoff relation for the watershed of Queen Creek tributary in south-central Arizona was moderately successful. The demonstration was somewhat marred by the necessity to make several simplifying assumptions to eliminate some of the many basin variables of unknown magnitude. The percentage of watershed contributing storm runoff was related to total rainfall received that is, antecedent and storm rainfall on the assumption that the availability of rainfall excess from any subarea was dependent on the saturation, or near saturation, of a permeable upper layer of soil. An average unit hydrograph was used for all computed sizes of the runoff-contributing area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Arteaga, F., and Rantz, S., 1973, Application of the source-area concept of storm runoff to a small Arizona watershed: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 4, p. 493-498.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"498","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Queen Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.69319152832031,\n 33.32479103589785\n ],\n [\n -111.78039550781249,\n 33.173192085918075\n ],\n [\n -111.64512634277344,\n 33.06104689218276\n ],\n [\n -111.4398193359375,\n 33.06910311177054\n ],\n [\n -111.4013671875,\n 33.1329513125159\n ],\n [\n -111.52496337890625,\n 33.36207616755027\n ],\n [\n -111.69319152832031,\n 33.32479103589785\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56850e54e4b0a04ef49337df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arteaga, F.E.","contributorId":50918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arteaga","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rantz, S. E.","contributorId":34106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159981,"text":"70159981 - 1973 - Hydraulic sand-model studies of miscible-fluid flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-05T15:45:11","indexId":"70159981","displayToPublicDate":"1973-03-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic sand-model studies of miscible-fluid flow","docAbstract":"

Hydraulic sand models are useful physical tools in the investigation of the transition zone that occurs between salt and fresh ground water in coastal aquifers. Such models are used to demonstrate the effects of transport mechanisms that influence the dynamic behavior and the shape of the transition zone. The techniques employed in obtaining in-place measurements of solute concentrations are generally the stumbling block in generating data for two-dimensional dispersion systems. Two in-place measurement techniques were used in the studies described: (1) conductivity probes when salt was used as a tracer; and (2) photoelectric cells when organic dye was used as a tracer. Results indicate that conductivity methods are more reliable; however, care must be exercised inasmuch as the probes tend to disturb the fluid flow.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Cahill, J., 1973, Hydraulic sand-model studies of miscible-fluid flow: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 2, p. 243-250.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"250","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311971,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566418c7e4b06a3ea36c7afb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahill, J.M.","contributorId":12509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160735,"text":"70160735 - 1973 - Are the granitic rocks of the Salinian block trondhjemitic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-29T15:40:34","indexId":"70160735","displayToPublicDate":"1973-03-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are the granitic rocks of the Salinian block trondhjemitic?","docAbstract":"

Trondhjemitic rocks are relatively abundant in the granitic terranes of the western Sierra Nevada and the Klamath Mountains but have not been found in the granitic plutons of the Salinian block, which lies westward, across the San Andreas fault. A ternary plot of modal quartz : K-feldspar : plagioclase from more than 200 granitic samples from the Salinian block has an elongate, nearly horizontal, quartz-rich trend that appears trondhjemitic to some observers. However, petrographic and chemical comparison of these rocks with trondhjemite from the type area in Norway and with rocks called trondhjemite in the Western United States shows that the granitic rocks of the Salinian block are not trondhjemitic. The absence of trondhjemite in the Salinian block further supports the contention that this terrane is not merely a westward continuation of Sierran basement but is a displaced basement block.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1973, Are the granitic rocks of the Salinian block trondhjemitic?: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 3, p. 251-254.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"254","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313017,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue3/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"23.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":313018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States of America","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.43115234375,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -119.7509765625,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -113.73046875,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 32.75032260780972\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 32.175612478499325\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -124.91455078125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -124.43115234375,\n 42.08191667830631\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5683bcbae4b0a04ef4925e49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald C.","contributorId":146987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159983,"text":"70159983 - 1973 - Rapid reaction rates between water and a calcareous clay as observed by specific-ion electrodes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-05T15:52:38","indexId":"70159983","displayToPublicDate":"1973-03-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid reaction rates between water and a calcareous clay as observed by specific-ion electrodes","docAbstract":"

Specific-ion electrodes were used to simultaneously determine the activity changes of calcium, hydrogen, sodium, fluoride, and divalent ions when 50 g of a natural, untreated material containing calcium-rich mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite clay, quartz sand, and calcium carbonate was added to 250 ml of natural Canadian River water containing 220 mg/1 Na. Calcium and magnesium were displaced from the clay by the sodium; the exchanged and dissolved noncarbonate calcium precipitated as calcium carbonate, and the magnesium remained in solution. Fluoride entered into both a rapid reaction and a long-term reaction, indicating solution from the material. The pH decreased rapidly. The reactions for all observed ions, other than fluoride, were faster than the response time of their respective electrodes and were complete in less than one minute. Rapid solution of material containing calcium, magnesium, sodium, and fluoride was also observed when a duplicate sample of the earth material was added to distilled water; pH also changed rapidly in this mixture. These results suggest that many important water-rock reactions can be considered nearly instantaneous for purposes of digital modeling of the geochemical changes during artificial recharge.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., 1973, Rapid reaction rates between water and a calcareous clay as observed by specific-ion electrodes: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 2, p. 237-241.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":311974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States of America","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566418c8e4b06a3ea36c7aff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241690,"text":"70241690 - 1973 - Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T16:34:43.300985","indexId":"70241690","displayToPublicDate":"1973-02-01T11:26:22","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement.

Three types of chemically similar pahoehoe flows were observed to form during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption. (1) A cavernous type called shelly pahoehoe, characterized by fragile gas cavities, small tubes, and buckled fragments of surface crust, was deposited when gas-charged lava welled out of the source fissure with little or no accompanying fountaining. (2) A comparatively smooth-surfaced, dense type, characterized by surface channels and only a few large cavities, formed from voluminous flows of partly degassed fallout away from the foot of lava fountains more than 100 m high. (3) A relatively dense type, characterized by hummocky surfaces with abundant low tumuli and overlapping pahoehoe toes and lobes, formed when largely degassed lava issued from tubes after flowing underground for several kilometers or more. Shelly pahoehoe is rarely found in the geologic record, but the other two types occur commonly. These three types of pahoehoe, which are completely intergradational, can be related qualitatively to the relative gas content and mode of flowage of the lava. The present surface of Kilauea is underlain mostly by hummocky, tube-fed pahoehoe.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<615:PFFTMU>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., 1973, Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<615:PFFTMU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2984910854643,\n 19.411226251025127\n ],\n [\n -155.29922015737213,\n 19.40314640156471\n ],\n [\n -155.29028902650055,\n 19.396785386664774\n ],\n [\n -155.272791300711,\n 19.399879965518124\n ],\n [\n -155.2545645030136,\n 19.40778806627671\n ],\n [\n -155.244357496303,\n 19.40847570904171\n ],\n [\n -155.237978117109,\n 19.40864761927881\n ],\n [\n -155.23670224127002,\n 19.413117221649344\n ],\n [\n -155.24217028057927,\n 19.418618102041762\n ],\n [\n -155.25365316312863,\n 19.42480636994776\n ],\n [\n -155.25893893446093,\n 19.432369488426914\n ],\n [\n -155.26914594117153,\n 19.432369488426914\n ],\n [\n -155.27862387597423,\n 19.433228911425957\n ],\n [\n -155.28427418326038,\n 19.425493940723797\n ],\n [\n -155.29539252985575,\n 19.419133800034004\n ],\n [\n -155.2984910854643,\n 19.411226251025127\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":229682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":867543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241679,"text":"70241679 - 1973 - Miocene tholeiitic basalts of coastal Oregon and Washington and their relations to coeval basalts of the Columbia Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T15:45:43.966394","indexId":"70241679","displayToPublicDate":"1973-02-01T10:38:29","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene tholeiitic basalts of coastal Oregon and Washington and their relations to coeval basalts of the Columbia Plateau","docAbstract":"

Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement.

Tholeiitic basalt flows and breccias of Miocene age in western Oregon and Washington form three distinct stratigraphic units. Each unit was erupted from coastal vents marked by dikes and sills of the same composition as associated extrusive rocks. The three coastal basalt units are interbedded with predominantly marine sedimentary rocks of middle to late Miocene age. These units are here named, from older to younger, the Depoe Bay Basalt, Cape Foulweather Basalt, and basalt of Pack Sack Lookout. The three units can be distinguished by their petrographic characteristics. The Depoe Bay Basalt is nonporphyritic; Cape Foulweather Basalt has sparse large labradorite phenocrysts; and Pack Sack basalt has labradorite phenocrysts with numerous pyroxene and glass inclusions as well as augite and olivine phenocrysts. Chemical analyses of basalts from these three units show that each has a distinct and uniform composition. The Depoe Bay Basalt is characterized by high SiO2 content; the Cape Foulweather Basalt has high content of total iron, TiO2, and P2O5; and Pack Sack basalt is marked by relatively high MgO and CaO content.

The Depoe Bay Basalt, Cape Foulweather Basalt, and basalt of Pack Sack Lookout on the coast occur in the same stratigraphic order and are essentially the same ages as three basalt units that erupted on the Columbia Plateau. The plateau-derived units are the Yakima and late-Yakima petrographic types of Waters (1961) and the Pomona flow of Schmincke (1967). The virtual identity in chemical composition of the Depoe Bay Basalt and Yakima-type basalt, the Cape Foulweather Basalt and the late-Yakima–type basalt, and the Pack Sack basalt and the Pomona basalt flow indicate that each pair is consanguineous.

Fissure vents for the plateau basalt are located in eastern Oregon and Washington and western Idaho more than 500 km east of the coastal vent areas. Thus, a regional mechanism of magma generation or emplacement is required. Three models of magma genesis considered in this report are: (1) partial melting of the subducted Juan de Fuca plate; (2) partial melting along a nearly horizontal shear zone at the base of the American plate; and (3) partial melting within the asthenosphere and fractionation during ascent of the magma.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<387:MTBOCO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Snavely, P., MacLeod, N.S., and Wagner, H.C., 1973, Miocene tholeiitic basalts of coastal Oregon and Washington and their relations to coeval basalts of the Columbia Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 387-424, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<387:MTBOCO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.27714051017513,\n 46.64767251182491\n ],\n [\n -125.27714051017513,\n 43.583883983096456\n ],\n [\n -122.15260600009933,\n 43.583883983096456\n ],\n [\n -122.15260600009933,\n 46.64767251182491\n ],\n [\n -125.27714051017513,\n 46.64767251182491\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, Holly C.","contributorId":55407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241837,"text":"70241837 - 1973 - Transient and steady-state salt transport between sediments and brine in closed lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T19:16:41.255924","indexId":"70241837","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T14:08:13","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient and steady-state salt transport between sediments and brine in closed lakes","docAbstract":"

A diffusional transport model for Lake Abert, Oregon, predicts the rates of salt transport from pore fluids into lake waters. In a lake without outflow dissolved salts may migrate across the sediment-water interface in response to a concentration difference between lake and interstitial brine. Transport of salt upward is transient; its direction can be reversed by external input of salt or by depletion of salts stored in the sediments, and a steady-state concentration in lake water is not attainable. Downward transport can be a stationary process if the sedimentation rate is rapid compared with molecular diffusion of salt in interstitial brine, but characteristic rates arc too slow to lead to steady-state concentrations within the lifetime of a closed lake. In Lake Abert, diffusional flux upward was much more important than input of salt from other sources; 45% of the salt of lake brine in 1963–1964 was added from the sediment pore space during the preceding 25 years, only 0.1% from external inflow. The sediment source will dominate input during high water level. Such models permit comparison of salt transport across the sediment-water interface with other input sources at different times of the lake’s history.

","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0072","usgsCitation":"Lerman, A., and Jones, B.F., 1973, Transient and steady-state salt transport between sediments and brine in closed lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 18, no. 1, p. 72-85, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0072.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"85","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0072","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":414844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lake Abert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.23259050760717,\n 42.52012590314513\n ],\n [\n -120.22675940418728,\n 42.53349527006765\n ],\n [\n -120.21639299810795,\n 42.53588235592491\n ],\n [\n -120.2099139943083,\n 42.54495245004759\n ],\n [\n -120.19695598670893,\n 42.55927096868925\n ],\n [\n -120.18399797910956,\n 42.5697691279355\n ],\n [\n -120.1755752741699,\n 42.58551305436342\n ],\n [\n -120.18205427796958,\n 42.604114387940285\n ],\n [\n -120.18075847720972,\n 42.61222092396679\n ],\n [\n -120.18011057682963,\n 42.62175667448386\n ],\n [\n -120.1755752741699,\n 42.65464380431288\n ],\n [\n -120.16909627037023,\n 42.663220196939704\n ],\n [\n -120.16196936619045,\n 42.67608256785934\n ],\n [\n -120.14965925897118,\n 42.69037096933957\n ],\n [\n -120.1431802551715,\n 42.69941859059222\n ],\n [\n -120.1321659487121,\n 42.70322772097839\n ],\n [\n -120.12957434719205,\n 42.71655783697841\n ],\n [\n -120.11143313655288,\n 42.724173760765524\n ],\n [\n -120.11013733579298,\n 42.743685298443495\n ],\n [\n -120.12633484529219,\n 42.75177364785867\n ],\n [\n -120.13864495251178,\n 42.75129789181452\n ],\n [\n -120.14382815555129,\n 42.74891905681346\n ],\n [\n -120.1587298642906,\n 42.75415237330074\n ],\n [\n -120.17946267644984,\n 42.74320948031641\n ],\n [\n -120.18853328176927,\n 42.74083033490476\n ],\n [\n -120.19371648480907,\n 42.73178874972467\n ],\n [\n -120.19954758822867,\n 42.73654764309765\n ],\n [\n -120.20084338898855,\n 42.747967497249505\n ],\n [\n -120.19501228556896,\n 42.75795814410566\n ],\n [\n -120.19954758822867,\n 42.76461768060196\n ],\n [\n -120.20926609392819,\n 42.76699591302014\n ],\n [\n -120.22481570304762,\n 42.781263390155175\n ],\n [\n -120.24490061482643,\n 42.775556793736854\n ],\n [\n -120.25332331976608,\n 42.76794718042302\n ],\n [\n -120.25332331976608,\n 42.757006723316266\n ],\n [\n -120.24814011672629,\n 42.74558853443179\n ],\n [\n -120.2598023137533,\n 42.725125673664024\n ],\n [\n -120.2591544133732,\n 42.717985882048055\n ],\n [\n -120.26822501869296,\n 42.70798879348084\n ],\n [\n -120.27405612211254,\n 42.695133027722704\n ],\n [\n -120.28636622933212,\n 42.67989311770921\n ],\n [\n -120.28377462781205,\n 42.66846073157049\n ],\n [\n -120.28312672743228,\n 42.628907517224434\n ],\n [\n -120.27794352439247,\n 42.596960674061904\n ],\n [\n -120.26822501869296,\n 42.58646709209455\n ],\n [\n -120.2591544133732,\n 42.56642898428859\n ],\n [\n -120.25397121033339,\n 42.5449524381678\n ],\n [\n -120.2591544133732,\n 42.53397268265638\n ],\n [\n -120.25461911071349,\n 42.52299099647303\n ],\n [\n -120.24360480425409,\n 42.51869328938571\n ],\n [\n -120.23259050760717,\n 42.52012590314513\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lerman, Abraham","contributorId":203297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lerman","given":"Abraham","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241918,"text":"70241918 - 1973 - Species diversity: Patterns in modern and Miocene foraminifera of the eastern margin of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-30T18:15:31.503614","indexId":"70241918","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T13:07:51","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species diversity: Patterns in modern and Miocene foraminifera of the eastern margin of North America","docAbstract":"

Patterns of foraminiferal species diversity were examined along the eastern margin of North America by utilizing the number of species, S, the information function, H(S), and species equitability, E. The 350 modern samples we studied extended from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from a few meters to more than 5,000 m. In addition, 29 samples from Miocene strata of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and continental shelf were studied.

Modern species diversity as measured by S and H(S) generally increases as depth increases and latitude decreases. Some notable exceptions occur, however, which are difficult to explain. For example, species diversity in the Arctic depth interval of 0 to 100 m is as high or higher than that found immediately south of Nova Scotia, in the Gulf of Maine, on Browns and Georges Banks, and even off the Gulf of Mexico deltas. At the moderate depth interval of 100 to 1,000 m, however, the entire margin north of Browns and Georges Banks has lower diversities than that to the south. The highest diversity by far in this depth interval occurs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. At the depth interval greater than 1,000 m, the more southern areas studied generally have a higher species diversity than the more northern Cape Cod to Maryland area. An exception to this is the northwestern Gulf of Mexico; this area is also an exception in that species diversity is significantly lower in the deeper waters than in the shallower waters in the same area.

The measure of species equitability, E, showed no clear pattern with depth or latitude. This may be so because no simple pattern of species proportions exists or because the sampling was inadequate to measure it.

Samples from the Miocene strata show a striking resemblance in species diversity to modern samples at similar depths and latitudes. Our observations indicate that species diversity and equitability have not increased during the last 15 × 106 yrs. The fossil and modern data indicate that each environment has its own carrying capacity and that this capacity is reached rather quickly. Although time and environmental stability are undoubtedly important in determining species diversity, as presently defined they are inadequate to explain all observed patterns. Long-term observations in various environments will be required to determine the relative importance of variables that affect species diversity.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<217:SDPIMA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T.G., and Buzas, M.A., 1973, Species diversity: Patterns in modern and Miocene foraminifera of the eastern margin of North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 1, p. 217-238, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<217:SDPIMA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"238","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.69418245194488,\n 25.423751361540155\n ],\n [\n -76.55035031602587,\n 25.733480499658725\n ],\n [\n -78.51171045135308,\n 31.362256981935417\n ],\n [\n -74.14945955992391,\n 34.91092047816784\n ],\n [\n -73.79589105138223,\n 37.31148161431683\n ],\n [\n -71.27448266091528,\n 39.432101793087355\n ],\n [\n -69.95319123745472,\n 39.23433507891917\n ],\n [\n -66.77886032301677,\n 40.11357581667036\n ],\n [\n -64.24211004955663,\n 41.887640468354704\n ],\n [\n -55.27012389137917,\n 44.53629462512359\n ],\n [\n -53.05962528427938,\n 43.97449290057452\n ],\n [\n -51.24241061400187,\n 46.574888570678326\n ],\n [\n -44.25620870483408,\n 60.49505374752954\n ],\n [\n -44.58958724417403,\n 61.677772147756656\n ],\n [\n -47.41452945945079,\n 61.4275117669666\n ],\n [\n -49.40219989547492,\n 63.83645825510209\n ],\n [\n -49.0547863773007,\n 66.02383395405744\n ],\n [\n -49.26327393057437,\n 69.02561609475254\n ],\n [\n -50.1682082027219,\n 71.93278668364789\n ],\n [\n -52.96616752983522,\n 72.49535986879866\n ],\n [\n -53.624732984208435,\n 73.10246821597431\n ],\n [\n -57.34452663916724,\n 76.19249689048075\n ],\n [\n -63.70534586204093,\n 76.79285073736776\n ],\n [\n -65.08508322918502,\n 78.64164089634647\n ],\n [\n -62.55361194925153,\n 80.25328724741911\n ],\n [\n -54.99473808417474,\n 81.55681667810865\n ],\n [\n -63.73635673141602,\n 82.30513510684119\n ],\n [\n -76.8564119773405,\n 78.5253178045551\n ],\n [\n -81.19232023650575,\n 75.33144088575929\n ],\n [\n -81.12871683662824,\n 71.75171711555018\n ],\n [\n -77.41785512591758,\n 72.006142296679\n ],\n [\n -69.31440239458567,\n 69.54244039141608\n ],\n [\n -70.37374580020219,\n 68.7547346603508\n ],\n [\n -63.318587738973676,\n 66.60451414408632\n ],\n [\n -64.31172029231436,\n 65.6842229400238\n ],\n [\n -66.973694100253,\n 67.22955163178338\n ],\n [\n -68.42338085525952,\n 66.4540976097091\n ],\n [\n -65.88440180537222,\n 63.29476103515404\n ],\n [\n -69.85031202622979,\n 64.03740408411798\n ],\n [\n -67.10635506125914,\n 62.38823469646107\n ],\n [\n -64.6293274094761,\n 59.608488895494986\n ],\n [\n -60.64617475322285,\n 52.9062711627727\n ],\n [\n -57.94706834224063,\n 53.49765134353174\n ],\n [\n -56.32403169763481,\n 52.21003121926316\n ],\n [\n -60.5170508466305,\n 50.484874042050535\n ],\n [\n -66.50775975132927,\n 50.60519027235708\n ],\n [\n -70.65167734592085,\n 47.808314073195135\n ],\n [\n -70.75035419681774,\n 46.54026455731142\n ],\n [\n -68.44043912894921,\n 48.2065000919159\n ],\n [\n -65.76377235680724,\n 48.9169868762566\n ],\n [\n -64.8275827109523,\n 48.650878052200824\n ],\n [\n -66.81090165745452,\n 48.14481524803284\n ],\n [\n -65.19011693303236,\n 46.01677842155573\n ],\n [\n -71.09419331972894,\n 43.78754423919975\n ],\n [\n -71.68857739245243,\n 42.00892756059824\n ],\n [\n -76.20978767194354,\n 39.87958373913534\n ],\n [\n -77.80215159232984,\n 39.28463300788104\n ],\n [\n -76.93018000862338,\n 36.594845575781775\n ],\n [\n -77.62646292481128,\n 35.05796170404078\n ],\n [\n -81.18740567493198,\n 32.358356729188245\n ],\n [\n -82.31996030912268,\n 30.457267846894055\n ],\n [\n -80.77039782484513,\n 27.120264606159054\n ],\n [\n -80.69418245194488,\n 25.423751361540155\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Thomas G.","contributorId":25180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buzas, Martin A.","contributorId":85098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buzas","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70203099,"text":"70203099 - 1973 - Transit losses and travel times for reservoir releases, upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-19T10:21:53","indexId":"70203099","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T11:19:51","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5817,"text":"Colorado Water Resources Circular","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Transit losses and travel times for reservoir releases, upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"

Factors influencing reservoir releases were analyzed for the upper reach of the Arkansas River in Colorado.

The time of travel of releases from Twin Lakes Reservoir to Colorado Canal, a distance of 175 miles, ranges from 29 to 69 hours depending on the antecedent flow of the Arkansas River. Travel time of releases from Turquoise Lake is 42 hours more and travel time of releases from Clear Creek Reservoir is 12 hours less than for the Twin Lakes Reservoir to Colorado Canal reach.

At the Colorado Canal, the streamflow hydrographs resulting from upstream reservoir releases are modified by channel and bank storage, inadvertent diversions, and evapotranspiration. During an average reservoir release of about 450 cubic feet per second for about 12 days, the released water arriving at the Colorado Canal is reduced by about 7 percent due to bank storage, by about 8 percent due to inadvertent diversions, and by about 1 percent due to evaporation. All release water in channel storage arrives at the Colorado Canal headgate during the release recession soon enough to be diverted and does not cause a loss. Transpiration losses due to bank storage are assumed to be negligible. This total average transportation Loss of 16 percent can vary from about 6 to 28 percent due to the antecedent river conditions, the amount and duration of the reservoir release, and the time of year the release occurs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Water Conservation Board","publisherLocation":"Denver, Colorado","usgsCitation":"Livingston, R.K., 1973, Transit losses and travel times for reservoir releases, upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado: Colorado Water Resources Circular 20, ii, 39 p.","productDescription":"ii, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":363073,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dnrweblink.state.co.us/cwcb/0/doc/142238/Page1.aspx?searchid=b3c3f056-471b-40ae-935c-e1d338c5d42d","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States ","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.1661376953125,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 39.68605343225986\n ],\n [\n -107.1661376953125,\n 39.68605343225986\n ],\n [\n -107.1661376953125,\n 37.41816326969145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Livingston, Russell K.","contributorId":69582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livingston","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70119531,"text":"70119531 - 1973 - Mathematical simulation of temperatures in deep impoundments: verification tests of the Water Resources Engineers, Inc. model - Horsetooth and Flaming Gorge Reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T11:03:31","indexId":"70119531","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T10:51:46","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"REC-ERCC-73-20","title":"Mathematical simulation of temperatures in deep impoundments: verification tests of the Water Resources Engineers, Inc. model - Horsetooth and Flaming Gorge Reservoirs","docAbstract":"Successful use of predictive mathematical models requires verification of the accuracy of the models by applying them to existing situations where the prediction can be compared with reality. A Corps of Engineers' modification of a deep reservoir thermal stratification model developed by Water Resources Engineers, Inc., was applied to two existing Bureau of Reclamation reservoirs for verification. Diffusion coefficients used for the Corps' Detroit Reservoir were found to apply to Horsetooth Reservoir in Colorado, for which very food computer input data were available. The Detroit diffusion coefficients gave a reasonable simulation of Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Wyoming and Utah, which has very complex and variable physical characteristics and for which only average-quality computer input data were available.","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"King, D., and Sartoris, J.J., 1973, Mathematical simulation of temperatures in deep impoundments: verification tests of the Water Resources Engineers, Inc. model - Horsetooth and Flaming Gorge Reservoirs, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291829,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Horsetooth Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.173702,40.505781 ], [ -105.173702,40.599835 ], [ -105.14214,40.599835 ], [ -105.14214,40.505781 ], [ -105.173702,40.505781 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e492cde4b0fff40428a5b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, D.L.","contributorId":81030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sartoris, Jim J.","contributorId":52900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartoris","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199681,"text":"70199681 - 1973 - Selected storm events in 5-minute increments from Missouri rainfall stations at Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, and Columbia, Mo., for the period 1892-1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T17:45:52.52604","indexId":"70199681","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T10:27:24","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Selected storm events in 5-minute increments from Missouri rainfall stations at Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, and Columbia, Mo., for the period 1892-1970","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this report is to present daily precipitation (see table A) and continual incremental (5-minute duration) rainfall data through entire storm periods (see table B) at four of the longest first-order National Weather Service station records in Missouri. These basic data can be used in model studies, unit-hydrographic techniques, and other rainfall-intensity studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199681","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Federal Highway Administration and Missouri State Highway Commission","usgsCitation":"Hauth, L.D., 1973, Selected storm events in 5-minute increments from Missouri rainfall stations at Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, and Columbia, Mo., for the period 1892-1970: Open-File Report, 369 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70199681.","productDescription":"369 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400992,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199681/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199681/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Columbia, Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.625732421875,\n 37.204081555898526\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 37.204081555898526\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -92.625732421875,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -92.625732421875,\n 37.204081555898526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 38.79904887985135\n ],\n [\n -92.13409423828125,\n 38.79904887985135\n ],\n [\n -92.13409423828125,\n 38.89958342598271\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 38.89958342598271\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 38.79904887985135\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.45318603515625,\n 38.72194763292809\n ],\n [\n -90.31036376953125,\n 38.72194763292809\n ],\n [\n -90.31036376953125,\n 38.826870521380634\n ],\n [\n -90.45318603515625,\n 38.826870521380634\n ],\n [\n -90.45318603515625,\n 38.72194763292809\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 39.10022600175347\n ],\n [\n -94.5208740234375,\n 39.10022600175347\n ],\n [\n -94.5208740234375,\n 39.20033381963202\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 39.20033381963202\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 39.10022600175347\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauth, Leland D.","contributorId":17219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25205,"text":"25205 - 1973 - Calibration of U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model for peak flow synthesis natural basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T10:18:29","indexId":"25205","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T10:17:43","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Calibration of U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model for peak flow synthesis natural basins","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25205","issn":"0364-7064","usgsCitation":"Carrigan, P., 1973, Calibration of U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model for peak flow synthesis natural basins, vi, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25205.","productDescription":"vi, 109 p.","numberOfPages":"115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64d77e4b0001bd5147743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrigan, Philip Hadley","contributorId":97010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrigan","given":"Philip Hadley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159793,"text":"70159793 - 1973 - Dolomitization model for Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-23T11:50:40","indexId":"70159793","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dolomitization model for Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"

Existing models for dolomitization emphasize that penecontemporaneous dolomitization can occur in both subtidal and supratidal environments if the necessary chemical and physical factors favorable for the development of magnesium-rich hypersaline waters exist. Holocene shallow-water hypersaline environments that have the potential to produce dolomite without deposition of more soluble evaporite minerals are found in Shark Bay, Australia, and on the Great Bahama Bank. These hypersalinity systems are characterized by near-vertical isosalinity layers of increasing concentration landward from the open ocean and show little or no relationship to bottom topography. I suggest that a similar but larger scale epicontinentalsalinity system covering the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician carbonate continental shelf produced a broad wedge of subtidally deposited dolomite in the eastern half of the United States from Mexico to Canada. The distribution of limestone and dolomite in this region is closely keyed to the salinity gradient and accounts for the natural progression from a normal marine limestone facies through a transition zone to a highly saline dolomite facies phase. Algal stromatolite mats and domes occupied low-energy niches in both the limestone and dolomite facies, whereas stratiform algal stromatolites were confined to the areas of moderate energy within the dolomite facies.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Harris, L.D., 1973, Dolomitization model for Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks in the eastern United States: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 1, p. 63-78.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.134765625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -88.681640625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -92.8564453125,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 31.31610138349565\n ],\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 28.38173504322308\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -78.134765625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565446c0e4b071e7ea53d4b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Leonard D.","contributorId":25567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160635,"text":"70160635 - 1973 - Magnetizations of some Late Cretaceous glassy tuffs, volcanic breccias, and altered basalts of the Elkhorn Mountains volcanic field, Western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-28T11:29:28","indexId":"70160635","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetizations of some Late Cretaceous glassy tuffs, volcanic breccias, and altered basalts of the Elkhorn Mountains volcanic field, Western Montana","docAbstract":"

New magnetization data for Late Cretaceous glassy welded tuffs, volcanic breccias, and altered basalts from the Elkhorn Mountains volcanic field, together with geologic, mineralogic, and K-Ar data, indicate that (1) the glassy tuffs have unusually strong, uniform remanent magnetizations which are reversely polarized, much of the remanence perhaps residing in submicroscopic single-domain iron oxide particles within the glass itself, (2) breccias emplaced at minimum temperatures of about 400°C have moderately dispersed remanent magnetization directions which are normally polarized, and (3) basalts that occur within a broad area of hydrothermal alteration have remanent magnetization directions which are normally, horizontally, and reversely polarized. Present and previous studies indicate the occurrence of from two to eight complete field reversal cycles during emplacement of the volcanic field about 78 m.y. ago. Among the rocks
studied, only basalt from the Zosell mining district is important as a major aeromagnetic anomaly source.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hanna, W.F., 1973, Magnetizations of some Late Cretaceous glassy tuffs, volcanic breccias, and altered basalts of the Elkhorn Mountains volcanic field, Western Montana: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 2, p. 179-192.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"192","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312894,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Elkhorn Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.34069824218749,\n 47.24567802101873\n ],\n [\n -111.3848876953125,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -111.53045654296874,\n 45.7579424547621\n ],\n [\n -113.038330078125,\n 45.767522962149904\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 47.212105775622426\n ],\n [\n -112.34069824218749,\n 47.24567802101873\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b46e4b0a04ef4925b83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanna, W. F.","contributorId":6835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000046,"text":"2000046 - 1973 - Lake Michigan: Man's effects on native fish stocks and other biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"2000046","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Lake Michigan: Man's effects on native fish stocks and other biota","docAbstract":"Man's activities have caused great changes in Lake Michigan in the past 120 years. Although changes in water chemistry and lower biota have been generally modest (except locally), those in native fish stocks have been vast. Exploitation, exotic fish species, and eutrophication and other forms of pollution all have played a role in bringing about the changes (mostly declines in abundance) in fish populations. Exploitation resulted in a noticeable reduction in abundance of certain native species (especially whitefish) soon after the establishment of the commercial fishery in the 1840's. By the 1930's the sturgeon and the two largest deepwater ciscoes (Coregonus nigripinnis and C. johannae) became severely depleted. Other species- whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and lake herring (C. artedii)- remained important commercially, but at a lower level of production than originally; greatly increased fishing effort and efficiency were required to maintain even these decreased catches. The catch of intermediate-size ciscoes held relatively stable, but again only through sharply increased fishing effort and efficiency. The earliest serious effects of exotic fish species on native fish stocks may have been during the 1930's, when smelt (Osmerus mordax), first became abundant. Powerful influences by exotics were not obvious, however, until the 1940's, when the sea lamprey's (Petromyzon marinus) predation on several species, particularly the lake trout, became critical. In the 1950's the sea lamprey was joined by the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), another exotic strongly deleterious to several native fish. The alewife apparently inhibited reproduction of deepwater ciscoes, yellow perch (Perca flavescens), deepwater sculpins (Myoxocephalus quadricornis), emerald shiners (Notropis atherinoides), and perhaps others (through competing with young, or feeding on them). At the same time, however, the alewife as a prolific forage fish has made possible the highly successful introduction of several species of salmonines. The effects of accelerated eutrophication and other pollution, although not always as easy to identify as the influences of other factors, were nevertheless clearly important as early as the mid-1800's. The first conspicuous contamination of Lake Michigan was by sawmill wastes, which covered spawning grounds in streams and around stream mouths. This type of pollution was particularly destructive to whitefish. Other forms of stream degradation (e.g., dams, deforestation of watersheds) although not strictly \"pollution,\" must also have been detrimental to stream spawners. Heavy pollution in southern Green Bay (a large area of the bottom of which is now covered with anoxic gray sludge) probably has resulted in reduction in abundance of several species, e.g., lake herring and walleye (Stizostedion v. vitreum).\nExploitation was largely responsible for the changes in Lake Michigan fish stocks before the invasion of the smelt, and probably before the invasion of the sea lamprey. The lamprey and alewife, however, have exerted a greater impact than the fishery on native fish populations in recent decades. Accelerated eutrophication and other pollution, although important, have not equalled the other factors in causing changes in native fish populations.","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Wells, L., and McLain, A.L., 1973, Lake Michigan: Man's effects on native fish stocks and other biota: Technical Report 20, 55 p.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92058,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.glfc.org/pubs/TechReports/Tr20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b168a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, LaRue","contributorId":75476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"LaRue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLain, Alberton L.","contributorId":15561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLain","given":"Alberton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81361,"text":"81361 - 1973 - Unharvested fishes in the U. S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"81361","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":84,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Fisheries","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"670","subseriesTitle":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service","title":"Unharvested fishes in the U. S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969","docAbstract":"Potential commercial fish production was estimated for U.S. waters of western Lake Erie in 1969 from pounds landed and pounds discarded. Periodic observations of catches in haul seines and trap nets revealed that about 37% of the catch (by weight) in haul seines and 26% of that in trap nets were low-value fishes that were discarded. Projection of these discarded catches to include the total fishing effort indicated that an additional 2.8 million lb of low-value species would have been landed in 1969 if a reasonable profit had been assured. It is concluded that the sustained yield could be increased considerably with only a moderate increase in fishing effort.","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Meter, H.D., 1973, Unharvested fishes in the U. S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969: Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 670, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f5e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Meter, Harry D.","contributorId":36887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Meter","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010264,"text":"70010264 - 1973 - Production of superheated steam from vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T14:15:38.320431","indexId":"70010264","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Production of superheated steam from vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs","docAbstract":"

Vapor-dominated geothermal systems such as Larderello, Italy, The Geysers, California, and Matsukawa, Japan yield dry or superheated steam when exploited. Models for these systems are examined along with production data and the thermodynamic properties of water, steam and rock. It is concluded that these systems initially consist of a water and steam filled reservoir, a water-saturated cap rock, and a water or brine-saturated deep reservoir below a water table. Most liquid water in all parts of the system is relatively immobilized in small pores and crevices; steam dominates the large fractures and voids of the reservoir and is the continuous, pressure-controlling phase. With production, the pressure is lowered and the liquid water boils, causing massive transfer of heat from the rock and its eventual drying. Passage of steam through already dried rock produces superheating. After an initial vaporization of liquid water in the reservoir, the decrease in pressure produces increased boiling below the deep water table. With heavy exploitation, boiling extends deeper into hotter rock and the temperature of the steam increases. This model explains most features of the published production behavior of these systems and can be used to guide exploitation policies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(73)90022-9","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., and White, D., 1973, Production of superheated steam from vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs: Geothermics, v. 2, no. 3-4, p. 154-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(73)90022-9.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79530","text":"External Repository"},{"id":218710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8de7e4b0c8380cd7eed4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, D. E.","contributorId":20729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010168,"text":"70010168 - 1973 - Stress changes ahead of an advancing tunnel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T15:23:49.147128","indexId":"70010168","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress changes ahead of an advancing tunnel","docAbstract":"

Instrumentation placed ahead of three model tunnels in the laboratory and ahead of a crosscut driven in a metamorphic rock mass detected stress changes several tunnel diameters ahead of the tunnel face. Stress changes were detected 4 diameters ahead of a model tunnel drilled into nearly elastic acrylic, 2·50 diameters ahead of a model tunnel drilled into concrete, and 2 diameters ahead of a model tunnel drilled into Silver Plume Granite. Stress changes were detected 7·50 diameters ahead of a crosscut driven in jointed, closely foliated gneisses and gneissic granites in an experimental mine at Idaho Springs, Colorado. These results contrast markedly with a theoretical elastic estimate of the onset of detectable stress changes at 1 tunnel diameter ahead of the tunnel face.

A small compressive stress concentration was detected 2 diameters ahead of the model tunnel in acrylic, 1.25 diameters ahead of the model tunnel in concrete, and 1 diameter ahead of the model tunnel in granite. A similar stress peak was detected about 6 diameters ahead of the crosscut. No such stress peak is predicted from elastic theory.

The 3-dimensional in situ stress determined in the field demonstrate that geologic structure controls stress orientations in the metamorphic rock mass. Two of the computed principal stresses are parallel to the foliation and the other principal stress is normal to it. The principal stress orientations vary approximately as the foliation attitude varies. The average horizontal stress components and the average vertical stress component are three times and twice as large, respectively, as those predicted from the overburden load. An understanding of the measured stress field appears to require the application of either tectonic or residual stress components, or both. Laboratory studies indicate the presence of proportionately large residual stresses. Mining may have triggered the release of strain energy, which is controlled by geologic structure.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(73)90013-2","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Abel, J., and Lee, F.T., 1973, Stress changes ahead of an advancing tunnel: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 10, no. 6, p. 673-697, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(73)90013-2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"697","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Idaho Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.58685302734375,\n 39.69133734501796\n ],\n [\n -105.40969848632811,\n 39.69133734501796\n ],\n [\n -105.40969848632811,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -105.58685302734375,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -105.58685302734375,\n 39.69133734501796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b52e4b08c986b31cdd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abel, J.F.","contributorId":39936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abel","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, F. T.","contributorId":50163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009825,"text":"70009825 - 1973 - Comparison of the magnetic properties of glass from Luna 20 with similar properties of glass from the Apollo missions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T20:02:02.886089","indexId":"70009825","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the magnetic properties of glass from Luna 20 with similar properties of glass from the Apollo missions","docAbstract":"

Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been made on four glass spherules and fragments from the Luna 20 fines; two at 300°K and two from 300°K to 4°K. From these data the magnetic susceptibility extrapolated to infinite field, the magnetization at low fields and also the saturation magnetization at high fields, the Curie constant, the Weiss temperature, and the temperature-independent susceptibility were determined. Using a model previously proposed for the Apollo specimens, the Curie constant of the antiferromagnetic inclusions and a zero field splitting parameter were calculated for the same specimens. The data show the relatively low concentration of iron in all forms in these specimens. In addition, the Weiss temperature is lower than that measured for the Apollo specimens, and can be attributed almost entirely to the ligand field distortion about the Fe2+ ions in the glassy phase. The data further suggest that the Luna 20 specimens cooled more slowly than those of the Apollo missions, and that some of the antiferromagnetic inclusions in the glass may have crystallized from the glass during cooling.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(73)90199-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Thorpe, A.N., Alexander, C., and Briggs, C., 1973, Comparison of the magnetic properties of glass from Luna 20 with similar properties of glass from the Apollo missions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, no. 4, p. 1053-1062, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90199-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1053","endPage":"1062","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8aee4b0c8380cd4d212","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorpe, A. N.","contributorId":53504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, C.C.","contributorId":34256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, C.L.","contributorId":33048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010125,"text":"70010125 - 1973 - U-Th-Pb measurements of Luna 20 soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-06T14:22:44.31134","indexId":"70010125","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Th-Pb measurements of Luna 20 soil","docAbstract":"

The concentrations of uranium, thorium and lead and the lead isotopic composition of Luna 20 soil were determined. The data indicate that the Luna 20 soil is mainly a mixture of highland anorthosites and low-K basalt, but little KREEP basalt. The U-Th-Pb systematics are discussed in comparison with other lunar soils, especially with Apollo 16 soils which were collected from a ‘typical’ highland region. The data fit well in the Apollo 16 soil array on a U-Pb evolution diagram, and they exhibit excess lead relative to uranium. This relationship appears to be a characteristic of highland localities. Considering the previous observations of lunar samples, we infer that lead enrichment in the soil relative to uranium occurred between 3.2 and 3.9 b.y. ago and that the soil was disturbed by ‘third events’ about 2.0 b.y. ago. A lunar evolution model is discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(73)90202-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., 1973, U-Th-Pb measurements of Luna 20 soil: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, no. 4, p. 1079-1086, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90202-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1086","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9dde4b08c986b327e75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}