Deuterium and O18 analyses were made on 25 formation-water samples from Miocene (Temblor Formation) and Eocene (McAdams Formation) reservoir rocks at Kettleman North Dome oil field, California, and on three surface water samples from Reef Ridge located about three miles to the west of the field. The δO18 values obtained generally increase with depth and most probably are due to temperature controlled exchange reactions with carbonate cement and dissolved carbonate species. The δD values obtained seem to be controlled primarily by the membrane behavior of shales modifying the assumed original values. The contribution of isotopic exchange between water and clays cannot be evaluated at present.
The isotopic data support the conclusions based on a detailed study of geology, hydrodynamics, and formation water geochemistry (Kharaka, 1971) which indicate that:
1. The Temblor Formation waters are probably meteoric in origin concentrated chemically and isotopically by shale membranes, and 2. The McAdams Formation waters were most probably obtained by squeezing the original interstitial marine connate waters of deposition from the underlying Mesozoic sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(73)90148-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Berry, F., and Friedman, I., 1973, Isotopic composition of oil-field brines from Kettleman North Dome, California, and their geologic implications: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, no. 8, p. 1899-1908, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90148-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1899","endPage":"1908","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":381758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Kettleman North Dome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 35.980228800645676\n ],\n [\n -119.41177368164061,\n 35.980228800645676\n ],\n [\n -119.41177368164061,\n 36.094609063015085\n ],\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 36.094609063015085\n ],\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 35.980228800645676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa3e4b0c8380cd646aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, F.A.F.","contributorId":15755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"F.A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010095,"text":"70010095 - 1973 - Radial particle-size segregation during packing of particulates into cylindrical containers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T15:10:51.612357","indexId":"70010095","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3107,"text":"Powder Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radial particle-size segregation during packing of particulates into cylindrical containers","docAbstract":"In a series of experiments, soil materials were placed in long cylindrical containers, using various packing procedures. Soil columns produced by deposition and simultaneous vibratory compaction were dense and axially uniform, but showed significant radial segregation of particle sizes. Similar results were obtained with deposition and simultaneous impact-type compaction when the impacts resulted in significant container “bouncing”. The latter procedure, modified to minimize “bouncing” produced dense, uniform soil columns, showing little radial particle-size segregation. Other procedures tested (deposition alone and deposition followed by compaction) did not result in radial segregation, but produced columns showing either relatively low or axially nonuniform densities.
Current data suggest that radial particle-size segregation is mainly due to vibration-induced particle circulation in which particles of various sizes have different circulation rates and paths.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0032-5910(73)80079-8","issn":"00325910","usgsCitation":"Ripple, C., James, R., and Rubin, J., 1973, Radial particle-size segregation during packing of particulates into cylindrical containers: Powder Technology, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 165-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(73)80079-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9390e4b0c8380cd80ed4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ripple, C.D.","contributorId":11586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, R.V.","contributorId":106634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010056,"text":"70010056 - 1973 - Galerkin finite-element simulation of a geothermal reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T14:45:23.526129","indexId":"70010056","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galerkin finite-element simulation of a geothermal reservoir","docAbstract":"The equations describing fluid flow and energy transport in a porous medium can be used to formulate a mathematical model capable of simulating the transient response of a hot-water geothermal reservoir. The resulting equations can be solved accurately and efficiently using a numerical scheme which combines the finite element approach with the Galerkin method of approximation. Application of this numerical model to the Wairakei geothermal field demonstrates that hot-water geothermal fields can be simulated using numerical techniques currently available and under development.
The lead content of five whole-rock peridotite inclusions (four lherzolites and one harzburgite) in alkali basalt ranges from 82 to 570 ppb (parts per billion). Approximately 30–60 ppb of this amount can be accounted for by analyzed major silicate minerals (olivine ≤ 10 ppb; enstatite 5–28 ppb; chrome diopside ∼400 ppb). Through a series of acid leaching experiments, the remainder of the lead is shown to be quite labile and to reside in either glassy or microcrystalline veinlets or accessory mineral phases, such as apatite and mica. The lead isotopic composition of the peridotites (206Pb/204Pb= 18.01–18.90;207Pb/204Pb= 15.52–15.61;208Pb/204Pb= 37.80–38.86) lies within the range of values defined by many modern volcanic rocks and, in particular, is essentially coextensive with the abyssal tholeiite field. In all but one instance, isotopic differences were found between the peridotite and its host alkali basalt. Two of the peridotites clearly demonstrated internal isotopic heterogeneity between leachable and residual fractions that could not simply be due to contamination by the host basalt. However, there is no evidence that these ultramafic rocks form some layer in the mantle with isotopic characteristics fundamentally different from those of the magma sources of volcanic rocks.
Analyses of rim-to-interior samples of fresh tholeiitic pillow basalts, deuterically altered holocrystalline basalts, and older, weathered tholeiitic basalts from the deep sea indicate that 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the older basalts are raised by low temperature interaction with strontium dissolved in sea water. 87Sr/86Sr correlates positively with H2O in these basalts; however, there is little detectable modification of the strontium isotope composition in rocks with H2O contents less than 1%. The isotope changes appear to be a function of relatively long-term, low-temperature weathering, rather than high-temperature or deuteric alteration. Strontium abundance and isotopic data for these rocks suggest that strontium content is only slightly modified by interaction with sea water, and it is a relatively insensitive indicator of marine alteration. Average Rb-Sr parameters for samples of apparently unaltered basalt are: Rb= 1.11ppm; Sr= 132ppm; 87Sr/86Sr= 0.70247.
On the basis of petrographic and laboratory and active seismic data for the Fra Mauro breccias, and by comparison with the nature and distribution of the ejecta from the Ries crater, Germany, some tentative conclusions regarding the geologic significance of the Fra Mauro Formation on the moon can be drawn. The Fra Mauro Formation, as a whole, consists of unwcldcd, porous ejecta, slightly less porous than the regolith. It contains hand-specimen and larger size clasts of strongly annealed complex breccias, partly to slightly annealed breccias, basalts, and perhaps spherule-rich breccias. These clasts are embedded in a matrix of porous aggregate dominated by mineral and breccia fragments and probably largely free of undevitrified glass. All strongly annealed hand-specimen-size breccias are clasts in the Fra Mauro Formation. To account for the porous, unwelded state of the Fra Mauro Formation, the ejecta must have been deposited at a temperature below that required for welding and annealing. Large boulders probably compacted by the Cone crater event occur near the rim of the crater. They probably consist of a similar suite of fragments, but are probably less porous than the formation. The geochronologic clocks of fragments in the Fra Mauro Formation, with textures ranging from unannealed to strongly annealed, were not reset or strongly modified by the Imbrian event. Strongly annealed breccia clasts and basalt clasts are pre-Imbrian, and probably existed as ejecta mixed with basalt flows in the Imbrium Basin prior to the Imbrian event. The Imbrian event probably occurred between 3.90 or 3.88 and 3.65 b.y. ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Work done in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under NASA contracts T-75412and W13,130","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., 1973, Geologic implications of the Apollo 14 Fra Mauro breccias and comparison with ejecta from the Ries Crater, Germany: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 1, p. 1-18.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Germany","otherGeospatial":"Ries Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 10.559406280517578,\n 48.89127345428711\n ],\n [\n 10.575284957885742,\n 48.89014478514142\n ],\n [\n 10.583868026733398,\n 48.88272315101263\n ],\n [\n 10.573482513427734,\n 48.87267538213101\n ],\n [\n 10.552539825439453,\n 48.877643070685465\n ],\n [\n 10.549321174621582,\n 48.885827390545955\n ],\n [\n 10.559406280517578,\n 48.89127345428711\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564b0c48e4b0ebfbef0d314d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047580,"text":"70047580 - 1972 - Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20084,"text":"ofr70207 - 1970 - The evaporite deposits of the Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","indexId":"ofr70207","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"The evaporite deposits of the Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047580,"text":"70047580 - 1972 - Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","indexId":"70047580","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T17:46:06.022842","indexId":"70047580","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:10:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","docAbstract":"Four evaporite-bearing stratigraphic zones are known in Cretaceous strata of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia north and east of Bogota. The easternmost and oldest zone is probably of Berriasian to Valanginian age. The next oldest is probably late Barremian to early Aptian in age. The third appears to be Aptian. The westernmost and best known sequence in the Sabana de Bogota is Turonian to early Coniacian in age. This youngest sequence contains the thickest salt deposits known in Colombia and is probably the most widespread geographically.
Most of the rock salt exposed in the three accessible mines (at Zipaquira, Nemocon, and Upin) has a characteristic lamination of alternating slightly argillaceous and highly argillaceous salt layers of varied but moderate thickness. Black, calcareous claystone, commonly very pyritic, is interbedded conformably with the laminated salt in many places throughout the deposits. Fragments of black claystone derived from the thinner interbeds are ubiquitous in all deposits, both as concordant breccia zones and as isolated clasts.
Anhydrite is scarce at Zipaquira and apparently even rarer at Nemocon and Upin. Gypsum is produced at three small deposits in the oldest evaporite zone where it probably was concentrated by leaching of salt initially associated with it.
The two intervening evaporite zones are not exposed, but their existence and distribution are indicated by brine springs and locally by \"rute,\" a distinctive black, calcareous mud formed by the leaching of salt beds.
Fossils show that the youngest salt-claystone zone, in the Sabana de Bogota, is contemporary with associated hematitic sandstone and siltstone, and with carbonaceous and locally coaly claystone. Although evidence is poor, this same facies relation probably exists within the other three evaporite zones.
All salt deposits in this study probably are associated with anticlines, a relation best exemplified by the deposits on the Sabana de Bogota. Within these anticlines the salt deposits appear to be contained stratigraphically in fault-bound crestal, claystone cores that have not been mobilized over great vertical distances. The deposits of this study are not salt domes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, D.H., 1972, Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, no. 11, p. 2240-2259, https://doi.org/10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2240","endPage":"2259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","city":"Bogota","otherGeospatial":"Cordillera Oriental","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 6.43270960214528\n ],\n [\n -75.52600833049453,\n 6.43270960214528\n ],\n [\n -75.52600833049453,\n 2.387732778963965\n ],\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 2.387732778963965\n ],\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 6.43270960214528\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03e8e4b0026c2bc11b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, Donald H. Jr.","contributorId":73215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042893,"text":"70042893 - 1972 - Photogeology: Part W: Apollo 16 landing site: summary of Earth-based remote sensing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-28T13:16:13","indexId":"70042893","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"Photogeology: Part W: Apollo 16 landing site: summary of Earth-based remote sensing data","docAbstract":"The purpose of the infrared (IR) and radar study of the Apollo data is to establish lunar surface conditions in the vicinity of the orbital tracks of the Apollo command modules during the J-series missions. Correlations and comparisons between the Earth-based radar observations, IR observations, and other data will be plotted on photomaps produced from the mapping and panoramic cameras. In addition, the Apollo photography will be used to improve the classifications of the anomalous IR and radar features. The three sets of Earth-based data have already been obtained. The IR (11 μm) data (ref. 29-112) were obtained during a total lunar eclipse. More than a thousand thermally anomalous regions with an unusually high population of exposed boulders have been identified (ref. 29-113). The 70-cm radar backscatter observations made at the same resolution as the IR measurements show regions of anomalous backscatter. These regions have been explained as roughness caused by the boulders on the surface and below the surface. The high-resolution 3.8-cm radar backscatter measurements (ref. 29-114) reveal in great detail regions of anomalous radar backscatter. At this short radar wavelength, small-scale surface and subsurface roughness and boulders less than the order of 10 cm are responsible for the anomalous returns. Previous studies have revealed strong correlation between these three data sets (refs. 29-115 to 29-117). The strongest anomalies (anomalous at all three wavelengths) correspond to features interpreted geologically as young Copernican craters. There are, however, many combinations of enhancements from IR only, 70-cm radar only, 3.8-cm radar only, or combinations of two of these types but not a third. The variation of intensity in all combinations indicates a very complex set of features. These data provide information about the surface on a centimeter- and meter-sized scale although the basic instrumental resolution was 2 to 15 km. The Apollo orbital photography and observations at the landing sites, used in conjunction with the remote sensing data, can significantly improve geologic and geophysical interpretations of lunar surface conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Zisk, S., Masursky, H., Milton, D., Schaber, G.G., Shorthill, R., and Thompson, T., 1972, Photogeology: Part W: Apollo 16 landing site: summary of Earth-based remote sensing data, chap. of Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315), p. 29-105-29-110.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29-105","endPage":"29-110","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266618,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/as16psr.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5107ac1be4b0df796f216e92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zisk, S.H.","contributorId":35311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zisk","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masursky, Harold","contributorId":94304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, T.W.","contributorId":78736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70042578,"text":"70042578 - 1972 - Orbital-science investigation: Part B: photogrammetric analysis of Apollo 15 records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-12T14:19:49","indexId":"70042578","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"289","title":"Orbital-science investigation: Part B: photogrammetric analysis of Apollo 15 records","docAbstract":"The three cameras—stellar, mapping, and panoramic—together with the laser altimeter, all included in the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay, represent an integrated photogrammatric system with extraordinary potential for extending knowledge of the lunar figure, surface configuration, and geological structure.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Program","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Doyle, F.J., 1972, Orbital-science investigation: Part B: photogrammetric analysis of Apollo 15 records, chap. of Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289), p. 25-27-25-36.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"25-27","endPage":"25-36","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265590,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/as15psr.pdf"},{"id":265591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f2947ae4b0c9e41dd3ab7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Frederick J.","contributorId":46380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042874,"text":"70042874 - 1972 - Photogeology: Part B: Cayley Formation interpreted as basin ejecta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-27T18:30:49","indexId":"70042874","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"Photogeology: Part B: Cayley Formation interpreted as basin ejecta","docAbstract":"The discovery that samples returned from the Cayley Formation at the Apollo 16 landing site consist mainly of nonvolcanic breccias (secs. 6 and 7 of this report) suggests that the hypothesis in which light plains-forming materials may be ejecta from multi-ring basins should be reevaluated (refs 29-15 to 29-17). Improved information on the morphology and distribution of the Cayley Formation, provided by Apollo 16 orbital photography, leads to a concept in which the Cayley Formation was deposited as fluidized debris that traveled beyond the presently recognizable extent of the Imbrium Basin ejecta. An elaboration of this genetic model is in preparation; the description, a summary of the model, and its implications are presented in this subsection.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Eggleton, R.E., and Schaber, G.G., 1972, Photogeology: Part B: Cayley Formation interpreted as basin ejecta, chap. of Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315), p. 29-7-29-16.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"29-7","endPage":"29-16","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266579,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/as16psr.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51065a82e4b0f227c1e454c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleton, R. E.","contributorId":75154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042875,"text":"70042875 - 1972 - Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-27T18:47:19","indexId":"70042875","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin","docAbstract":"The Descartes highlands are adjacent to the terra plain on which the Apollo 16 lunar module landed (fig. 29-13). A variety of volcanic origins was proposed for the highlands before the mission (refs. 29-4, 29-21, and 29-35 to 29-37), but the returned samples of the area consist almost exclusively of nonvolcanic breccias. The breccias obtained from Stone Mountain have not been identified conclusively as sample materials of the Descartes Mountains (ref. 29-35). A volcanic origin is thus not yet precluded (sec. 6 of this report), but a review of possible impact-related origins seems to be appropriate. The orbital photography acquired during the Apollo 16 mission provides excellent imagery on which geomorphic interpretations may be based. No obvious local crater is a plausible source of the material, but there may be a relation to either the Nectaris or Imbrium Basin. The less degraded Orientale Basin (fig. 29-24) provides a model by which these comparisons can be made (part F of this section).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hodges, C.A., 1972, Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin, chap. of Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315), p. 29-20-29-23.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"29-20","endPage":"29-23","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266581,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/as16psr.pdf"},{"id":266582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51065a84e4b0f227c1e454c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Carroll Ann","contributorId":99144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Carroll","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13760,"text":"ofr71305 - 1971 - Preliminary report on the geology and field petrology at the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"ofr71305","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the geology and field petrology at the Apollo 15 landing site"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":16178,"text":"ofr72364 - 1972 - Documentation of the Apollo 15 samples","indexId":"ofr72364","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of the Apollo 15 samples"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":16181,"text":"ofr72371 - 1971 - Preliminary description of Apollo 15 sample environments","indexId":"ofr72371","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary description of Apollo 15 sample environments"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":47916,"text":"ofr7118 - 1971 - Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 15 mission","indexId":"ofr7118","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 15 mission"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":47979,"text":"ofr71273 - 1971 - Preliminary documentation of the Apollo 15 samples","indexId":"ofr71273","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary documentation of the Apollo 15 samples"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":5}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-12T13:56:08","indexId":"70042577","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"289","title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","docAbstract":"The Apollo 15 lunar module (LM) landed at longitude 03°39'20'' E, latitude 26°26'00'' N on the mare surface of Palus Putredinis on the eastern edge of the Imbrium Basin. The site is between the Apennine Mountain front and Hadley Rille. The objectives of the mission, in order of decreasing priority, were description and sampling of three major geologic features—the Apennine Front, Hadley Rille, and the mare.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Swann, G., Bailey, N.G., Batson, R.M., Freeman, V.L., Hait, M., Head, J., Holt, H.E., Howard, K.A., Irwin, J., Larson, K., Muehlberger, W., Reed, V.S., Rennilson, J.J., Schaber, G.G., Scott, D., Silver, L.T., Sutton, R.L., Ulrich, G., Wilshire, H.G., and Wolfe, E., 1972, Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site, chap. of Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289), p. 5-1-5-112.","productDescription":"112 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-112","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265588,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/as15psr.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f2962ae4b0c9e41dd3abab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, N. G.","contributorId":14408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, V. L.","contributorId":52958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holt, H. E.","contributorId":64694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Irwin, J.B.","contributorId":39270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Larson, K.B.","contributorId":55410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Muehlberger, W.R.","contributorId":66732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muehlberger","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Reed, V. S.","contributorId":58255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Rennilson, J. J.","contributorId":107336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rennilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Scott, D.R.","contributorId":86508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Silver, L. T.","contributorId":46968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Ulrich, G. E.","contributorId":88737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":5230115,"text":"5230115 - 1972 - An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species--With Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5230115","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":99,"text":"Wildlife Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 1","title":"An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species--With Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era","docAbstract":"The impact of pesticides on the mortality rates and recruitment rates of nongame birds during the last 25 years was evaluated by studying the population dynamics of 16 species. A mathematical model showing the relations between population parameters that yielded stable populations was developed. The information needed for the model included (1) mortality rate schedule (obtained from recoveries of banded birds), (2) recruitment rates, and (3) the age of sexual maturity. The rate of recruitment necessary for a stable population and/or the annual rate of change (increase or decrease) in population levels were estimated. Population parameters were compared to determine whether changes had occurred between time periods (i.e., 1925-45 vs. 1946-65). The great horned owl, red-shouldered hawk, sparrow hawk, osprey, barn owl, Cooper's hawk, red-tailed hawk, great blue heron, blackcrowned night heron, brown pelican, barn swallow, chimney swift, blue jay, blackcapped chickadee, cardinal, and robin were subjected to this analysis. No increase in postfledging mortality rates in any of the species was detected during the last 25 years (since 1945). Since there was no evidence of increased mortality rates it was concluded that accelerated declines in several of the species studied resulted from lowered reproductive success. Mortality rates were found to have decreased in the Cooper's hawk, sparrow hawk, great blue heron, and brown pelican and this was associated with a decrease in shooting pressure. Evidence of lower recruitment rates was found in the brown pelican, osprey, Cooper's hawk, red-shouldered hawk, and sparrow hawk. No changes in recruitment rates were noted in the red-tailed hawk, great horned owl, great blue heron, or barn owl. Information on recruitment rates was not available for comparison with the other species although rates of recruitment essential for a stable population were estimated. This work will provide the basis for making comparisons in future studies. No change in recruitment rates was apparent among species feeding primarily on mammals. Species exhibiting a lowered reproductive success since 1945 were those whose major food items consisted of fish, reptiles, amphibians, or birds. Lowered reproductive success was accompanied by a decrease in eggshell thickness. Other investigators have reported that sparrow hawks and mallard ducks fed a diet of DDE and dieldrin have produced thin eggshells under laboratory conditions, and exhibited a lower, reproductive success. Many of the bird species that have declined are those that consume food in which chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides have been concentrated through a series of transfers along food chains. The chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are believed responsible.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., 1972, An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species--With Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era: Wildlife Research Report No. 1, 99.","productDescription":"99","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200316,"text":"5200316 - 1972 - Food resources of the California condor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5200316","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":153,"text":"Administrative Report.","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Food resources of the California condor","docAbstract":"Conclusions and Recommendations: Although much of the above information is imprecise and inconclusive, it is evident that the condors foraging habitat is diminishing. Food supply probably is still adequate for free-ranging nonbreeding birds, but could become limited if current land use trends continue. Congregating condors on fewer and fewer acres could be detrimental in other ways. It seems the needs of condors can best be met by maintaining a continuous band of :foraging country throughout the species' horseshoe-shaped range. Public needs for open space and livestock agriculture can also be served by land use zoning, cooperative agreements, easements or other land controls implemented with consideration :for the condors' welfare. Of immediate concern is the declining food situation in the general vicinity of the active condor nests in the Sespe-Piru region. Reproduction is definitely depressed, and the reduced local food supply is the only apparent cause. Predicted future developments can only worsen the situation. A concerted effort should be made immediately to slow the loss of food and foraging area closest to the Sespe Condor Sanctuary including: (1) the Big Mountain-Newhall Ranch regions of southern Ventura County; (2) the arc of grassland around the southern and eastern boundaries of the Sespe Sanctuary; and (3) the Tejon Ranch. Within these areas efforts should be made to increase the amount of condor food by: (1) increasing the amount of livestock, if compatible with proper land use; (2) modifying procedures for disposal of dead livestock, so that more are available to condors; (3) encouraging (subsidizing) ranchers to sacrifice livestock for condor food at certain times o:f the year; and (4) developing a state or Federal supplemental feeding program utilizing cattle, deer or other carrion regularly distributed at close, protected feeding sites. If a convenient food supply is as important to reproduction as it appears, those nest sites closest to the best food source may become most productive and significant in the preservation of this species. These sites, which are in the Piru Creek area, are outside the boundaries o:f the Sespe Condor Sanctuary, but are recognized by the U.S. Forest Service (1971) as extremely important to condor survival. Protective measures recommended in the Forest Service plan should be implemented as soon as possible to preserve this area's usefulness as condor nesting habitat. Food may not be the factor currently limiting condor reproduction. However, the reproductive rate is inadequate to sustain the condor population for long. As food shortage has been shown to limit breeding in many species (Lack 1954, 1966), and as it is something which can be manipulated, it is a logical factor for further study and experimentation.","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Wilbur, S., 1972, Food resources of the California condor: Administrative Report., 18.","productDescription":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilbur, S.R.","contributorId":53908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010180,"text":"70010180 - 1972 - Influence of grounding ice on the Arctic shelf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-16T23:14:25.067807","indexId":"70010180","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of grounding ice on the Arctic shelf of Alaska","docAbstract":"Alaska's Beaufort Sea shelf is characterized by small-scale relief with an average amplitude of 1–2 m and wavelength of 50–100 m. Diving observations confirm that much of the bottom roughness reflects the action of grounded ice. Except for areas in the shadow of islands, bars, and offshore bathymetric highs, the entire shelf surface from the beach to at least the 75-m contour is now or has been modified by ice gouging. Ice contact with the bottom is more common, and rates of sedimentation higher on the inner shelf than on the outer shelf; the density of gouge features is about equal in both areas. Therefore, the chances are that an area of gouging on the inner shelf contains younger gouges than a similar area on the outer shelf.
When ice grounds, it becomes an important agent in the sedimentary and morphologic environment of the Arctic shelf, directly by deforming bottom deposits and secondarily by affecting the current regime near the sediment/ice contact. While bulldozing action and rafting do not seem to contribute significantly to the direct transport of sediment, re-suspension of bottom material during bulldozing, which makes sediment available for transport, may be significant.
A program to study the engineering geology of most of the larger Alaska coastal communities and to evaluate their earthquake and other geologic hazards was started promptly after the 1964 Alaska earthquake; this report is a product of that program. Field-study methods were largely reconnaissance, and thus the interpretations in the report are subject to revision as further information becomes available. The report provides broad guidelines for planners and engineers when considering geologic factors during preparation of land-use plans. The use of this information should lead to minimizing future loss of life and property, especially during major earthquakes.
Skagway was established in 1897 as a seaport near the head of Taiya Inlet fiord in the northern part of southeastern Alaska. Rugged mountains, steep-walled valleys, fiords, and numerous glaciers and icefields characterize the landscape of the area. Valley floors are narrow and most carry large streams, which end in tidewater deltas. Skagway is situated on the delta and lower valley floor of the Skagway River.
Glaciers became vastly enlarged during the Pleistocene Epoch and presumably covered the area at least several times. The last major deglaciation probably occurred about 10,000 years ago. Subsequently, there was minor expansion and then partial retreat of glaciers; land rebound because of glacial melting is still going on today.
Bedrock is composed predominantly of plutonic intrusive rocks, chiefly quartz diorite and granodiorite, some metamorphic rocks and a few dikes are present. Most bedrock is of Jurassic and Cretaceous age.
An assortment of surficial deposits of Quaternary age form the valley bottoms and locally part of the valley walls. Thick deposits of sand and gravel have accumulated as deltas at the heads of fiords and as alluvium in the main stream valleys; deposits may be as much as S8S feet thick at Skagway. Locally, thin deposits mantle some of the steep bedrock slopes and also form some moderately to gently sloping ground. Manmade fill covers much of the top of the delta and floor of the Skagway valley. The fill is composed chiefly of gravel and sand. Quarried blocks of granodiorite are used as riprap to face river dikes and on fill areas exposed to waves of Taiya Inlet.
The geologic structure of the area is imperfectly known. However, it appears that plutonic rocks intruded metamorphic rocks in Jurassic and Cretaceous time. Extensive faulting is strongly indicated by the strikingly linear or curvilinear pattern of fiords and many large and small valleys, but no major faults have been positively identified because of concealment by water or surficial deposits. Inferred faults include those coincident with the lower Skagway valley, Taiya Inlet-Taiya valley, and the Katzehin River delta-Upper Dewey Lake. Principal fault movements probably occurred in middle Tertiary time but some movement might have been in late Tertiary or possibly early Quaternary time. Local faults appear to join the Chilkat River fault, a segment of the important Denali fault system, one of the major tectonic elements of southeastern Alaska. One fault segment of this system shows evidence of movement within the last several hundred years. Southeastern Alaska's other major fault system is the active Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system'near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. This fault system passes to within about 100 miles of Skagway. At its northwest end the fault system merges with the Chugach-St. Elias fault.
One hundred twenty-two earthquakes, some of them strong, have been felt or possibly felt at Skagway during the years 1898 through 1969. The closest large earthquake (magnitude about 8) causing some damage at Skagway occurred July 10, 1958. Its epicenter was about 100 miles to the southwest. Other earthquakes, as much as 150 miles away, also have caused slight to moderate damage. The closest instrumentally recorded earthquake (magnitude 6) had its epicenter about 30 miles to the west of Skagway.
Most earthquakes in southeastern Alaska have occurred southwest, west, or northwest of Skagway, near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. They appear to be related to movement along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or the Chugach-St. Elias fault. Most have had their epicenters offshore. Some earthquakes may be related to movement at depth along the Denali fault system.
The probability of destructive earthquakes at Skagway is unknown because the tectonics of the region have not been studied in detail. However, on the basis of the seismic record and limited tectonic evidence, we suggest that sometime in the future an earthquake of at least magnitude 6 probably will occur very close to the city, a magnitude 7 earthquake might occur in the general area, and an earthquake of magnitude 8 probably will occur at some distance to the southwest, west, or northwest.
Effects from nearby large earthquakes could cause extensive damage at Skagway. Nine principal effects are considered.
1. Surface displacement. Displacement of ground caused by fault movement would affect only structures built athwart the fault. However, a sudden tectonic uplift of land of as much as a few feet might affect a wide area and necessitate extensive dredging and wharf rebuilding. On the other hand, a subsidence of several feet would allow tidewater to reach inland and flood part of the harbor facilities and the business district.
2. Ground shaking. Because intensity of ground shaking during earthquakes largely depends on type and water content of the geologic material being shaken, the geologic materials are separated into three categories. Those considered susceptible to strongest shaking are grouped into category 1 (containing materials that are saturated, loose, and of medium- to fine-grain sizes); those of intermediate susceptibility in category 2; and those least susceptible to shaking in category 3.
3. Compaction of some medium-grained sediments during strong earthquake shaking could cause local settling of alluvial and deltaic surfaces. Also, some manmade fills near the harbor might undergo marked differential settling.
4. Liquefaction of saturated beds of uniform, fine sand commonly occurs during strong earthquakes. Few such beds, however, are positively identified at Skagway; some may occur within deltaic and alluvial deposits. If present, these beds might liquefy and cause local settling or trigger landslides.
5. Ejection of water-sediment mixtures from earthquake-induced fractures or from point sources, plus some associated ground subsidence, is common during major earthquakes where saturated sand and fine gravel deposits are confined beneath generally impermeable beds. Some alluvial and deltaic deposits at Skagway probably are susceptible to these processes. Locally, ejecta might cover roads and areas between buildings and fill low-lying areas. Associated ground fracturing might damage roadways, foundations of buildings, and other facilities.
6. Subaerial and subaqueous slides occur frequently during earthquakes. Saturated loose sediments on steep slopes are especially susceptible to sliding. During a major earthquake, surficial deposits forming such slopes along the southeast side of the Skagway valley probably would be subject to sliding or earthflowing on an extensive scale. Some sliding might extend onto the valley floor and damage or destroy buildings and part of the railroad. Rockfalls would be numerous and locally very large rockslides might occur.
Subaqueous sliding of the Skagway delta is potentially the most damaging of earthquake effects. Sliding may have occurred there during the earthquake of September 16, 1899; any future major earthquake close to the city would cause extensive sliding, possibly triggered in part by liquefaction. If shaking continued for several minutes, successive slides might progressively remove large portions of the delta and allow extensive land spreading and fracturing of Skagway River alluvium as much as several thousand feet landward from the shoreline.
7. Glacier surfaces commonly receive extensive snow avalanches and rockslides during seismic shaking. In the Skagway area, glaciers may be disrupted at their margins, and resulting blocked streams might form lakes in a few places. If these lakes drained suddenly, downstream areas would he flooded. No long-term effects, such as glacier expansion, are expected.
8. Ground- and surface-water levels often are affected during and after strong earthquake shaking. At Skagway, ground-water levels probably would be lowered, but there would be no permanent change in water quality. Earthquake-triggered landslides could dam the Skagway River; the sudden failure of the dams might cause severe flooding.
9. Waves generated by earthquakes include tsunamis, seiche waves, and waves caused by subaerial and submarine sliding and tectonic displacement of land. Damage in the Skagway area would depend on wave height, tidal stage, and warning time. Some waves triggered by subaerial and subaqueous slides have a strong possibility of reaching heights of as much as 60 feet--or possibly even higher. Tsunamis from the open ocean must travel 160 miles of fiords before reaching Skagway, which allows sufficient time for appraisal of expectable wave height and, if necessary, evacuation of the harbor area and other low-lying ground.
Geologic hazards other than those hazards associated with earthquakes include nonearthquake-induced subaerial and subaqueous slides, floods, and slow uplift (rebound) of land. Landslides of moderate size are known to have occurred from time to time during heavy rains such as those of September 1967. Subaqueous slides happen intermittently during the normal growth of deltas. Submarine cables on the floor of northern Taiya Inlet presumably were broken by such slides on September 10, 1927. Flooding by the Skagway River has inundated parts of the city many times, usually during heavy rains in the fall. Two floods were reported to have been caused by the sudden draining of glacier-dammed lakes. Dikes protect the city from many smaller floods, but heightening and broadening is needed to give full protection. Slow land uplift at Skagway, because of regional glacioisostatic rebound, averages 0.059 foot per year. On this basis, the shoreline theoretically shifted seaward 500 feet and the harbor shoaled 4.4 feet between 1897 and 1972.
It is recommended that future geologic study of the Skagway area include: detailed geologic mapping and collection of data on geologic materials, joints, faults, and slope stability; complete evaluation of earthquake probability and response of materials to shaking; and collection and evaluation of periodic soundings and sediment data from Skagway and Taiya deltas to assist in forecasting the stability of the delta front.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72454","usgsCitation":"Yehle, L.A., and Lemke, R.W., 1972, Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Skagway area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-454, Report: iv, 108 p.; 4 Plates: 35.77 x 18.67 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72454.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 108 p.; 4 Plates: 35.77 x 18.67 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427161,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0454/figure-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427160,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0454/figure-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427159,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0454/figure-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427158,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0454/figure-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0454/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0454/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"9600","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Skagway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.3463249696411,\n 59.48810534833572\n ],\n [\n -135.3463249696411,\n 59.40680330286153\n ],\n [\n -135.22164285027563,\n 59.40680330286153\n ],\n [\n -135.22164285027563,\n 59.48810534833572\n ],\n [\n -135.3463249696411,\n 59.48810534833572\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6443d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":173260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemke, Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15187,"text":"ofr72268 - 1972 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15187,"text":"ofr72268 - 1972 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","indexId":"ofr72268","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70010948,"text":"70010948 - 1975 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","indexId":"70010948","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70010948,"text":"70010948 - 1975 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","indexId":"70010948","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T18:57:24.86096","indexId":"ofr72268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-268","title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of surface and subsurface sediments to a maximum depth of 244 feet below the sea floor shows that natural mercury anomalies from 0.2 to 1.3 ppm have been present in northeastern Bering Sea since early Pliocene. The anomalies and mean values are highest in modern beach (maximum 1.3 and mean 0.22 ppm Hg) and nearshore subsurface gravels (maximum 0.6 and mean .06 ppm Hg) along the highly mineralized Seward Peninsula and in organic rich silt (maximum 0.16 and mean 0.10 ppm Hg) throughout the region; the mean values are lowest in offshore sands (0.03 ppm Hg). Although gold mining may be partially responsible for high mercury levels in the beaches near Nome, Alaska, equally high or greater concentrations of mercury occur in ancient glacial sediments immediately offshore (0.6 ppm) and in modern unpolluted beach sediments at Bluff (0.45 - 1.3 ppm); this indicates that the contamination effects of mining may be no greater than natural concentration processes in the Seward Peninsula region. The background content of mercury (0.03) throughout the central area of northeastern Bering Sea is similar to that elsewhere in the world. The low mean values (0.04 ppm) even immediately offshore from mercury-rich beaches, suggests that in the surface sediments of northeastern Bering Sea, the highest concentrations are limited to the beaches near mercury sources; occasionally, however, low mercury anomalies occur offshore in glacial drift derived from mercury source regions of Chukotka and Seward Peninsula and reworked by Pleistocene shoreline processes. The minimal values offshore may be attributable to beach entrapment of heavy minerals containing mercury and/or dilution effects of modern sedimentation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72268","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Pierce, D., Leong, K., and Wang, F., 1972, Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-268, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72268.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418963,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0268/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0268/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -174.52966588571758,\n 64.07996762645567\n ],\n [\n -174.52966588571758,\n 53.979342251454085\n ],\n [\n -157.99607380152727,\n 53.979342251454085\n ],\n [\n -157.99607380152727,\n 64.07996762645567\n ],\n [\n -174.52966588571758,\n 64.07996762645567\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":34909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, D.E.","contributorId":88083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leong, Kam","contributorId":103660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leong","given":"Kam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, F.F.","contributorId":32797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5840,"text":"pp506B - 1972 - A rainfall-runoff simulation model for estimation of flood peaks for small drainage basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:55","indexId":"pp506B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"506","chapter":"B","title":"A rainfall-runoff simulation model for estimation of flood peaks for small drainage basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp506B","usgsCitation":"Dawdy, D., Lichty, R.W., and Bergmann, J.M., 1972, A rainfall-runoff simulation model for estimation of flood peaks for small drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 506, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp506B.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0506b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32599,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0506b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawdy, D.R.","contributorId":99956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawdy","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lichty, Robert W.","contributorId":7697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergmann, James M.","contributorId":12471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergmann","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5770,"text":"pp796 - 1972 - Structural and stratigraphic framework, and spatial distribution of permeability of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, North Carolina to New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T22:46:52.726017","indexId":"pp796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"796","title":"Structural and stratigraphic framework, and spatial distribution of permeability of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, North Carolina to New York","docAbstract":"This report describes and interprets the results of a detailed subsurface mapping program undertaken in that part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain which extends from the South Carolina and North Carolina border through Long Island, N.Y. Data obtained from more than 2,200 wells are analyzed. Seventeen chronostratigraphic units are mapped in the subsurface. They range in age from Jurassic(?) to post-Miocene. The purpose of the mapping program was to determine the external and internal geometry of mappable chronostratigraphic units and to derive and construct a permeability-distribution network for each unit based upon contrasts in the textures and compositions of its contained sediments.
The report contains a structure map and a combined isopach, lithofacies, and permeability-distribution map for each of the chronostratigraphic units delineated in the subsurface. In addition, it contains a map of the top of the basement surface. These maps, together with 36 stratigraphic cross sections, present a three-dimensional view of the regional subsurface hydrogeology. They provide focal points of reference for a discussion of regional tectonics, structure, stratigraphy, and permeability distribution. Taken together and in chronologic sequence, the maps constitute a detailed sedimentary model, the first such model to be constructed for the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain.
The chronostratigraphic units mapped record a structural history dominated by lateral and vertical movement along a system of intersecting hinge zones. Taphrogeny, related to transcurrent faulting, is the dominant type of deformation that controlled the geometry of the sedimentary model.
Twelve of the seventeen chronostratigraphic units mapped have depositional alinements and thickening trends that are independent of the present-day configuration of the underlying basement surface. These 12 units, classified as genetically unrooted units, are assigned to a first-order tectonic stage. A structural model is proposed whose alinements of positive and negative structural features are accordant with the depositional geometry of the chronostratigraphic units assigned to this tectonic stage. The dominant features of the structural model are northeast-plunging half grabens arranged en echelon and bordered by northeast-plunging fault-block anticlines. Tension-type hinge zones that strike north lie athwart the half grabens.
Five of the seventeen chronostratigraphic units mapped have depositional alinements and thickening trends that are accordant with the present-day configuration of the underlying basement surface. These five units, classified as genetically rooted units, are assigned to a second-order tectonic stage. A structural model is proposed whose alinements of positive and negative features are accordant with the depositional geometry of the chronostratigraphic units assigned to this tectonic stage. The dominant feature of this model is a graben that stands tangential to southeast-plunging asymmetrical anticlines. Tension-type hinge zones that strike northeast lie athwart the graben.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp796","usgsCitation":"Brown, P.M., Miller, J.A., and Swain, F.M., 1972, Structural and stratigraphic framework, and spatial distribution of permeability of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, North Carolina to New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 796, Report: v, 79 p.; 59 Plates: 57.00 × 38.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp796.","productDescription":"Report: v, 79 p.; 59 Plates: 57.00 × 38.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-230","title":"Regional and other general factors bearing on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards to coastal communities of southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"The great Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, brought into sharp focus the need for engineering geologic studies in seismically active regions. As a result, nine communities in southeastern Alaska were selected for reconnaissance investigations as an integral part of an overall program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. This report gives background information on the regional and other general factors that bear on these evaluations.
Southeastern Alaska, about 525 miles long and averaging about 125 miles in width, consists of a narrow mainland strip and numerous islands. For the most part, it is a region of rugged relief with numerous glaciers capping many of the higher mountainous areas and with long linear fiords forming the inland waterways. A maritime climate prevails with mild winters and cool summers. The southeastern part of the region receives the highest precipitation in the continental United States. Ketchikan, with a population of 6,994 in 1970, is the largest city. Geology and structure of the area are complex. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks crop out and range in age from Paleozoic to Tertiary. Surficial deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age mantle many areas.
All of southeastern Alaska, except probably the highest peaks, was covered by glacier ice advances of late Pleistocene age. Major deglaciation was well advanced by 10,000 years ago--a time which approximately marks the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. There followed a period of warm climate called the Hypsithermal, which in southeastern Alaska began 7,000-8,000 years ago and ended about 4,800-3,500 years ago. Glaciers in most places receded back of their present positions. The Hypsithermal was followed by an interval (termed Neoglaciation) of cooler climate and resurgence of glacier ice which continues to the present, although most glaciers are now rapidly receding.
During the past 10,000 years worldwide sea level has risen about 100 feet, but during the past 4,000 years it has risen only about 10 feet or about 0.03 inch per year. With sea level used as a datum, the amount of sea-level rise must be added to the apparent uplift of land for the time under consideration to determine the actual amount of land uplift.
The widespread presence of emergent marine deposits, several hundred feet above sea level, demonstrates that the land in southeastern Alaska has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known uplift is in the vicinity of Juneau where glaciomarine deposits are present 750 feet above present sea level. Part of southeastern Alaska is presently undergoing one of the most rapid rates of uplift of any place in the world. The fastest emergence is occurring in the Glacier Bay area where the land is being uplifted relative to sea level approximately 3.9 cm per year. Most or all of the uplift appears to be due to rebound as a result of deglaciation.
Southeastern Alaska lies within the circum-Pacific earthquake belt, one of the world's greatest zones of seismic activity. During historic time, there have been five earthquakes in the region with magnitudes of 8 or greater, three with magnitudes of 7 to 8, eight with magnitudes of 6 to 7, more than 15 with magnitudes of 5 to 6, and about 140 recorded earthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 5 or of unassigned magnitudes. All of the earthquakes with magnitudes 8 or greater, and a large proportion of the others, appear to be related to the active Fairweather- Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or its western extension, the Chugach-St. Elias fault. Earthquake epicenters on the Denali fault system, the other major fault system in southeastern Alaska, are few in comparison. However, because high microearthquake activity has been recorded recently on this system and earthquakes of moderate size have occurred on some of its segments, the Denali fault system probably should not be dismissed as a relict fault system of no current tectonic importance. There are numerous other known faults, as well as lineaments that may be faults of varying degrees of tectonic activity in southeastern Alaska, adjacent Canada, and eastern Alaska. One of these elements is the Totschunda fault system, which connects with the Denali fault system in eastern Alaska; it has been very active during Holocene time but few historical earthquake epicenters appear to be related to it.
Both historical seismicity and geologic conditions, such as frequency and recency of faulting, must be considered together to permit an assessment of the future earthquake probability of an area. Data are too few for both factors for an accurate evaluation to be made of earthquake probability in southeastern Alaska. However, information compiled in the form of strain-release and seismic-zone maps permit some generalizations. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that most, if not all, of southeastern Alaska should be placed in seismic zone 3, a zone in which earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 will occur from time to time and where there may be major damage to manmade structures.
Inferred effects from future earthquakes in southeastern Alaska include: (1) surface displacement along faults and other tectonic land-level changes, (2) ground shaking, (3) compaction, (4) liquefaction in cohesionless materials, (5) reaction of sensitive and quick clays, (6) water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing, (7) earthquake-induced sub aerial slides and slumps, (8) earthquake induced subaqueous slides, (9) effects on glaciers and related features, (10) effects on ground water and stream flow, and (11) tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves. Because of the reconnaissance nature of our studies in the coastal communities and the sparsity of laboratory data on physical properties of geologic units in each area studied, the inferred effects must be largely empirical and generalized. Therefore, the inferences are based in large part upon the effects of past major earthquakes in Alaska and elsewhere, particularly upon the well-documented effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964.
Buildings, highways, bridges, tunnels, harbor facilities, pipelines, canals, and other manmade structures may be severely damaged or destroyed by fault displacement or related tectonic land-level changes in southeastern Alaska. Direct damage from fault rupture would be restricted virtually to structures built directly athwart the fault. In California and Nevada, fault rupture almost always accompanies shocks of magnitude 6.5 or greater. The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, and the Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, dramatically illustrated the severe adverse effects that can result from uplift or subsidence over a wide area.
The variable most responsible for the degree of shaking at any epicentral distance is the type of ground. Generally, shaking is considerably greater in poorly consolidated deposits than in hard bedrock, particularly if the deposits are water saturated. Severe shaking of alluvial deposits and manmade fill, with resultant heavy damage, is well documented from the records of many past earthquakes.
Damage commonly has been heavy as a result of ground settlement caused by compaction of loose sediments by shaking during an earthquake. This has been especially true where compaction was accompanied by tectonic downdrop of land, such as occurred during the Chilean earthquake of 1960 and the Alaska earthquake of 1964. Loosely emplaced manmade fill, deltaic deposits, beach deposits, and alluvial deposits may be susceptible to compaction in southeastern Alaska during a severe earthquake.
Liquefaction of sand and silt is a fairly common effect of large earthquakes. It was well illustrated at Niigata, Japan, during the earthquake of June 16, 1964, and resulted in extensive damage. When part of a sloping soil mass liquefies, the entire mass can undergo catastrophic failure and can flow as a high-density liquid. In southeastern Alaska, deltaic deposits probably would be most susceptible to liquefaction.
Sensitive and quick clays, which lose a considerable part of their strength when shaken, commonly fail during an earthquake and become rapid earthflows. Extensive studies were made of the sensitivity of the Bootlegger Cove Clay at Anchorage because of the marked loss of shear strength and dramatic failures of the deposits during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. If similar sensitive clays are present in some places in southeastern Alaska, they most likely are in some of the emergent fine-grained marine deposits; supporting data to confirm their presence, however, are largely lacking.
Records of some 50 major earthquakes show that in at least half of the instances water and sediment have been ejected from surficial deposits Water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing commonly cause extensive damage to the works of man. Ejecta may fill basements and other low-lying parts of buildings. Agricultural land can be covered with a blanket of infertile soils, and small ponds can be filled or made shallow. In southeastern Alaska these phenomena are most likely to occur on valley floors, deltas, tidal flats, alluvial fans, swamps, and lakeshores.
Earthquake-induced sliding on land generally is confined to steep slopes but may take place in fine-grained deposits on moderately to nearly flat surfaces if the deposits are subject to liquefaction. A large rockslide triggered by the Lituya Bay, Alaska, earthquake of July 10, 1958, generated a wave that surged up the opposite wall of the inlet to a record height of 1,740 feet. During the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959, a spectacular rockslide plunged into the Madison River canyon, buried 28 people, dammed the river, and created a large lake. Earthquake-records are replete with accounts of sliding of surficial deposits during moderate to large earthquakes. Most or all of the general factors that favor subaerial landsliding are present in southeastern Alaska.
Earthquake-induced subaqueous slides can produce adverse effects both nearshore and some distance offshore. Nearshore sliding may progress shoreward and destroy harbor facilities and other structures, commonly with substantial loss of life. Disastrous large submarine slides occurred along the fronts of deltas in Seward and Valdez during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. In similar fashion, the largest submarine slides in southeastern Alaska likely will be triggered along the larger delta fronts. Sliding farther offshore can constitute a threat to navigation because of changes in water depths. Also underwater sliding can break communication cables.
Glaciers were not greatly affected by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 despite the fact that about 20 percent of the area that underwent strong shaking is covered by ice. In contrast, the cataclysmic avalanche of ice and rock that fell from a high glacier-covered peak in Peru during the earthquake of May 31, 1970, produced devastating effects downvalley on man and his works in the form of mudflows. Most towns in southeastern Alaska are sufficiently distant from glaciers so as not be to directly affected.
Both the Alaska earthquake of 1964 and the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of 1959 significantly affected ground- and surface-water regimens. Water levels in some wells declined whereas in others flow increased. Some springs discharged at a rate three times as much as normal; flow of others decreased or stopped. Discharge of many streams increased markedly. Most or all of the effects described above could occur in parts of southeastern Alaska during future large earthquakes.
Tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves associated with large earthquakes commonly cause vast property damage and heavy loss of life. Tsunami effects can be devastating to coastal areas as far as many thousands of miles from their generation source. Seiche effects generally are confined to inland bodies of water or to relatively enclosed coastal bodies of water. Abnormal waves generated by submarine sliding or by subaerial sliding into water generally produce only local effects but may be highly devastating. Tsunami waves resulting from the Chilean earthquake of 1960 inflicted extensive damage and loss of life on coastal communities throughout a large part of southern Chile, and significant runups and damage were recorded in many places throughout the Pacific Ocean area. The tsunami waves generated by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 struck with devastating force along a broad stretch of the Alaska coast and produced heavy property damage and loss of life as far away as Crescent City, Calif. Seiche waves generated by that earthquake reached runup heights of 20-30 feet on some lakes in Alaska, and water-level fluctuations were recorded on streams, reservoirs, lakes, and swimming pools in States bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Waves generated by submarine sliding struck violently at a number of places during or immediately after the quake and were the major cause of loss of life and damage to property. Slide-generated waves probably would have a higher destructive potential in southeastern Alaska than either tsunami waves or seiche waves because of their possibly higher local runups and because they can hit the shores almost without warning during or immediately after an earthquake.
Nonearthquake-related geologic hazards, although generally far less dramatic than those related to earthquakes, tend to occur so much more frequently or persistently that their aggregate effects can be significant. Three kinds of geologic hazards of this type are discussed: (1) nonearthquake-induced landsliding and subaqueous sliding, (2) flooding, and (3) land uplift.
The potential for nonearthquake-triggered landsliding in southeastern Alaska ranges widely from place to place. Past sliding generally furnishes the clue in the prediction of where and in what materials future sliding will occur. Fast-moving rockslides, debris slides, and mudflows can be expected to occur from time to time on steep slopes and be highly destructive to highways, power plants, pipelines, buildings, and other facilities located on a slope or at its base. Present slow downslope movement of talus can be expected to continue at the same general rate unless conditions are changed by man or there are climatic changes. Snow and debris avalanches can be especially hazardous during winter months. Long-inactive landslides may be triggered into renewed activity or new slides may be created by man-induced modifications. Accelerated slope erosion and debris flows may follow large-scale clearing and cutting of timber. Subaqueous sliding can be expected to occur periodically along fronts of deltas and on other oversteepened underwater slopes.
Floods have been common in parts of southeastern Alaska because of heavy precipitation and rapid runoff from steep slopes with resulting heavy damage to roads and other facilities. Continued damage can be expected in the future unless more remedial measures are taken.
Current uplift of land in southeastern Alaska, although probably not affecting man significantly in a short period of time, may have some adverse long-term effects. These long-term effects should be borne in mind when facilities such as docks and boat harbors are constructed on or near the shore, where there is a critical relation between height of land and water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72230","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R.W., and Yehle, L.A., 1972, Regional and other general factors bearing on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards to coastal communities of southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-230, ii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72230.","productDescription":"ii, 99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425551,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0230/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14665,"text":"ofr72229 - 1972 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Haines area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:00","indexId":"ofr72229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-229","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Haines area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","docAbstract":"The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, brought into sharp focus the need for engineering geologic studies in urban areas. Study of the Haines area constitutes an integral part of an overall program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. The evaluations of geologic hazards that follow, although based only upon reconnaissance studies and, therefore, subject to revision, will provide broad guidelines useful in city and land-use planning. It is hoped that the knowledge gained will result in new facilities being built in the best possible geologic environments and being designed so as to minimize future loss of life and property damage. \r\n\r\nHaines, which is in the northern part of southeastern Alaska approximately 75 miles northwest of Juneau, had a population, of about 700 people in 1970. It is built at the northern end of the Chilkat Peninsula and lies within the Coast Mountains of the Pacific Mountain system. The climate is predominantly marine and is characterized by mild winters and cool summers. The mapped area described in this report comprises about 17 square miles of land; deep fiords constitute most of the remaining mapped area that is evaluated in this study. \r\n\r\nThe Haines area was covered by glacier ice at least once and probably several times during the Pleistocene Epoch. The presence of emergent marine deposits, several hundred feet above sea level, demonstrates that the land has been uplifted relative to sea level since the last major deglaciation of the region about 10,000 years ago. The rate of relative uplift of the land at Haines during the past 39 years is 2.26 cm per year. Most or all of this uplift appears to be due to rebound as a result of deglaciation. \r\n\r\nBoth bedrock and surficial deposits are present in the area. Metamorphic and igneous rocks constitute the exposed bedrock. The metamorphic rocks consist of metabasalt of Mesozoic age and pyroxenite of probable early middle Cretaceous age. The igneous rocks consist of diorite and quartz diorite (tonalite) of Cretaceous age. Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age may be present in the mapped area but are not exposed. The surficial deposits of Quaternary age,-have been divided into the following map units on the basis of time Of deposition, mode of origin, and grain size: (1) undifferentiated drift deposits, (2) outwash and Ice-contact deposits; (3) elevated fine-grained marine deposits, (4) elevated shore and delta deposits, (5) alluvial fan deposits, (6) colluvial deposits, (7) modern beach deposits, (8) Chilkat River flood-plain and delta deposits, and (9) manmade fill. Offshore deposits are described but are not mapped.\r\n\r\nSoutheastern Alaska lies within the tectonically active belt that rims the northern Pacific Basin and has been active since at least early Paleozoic time. The outcrop pattern is the result of late Mesozoic and Tertiary deformational, metamorphic, and intrusive events. Large-scale faulting has been common. The two most prominent inferred fault systems in southeastern Alaska and surrounding regions are: (1) The Denali fault system and (2) the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system. In the general area of Haines, rocks of Mesozoic age northeast of Chilkat River have a simple monoclinal structure. Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks southwest of Chilkat River are gently to rather complexly folded. Several major and numerous minor faults probably transect the general area of Haines but their exact location and character can only be inferred because their traces are coincident to the long axes of fiords and river valleys, where they are concealed by water or by valley-floor deposits. Inferred faults in or near the Haines mapped area are: (1) Chilkat River fault, (2) Chilkoot fault, (3) Takhin fault, and (4) faults in the saddle area at Haines. \r\n\r\nSoutheastern Alaska lies in one of the two most seismically active zones in Alaska, a State where 6 percent of the world's shallow earthqua","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr72229","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R.W., and Yehle, L.A., 1972, Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Haines area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-229, iii, 109 p. :ill. (some folded), maps (2 folded) ;27 cm.; 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72229.","productDescription":"iii, 109 p. :ill. (some folded), maps (2 folded) ;27 cm.; 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106529,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8686.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8686"},{"id":147830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43376,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0229/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43377,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemke, Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14396,"text":"ofr72204 - 1972 - Reconnaissance geology of the Jabal Bitran quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:08","indexId":"ofr72204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-204","title":"Reconnaissance geology of the Jabal Bitran quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Jabal Bitten quadrangle covers an area of 2833 sq km in the \r\neastern part of the Precambrian Shield in Saudi Arabia. The rocks in \r\nthe quadrangle are divided geographically alone arcuate north-trending \r\nlines into an eastern area of granite intruded by a swarm of dikes of \r\nrhyolite and andesite, and a western area of dominantly pelitic \r\nchlorite-sericite schist, separated by the narrow central complex of \r\nthe Idsas Range. This complex is composed of pyroclastic rocks, lava, \r\nconglomerate, marble, and plutonic mafic rocks that have been intricately modified by episodes of metamorphism, igneous intrusion, and \r\nfaulting. The Idsas Range contains ancient gold and copper mines, \r\nand deposits of magnetite, copper, asbestos, and chromite. \r\n\r\nThe rocks in the Jabal Bitten quadrangle are here interpreted to \r\nconsist of three major sedimentary and volcanic groups, the lowermost \r\nof which was deposited unconformably on hornblende-biotite granite \r\ngneiss, and all of which are intruded by granite dikes and plutons. \r\nFrom oldest to youngest the layered rocks are called Halaban Group, \r\nBi'r Khountina Group, and Murdama Group, A biotite-hornblende granite \r\nis older than uppermost Bi'r Khountina, and peralkalic granite is \r\nyounger than Murdama. \r\n\r\nThe layered rocks of these groups are generally metamorphosed to \r\nthe greenschist facies. The metamorphic grade rises abruptly at the \r\nIdsas Range to the albite-epidote-amphibolite facies and lower subfacies of the amphibolite facies in parts of the Halaban Group; some \r\nskarn east of the range may be in the upper part of the amphibolite \r\nfacies. Characteristically, the Halaban Group has the highest grade \r\nand the greatest range in metamorphic grade, and the Murdama Group \r\nhas the lowest but most uniformly developed metamorphic grade. The \r\nmetamorphism of the rocks was caused by three successive pulses of \r\nregional dynamothermal metamorphism plus contact metamorphism around \r\nthe younger bodies of plutonic igneous rocks. \r\n\r\nFour major structural elements of the quadrangle are reflected \r\nin the geography and geologic units. These are a mantled gneiss dome \r\non the east separated from a north-plunging synclinorium in rocks of the Murdama and Bi?r Khountina Groups on the west by a narrow dejective zone of the Halaban and lower Bi?r Khountina. The dejective zone is much modified by impricate overthrusts and accompanying tear faults. These major faults have pushed elements of the Halaban and Bi?r Khountina westward over Bi?r Khountina and Murdama, with the result that very complex fault patterns have evolved.\r\n\r\nOpen geochemical reconnaissance of the area disclosed one positive anomaly for nickel and 40 threshold indications of several elements, principally nickel, chromium, copper, and tungsten. Heavy-mineral and radiometric reconnaissance showed 18 areas containing scheelite and/or powellite and four areas of anomalous radioactivity. Most of these features are in the dejective zone, as are five of the nine ancient workings, the massive and disseminated magnetite, most of the secondary copper minerals, and the traces of asbestos, magnesite, and chromite known in the quadrangle. The mantled gneiss dome and a complex of gabbro and amphibolite on its southwestern flank are the next most mineralized areas. Scant evidence of mineralization is present in the Murdama Group west of the dejective zone.\r\n\r\nMagnetite deposits at Jabal Idsas have the greatest potential of the mineral deposits in the Jabal Bitran quadrangle. Further study of gold at Fawara and Selib mines is recommended, as is investigation of a positive nickel anomaly that shows threshold cobalt and above background radioactivity. The garnetiferous skarn in the east-central part of the quadrangle should be examined for composition and abrasive character of the garnet and for the remote possibility of tungsten in scheelite and beryllium in helvite.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr72204","usgsCitation":"Kahr, V.P., Overstreet, W., Whitlow, J.W., and Ankary, A., 1972, Reconnaissance geology of the Jabal Bitran quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-204, iii, 70 leaves :ill. (some col.), folded map ;28 cm.; 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72204.","productDescription":"iii, 70 leaves :ill. (some col.), folded map ;28 cm.; 1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43074,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0204/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahr, Viktor P.","contributorId":99569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahr","given":"Viktor","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overstreet, W.C.","contributorId":105294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitlow, J. W.","contributorId":63810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ankary, A.O.","contributorId":74016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankary","given":"A.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":950,"text":"wsp1939C - 1972 - Electrical-analog analysis of the hydrologic system, Tucson basin, southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1939C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1939","chapter":"C","title":"Electrical-analog analysis of the hydrologic system, Tucson basin, southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"The water supply for the Tucson basin, Arizona, is derived entirely from ground water. The average annual pumpage for 1962-64 was about 165,000 acre-feet and was greater than the natural rate of ground-water recharge. Water-level declines of as much as 70 feet occurred from spring 1940 to spring 1965 as a result of the overdraft. \r\n\r\nAn electrical-analog model of the hydrologic system was constructed to provide a tool for determining the possible future effects of ground-water management schemes. Basic data required for the simulation of the hydrologic system in the model included periodic water-level measurements, determinations of transmissibility, and pumpage and recharge values. The model was analyzed using steady-state and storage-depletion techniques. The steady state analysis served to determine the average annual recharge to the hydrologic system and to verify the pattern of transmissibility. The steady-state analysis indicated that 97,000 acre-feet of water was entering and leaving the ground-water reservoir annually prior to extensive development. The storage-depletion analysis for 1940-64 was made to verify that the model was a valid analog of the hydrologic system and, therefore, could be used for the prediction of future water-level conditions. The storage-depletion analysis indicated areas where some of the basic-data values and (or) the conceptual design of the hydrologic system used in the model were in error. After all the hydrologic variables simulated in the model had been adjusted, the analog model reasonably simulated the historical field data. Based on the assumption that pumpage and recharge would continue at existing rates and locations, the model was then used to predict water-level conditions in spring 1985. The results of the projection indicate a maximum water-level decline of 140 feet for 1940-84. The predicted overall shapes of the cones of depression will remain about the same as in the historical period, except that a large amount of lateral development will take place in all the cones.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1939C","usgsCitation":"Anderson, T.W., 1972, Electrical-analog analysis of the hydrologic system, Tucson basin, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1939, 1 portfolio (iv, p. illus.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1939C.","productDescription":"1 portfolio (iv, p. illus.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110053,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25165.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25165"},{"id":138058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25455,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25456,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25457,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25458,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25459,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25460,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25461,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1939c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db606096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, T. W.","contributorId":105686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3582,"text":"cir672 - 1972 - Ground motion values for use in the seismic design of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-18T22:06:11","indexId":"cir672","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"672","title":"Ground motion values for use in the seismic design of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline system","docAbstract":"The proposed trans-Alaska oil pipeline, which would traverse the state north to south from Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast to Valdez on Prince William Sound, will be subject to serious earthquake hazards over much of its length. To be acceptable from an environmental standpoint, the pipeline system is to be designed to minimize the potential of oil leakage resulting from seismic shaking, faulting, and seismically induced ground deformation. \r\n\r\nThe design of the pipeline system must accommodate the effects of earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to 8.5 as specified in the 'Stipulations for Proposed Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System.' This report characterizes ground motions for the specified earthquakes in terms of peak levels of ground acceleration, velocity, and displacement and of duration of shaking. \r\n\r\nPublished strong motion data from the Western United States are critically reviewed to determine the intensity and duration of shaking within several kilometers of the slipped fault. For magnitudes 5 and 6, for which sufficient near-fault records are available, the adopted ground motion values are based on data. For larger earthquakes the values are based on extrapolations from the data for smaller shocks, guided by simplified theoretical models of the faulting process.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir672","usgsCitation":"Page, R.A., Boore, D., Joyner, W.B., and Coulter, H., 1972, Ground motion values for use in the seismic design of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline system: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 672, iii, 23 p. :illus. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir672.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p. :illus. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30613,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1972/0672/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1972/0672/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joyner, W. B.","contributorId":70746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coulter, H.W.","contributorId":34490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulter","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}