{"pageNumber":"1599","pageRowStart":"39950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41062,"records":[{"id":5224400,"text":"5224400 - 1974 - Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224400","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1397,"text":"Dissertation Abstracts International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment","docAbstract":"Optimal exploitation strategies were studied for an animal population in a stochastic, serially correlated environment.  This is a general case and encompasses a number of important cases as simplifications.  Data on the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were used to explore the exploitation strategies and test several hypotheses because relatively much is known concerning the life history and general ecology of this species and extensive empirical data are available for analysis.  The number of small ponds on the central breeding grounds was used as an index to the state of the environment.     Desirable properties of an optimal exploitation strategy were defined.  A mathematical model was formulated to provide a synthesis of the existing literature, estimates of parameters developed from an analysis of data, and hypotheses regarding the specific effect of exploitation on total survival.  Both the literature and the analysis of data were inconclusive concerning the effect of exploitation on survival.  Therefore, alternative hypotheses were formulated: (1) exploitation mortality represents a largely additive form of mortality, or (2 ) exploitation mortality is compensatory with other forms of mortality, at least to some threshold level.  Models incorporating these two hypotheses were formulated as stochastic dynamic programming models and optimal exploitation strategies were derived numerically on a digital computer.     Optimal exploitation strategies were found to exist under rather general conditions. Direct feedback control was an integral component in the optimal decision-making process.  Optimal exploitation was found to be substantially different depending upon  the hypothesis regarding the effect of exploitation on the population.  Assuming that exploitation is largely an additive force of mortality, optimal exploitation decisions are a convex function of the size of the breeding population and a linear or slightly concave function of the environmental conditions.  Optimal exploitation under this hypothesis tends to reduce the variance of the size of the population.  Under the hypothesis of compensatory mortality forces, optimal exploitation decisions are approximately linearly related to the size of the breeding population.     Environmental variables may be somewhat more important than the size of the breeding population to the production of young mallards. In contrast, the size of the breeding population appears to be more important in the exploitation process than is the state of the environment.  The form of the exploitation strategy appears to be relatively insensitive to small changes in the production rate.  In general, the relative importance of the size of the breeding population may decrease as fecundity increases.     The optimal level of exploitation in year t must be based on the observed size of the population and the state of the environment in year t unless the dynamics of the population, the state of the environment, and the result of the exploitation decisions are completely deterministic.  Exploitation based on an average harvest, harvest rate, or designed to maintain a constant breeding population size is inefficient.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dissertation Abstracts International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Order No. 74-29,047","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., 1974, Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment: Dissertation Abstracts International, v. 35, no. 6.","productDescription":"3107 (abstract)","startPage":"3107","numberOfPages":"3107","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb92e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5200081,"text":"5200081 - 1974 - Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5200081","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment","docAbstract":"Optimal exploitation strategies were studied for an animal population in a stochastic, serially correlated environment.  This is a general case and encompasses a number of important cases as simplifications.  Data on the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were used to explore the exploitation strategies and test several hypotheses because relatively much is known concerning the life history and general ecology of this species and extensive empirical data are available for analysis.  The number of small ponds on the central breeding grounds was used as an index to the state of the environment.     Desirable properties of an optimal exploitation strategy were defined.  A mathematical model was formulated to provide a synthesis of the existing literature, estimates of parameters developed from an analysis of data, and hypotheses regarding the specific effect of exploitation on total survival.  Both the literature and the analysis of data were inconclusive concerning the effect of exploitation on survival.  Therefore, alternative hypotheses were formulated: (1) exploitation mortality represents a largely additive form of mortality, or (2 ) exploitation mortality is compensatory with other forms of mortality, at least to some threshold level.  Models incorporating these two hypotheses were formulated as stochastic dynamic programming models and optimal exploitation strategies were derived numerically on a digital computer.     Optimal exploitation strategies were found to exist under rather general conditions. Direct feedback control was an integral component in the optimal decision-making process.  Optimal exploitation was found to be substantially different depending upon  the hypothesis regarding the effect of exploitation on the population.  Assuming that exploitation is largely an additive force of mortality, optimal exploitation decisions are a convex function of the size of the breeding population and a linear or slightly concave function of the environmental conditions.  Optimal exploitation under this hypothesis tends to reduce the variance of the size of the population.  Under the hypothesis of compensatory mortality forces, optimal exploitation decisions are approximately linearly related to the size of the breeding population.     Environmental variables may be somewhat more important than the size of the breeding population to the production of young mallards. In contrast, the size of the breeding population appears to be more important in the exploitation process than is the state of the environment.  The form of the exploitation strategy appears to be relatively insensitive to small changes in the production rate.  In general, the relative importance of the size of the breeding population may decrease as fecundity increases.     The optimal level of exploitation in year t must be based on the observed size of the population and the state of the environment in year t unless the dynamics of the population, the state of the environment, and the result of the exploitation decisions are completely deterministic.  Exploitation based on an average harvest, harvest rate, or designed to maintain a constant breeding population size is inefficient.","language":"English","publisher":"Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland","publisherLocation":"College Park","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., 1974, Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment, 84.","productDescription":"84","numberOfPages":"84","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f400c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70009794,"text":"70009794 - 1974 - Thin and layered subcontinental crust of the Great Basin western North America inherited from Paleozoic marginal ocean basins?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-29T16:23:21.992766","indexId":"70009794","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thin and layered subcontinental crust of the Great Basin western North America inherited from Paleozoic marginal ocean basins?","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>The seismic profile of the crust of the northern part of the Basin and Range province by its thinness and layering is intermediate between typical continental and oceanic crust and resembles that of marginal ocean basins, especially those with thick sedimentary fill. The geologic history of the Great Basin indicates that it was the site of a succession of marginal ocean basins opening and closing behind volcanic arcs during much of Paleozoic time. A long process of sedimentation and deformation followed throughout the Mesozoic modifying, but possibly not completely transforming the originally oceanic crust to continental crust. In the Cenozoic, after at least 40 m.y. of quiescence and stable conditions, substantial crustal and upper-mantle changes are recorded by elevation of the entire region in isostatic equilibrium, crustal extension resulting in Basin and Range faulting, extensive volcanism, high heat flow and a low-velocity mantle. These phenomena, apparently the result of plate tectonics, are superimposed on the inherited subcontinental crust that developed from an oceanic origin in Paleozoic time and possibly retained some of its thin and layered characteristics. The present anomalous crust in the Great Basin represents an accretion of oceanic geosynclinal material to a Precambrian continental nucleus apparently as an intermediate step in the process of conversion of oceanic crust into a stable continental landmass or craton.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(74)90107-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Churkin, M., and McKee, E., 1974, Thin and layered subcontinental crust of the Great Basin western North America inherited from Paleozoic marginal ocean basins?: Tectonophysics, v. 23, no. 1-2, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(74)90107-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"western North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -169.72745343452965,\n              64.94225735650696\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.99681091449418,\n              62.51527827933981\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.99021907022856,\n              49.37968315205388\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.64274386563778,\n              44.889886346972204\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.21856505792235,\n              35.74858752577241\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.31538889108757,\n              34.42969579305007\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.2445721017145,\n              50.61098655549629\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.69252445975633,\n              63.32657193606238\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.73043617272933,\n              66.95281776224854\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.72745343452965,\n              64.94225735650696\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2b9e4b08c986b32598d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Churkin, Michael Jr.","contributorId":62566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churkin","given":"Michael","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14309,"text":"ofr74242 - 1974 - A special planning technique for stream-aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T08:17:02","indexId":"ofr74242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-242","title":"A special planning technique for stream-aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>The potential effects of water-management plans on stream-aquifer systems in several countries have been simulated using electric-analog or digital-computer models. Many of the electric-analog models require large amounts of hardware preparation for each problem to be solved and some become so bulky that they present serious space and access problems. Digital-computer models require no special hardware preparation but often they require so many repetitive solutions of equations that they result in calculations that are unduly unwieldy and expensive, even on the latest generation of computers. Further, the more detailed digital models require a vast amount of core storage, leaving insufficient storage for evaluation of the many possible schemes of water-management. A concept introduced in 1968 by the senior author of this report offers a solution to these problems. The concept is that the effects on streamflow of ground-water withdrawal or recharge (stress) at any point in such a system can be approximated using two classical equations and a value of time that reflects the integrated effect of the following: irregular impermeable boundaries; stream meanders; aquifer properties and their areal variations; distance of the point from the stream; and imperfect hydraulic connection between the stream and the aquifer. The value of time is called the stream depletion factor (<i>sdf</i>). Results of a relatively few tests on detailed models can be summarized on maps showing lines through points of equal <i>sdf</i>. Sensitivity analyses of models of two large stream-aquifer systems in the State of Colorado show that the <i>sdf</i> technique described in this report provides results within tolerable ranges of error. The <i>sdf</i> technique is extremely versatile, allowing water managers to choose the degree of detail that best suits their needs and available computational hardware. Simple arithmetic, using, for example, only a slide rule and charts or tables of dimensionless values, will be sufficient for many calculations. If a large digital computer is available, detailed description of the system and its stresses will require only a fraction of the core storage, leaving the greater part of the storage available for sophisticated analyses, such as optimization. Once these analyses have been made, the model then is ready to perform its principal task--prediction of streamflow and changes in ground-water storage. In the two systems&nbsp;described in this report, direct diversion from the streams is the principal source of irrigation water, but it is supplemented by numerous wells. The streamflow depends largely on snowmelt. Estimates of both the amount and timing of runoff from snowmelt during the irrigation season are available on a monthly basis during the spring and early summer. These estimates become increasingly accurate as the season progresses, hence frequent changes of stress on the predictive model are necessary. The <i>sdf</i> technique is especially well suited to this purpose, because it is very easy to make such changes, resulting in more up-todate estimates of the availability of streamflow and ground-water storage. These estimates can be made for any time and any location in the system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, C., and Taylor, O., 1974, A special planning technique for stream-aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-242, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74242.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346208,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, C.T.","contributorId":106099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, O. James","contributorId":23958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O. James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11184,"text":"ofr77643 - 1974 - Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr77643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-643","title":"Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska","docAbstract":"Remote sensing data were taken along a line surveyed for the building of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska, in the winter of 1973-74. The portion considered in this report is the area from the Yukon River south to Isabel Pass in the Alaska Range. \r\n\r\nThe occurrences of aufeis gave the appearance of four rather distinct modes of formation. In the area south of Big Delta, the icings occurred as seepage at the toes of the terraces and along the bottoms of the stream channels cutting into the terraces. In the Yukon-Tanana uplands, the icings occurred generally as seepage at the lowest points in the U-shaped valleys and along the surfaces of the streams in the tributary valleys incised into the rolling hills. The icings formed in the stream channels in both regions have similar hydraulic considerations as do the icings formed in the lower part of the valleys at the toes of the terraces. \r\n\r\nAerial techniques of collecting data by photography and thermal imagery were tested in this setting as a basis for consideration in planning for potential environmental monitoring of the pipeline.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77643","usgsCitation":"Skibitzke, H.E., 1974, Some aspects of remote sensing for consideration in planning for environmental monitoring of the Alyeska Pipeline, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-643, 32 leaves, 11 fold. ill. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (33 p., 9 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77643.","productDescription":"32 leaves, 11 fold. ill. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (33 p., 9 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38951,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38952,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38953,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38954,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38955,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38946,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38947,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38948,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38949,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38950,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0643/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e94c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skibitzke, Herbert E.","contributorId":32142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skibitzke","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15471,"text":"ofr74120 - 1974 - Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Aliquippa 7-1/2' Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:59","indexId":"ofr74120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-120","title":"Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Aliquippa 7-1/2' Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74120","usgsCitation":"Pomeroy, J.S., 1974, Landslide susceptibility and land modified by man map of part of the Aliquippa 7-1/2' Quadrangle, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-120, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., folded map ;27 cm.; (17 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74120.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., folded map ;27 cm.; (17 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0120/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44434,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0120/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pomeroy, John S.","contributorId":18329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":10144,"text":"ofr75612 - 1974 - A program to compute aquifer-response coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr75612","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-612","title":"A program to compute aquifer-response coefficients","docAbstract":"An alternating direction technique is used to solve finite difference equations approximating the flow of water in an aquifer. The solutions produce response coefficients relating pumping from wells to drawdowns within those wells. The product of the response coefficient with the pumping values produces a linear algebraic technological function that can be used for integrating hydrologic phenomena into planning and management models.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75612","usgsCitation":"Maddock, T., 1974, A program to compute aquifer-response coefficients: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-612, 39 leaves (in various foliations) :ill. ;27 cm.; (18 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75612.","productDescription":"39 leaves (in various foliations) :ill. ;27 cm.; (18 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0612/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0612/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maddock, Thomas","contributorId":79892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14386,"text":"ofr74113 - 1974 - Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T16:05:38","indexId":"ofr74113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-113","title":"Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The major water-bearing units in the Houston district are the Chicot and the Evangeline aquifers. The Chicot aquifer overlies the Evangeline aquifer, which is underlain by the Burkeville confining layer. Both aquifers consist of unconsolidated and discontinuous layers of sand and clay that dip toward the Gulf of Mexico. Heavy pumping of fresh water has caused large declines in the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces in both aquifers and has created large cones of depression around Houston. The declines have caused compaction of clay layers, which has resulted in land surface subsidence and the movement of saline ground water toward the centers of the cones of depression. An electric analog model was used to study the hydrologic system and to simulate the declines in the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces for several alternative plans of ground-water development. The results indicate that the largest part. of the pumped water comes from storage in the water-table part of the Chicot aquifer. Vertical leakage from the aquifers and water derived from the compaction of clay layers in the aquifers are also large sources of the water being pumped. The response of the system, as observed on the model, indicates that development of additional ground-water supplies from the water-table part of the Chicot aquifer north of Houston would result in a minimum decline of the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces. Total withdrawals of about 1,000 million gallons (5.8 million cubic meters) per day may be possible without seriously, increasing subsidence or salt-water encroachment. Analyses of the recovery of water levels indicate that both land-surface subsidence and salt-water encroachment could be reduced by artificially recharging the artesian part of the aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74113","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., 1974, Analog-model studies of ground-water hydrology in the Houston District, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-113, Report: x, 86 p.; 33 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74113.","productDescription":"Report: x, 86 p.; 33 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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,{"id":13550,"text":"ofr74224 - 1974 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13550,"text":"ofr74224 - 1974 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams","indexId":"ofr74224","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5893,"text":"pp913 - 1976 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams","indexId":"pp913","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5893,"text":"pp913 - 1976 - A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams","indexId":"pp913","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved-oxygen deficit in streams"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:48","indexId":"ofr74224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-224","title":"A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74224","usgsCitation":"Esen, I., and Rathbun, R.E., 1974, A stochastic model for predicting the probability distribution of the dissolved oxygen deficit in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-224, 177 leaves ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74224.","productDescription":"177 leaves ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esen, I.I.","contributorId":10790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esen","given":"I.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3826,"text":"cir708 - 1974 - Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"cir708","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"708","title":"Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods","docAbstract":"Synthetic flood records for 43 small-stream sites aided in definition of techniques for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in Missouri. The long-term synthetic flood records were generated by use of a digital computer model of the rainfall-runoff process. A relatively short period of concurrent rainfall and runoff data observed at each of the 43 sites was used to calibrate the model, and rainfall records covering from 66 to 78 years for four Missouri sites and pan-evaporation data were used to generate the synthetic records. \r\n\r\nFlood magnitude and frequency characteristics of both the synthetic records and observed long-term flood records available for 109 large-stream sites were used in a multiple-regression analysis to define relations for estimating future flood characteristics at ungaged sites. That analysis indicated that drainage basin size and slope were the most useful estimating variables. It also indicated that a more complex regression model than the commonly used log-linear one was needed for the range of drainage basin sizes available in this study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/cir708","usgsCitation":"Hauth, L.D., 1974, Model synthesis in frequency analysis of Missouri floods: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 708, iv, 16 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir708.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0708/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0708/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauth, Leland D.","contributorId":17219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13411,"text":"ofr741024 - 1974 - Reconnaissance study of the geothermal resources of Modoc County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T20:42:36.097194","indexId":"ofr741024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1024","title":"Reconnaissance study of the geothermal resources of Modoc County, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr741024","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Fournier, R.O., 1974, Reconnaissance study of the geothermal resources of Modoc County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1024, Report: i, 20 p.; 1 Plate: 20.11 x 19.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr741024.","productDescription":"Report: i, 20 p.; 1 Plate: 20.11 x 19.23 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":41837,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1024/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41838,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":493288,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8845.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Modoc County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -121,\n              41.175\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              41.175\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -121,\n              42\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6366fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6410,"text":"pp833 - 1974 - Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:58","indexId":"pp833","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"833","title":"Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp833","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T.H., 1974, Computer model for determining bank storage at Hungry Horse Reservoir, northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 833, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp833.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0833/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a79c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13205,"text":"ofr74346 - 1974 - An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T14:19:15","indexId":"ofr74346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-346","title":"An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>An investigation of the relationship of peak discharge to&nbsp;causative storm variables and drainage-basin characteristics&nbsp;was made to provide guidelines for future analyses of frequency&nbsp;and magnitudes of floods from small drainage areas. The procedure&nbsp;used was (l) to estimate peak discharges on the ll study&nbsp;basins from multiple-regression models developed from the&nbsp;storm variables and (2) to relate the peak discharges to the&nbsp;basin characteristics through regression or correlation with&nbsp;particular attention given to the effect of basin shape.</p>\n<p>The average standard error of estimate for the peak discharges&nbsp;ranged from n5 to 119 percent when only the four storm&nbsp;variables common to most basins were used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74346","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Highway Department","usgsCitation":"Crosby, O., 1974, An investigation of basin effects on flood discharges in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-346, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74346.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":146749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr74346.jpg"},{"id":310413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0346/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosby, Orlo A.","contributorId":6065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"Orlo A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15814,"text":"ofr74357 - 1974 - Streamflow measurement network review for hydroelectric power applications in Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-21T18:51:30.61942","indexId":"ofr74357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-357","title":"Streamflow measurement network review for hydroelectric power applications in Brazil","docAbstract":"<p>This review of selected segments of the stream-gaging network of Brazil was undertaken by the writer in March and April, 1973, pursuant to an agreement between Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (CPRM) and Centrais Eletricas Brasileiras S.A. (ELETROBRAS) as a part of the cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and CPRM under the auspices of the Ministerio das Minas e Energia (MME) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Its primary purpose is to provide an evaluation of the adequacy of streamflow data on streams which are being considered for or are already being utilized for hydroelectric power sources. Some comments are included pertaining to the general coverage hydrologic network. These comments were generated by the examination of the streamflow data useful for power purposes because all gaging stations form a part of the total network for hydrologic investigations. Present plans are that the entire network will eventually be operated by or under the jurisdiction of the MME through the Departamento National de Aguas e Energia Eletrica (DNAEE).</p><p>Brazil is a large country, larger than the conterminous United States, and it has been engaged in hydrologic investigations for more than 50 years. The network has been maintained by Federal agencies, State agencies, power companies, and consulting firms and until recently no organizational mechanism existed to coordinate the various activities or to establish uniform standards of data collection, computation, and publication.</p><p>It is estimated that stage and/or discharge data have been collected at 2,500 or more sites in Brazil. Because there has been no centralized publication system, it has not been possible to locate with assurance all measurement sites or to ascertain precisely the types and quality of the data collected or available.</p><p>For these reasons the suggestions outlined in this report are expected to be modified on the basis of local need and site information, which may not have been evident at the time of the review. For example, specific suggestions have been made to discontinue some stations which appear superfluous or which essentially duplicate other stations. In other instances additions to the network have been proposed. There may be reasons for the continued operation of a given station which cannot be discerned from the available literature. Also coverage may have been established in an area but the evidence has not yet appeared in print. DEAEE is currently (1973) working diligently to overcome a backlog of data computation and publication. Brazil is currently developing at a rapid rate with electric power demands increasing at a 12% annually, a reflection of the tremendous growth of the economy. With this rate of increase likely to continue for the foreseable future, it goes without saying that hydrologic information needed tomorrow must be collected today.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74357","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy National Department of Water and Electrical Energy under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, F.T., 1974, Streamflow measurement network review for hydroelectric power applications in Brazil: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-357, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74357.","productDescription":"63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0357/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":419982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0357/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Brazil","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.5719146888472,\n              3.7969492210477824\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.5719146888472,\n              -33.611048620406706\n            ],\n            [\n              -27.13000244975086,\n              -33.611048620406706\n            ],\n            [\n              -27.13000244975086,\n              3.7969492210477824\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.5719146888472,\n              3.7969492210477824\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, Francis T.","contributorId":48184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12921,"text":"ofr74176 - 1974 - Summary of tectonic and structural evidence for stress orientation at the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr74176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-176","title":"Summary of tectonic and structural evidence for stress orientation at the Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"A tectonic synthesis of the NTS (Nevada Test Site) region, when combined with seismic data and a few stress and strain measurements, suggests a tentative model for stress orientation. This model proposes that the NTS is undergoing extension in a N. 50 ? W.-S. 50 ? E. direction coincident with the minimum principal stress direction. The model is supported by (1) a tectonic similarity between a belt of NTS Quaternary faulting and part of the Nevada-California seismic belt, for which northwest-southeast extension has been suggested; (2) historic northeast- trending natural- and explosion-produced fractures in the NTS; (3) the virtual absence in the NTS of northwest-trending Quaternary faults; (4) the character of north-trending faults and basin configuration in the Yucca Flat area, which suggest a component of right-lateral displacement and post-10 m.y. (million year) oblique separation of the sides of the north-trending depression; (5) seismic evidence suggesting a north- to northwest-trending tension axis; (6) strain measurements, which indicate episodes of northwest-southeast extension within a net northeast-southwest compression; (7) a stress estimate based on tectonic cracking that indicates near-surface northwest-southeast-directed tension, and two stress measurements indicating an excess (tectonic) maximum principal compressive stress in a northeast-southwest direction at depths of about 1,000 feet (305 m); and (8) enlargement of some drill holes in Yucca Flat in a northwest-southeast direction. \r\n\r\nIt is inferred that the stress episode resulting in the formation of deep alluvium-filled trenches began somewhere between 10 and possibly less than 4 m.y. ago in the NTS and is currently active. In the Walker Lane of western Nevada, crystallization of plutons associated with Miocene volcanism may have increased the competency and thickness of the crust and its ability to propagate stress, thereby modulating the frequency (spacing) of basin-range faults.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74176","usgsCitation":"Carr, W.J., 1974, Summary of tectonic and structural evidence for stress orientation at the Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-176, iv, 53 leaves, 2 sheets :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74176.","productDescription":"iv, 53 leaves, 2 sheets :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41355,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41356,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, Wilfred James","contributorId":12033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12845,"text":"ofr74272 - 1974 - Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:51","indexId":"ofr74272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-272","title":"Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr74272","usgsCitation":"Burns, A.W., Frimpter, M.H., and Willey, R.E., 1974, Evaluation of data availability and examples of modeling for ground-water management on Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-272, 42 leaves :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74272.","productDescription":"42 leaves :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Alan W.","contributorId":41419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frimpter, Michael H.","contributorId":8074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frimpter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willey, Richard E.","contributorId":30972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":4037,"text":"cir703 - 1974 - Water demands for expanding energy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T08:59:49","indexId":"cir703","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"703","title":"Water demands for expanding energy development","docAbstract":"<p>Water is used in producing energy for mining and reclamation of mined lands, onsite processing, transportation, refining, and conversion of fuels to other forms of energy. In the East, South, Midwest, and along the seacoasts, most water problems are related to pollution rather than to water supply. West of about the 100th meridian, however, runoff is generally less than potential diversions, and energy industries must compete with other water users. Water demands for extraction of coal, oil shale, uranium, and oil and gas are modest, although large quantities of water are used in secondary recovery operations for oil. The only significant use of water for energy transportation, aside from in-stream navigation use, is for slurry lines. Substantial quantities of water are required in the retorting and the disposal of spent oil shale. The conversion of coal to synthetic gas or oil or to electric power and the generation of electric power with nuclear energy require large quantities of water, mostly for cooling. Withdrawals for cooling of thermal-electric plants is by far the largest category of water use in energy industry, totaling about 170 billion gallons (644 million m3) per day in 1970. Water availability will dictate the location and design of energy-conversion facilities, especially in water deficient areas of the West.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir703","usgsCitation":"Davis, G.H., and Wood, L., 1974, Water demands for expanding energy development: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 703, iv, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir703.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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H.","contributorId":40963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Leonard A.","contributorId":102862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Leonard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":16189,"text":"ofr74197 - 1974 - Recommendations for the study and appraisal of oil-shale deposits in Jordan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-22T21:09:05.152213","indexId":"ofr74197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-197","title":"Recommendations for the study and appraisal of oil-shale deposits in Jordan","docAbstract":"<p>A geologic-geochemical evaluation conducted October 5-24, 1968, both in the field area and in the laboratories has shown the Upper Cretaceous oil shale in the El Lajjun area of central Jordan to be one of Jordan's major natural mineral resources. Continued but slightly modified investigations are strongly recommended to determine the exact volume and quality of this oil shale. Further, a study to determine the most efficient processes of extraction of the oil and possible co-products should be initiated.</p><p>The economic potential of the oil shale is excellent, but the actual exploitation of this rock will depend on national economic and political factors that cannot be interpreted at this time. From a realistic point of view, regardless of these factors which inevitably change with time, systematic investigations and planning for construction of extraction plants for domestic production of fuel and/or other products from the oil shale should be completed at the earliest possible date, to assure rapid utilization of this mineral resource when necessary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74197","usgsCitation":"Swanson, V.E., 1974, Recommendations for the study and appraisal of oil-shale deposits in Jordan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-197, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74197.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0197/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Jordan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              35.126444377981585,\n              32.814823121790724\n            ],\n            [\n              35.126444377981585,\n              29.2136087003626\n            ],\n            [\n              38.88766558353194,\n              29.2136087003626\n            ],\n            [\n              38.88766558353194,\n              32.814823121790724\n            ],\n            [\n              35.126444377981585,\n              32.814823121790724\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64455d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Vernon Emanuel","contributorId":59014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"Emanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12774,"text":"ofr74226 - 1974 - Economic geology of the Isla de Mona Quadrangle, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr74226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-226","title":"Economic geology of the Isla de Mona Quadrangle, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Limiting this tableland In the northern part of Isla de Mona are sheer sea cliffs chiefly exposing the Isla de Mona Dolomite. Around the southern part of the island are Irregular cliffs and steep slopes that chiefly expose the Lirio Limestone. \r\n\r\nThe structure of Isla de Mona consists of two gentle complex folds a broad anticline that trends and plunges gently south-southeast through the central and western parts of Isla de Mona, and a parallel syncline through-the eastern part of the Island that also has a chiefly south-southeast plunge. A near-vertical fault that strikes northwest, then north from the central part to the north coast of Isla de Mona displaces bedrock of the eastern block downward about 10 m. \r\n\r\nMany caves, including one cave system more than 100,000 m2 in total area, are localized in the lower 10 m of the Lirio Limestone, adjacent to the cliffs peripheral to the upland surface, and numerous small caves occur higher in the Lirio. A few small caves also are \r\nfound In the Isla de Mona Dolomite. However, the total floor area of all caves on Isla de Mona probably is less than 1 percent of the area of the Island.\r\n\r\nAlmost all caves on Isla de Mona contain phosphorite, which was mined extensively during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Phosphorite accumulation locally may have exceeded 3.5 m in thickness, but probably averaged less than 1.5 m thick. A fair estimate of original reserves of phosphorite in 12 surveyed caves is about 151,000 m3 of which about 125,500 m3 probably has been removed in mining. Original reserves in the entire island are estimated to have been in the range 158,000 to 235,500 m3. Converted to metric tons, remaining reserves of cave phosphorite probably are considerably less than 50,000. \r\n\r\nThe very pure limestone and calcitic dolomite that form the bedrock of Isla de Mona are abundant industrial-mineral resources. In addition, these carbonate rocks and the beach deposits are sources of construction materials for some classes of engineering works. \r\n\r\nThe structure of Isla de Mona suggests some possibility of favorable zones for accumulation of oil and gas, but no source rocks are known, and there are no confirmed reports of oil and gas from any nearby area. \r\n\r\nKnown supplies of fresh water on Isla de Mona are very small, but wells dug in coastal lowlands or drilled In the upland surface might yield moderate quantities of groundwater.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr74226","usgsCitation":"Briggs, R.P., 1974, Economic geology of the Isla de Mona Quadrangle, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-226, iv, 116 leaves :ill. (some folded), maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74226.","productDescription":"iv, 116 leaves :ill. (some folded), maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95102,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/plate-1.pdf","size":"1215","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95103,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/plate-2.pdf","size":"1171","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95104,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/plate-3.pdf","size":"611","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95105,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/plate-4.pdf","size":"802","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95106,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/plate-5.pdf","size":"578","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95107,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/plate-6.pdf","size":"836","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41172,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625a57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, Reginald Peter","contributorId":78723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12733,"text":"ofr7433 - 1974 - Users guide for a U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model and associated files","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12733,"text":"ofr7433 - 1974 - Users guide for a U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model and associated files","indexId":"ofr7433","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Users guide for a U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model and associated files"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":8213,"text":"ofr77884 - 1977 - User's guide for U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff models; revised 1977","indexId":"ofr77884","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"User's guide for U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff models; revised 1977"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":8213,"text":"ofr77884 - 1977 - User's guide for U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff models; revised 1977","indexId":"ofr77884","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"User's guide for U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff models; revised 1977"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:39","indexId":"ofr7433","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-33","title":"Users guide for a U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model and associated files","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7433","usgsCitation":"Boning, C.W., 1974, Users guide for a U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model and associated files: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-33, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill. ;27 cm.; (234 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7433.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill. ;27 cm.; (234 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boning, Charles W.","contributorId":86345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boning","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2673,"text":"wsp2031 - 1974 - Influence of recharge basins on the hydrology of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp2031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2031","title":"Influence of recharge basins on the hydrology of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"An investigation of recharge basins on Long Island was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Nassau County Department of Public Works, Suffolk County Department of Environmental Control, and Suffolk County Water Authority. The major objectives of the study were to (1) catalog basic physical data on the recharge basins in use on Long Island, (2) measure quality and quantity of precipitation and inflow, (3) measure infiltration rates at selected recharge basins, and (4) evaluate regional effects of recharge basins on the hydrologic system of Long Island. The area of study consists of Nassau and Suffolk Counties -- about 1,370 square miles -- in eastern Long Island, N.Y. \r\n\r\nRecharge basins, numbering more than 2,100 on Long Island in 1969, are open pits in moderately to highly permeable sand and gravel deposits. These pits are used to dispose of storm runoff from residential, industrial, and commercial areas, and from highways, by infiltration of the water through the bottom and sides of the basins. \r\n\r\nThe hydrology of three recharge basins on Long Island -- Westbury, Syosset, and Deer Park basins -- was studied. The precipitation-inflow relation showed that the average percentages of precipitation flowing into each basin were roughly equivalent to the average percentages of impervious areas in the total drainage areas of the basins. Average percentages of precipitation flowing into the basins as direct runoff were 12 percent at the Westbury basin, 10 percent at the Syosset basin, and 7 percent at the Deer Park basin. Numerous open-bottomed storm-water catch basins at Syosset and Deer Park reduced the proportion of inflow to those basins, as compared with the Westbury basin, which has only a few open-bottomed catch basins. \r\n\r\nInflow hydrographs for each basin typify the usual urban runoff hydrograph -- steeply rising and falling limbs, sharp peaks, and short time bases. Unit hydrographs for the Westbury and the Syosset basins are not expected to change; however, the unit hydrograph for the Deer Park basin is expected to broaden somewhat as a result of additional future house construction within the drainage area. \r\n\r\nInfiltration rates averaged 0.9 fph (feet per hour) for 63 storms between July 1967 and May 1970 at the Westbury recharge basin, 0.8 fph for 22 storms from July 1969 to September 1970 at the Syosset recharge basin, and 0.2 fph for 24 storms from March to September 1970 at the Deer Park recharge basin. Low infiltration rates at Deer Park resulted mainly from (1) a high percentage of eroded silt, clay, and organic debris washed in from construction sites in the drainage area, which partly filled the interstices of the natural deposits, and (2) a lack of a well-developed plant-root system on the floor of the younger basin, which would have kept the soil zone more permeable. \r\n\r\nThe apparent rate of movement of storm water through the unsaturated zone below each basin averaged 5.5 fph at Westbury, 3.7 fph at Syosset, and 3.1 fph at Deer Park. The rates of movement for storms during the warm months (April through October) were slightly higher than average, probably because the recharging water was warmer than it was during the rest of the year, and therefore, was slightly less viscous.\r\n\r\nOn the average, a 1-inch rainfall resulted in a peak rise of the water table directly below each basin of 0.5 foot; a 2-inch rainfall resulted in a peak rise of about 2 feet. The mound commonly dissipated within 1 to 4 days at Westbury, 7 days to more than 15 days at Syosset, and 1 to 3 days at Deer Park, depending on the magnitude of the peak buildup. \r\n\r\nAverage annual ground-water recharge was estimated to be 6.4 acre-feet at the Westbury recharge basin, 10.3 acre-feet at the Syosset recharge basin, and 29.6 acre-feet at the Deer Park recharge basin. \r\n\r\nChemical composition of precipitation at Westbury, Syosset, and Deer Park drainage areas was similar: ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2031","usgsCitation":"Seaburn, G., and Aronson, D.A., 1974, Influence of recharge basins on the hydrology of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2031, vi, 66 p. :ill. (1 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2031.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill. (1 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247234,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2031/plate-1.pdf","size":"1142","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ede49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seaburn, G.E.","contributorId":42193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaburn","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aronson, D. A.","contributorId":20308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3602,"text":"cir690 - 1974 - Seismic hazards and land-use planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"690","title":"Seismic hazards and land-use planning","docAbstract":"Basic earth-science data are necessary for a realistic assessment of seismic hazards and as a basis for limiting corrective land-use controls only to those areas of greatest hazard. For example, the location, character, and amount of likely displacement and activity of surface faulting can be predicted if detailed geologic maps and seismic data are available and are augmented by field studies at critical localities. Because few structures can withstand displacement of their foundations, they should be located off active fault traces, the distance varying with the character of faulting, the certainty with which fault traces are known, and the importance of the structure. Recreational activities and other nonoccupancy land uses should be considered for fault zone areas where land is under pressure for development; elsewhere, such areas should remain as open space. \r\n\r\nTwo methods of predicting ground shaking effects have applications to land-use decisions: (1) Relative earthquake effects can be related to firmness of the ground and can be used in a gross way to allocate population density in the absence of more sophisticated analyses; and (2) intensity maps, based on, (a) damage from former earthquakes, or (b) a qualitative analyses of geologic units added to a design earthquake, can be helpful both for general and specific plans. Theoretical models are used with caution to predict ground motion for critical structures to be located at specific sites with unique foundation conditions. Fully adequate methods of assessing possible shaking remain to be developed. Where land-use decisions do not reflect likely ground shaking effects, stringent building codes are needed, particularly for important structures. \r\n\r\nGround failure (landsliding, ground cracking and lurching, differential settlement, sand boils, and subsidence) commonly results from liquefaction, loss of soil strength, or compaction. Areas suspected of being most likely to fail should not be developed unless detailed site studies can demonstrate the hazard does not exist or can be overcome. Various methods can be used to reduce the high, long-term public costs that follow development of unstable ground. However, areas subject to tectonic deformation generally cannot be predicted nor can effects of such deformation be minimized. \r\n\r\nLarge water waves, such as produced by tsunamis, seiches, and dam failure or overtopping, can be anticipated in many places. Their effects can be lessened by land-use regulations similar to flood-plain zoning, restrictions on location of critical structures, and appropriate warning systems. \r\n\r\nMany local, state, and federal government agencies, universities, and private consultants may be able to assist planners by advising them of pertinent data and where those data can be obtained. Interpretation of the data for an evaluation of seismic risk commonly requires a team of planners, geologists, and soil and structural engineers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir690","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.R., and Buchanan-Banks, J.M., 1974, Seismic hazards and land-use planning: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 690, iv, 33 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir690.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0690/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30637,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0690/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a879b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Donald R.","contributorId":83129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan-Banks, Jane M.","contributorId":29421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan-Banks","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3598,"text":"cir699 - 1974 - Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"699","title":"Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found","docAbstract":"Of the recorded production of 34,694,552 troy ounces of gold mined in South Dakota through 1971, about 90 percent has come from Precambrian ore bodies in the Homestake mine at Lead in the northern Black Hills. Most of the rest has come from ore deposited in the Deadwood Formation (Cambrian) by hydrothermal replacement during early Tertiary igneous activity. About 99 percent of the total production has been within a radius of 5 miles (8 km) of Lead. Elsewhere, prospecting has been intense, both in the Precambrian rocks, which are exposed over an area 61 by 26 miles (98 by 42 km), and in nearby Paleozoic rocks. \r\n\r\nAll the known ore bodies have been found either at the surface or in subsurface workings of operating mines. Efforts to find totally new deposits have been modest and sporadic; no comprehensive and systematic program has ever been attempted. \r\n\r\nObviously, any exploration program should be aimed at finding a new deposit resembling the Homestake in the Precambrian, but discovery in the Deadwood of a new group of ore bodies containing several hundred thousand ounces of gold would certainly be worthwhile. \r\n\r\nEvidence has long been available that the Deadwood deposits and the Homestake deposit are somehow related. Current opinion is that (1) the Homestake ore is mainly Precambrian, (2) a trivial amount of Homestake ore is Tertiary, (3)gold in Deadwood basal conglomerate is largely of placer origin, and (4) the gold of replacement deposits in the Deadwood and in other rock units came originally from sources similar to the Homestake deposit or its parent materials. \r\n\r\nHomestake ore is virtually entirely contained in a unit of iron-formation locally known as the Homestake Formation, which seemingly had more gold in the original sediments than similar rocks exposed elsewhere in the Black Hills. Gold, sulfur, and other constituents were subsequently concentrated in ore shoots in zones of dilation caused by cross folds that deformed earlier major folds. These ore shoots are in metamorphic rocks of a grade just above the garnet isograd, in a zone where the principal iron-magnesium mineral of the iron-formation changes from a carbonate (sideroplesite) to a silicate (cummingtonite). This metamorphic reaction would release carbon dioxide to the fluid that presumably formed the ore bodies. \r\n\r\nIn short, three controls over localization of the ore have been identified: (1) the cross folds; (2) the so-called Homestake Formation, which passes beneath Paleozoic rocks north of Lead and has not been proved to reappear anywhere else in the Black Hills (Other units of iron-formation less enriched in gold might locally become more like the Homestake Formation beneath the cover of Paleozoic rocks.}; (3} proximity to the garnet isograd--nearly all the exposed Precambrian rocks in the Black Hills are at a metamorphic grade higher than this isograd--and occurrence of this isograd zone mostly beneath Paleozoic rocks. \r\n\r\nIn searching for new deposits, one can guess from existing data where Precambrian rocks of suitable nature may be concealed. The usefulness of such guesses can be increased if they are made with information about the distribution of gold in younger rocks. Gold in the Deadwood basal conglomerate would be the simplest indicator of a deposit once exposed on the pre-Deadwood surface. Tertiary replacement deposits in the Deadwood or other rocks, which obtained their gold from Precambrian sources that may be nearby or far away, can also be helpful; they, like anomalies found by geochemical sampling, at least outline the regions of mineralizing activity. \r\n\r\nA suitable approach to exploration is to make a thorough study of the stratigraphy, the structure, and the metals geochemistry of the Deadwood Formation and associated rocks, chiefly in the northern Black Hills but to a lesser extent elsewhere in localities where the Precambrian geology seems promising and where gold has been found nearby. Such a program, even if it does not yield","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir699","usgsCitation":"Norton, J.J., 1974, Gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and how new deposits might be found: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 699, iii, 22 p. :maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir699.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0699/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30631,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0699/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a493d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, James Jennings","contributorId":59412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Jennings","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3604,"text":"cir704 - 1974 - Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir704","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"704","title":"Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado","docAbstract":"The Montezuma mining district, in the Colorado mineral belt, is defined by an assemblage of porphyry, ore, and altered rocks that originated in the venting of a Tertiary batholith through weak structures in Precambrian rocks. The ore consists of silver-lead-zinc veins clustered on the propylitic fringe of a geometrically complex system of altered rocks, which is centered on the intersection of the Oligocene Montezuma stock with the Montezuma shear zone of Precambrian ancestry. Alteration chemistry conforms to the standard porphyry-metal model but is developed around several small intrusives strung out along the shear zone and is expressed as a mottled pattern, rather than as the usual thick concentric zones centered on one large plug. The distribution of trace amounts of molybdenite is consistent with the postulate of molybdenite deposits in the district, but the mottled alteration pattern may signify small and scattered, possibly very deep, deposits. Disseminated molybdenite is essentially coextensive with altered rock and increases slightly in quantity toward the inner alteration zones. Two groups of molybdenite veins, associated with phyllic and potassic alteration, represent possible diffuse halos of molybdenite deposits. One group of veins resembles the Climax and Henderson deposits but was seen only in a small and isolated area of outcrops. The second group of molybdenite veins is in a bismuth-rich part of the Montezuma stock and underlies an area of bismuth veins; this group records the passage of contact metasomatic ore fluids. Another bismuth-rich area is in the southeast corner of the stock in a region of bismuth veins and may indicate a third group of molybdenite veins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir704","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., Botinelly, T., and Watterson, J.R., 1974, Molybdenite in the Montezuma District of central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 704, iii, 21 p. :illus. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir704.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p. :illus. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0704/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30639,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0704/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69925f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botinelly, Theodore","contributorId":101253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watterson, John R.","contributorId":67866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":14686,"text":"ofr7439 - 1974 - Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-23T00:04:19.391593","indexId":"ofr7439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-39","title":"Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>The Dismal Swamp, on the border between eastern Virginia and North Carolina is one of the few remaining large (approximately 210,000 acres) areas of wet wilderness in the eastern United States. There has been much speculation concerning the hydrologic conditions that led to the formation of the swamp.</p><p>Oaks and Coch (1973) recently completed a detailed investigation of the geology and morphology of the area. An analysis of their geology and the pollen work of Whitehead (1972) has lead the authors to the following hypothesis concerning the hydrologic conditions that led to the formation of the peat in the swamp.</p><p>A permeable sand facies of the Norfolk Formation underlies Dismal Swamp. This facies was originally completely covered by the Sand Bridge Formation, which is a confining layer, and underlain by the impermeable Yorktown Formation. Movement of water eastward within the Norfolk Formation from the outcrop area on the top of the Suffolk Scarp was further restricted by a less permeable facies of the Norfolk east of the swamp; thereby creating an artesian head within the permeable sand facies of the Norfolk Formation.</p><p>Erosion during the Pleistocene age breached the Sand Bridge confining layer and allowed upward seepage of water along the shallow stream valleys. This seepage, combined with the abundant rainfall and naturally sluggish surface drainage, may have been sufficient to trigger the formation of peat along stream valleys about 9,000 years ago. The peat further inhibited surface drainage, which in turn, accelerated the accumulation of peat until the interfluve areas were covered. The present role of the Norfolk Formation in the hydrology of the swamp is not clear, but it is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the hydrology to be studied in future investigations.</p><p>Surface inflow is from small streams draining from the west. The flow of these streams varies widely, being generally less in the summer than in winter. Outflow is primarily through the Feeder Ditch-Dismal Swamp Canal system, which discharges at South Mills and Deep Creek locks.</p><p>Rates and direction of surface flow within the swamp are partly controlled by gates on many of the ditches. Inadequately controlled ditches penetrating the Norfolk Formation plus withdrawal of water from wells along Suffolk Scarp have altered the flow of ground water under the swamp. These modifications and the loss of water through the Dismal Swamp Canal have probably resulted in a generally drier swamp as indicated by changes in the vegetation. It is feasible to preserve Dismal Swamp, but more detailed studies of the hydrology are needed to aid in future management.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7439","usgsCitation":"Lichtler, W.F., and Walker, P.N., 1974, Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-39, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7439.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":422873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Dismal Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    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