The Cenozoic ignimbrite flare-up (40–18 Ma) generated multiple volcanic fields in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico resulting from asthenospheric mantle upwelling after removal of the Farallon slab. The correlation of tuffs to one another and to source calderas within these volcanic fields is essential for determining spatiotemporal patterns in volcanism and magma geochemistry, which have been used to deduce migration of the Farallon slab at depth and associated mantle melting. However, the correlation of Eocene–Oligocene tuffs in the southwestern U.S. is difficult because of post-emplacement erosion and faulting. This study focuses on spatiotemporal patterns of the initial episode of ignimbrite flare-up activity (ca. 36.5–33.8 Ma) in the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field in south-central New Mexico, USA. We show that alkali feldspar major and trace element geochemistry is an effective tool for correlating tuffs when combined with high-precision, single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and bulk-rock geochemistry. Using these data, we correlate several tuff units and differentiate other tuffs that have the same eruption age but very different geochemistry, and we conclude that there was a broadly northwestward migration in volcanism over time. The new tuff correlations are used to investigate spatiotemporal variations in magma geochemistry, erupted volumes, and recurrence intervals during the initial episode of Mogollon-Datil volcanic field volcanism. Early-erupted tuffs restricted to the eastern Mogollon-Datil volcanic field share similarities with western U.S. topaz rhyolites, which suggests that the silicic magmas were generated by partial melting of mafic lower crustal rocks. We also find differences in the compositions, crystallinities, and mineral assemblages between the early- and late-erupted tuffs. The early-erupted tuffs tend to have single-feldspar mineralogies, lower feldspar Or contents, large negative Eu anomalies, and low-whole–rock Ba concentrations. Conversely, late-erupted tuffs have two feldspar plus quartz assemblages, lesser Eu anomalies, higher whole-rock Ba concentrations, and feldspars have higher Or contents. Thus, we suggest that for some of the early eruptions, after magmas underwent crystal fractionation in the crust, the silicic melt largely separated from the crystalline mush prior to eruption, whereas late-erupted tuff magmas underwent crystal fractionation at near the eutectic minimum and were remobilized and erupted with a larger proportion of their crystalline mush. Using our new ages, correlations, and previously published data, we find that the initial phase of Mogollon-Datil volcanic field volcanism produced at least 15 eruptions between 36.5 Ma and 33.8 Ma, with a minimum total erupted volume of ~1350 km3 and an average recurrence interval of 170 k.y. However, eruptions were generally smaller in volume (most <15 km3) than in other coeval fields, and most eruptions (n = 11) occurred in the first 1.2 m.y. (ca. 36.5–35.3 Ma) of activity. Altogether, our work sheds new light on variations in the composition, timing, and migration of volcanism during the initial phase of Mogollon-Datil volcanic field activity and highlights the utility of feldspar geochemistry in both “fingerprinting” tuffs and elucidating magma evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES02698.1","usgsCitation":"Vermillion, K.B., Johnson, E.R., Amato, J.M., Heizler, M.T., and Lente, J., 2024, Onset and tempo of ignimbrite flare-up volcanism in the eastern and central Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, southern New Mexico, USA: Geosphere, v. 20, no. 5, p. 1364-1389, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02698.1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1364","endPage":"1389","ipdsId":"IP-155176","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02698.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":433721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"eastern and central Mogollon-Datil volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.333,\n 33.333\n ],\n [\n -108.333,\n 32.333\n ],\n [\n -106.333,\n 32.333\n ],\n [\n -106.333,\n 33.333\n ],\n [\n -108.333,\n 33.333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vermillion, Karissa B.","contributorId":344167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vermillion","given":"Karissa","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36391,"text":"University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Emily Renee 0000-0002-7967-6913","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7967-6913","contributorId":269628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"Renee","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amato, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":247883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amato","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49682,"text":"Dept of Geolgical Sciences, New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heizler, Matthew T.","contributorId":184261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heizler","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lente, Jenna","contributorId":344168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lente","given":"Jenna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82311,"text":"Waste Isolation Pilot Plant","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70262793,"text":"70262793 - 2024 - Anthropogenic and environmental risk factors of salmonid predation in a tidal freshwater delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-23T15:34:03.423513","indexId":"70262793","displayToPublicDate":"2024-09-09T09:26:07","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anthropogenic and environmental risk factors of salmonid predation in a tidal freshwater delta","docAbstract":"Migratory shorebirds are one of the fastest declining groups of North American avifauna. Yet, relatively little is known about how these species select habitat during migration. We explored the habitat selection of Buff-breasted Sandpipers (Calidris subruficollis) during spring and fall migration through the Texas Coastal Plain, a major stopover region for this species. Using tracking data from 118 birds compiled over 4 years, we found Buff-breasted Sandpipers selected intensively managed crops such as sod and short-stature crop fields, but generally avoided rangeland and areas near trees and shrubs. This work supports prior studies that also indicate the importance of short-stature vegetation for this species. Use of sod and corn varied by season, with birds preferring sod in spring, and avoiding corn when it is tall, but selecting for corn in fall after harvest. This dependence on cropland in the Texas Coastal Plain is contrary to habitat use observed in other parts of their non-breeding range, where rangelands are used extensively. The species' almost complete reliance on a highly specialized crop, sod, at this critical stopover site raises concerns about potential exposure to contaminants as well as questions about whether current management practices are providing suitable conditions for migratory grassland birds.
Research efforts focusing on salmonid populations have highlighted the need to better understand demographic parameters for the fry and parr life stages. Monitoring these small fish presents a challenge because negative effects from handling and tagging can bias subsequent parameter estimates. Removal models and associated sampling designs represent one class of mark-recapture models with potential to be applied to very small juvenile salmon, yet existing methods associated with removal studies are not well-suited for all study environments. For example, populations residing in large storage reservoirs may yield low capture probabilities when subjected to removal sampling, making unbiased estimation of survival using traditional removal models difficult. To address this limitation, we developed a sampling design and associated model using parentage-based tagging in hatchery-raised juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to estimate survival over a 2-year study period in a large storage reservoir in western Oregon, USA. Individual fish were identified to family groups, serving as replicate batch marks in a robust design removal model framework. Results from a simulation suggested that parameter estimates were unbiased even at very low capture probabilities, although the use of model constraints (i.e., covariates or constant parameter values) was necessary to achieve this. Model fitting to field data supported a trend in survival over time, with survival increasing with time since release in the first study year but decreasing in the second.
Fishes in northern latitude lakes are at risk from climate-induced warming because the seasonality in water temperature is degrading, which can change ecosystem properties and the phenology of life-history events. Temperature-dependent embryo development models were developed for a group of cold, stenothermic fishes (Salmonidae Coregoninae) to assess the potential impacts of climate-induced changes in water temperature on cisco (Coregonus artedi) from two populations in Lake Superior (Apostle Islands [USA] and Thunder Bay [Canada]) and one in Lake Ontario (USA), vendace (C. albula) in Lake Southern Konnevesi (Finland), and European whitefish (C. lavaretus) in lakes Southern Konnevesi, Constance (Germany), Geneva (France), and Annecy (France). Water temperatures for each study group were simulated and changes in reproductive phenology across historic (1900–2006) and three future climatic-warming scenarios (2007–2099) were investigated. Models predicted that increases in water temperatures are likely to cause delayed spawning, shorter embryo incubation durations, and earlier larval hatching. Relative changes increased as warming scenarios increased in severity and were higher for littoral as compared to pelagic populations. Our simulations demonstrated that slower cooling in the autumn and (or) more rapid warming in spring can translate into substantial changes in the reproductive phenology of coregonines among our study groups. We expect that the changes in reproductive phenology predicted by our models, in the absence of thermal or behavioral adaptation, will have negative implications for population sustainability.
","language":"English","publisher":"EDP Sciences","doi":"10.1051/limn/2024014","usgsCitation":"Stewart, T.R., Karjalainen, J., Zucchetta, M., Goulon, C., Anneville, O., Vinson, M.R., Wanzenböck, J., and Stockwell, J.D., 2024, Winter is not coming: Evaluating impacts of changing winter conditions on coregonine reproductive phenology: International Journal of Limnology, v. 60, 17, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2024014.","productDescription":"17, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-162309","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2024014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":502359,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Finland, France, Germany, United States","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands, Chaumont Bay, Lake Annecy, Lake Constance, Lake Geneva, Lake Ontario, Lake Southern Konnevesi, Lake Superior, Thunder Bay","volume":"60","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Taylor R. 0000-0001-6207-7466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6207-7466","contributorId":369553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Taylor","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":959120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karjalainen, Juha 0000-0001-9302-1174","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-1174","contributorId":369554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karjalainen","given":"Juha","affiliations":[{"id":65985,"text":"University of Jyväskylä","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":959121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zucchetta, Matteo 0000-0002-5431-6751","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-6751","contributorId":369555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zucchetta","given":"Matteo","affiliations":[{"id":87846,"text":"Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council of Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":959122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goulon, Chloé 0000-0002-8070-9452","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-9452","contributorId":369556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goulon","given":"Chloé","affiliations":[{"id":87847,"text":"French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":959123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anneville, Orlane","contributorId":147752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anneville","given":"Orlane","affiliations":[{"id":16922,"text":"INRA UMR CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":959124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vinson, Mark R. 0000-0001-5256-9539 mvinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-9539","contributorId":3800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinson","given":"Mark","email":"mvinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wanzenböck, Josef 0000-0002-9186-5565","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-5565","contributorId":369557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wanzenböck","given":"Josef","affiliations":[{"id":17993,"text":"University of Innsbruck","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":959126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stockwell, Jason D. 0000-0003-3393-6799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-6799","contributorId":61004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stockwell","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":959127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70258686,"text":"70258686 - 2024 - Design, development, and implementation of IsoBank: A centralized repository for isotopic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-17T15:45:56.058838","indexId":"70258686","displayToPublicDate":"2024-09-06T06:13:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design, development, and implementation of IsoBank: A centralized repository for isotopic data","docAbstract":"Stable isotope data have made pivotal contributions to nearly every discipline of the physical and natural sciences. As the generation and application of stable isotope data continues to grow exponentially, so does the need for a unifying data repository to improve accessibility and promote collaborative engagement. This paper provides an overview of the design, development, and implementation of IsoBank, a community-driven initiative to create an open-access repository for stable isotope data implemented online in 2021. A central goal of IsoBank is to provide a web-accessible database supporting interdisciplinary stable isotope research and educational opportunities. To achieve this goal, we convened a multi-disciplinary group of over 40 analytical experts, stable isotope researchers, database managers, and web developers to collaboratively design the database. This paper outlines the main features of IsoBank and provides a focused description of the core metadata structure. We present plans for future database and tool development and engagement across the scientific community. These efforts will help facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration among the many users of stable isotopic data while also offering useful data resources and standardization of metadata reporting across eco-geoinformatics landscapes.
Objective
In many Great Plains rivers, functional turnover—the change in proportional dominance of members in biological communities that fill certain ecological roles—has occurred due to impoundment and habitat alteration. The Powder River of Montana and Wyoming remains one of the few unregulated prairie rivers, but long-term monitoring is limited, so we analyzed changes over time at the functional, assemblage, and species levels.
Methods
We used fish sampling data from 43 different sources collected from 1893 to 2022 to analyze trends in fish communities.
Result
Across the main-stem Powder River, Sand Shiner Miniellus stramineus and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus substantially increased in abundance, whereas Sturgeon Chub Macrhybopsis gelida decreased. While most other species did not show significant changes in relative abundance (although the always rare Lake Chub Couesius plumbeus may have been extirpated), significant functional turnover occurred in the upper river due to increases in generalist feeders, predators, omnivores, and cavity-guarding species, with declines in benthic feeders, invertivores, and pelagic broadcast spawners, among others. Community and functional changes were more substantial in the upper river than in the lower river, possibly due to augmented streamflow from a major tributary.
Conclusion
Functional turnover within the upper river was substantial despite the relative stability of most individual species, even when the Sand Shiner—the most significantly increasing species—was excluded from analysis. This suggests small but consistent increases and decreases within functional groups, which cumulatively are likely impacting the ecosystem. We hypothesize a complex set of mechanisms causing these changes that offer avenues for future work. The collation of data from disparate studies and the resampling of even a limited number of historical fish collection locations can greatly aid in identifying potential fish community changes in systems where monitoring is limited.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/tafs.10479","usgsCitation":"Clancy, N., McFarland, J., Ahern, M., and Walters, A.W., 2024, Functional turnover in a prairie-river fish community over 130 years: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 153, no. 5, p. 525-540, https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10479.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"540","ipdsId":"IP-160072","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10479","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":485715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.47539172686184,\n 46.90930172134972\n ],\n [\n -107.47539172686184,\n 43.10755581226584\n ],\n [\n -105.58412934297272,\n 43.10755581226584\n ],\n [\n -105.58412934297272,\n 46.90930172134972\n ],\n [\n -107.47539172686184,\n 46.90930172134972\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"153","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clancy, Niall G.","contributorId":354901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clancy","given":"Niall G.","affiliations":[{"id":36628,"text":"University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, Jonathan A.","contributorId":354902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFarland","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":12438,"text":"Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ahern, Megan G.","contributorId":354904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ahern","given":"Megan G.","affiliations":[{"id":37636,"text":"Salish Kootenai College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walters, Annika W. 0000-0002-8638-6682 awalters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6682","contributorId":4190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Annika","email":"awalters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":936638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70258274,"text":"70258274 - 2024 - Aspects of the demography of a relict population of southwestern pond turtles (Actinemys pallida) in a West Mojave Desert stream in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-10T14:23:18.110642","indexId":"70258274","displayToPublicDate":"2024-09-05T09:22:29","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Aspects of the demography of a relict population of southwestern pond turtles (Actinemys pallida) in a West Mojave Desert stream in California","title":"Aspects of the demography of a relict population of southwestern pond turtles (Actinemys pallida) in a West Mojave Desert stream in California","docAbstract":"We studied Actinemys pallida (Southwestern Pond Turtle) in Amargosa Creek, near Palmdale, CA, from 1997 to 2023. The population in the upper creek was the focus of a mark–recapture study from 1997 to 2003 during monitoring required by a road-construction project. An estimated 193 (95% CI = 142–256) turtles were present in 1997 or recruited to the upper creek population between 1997 and 2003. Total abundance and recruitment declined after 2001, coincident with the onset of a multi-decadal megadrought. Turtles in upper Amargosa Creek are presumed to be extirpated because the creek dried up in the ensuing years. As part of a separate research project, we resurveyed the lower creek at Piute Ponds on Edwards Air Force Base from 2019 to 2023. As of 2023, there was a remnant breeding population of at least 22 turtles there. We did not find any marked turtles from the upper creek in the ponds. Only 2 populations of Southwestern Pond Turtles are known to survive in the Mojave Desert, one at Piute Ponds and another in the Mojave River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.1656/045.031.s1229","usgsCitation":"Muth, D., Lovich, J.E., Macip-Rios, R., Gomez, D., Cummings, K.L., Puffer, M.R., and Yackulic, C., 2024, Aspects of the demography of a relict population of southwestern pond turtles (Actinemys pallida) in a West Mojave Desert stream in California: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 31, no. SP12, p. E109-E130, https://doi.org/10.1656/045.031.s1229.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"E109","endPage":"E130","ipdsId":"IP-158455","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.33969433634499,\n 35.103621539168216\n ],\n [\n -118.33969433634499,\n 34.574420667035355\n ],\n [\n -117.34490082118631,\n 34.574420667035355\n ],\n [\n -117.34490082118631,\n 35.103621539168216\n ],\n [\n -118.33969433634499,\n 35.103621539168216\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"SP12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muth, David","contributorId":216980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muth","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":912812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macip-Rios, Rodrigo","contributorId":341960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macip-Rios","given":"Rodrigo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":912814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gomez, Doug","contributorId":258814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52302,"text":"Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523–1490","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cummings, Kristy L. 0000-0002-8316-5059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8316-5059","contributorId":202061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"Kristy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Puffer, Michele R. 0000-0003-4957-0963","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-0963","contributorId":225575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puffer","given":"Michele","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70258221,"text":"70258221 - 2024 - Chronic effects of metal releases from historical mining on threatened crayfish in Madison County Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T16:08:03.732189","indexId":"70258221","displayToPublicDate":"2024-09-04T08:30:28","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronic effects of metal releases from historical mining on threatened crayfish in Madison County Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"The Little St. Francis River and its tributaries drain metals-contaminated areas of the Madison County Mines National Priority List Superfund site (MCM) which was designated in 2003 to facilitate remediation of metals contamination within the MCM. One concern for natural resource trustees in the MCM is the potential effects of elevated metals concentrations on the federally threatened St. Francis River crayfish, Faxonius quadruncus, which has a geographic range that is limited to the St. Francis River watershed. A survey of riffle-dwelling crayfish, in-situ cage study, and laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to assess the effects of mining-derived metals on F. quadruncus and other crayfish species in the MCM. Crayfish densities were significantly greater at sites upstream of metals releases from historical mining (henceforth mining releases) compared to densities at sites downstream of mining releases, and metals concentrations in whole-body crayfish, surface water, sediments, macroinvertebrates, fish, and plant material were greater at sites downstream of mining releases compared to sites upstream of mining releases. Crayfish densities were also negatively correlated with consensus-based adverse effects indices, expressed as surface-water toxic units and sediment probable effects quotients. Decreased growth and increased mortality during cage and laboratory studies were likely due to exposure to, and subsequently uptake of, elevated concentrations of metals. Crayfish in all studies were found to bioaccumulate metals, which supports their utility as bioindicators of metals contamination. Study results show that elevated metals concentrations associated with mining releases in the MCM continue to adversely affect biota, including the federally threatened F. quadruncus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02773-9","usgsCitation":"Allert, A., Cleveland, D.M., DiStefano, R.J., Wildhaber, M.L., and Lueckenhoff, L.K., 2024, Chronic effects of metal releases from historical mining on threatened crayfish in Madison County Missouri, USA: Ecotoxicology, v. 33, p. 1096-1121, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02773-9.","productDescription":"26 p.; 2 Data Releases","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1121","ipdsId":"IP-108195","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IKIEJH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Effects of metals from historical mining on crayfish in Madison County Missouri USA, 2015"},{"id":434906,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93YTJ3K","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Chronic toxicity of metals in two water hardness to three sizes of the crayfish Faxonius quadruncus Missouri, USA 2017-2018"},{"id":433607,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Madison County","otherGeospatial":"Little St. Francis River, Madison County Mines National Priority List Superfund site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.25,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -90.5,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -90.5,\n 37.5333\n ],\n [\n -90.25,\n 37.5333\n ],\n [\n -90.25,\n 37.7\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allert, Ann 0000-0001-7063-8016 aallert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-8016","contributorId":178200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allert","given":"Ann","email":"aallert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleveland, Danielle M. 0000-0003-3880-4584 dcleveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-4584","contributorId":187471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"Danielle","email":"dcleveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DiStefano, Robert J.","contributorId":204893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DiStefano","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lueckenhoff, Leslie K.","contributorId":344023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lueckenhoff","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70258100,"text":"70258100 - 2024 - Ranking of 10 global one-arc-second DEMs reveals limitations in terrain morphology representation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-04T12:01:17.673138","indexId":"70258100","displayToPublicDate":"2024-09-03T06:54:07","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ranking of 10 global one-arc-second DEMs reveals limitations in terrain morphology representation","docAbstract":"A detailed analysis is made of horizontal-component geomagnetic-disturbance data acquired at the Colaba observatory in India recording the Carrington magnetic storm of September 1859. Prior to attaining its maximum absolute value, disturbance at Colaba increased with an e-folding timescale of 0.46 hr (28 min). Following its maximum, absolute disturbance at Colaba decreased as a trend having an e-folding timescale of 0.31 hr (19 min). Both of these timescales are much shorter than those characterizing the drift period of ring-current ions. Furthermore, over one 28-min interval when absolute disturbance was increasing, the data indicate an absolute rate of change of ≥2,436 nT/hr. If this is representative of disturbance generated by a symmetric magnetospheric ring current, then, assuming a standard and widely used parameterization, an interplanetary electric field of ≥451 mV/m is indicated. An idealized and extreme solar-wind dynamic pressure could, conceivably, reduce this bound on the interplanetary electric field to ≥202 mV/m. If the parameterization for electric-field extrapolation is accurate, but the field strengths obtained are deemed implausible, then it can be concluded that the Colaba disturbance data were significantly affected by partial-ring, field-aligned, or ionospheric currents. The same conclusion is supported by the shortness of the e-folding timescales characterizing the Colaba data. Several prominent studies of the Carrington event need to be reconsidered.
Accounting for uncertainties in seismic site response is crucial to improving the performance of one-dimensional (1D) ground response analyses (GRAs) at downhole array recording sites. In addition to site effects, uncertainties in 1D-GRAs can also be contributed from the seismic source and/or path. Though often representing not more than one percent of the distance (path) from the source, site conditions are known to have an enormous influence on ground shaking. In this study, we focus on the site shear-wave velocity (VS) structure, which is the main ingredient for estimating the variability of site response. As such, VS can manifest aleatory uncertainties related to the effects of small-scale spatial heterogeneities within the near surface, thus VS can substantially modify ground shaking during earthquakes. We apply a novel VS randomization approach to propagate the small-scale heterogeneities of VS to estimate seismic site response within a non-stationary probabilistic framework. The randomization approach generates samples of VS profiles that are used to perform several 1D-GRAs and obtain an averaged site response and related variability. The proposed method is implemented on data recorded at two downhole array sites with different subsurface soil conditions: a soft soil site on Treasure Island (California, United States of America) and a rock outcrop site in Cadarache (South-East France). We show that synthetic surface-to-borehole transfer functions from 1D-GRAs provide an acceptable fit to the empirical transfer functions from low-motion earthquake records and succeed in reproducing most of the site-specific seismic response variability. The remaining mismatch between transfer functions is likely due to insufficient precision on the seismic bedrock and the impedance contrast. The variability in site response is discussed with emphasis on the role of VS small-scale heterogeneities, attenuation, and input motion incidence angle in ground motion variability for the site and soil conditions at both locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2024.108945","usgsCitation":"Youssef, E., Cornou, C., Youssef Abdel Massih, D., Al-Bittar, T., Yong, A., and Hollender, F., 2024, Application of non-stationary shear-wave velocity randomization approach to predict 1D seismic site response and its variability at two downhole array recordings: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 106, 100945, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2024.108945.","productDescription":"100945, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-160514","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2024.108945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France, United States","state":"California","city":"Saint-Paul-lez-Durance","otherGeospatial":"Cadarache downhole array, Treasure Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.38,\n 37.83\n ],\n [\n -122.38,\n 37.805\n ],\n [\n -122.36,\n 37.805\n ],\n [\n -122.36,\n 37.83\n ],\n [\n -122.38,\n 37.83\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 0,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 0,\n 42\n ],\n [\n 6,\n 42\n ],\n [\n 6,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 0,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youssef, Eliane","contributorId":351145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Youssef","given":"Eliane","affiliations":[{"id":55486,"text":"University of Grenoble, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornou, Cecile","contributorId":351146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cornou","given":"Cecile","affiliations":[{"id":55486,"text":"University of Grenoble, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Youssef Abdel Massih, Dalia","contributorId":351147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Youssef Abdel Massih","given":"Dalia","affiliations":[{"id":83927,"text":"Lebanese University, Lebanon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Al-Bittar, Tamara","contributorId":351148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Al-Bittar","given":"Tamara","affiliations":[{"id":83927,"text":"Lebanese University, Lebanon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yong, Alan 0000-0003-1807-5847","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1807-5847","contributorId":204730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yong","given":"Alan","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hollender, Fabrice","contributorId":351149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollender","given":"Fabrice","affiliations":[{"id":83928,"text":"French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70257858,"text":"70257858 - 2024 - Wave runup and total water level observations from time series imagery at several sites with varying nearshore morphologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-29T12:17:55.164641","indexId":"70257858","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-29T07:12:46","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave runup and total water level observations from time series imagery at several sites with varying nearshore morphologies","docAbstract":"Coastal imaging systems have been developed to measure wave runup and total water level (TWL) at the shoreline, which is a key metric for assessing coastal flooding and erosion. However, extracting quantitative measurements from coastal images has typically been done through the laborious task of hand-digitization of wave runup timestacks. Timestacks are images created by sampling a cross-shore array of pixels from an image through time as waves propagate towards and run up a beach. We utilize over 7000 hand-digitized timestacks from six diverse locations to train and validate machine learning models to automate the process of TWL extraction. Using these data, we evaluate two deep learning model architectures for the task of runup detection. One is based on a fully convolutional architecture trained from scratch, and the other is a transformer-based architecture trained using transfer learning. The deep learning models provide a probability of each pixel being either wet or dry. When contoured at the 50% level (equal chance of being wet or dry), the deep learning models more accurately identified TWL maxima than minima at all sites. This resulted in accurate predictions of 2% exceedance runup, but under predictions of significant swash and over predictions of wave setup. Improved agreement with the complete TWL time series was obtained through post-processing by utilizing the wet/dry probability of each pixel to weight the contouring toward lower dryness probabilities for runup minima (maxima agreed well with observations without tuning). Overall, a transformer-based model using transfer learning provided the best agreement with wave runup statistics, including a) the 2% exceedance runup, b) significant swash, and c) wave setup at the shoreline. For a random subset of images, the model was found to be within the uncertainty range of hand-digitization. The relative success of the transfer learning model suggests that fine-tuning a large model has advantages compared to training a smaller model from scratch. Models provide per-pixel probabilistic estimates in less than 10 s per timestack on a single computational unit, versus the more than 5 min required for hand-digitization. The model is therefore well-suited for near real-time applications, allowing for the development of early warning systems for difficult to forecast events. Real-time wave runup and total water level observations can also be incorporated into coastal hazards forecasts for data assimilation and continual model validation and improvement.
The Coastal California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica californica: “gnatcatcher”) is a resident species restricted to coastal sage scrub habitat in southern California. Listed as federally threatened, the gnatcatcher is subject to multiple threats, including habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, particularly in association with the increasing frequency of large wildfires. The California Gnatcatcher is a focal species under several habitat conservation plans and is monitored to determine population trends and evaluate the success of the plans in protecting the species.
Historically, gnatcatcher monitoring has been limited in geographic scope and has used differing methodologies, limiting the extent to which findings can be generalized across larger spatial scales and multiple populations. In 2015, we completed the first of an intended series of surveys following a standardized protocol designed to address two broad objectives. First, we sought to determine gnatcatcher occupancy at the regional scale, including habitat from throughout the species’ range in southern California, as well as in two subregions: Orange County and San Diego County, to address specific management objectives within those jurisdictions. In addition, we collected vegetation data to better understand gnatcatcher habitat associations that affect occupancy. In a parallel objective, we evaluated the effect of fire on gnatcatchers and their habitat by comparing occupancy and vegetation characteristics across sites varying in the length of time since the last fire. Data collected in 2020 allowed us to expand the study to include analyses of colonization (sites unoccupied in one year and occupied the next) and extinction (sites occupied in one year but not the next).
In 2020, we surveyed 327 regional points and 180 subregional points each in Orange and San Diego Counties. In addition, we surveyed 95–106 points within 4 postfire categories based on the year of the last fire at each point: before or during 2002 (“unburned”), 2003–06, 2007–10, and 2011–14. We surveyed for gnatcatchers during three area searches centered on each point at 2-week intervals commencing in mid-March. Vegetation data were collected during May–June using a modified point-intercept method along fixed transects.
Shrub and tree cover at our plots was dominated by California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), laurel sumac (Malosma laurina), sage (including Salvia mellifera and S. leucophylla), and sunflowers (including Encelia californica, E. farinosa, and Bahiopsis laciniata); however, most of the vegetation at plots consisted of non-native grass and herbaceous plants, indicating a high level of disturbance associated with fire. We documented vegetation differences at the subregional scale indicative of differences in fire history: in Orange County, overall shrub/tree cover was higher and herbaceous cover lower than in San Diego, where three large fires had burned within 17 years of this study. Both woody and herbaceous cover increased between 2016 and 2020 at the regional and two subregional scales, likely a response to above-average precipitation during 2 years preceding the 2020 surveys. Herbaceous vegetation also increased at postfire points; however, woody vegetation cover changed little between 2016 and 2020.
We modeled the effects of vegetation and physical (elevation, distance to Pacific coast, slope) covariates on gnatcatcher occupancy, colonization, and extinction probabilities in the regional, subregional, and postfire datasets. Cover of California sagebrush was the strongest predictor of gnatcatcher occupancy and appeared in the top models for every dataset. California buckwheat was another strong positive predictor of gnatcatcher occupancy in all datasets. Cover of sunflowers was a positive predictor of occupancy in the Orange County subregion, and both sunflowers and sage were positive predictors of occupancy at postfire points. In contrast, laurel sumac was negatively related to gnatcatcher occupancy in postfire habitats, with occupancy unlikely when sumac exceeded 50 percent cover. Herbaceous vegetation, including invasive grass, negatively affected gnatcatcher occupancy regionwide.
Covariates that were strong positive predictors of occupancy were also positive predictors of colonization and (or) negative predictors of extinction, and vice versa. Outside of the positive effects of California sagebrush and California buckwheat, and the negative effect of total herbaceous cover, we identified few covariates influencing colonization. In contrast, we identified many more predictors of extinction, including cover of laurel sumac and grass, which increased extinction risk, and cover of California sagebrush, sunflowers, and bare ground, along with time since last fire, which reduced extinction risk.
We used our modelled estimates of colonization and extinction probabilities to derive occupancy in 2020 based on starting occupancy in 2016. Gnatcatcher occupancy increased in 2020 at regional and subregional scales and in unburned habitat, growing by 19–35 percent since 2016. Among burned sites, occupancy tripled from 2016 to 2020 at points burned during 2011–14 but was unchanged at the 2007–10 postfire points and declined by 28 percent at points burned in 2003–06. The slow recovery of the gnatcatcher population in this latter category, which makes up 16 percent of the suitable habitat in San Diego County, is a matter of conservation concern warranting further attention.
Collectively, our rangewide results reveal a widespread and long-term effect of wildfire on California Gnatcatcher habitat, particularly in San Diego County. These data provide a baseline from which future monitoring can be used to evaluate changes in habitat condition over time and to improve our understanding of the factors and processes influencing gnatcatcher occupancy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Diego Association of Governments, Natural Communities Coalition, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Kus, B.E., Houston, A., and Preston, K.L., 2024, Occupancy dynamics of the Coastal California Gnatcatcher in southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1015, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241015.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 34 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-156536","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433034,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241015/full"},{"id":433032,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1015/ofr20241015.xml"},{"id":433031,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1015/ofr20241015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":433029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PC30JX","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Kus, B.E., and Houston, A., 2021, Rangewide occupancy and post-fire recovery of California gnatcatchers in southern California (ver 2.0, March 2023): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PC30JX.","linkHelpText":"Rangewide occupancy and post-fire recovery of California gnatcatchers in southern California (ver 2.0, March 2023)"},{"id":433033,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1015/images"},{"id":433030,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1015/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.95012019018054,\n 35.34010394860475\n ],\n [\n -119.95012019018054,\n 32.347823604041594\n ],\n [\n -116.28068659643058,\n 32.347823604041594\n ],\n [\n -116.28068659643058,\n 35.34010394860475\n ],\n [\n -119.95012019018054,\n 35.34010394860475\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Ozette Lake is an ~100-m-deep coastal lake located along the outer coast of the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA); it is situated above the locked portion of the northern Cascadia megathrust but also relatively isolated from active crustal faults and intraslab earthquakes. Here we present a suite of geophysical and geological evidence for earthquake-triggered mass transport deposits (MTDs) and related turbidite deposition in Ozette Lake since ca. 14 ka. Comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry data, seismic reflection profiles, and sediment cores are used to characterize the post-glacial stratigraphic framework and examine paleoseismic evidence in the lacustrine sediments. Stacked sequences of MTDs along the steep eastern flanks of the lake appear to grade basin-ward from thick, chaotic, blocky masses to thin, parallel-bedded turbidite beds. The discrete turbidite event layers are separated by fine-grained (silt and clay) lake sedimentation. The event layers are observed throughout the lake, but the physical characteristics of the deposits vary considerably depending on proximity to primary depocenters, steep slopes, and subaqueous deltas. A total of 30–34 event deposits are observed in the post-glacial record. Radiometric dating was used to reconstruct a detailed sedimentation history over the last ~5.5 k.y., develop an age model, and estimate the recurrence (365–405 yr) for the most recent 12 event layers. Based on sedimentological characteristics, temporal overlap with other regional paleoseismic chronologies, and recurrence estimates, at least 10 of the dated event layers appear to be sourced from slope failures triggered by intense shaking during megathrust ruptures; the recurrence interval for these 10 events is 440–560 yr. Thus, Ozette Lake contains one of the longest and most robust geological records of repeated shaking along the northern Cascadia subduction zone.
Cyclonic storms (i.e., hurricanes) are powerful disturbance events that often cause widespread forest damage. Storm-related canopy damage reduces rainfall interception and evapotranspiration, but impacts on streamflow regimes are poorly understood. We quantify streamflow changes in Puerto Rico following Hurricane Maria in September 2017, and evaluate whether forest cover and storm-related canopy damage account for the differences. Streams are particularly vulnerable to flooding in early post-disturbance stages during hurricane season, so we focus on 3 months (Oct–Dec) following the hurricane. To discern changes in rainfall responses, we partitioned streamflow into baseflow and quickflow using a digital filter. We collected 2010–2017 streamflow and rainfall data from 18 watersheds and compared the relative magnitude of post- to pre-hurricane double mass curve slopes of baseflow and quickflow volumes against rainfall. Several watersheds displayed higher post-hurricane quickflow and baseflow, however, the response was variable. The magnitude of quickflow increase was greater in watersheds with high forest damage. Under the same level of relative damage, watersheds with low initial forest cover had greater quickflow increases than highly forested ones. Conversely, baseflow generally increased, but increases were greater in highly forested watersheds and smaller in highly damaged watersheds. These results suggest that post-storm baseflow increases were due to recharge of hurricane-related rainfall, as well as forest transpiration interruption and soil disturbance enhancing recharge of post-hurricane rainfall, while increases to quickflow are related to loss of canopy rainfall interception and higher soil saturation decreasing infiltration. Our research demonstrates that forest damage from disturbance lowers quickflow and elevates baseflow in highly forested watersheds, and elevates quickflow and lowers baseflow in less-forested watersheds. Less-forested watersheds may be closer to the forest cover loss threshold needed to elicit a streamflow response following disturbance, suggesting higher flooding potential downstream, and a lower storm-related forest disturbance threshold than in heavily forested watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15249","usgsCitation":"Hall, J.S., Scholl, M.A., Shanley, J.B., Matt, S., and Uriarte, M., 2024, Forest cover lessens hurricane impacts on peak streamflow: Hydrological Processes, v. 38, no. 8, e15249, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15249.","productDescription":"e15249, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145696","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15249","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":463115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":916574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":916575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Matt, Serena 0000-0001-7489-1588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-1588","contributorId":270681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matt","given":"Serena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":916576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Uriarte, Maria","contributorId":287019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uriarte","given":"Maria","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":916577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70257794,"text":"70257794 - 2024 - Subduction zone geometry modulates the megathrust earthquake cycle: Magnitude, recurrence, and variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-27T13:50:35.987787","indexId":"70257794","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-24T08:47:56","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subduction zone geometry modulates the megathrust earthquake cycle: Magnitude, recurrence, and variability","docAbstract":"Megathrust geometric properties exhibit some of the strongest correlations with maximum earthquake magnitude in global surveys of large subduction zone earthquakes, but the mechanisms through which fault geometry influences subduction earthquake cycle dynamics remain unresolved. Here, we develop 39 models of sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip (SEAS) on variably-dipping planar and variably-curved nonplanar megathrusts using the volumetric, high-order accurate code tandem to account for fault curvature. We vary the dip, downdip curvature and width of the seismogenic zone to examine how slab geometry mechanically influences megathrust seismic cycles, including the size, variability, and interevent timing of earthquakes. Dip and curvature control characteristic slip styles primarily through their influence on seismogenic zone width: wider seismogenic zones allow shallowly-dipping megathrusts to host larger earthquakes than steeply-dipping ones. Under elevated pore pressure and less strongly velocity-weakening friction, all modeled fault geometries host uniform periodic ruptures. In contrast, shallowly-dipping and sharply-curved megathrusts host multi-period supercycles of slow-to-fast, small-to-large slip events under higher effective stresses and more strongly velocity-weakening friction. We discuss how subduction zones' maximum earthquake magnitudes may be primarily controlled by the dip and dimensions of the seismogenic zone, while second-order effects from structurally-derived mechanical heterogeneity modulate the recurrence frequency and timing of these events. Our results suggest that enhanced co- and interseismic strength and stress variability along the megathrust, such as induced near areas of high or heterogeneous fault curvature, limits how frequently large ruptures occur and may explain curved faults' tendency to host more frequent, smaller earthquakes than flat faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029191","usgsCitation":"Biemiller, J.B., Gabriel, A., May, D., and Staisch, L.M., 2024, Subduction zone geometry modulates the megathrust earthquake cycle: Magnitude, recurrence, and variability: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 129, no. 8, e2024JB029191, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029191.","productDescription":"e2024JB029191, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-156936","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biemiller, James Burkhardt 0000-0001-6663-7811","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6663-7811","contributorId":343684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biemiller","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Burkhardt","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gabriel, Alice-Agnes","contributorId":204611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gabriel","given":"Alice-Agnes","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36958,"text":"LMU Munich, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Dave","contributorId":343685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"May","given":"Dave","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39679,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Staisch, Lydia M. 0000-0002-1414-5994 lstaisch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-5994","contributorId":167068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staisch","given":"Lydia","email":"lstaisch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70257670,"text":"ofr20241006 - 2024 - Distribution, abundance, and breeding activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California—2022 annual report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-26T10:58:47.700437","indexId":"ofr20241006","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-23T14:10:51","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-1006","displayTitle":"Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California—2022 Annual Report","title":"Distribution, abundance, and breeding activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California—2022 annual report","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to provide the Marine Corps with an annual summary of abundance, breeding activity, demography, and habitat use of endangered Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus) at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (MCBCP or “Base”). Surveys for the Least Bell's Vireo were completed at MCBCP, California, between April 4 and July 12, 2022. Core survey areas and a subset of non-core areas in drainages containing riparian habitat suitable for vireos were surveyed two to four times. We detected 571 territorial male vireos and 14 transient vireos in core survey areas. An additional 90 territorial male vireos and 2 transients were detected in non-core survey areas. Transient vireos were detected on 7 of the 11 drainages/sites surveyed (core and non-core areas). Of the vireo territories in core areas, 90 percent were on the four most populated drainages, with the Santa Margarita River containing 73 percent of all territories in areas surveyed on Base. In core areas, 81 percent of male vireos were confirmed as paired; 61 percent of male vireos in non-core areas were confirmed as paired.
The number of documented Least Bell’s Vireo territories in core survey areas on MCBCP increased 4 percent from 2021 to 2022. In three core survey area drainages, the number of territories increased by at least two, and in five core survey area drainages, the number of vireo territories decreased by at least two between 2021 and 2022. The increase in the number of vireo territories on MCBCP was consistent with population changes at the lower San Luis Rey River (7-percent increase), but not with Marine Corps Air Station, Camp Pendleton (10-percent decrease).
A wildfire in July 2021 burned approximately 22 hectares of vireo habitat on the Santa Margarita River. There was no difference in the number of vireo territories within the fire perimeter before the fire (three territories in 2021) and after the fire (three territories in 2022).
Most core-area vireos (52 percent, including transients) used mixed willow (Salix spp.) riparian habitat. An additional 8 percent of birds occupied willow habitat co-dominated by Western sycamores (Platanus racemosa) or Fremont cottonwoods (Populus fremontii). Riparian scrub composed of mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia), sandbar willow (S. exigua), or blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) was used at 37 percent of vireo territories. Upland scrub was used by 2 percent of the vireos, and 1 percent of vireo territories were in drier habitats co-dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and sycamore.
In 2019, MCBCP began operating an artificial seep along the Santa Margarita River; then, in 2021, two additional artificial seeps became operational. The artificial seeps pumped water to the surface starting in March and ending in August each year during daylight hours and were designed to increase the amount of surface water to enhance Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) breeding habitat. Although this enhancement was designed to benefit flycatchers, few flycatchers have inhabited the seep areas within the past several years; therefore, vireos were selected as a surrogate species to determine effects of the habitat enhancement. This report presents the third year of analyses of vireo and vegetation response to the artificial seeps.
We sampled vegetation in two Seep sites and two Reference sites to determine the effects of surface water enhancement by seep pumps installed along the Santa Margarita River. Total vegetation cover below 2 meters (m) was greater at Seep sites than at Reference sites. Conversely, there was more non-native vegetation cover above 2 m (from 2 to 4 m) at Reference sites than at Seep sites. Soil moisture was greater at Seep sites than at Reference sites and decreased with increasing distance from the seep outlets. Soil moisture was positively correlated with total foliage cover and woody cover at most height categories. Soil moisture was not correlated with total herbaceous cover at any height category, although it was positively correlated with native herbaceous cover from 1 to 2 m and negatively correlated with non-native cover from 2 to 4 m. The number of vireo fledglings produced per egg was positively correlated with woody cover from 0 to 2 m but negatively correlated with herbaceous cover from 0 to 2 m. The number of fledglings produced per pair was negatively correlated with herbaceous and non-native vegetation cover below 2 m.
The U.S. Geological Survey has been color banding Least Bell’s Vireos on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton since 1995. By the end of 2021, 978 Least Bell’s Vireos had been color banded on Base. In 2022, we continued to color band and resight color banded Least Bell’s Vireos to evaluate adult site fidelity, between-year movement, and the effect of surface-water enhancement on vireo site fidelity and between-year movement. We banded 135 Least Bell's Vireos for the first time during the 2022 season. Birds banded included 4 adult vireos and 131 juveniles. All adult vireos were banded with unique color combinations. The juvenile vireos (all nestlings) were banded with a single gold numbered federal band on the left leg.
There were 43 Least Bell's Vireos banded before the 2022 breeding season that were resighted and identified on Base in 2022. Of these vireos, 39 were banded on Base, 3 were originally banded on the San Luis Rey River, and 1 was banded at Marine Corps Air Station, Camp Pendleton. Adult birds of known age ranged from 1 to at least 7 years old.
Base-wide survival of vireos was affected by sex, age, and year. Males had a significantly higher survival rate than females. Adults had a higher survival rate than first-year vireos. Survival for adults and first-year birds was lowest from 2020 to 2021 and highest from 2012 to 2013. The return rate of adult vireos to Seep or Reference sites was not affected by whether they were originally banded at a Seep versus Reference site.
Most of the returning adult vireos showed strong between-year site fidelity. Of the adults detected in 2021 and 2022, 89 percent (92 percent of males; 67 percent of females) returned to within 100 m of their previous territory. The average between-year movement for returning adult vireos was 0.1±0.2 kilometers (km). The average movement of first-year vireos detected in 2022 that fledged from a known nest on MCBCP in 2021 was 1.6±1.8 km.
Vireo territory density at the Seep and Reference sites was similar before the seep pumps were installed. Although vireo territory density at Seep sites appeared greater than at Reference sites after the seep pumps were installed, the difference was not significant.
We monitored Least Bell’s Vireo pairs to evaluate the effects of surface-water enhancement on nest success and breeding productivity. We monitored vireo nesting activity at 25 territories in 2 Seep sites and 25 territories in 2 Reference sites between March 31 and July 28. All territories except one were occupied by pairs, and all were “fully monitored,” meaning all nesting attempts were monitored at these territories. During the monitoring period, 97 nests (49 in Seep sites and 48 in Reference sites) were monitored.
Breeding productivity was similar at the Seep and Reference sites (2.7 and 3.3 young fledged per pair, respectively), although more pairs at Reference sites than Seep sites fledged at least one young (96 versus 76 percent, respectively). There were no other differences in breeding productivity between Seep site pairs and Reference site pairs. According to the best model, daily nest survival in 2022 was not related to whether the territory was in a Seep versus a Reference site. Completed nests at the Seep sites had similar fledging success as nests at Reference sites in 2022. At Seep sites, 56 percent of nests fledged young whereas 67 percent of Reference nests successfully fledged young. Predation was believed to be the primary source of nest failure at both sites. Predation accounted for 80 percent and 73 percent of nest failures at Seep and Reference sites, respectively. Failure of the remaining nests was attributed to infertile eggs and other unknown causes.
Vireos placed their nests in 12 plant species in 2022. We detected no differences in nest placement between successful and unsuccessful vireo nests or between Seep and Reference sites.
Precipitation appeared to play a role in fluctuations in the vireo population on MCBCP; however, it could not be directly linked to annual vireo breeding productivity. One possible factor that may be confounding the relationship between vireo breeding productivity and precipitation may be nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in the region, especially on the nearby San Luis Rey River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Assistant Chief of Staff, Environmental Security, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Lynn, S., Treadwell, M., and Kus, B.E., 2024, Distribution, abundance, and breeding activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California—2022 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1006, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241006.","productDescription":"x, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"82","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-147619","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433041,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241006/full"},{"id":433040,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1006/images"},{"id":433039,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1006/ofr20241006.xml"},{"id":433038,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1006/ofr20241006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16 MB"},{"id":433037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1006/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.00752092448062,\n 33.74785275971904\n ],\n [\n -118.00752092448062,\n 33.11976647292282\n ],\n [\n -116.85834882258109,\n 33.11976647292282\n ],\n [\n -116.85834882258109,\n 33.74785275971904\n ],\n [\n -118.00752092448062,\n 33.74785275971904\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
The purpose of this report is to provide the Marine Corps with an annual summary of abundance, breeding activity, demography, and habitat use of endangered Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus) at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (MCBCP or “Base”). Surveys for the Least Bell's Vireo were completed at MCBCP, California, between April 5 and July 13, 2021. Core survey areas and a subset of non-core areas in drainages containing riparian habitat suitable for vireos were surveyed three to four times. We detected 551 territorial male vireos and 26 transient vireos in core survey areas. An additional 98 territorial male vireos were detected in non-core survey areas. Transient vireos were detected on 8 of the 10 drainages/sites surveyed (core and non-core areas). Of the vireo territories in core areas, 89 percent were on the four most populated drainages, with the Santa Margarita River containing 70 percent of all territories in areas surveyed on Base. In core areas, 75 percent of male vireos were confirmed as paired; 76 percent of male vireos in non-core areas were confirmed as paired.
The number of documented Least Bell’s Vireo territories in core survey areas on MCBCP decreased 18 percent from 2020 to 2021. The number of territories in all but two core survey area drainages decreased by one or more between 2020 and 2021. The decrease in vireo numbers on MCBCP (18 percent) was consistent with population changes in surrounding areas, including the lower San Luis Rey River (24-percent decrease) and the middle San Luis Rey River (6-percent decrease).
Most core-area vireo territories (59 percent of males) were in willow (Salix spp.) riparian habitat. An additional 7 percent of birds occupied willow habitat co-dominated by Western sycamores (Platanus racemosa) or Fremont cottonwoods (Populus fremontii). Of all the territories surveyed, 25 percent were in riparian scrub dominated by mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia) or sandbar willow (S. exigua). Upland scrub was used by 8 percent of vireos; 1 percent of vireo territories were in non-native vegetation, and less than 1 percent of vireo territories were in alder or drier habitats co-dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and sycamore.
In 2019, MCBCP began operating an artificial seep along the Santa Margarita River; then, in 2021, two additional artificial seeps became operational. The artificial seeps pumped water to the surface starting in March and ending in August each year during daylight hours and were designed to increase the amount of surface water present to enhance Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) breeding habitat. Although this enhancement was designed to benefit flycatchers, few flycatchers have inhabited the seep areas within the past several years; therefore, vireos were selected as a surrogate species to determine effects of the habitat enhancement. This report presents the second year of analyses of vireo and vegetation response to the artificial seeps.
We sampled vegetation in two Seep sites and two Reference sites to determine the effects of a new water diversion dam that was completed in 2019 and two seep pumps that were installed to enhance surface water along the Santa Margarita River in 2019 and 2021. We measured higher total vegetation cover below 2 meters (m) at Seep sites than at Reference sites and lower total vegetation cover above 5 m at Seep sites than at Reference sites. Native herbaceous cover was also higher below 4 m at Seep sites than at Reference sites. Woody cover was lower above 5 m at Seep sites than at Reference sites. Soil moisture did not differ between Seep and Reference sites.
The U.S. Geological Survey has been color banding Least Bell’s Vireos on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton since 1995. In 2021, we continued to color band and resight color banded Least Bell’s Vireos to evaluate adult site fidelity, between-year movement, and the effect of surface-water enhancement on vireo site fidelity and between-year movement. We banded 164 Least Bell's Vireos for the first time during the 2021 season. Birds banded included 3 adult vireos and 161 juvenile vireos. All adult vireos were banded with unique color combinations. The juvenile vireos (all nestlings) were banded with a single gold numbered federal band on the right leg.
There were 52 Least Bell's Vireos banded before the 2021 breeding season that were resighted and identified on Base in 2021. Of these vireos, 45 were banded on Base, 6 were originally banded on the San Luis Rey River, and 1 was banded at Marine Corps Air Station, Camp Pendleton. Adult birds of known age ranged from 1 to at least 7 years old.
Base-wide survival of vireos was affected by sex, age, and year. Males had a slightly but significantly higher survival rate than females. Adults had a higher survival rate than first-year vireos. Survival of both adults and first-year birds was high from 2007 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2013 and low from 2020 to 2021. The return rate of adult vireos to Seep or Reference sites ranged from 45 to 57 percent.
Most returning adult vireos showed strong between-year site fidelity. Of the adults present in 2020 and 2021, 84 percent (94 percent of males; no females) returned to within 100 m of their previous territory. The average between-year movement for returning adult vireos was 0.1±0.2 kilometer (km). The average movement of first-year vireos detected in 2021 that fledged from a known nest on MCBCP in 2020 was 1.1±0.7 km.
We monitored Least Bell's Vireo pairs to evaluate the effects of surface-water enhancement on nest success and breeding productivity. Vireos were monitored at two Seep sites and two Reference sites. Early in 2021, a seep was installed in a 2020 Reference site, which changed the status of this monitoring site from Reference to Seep.
Nesting activity was monitored between April 5 and July 22 in 50 territories within the Seep and Reference sites (25 at Seep sites and 25 at Reference sites). All territories, except one, were occupied by pairs and all were fully monitored, meaning all nesting attempts were monitored at these territories. During the monitoring period, 97 nests (42 in Seep sites and 55 in Reference sites) were monitored.
Breeding productivity was similar at the Seep site and Reference sites (3.6 and 3.4 young per pair, respectively), with 84 percent of Seep pairs and 88 percent of Reference pairs successfully fledging at least one young in 2021. Seep sites had a higher proportion of all eggs that hatched and also a higher proportion of nests with eggs that hatched than Reference sites. Seep sites and References sites had similar proportions of hatchlings that fledged and nests with hatchlings that fledged. According to the best model, daily nest survival in 2021 was higher in Seep sites than in Reference sites. Completed nests at the Seep site were more likely to be successful than nests at Reference sites in 2021. At Seep sites, 75 percent of nests fledged young, whereas 53 percent of nests at Reference successfully fledged young. Vireos at Reference sites had to expend more energy in extra nest-building and egg-laying to produce a similar number of young as vireos at Seep sites. Predation was believed to be the primary source of nest failure at both sites. Predation accounted for 100 percent and 83 percent of nest failures at Seep and Reference sites, respectively. Failure of the remaining nests was attributed to infertile eggs and other unknown causes.
There were 11 plant species used as hosts for vireo nests in 2021. Successful vireo nests at Reference sites were further from the edge of host plants (closer to the center) and further from the edge of the nest plant clump than unsuccessful nests. Vireo nests at Seep sites were further from the edge of the host plant and the nest plant clump than vireo nests at Reference sites.
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Traditionally, local-scale habitat-relationship models are developed over small spatial extents, limiting model transferability and inference outside the study area. Thus, habitat managers frequently lack fine-scale information regarding the influence of vegetation composition and structure on site suitability or species abundance. Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus (Pinyon Jay) represents one declining species for which managers have limited information regarding the influence that vegetation composition and structure have on abundance at broad scales. To address this need, we developed a hierarchical Bayesian abundance model using summertime bird and vegetation data collected under the Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions program to explain jay abundance as a function of local conditions. Our G. cyanocephalus abundance model allowed abundance relationships with pinyon pine (Pinus edulis and P. monophylla) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) to vary by ecoregion, thereby accounting for potential regional differences in habitat associations. We found G. cyanocephalus abundance was generally positively associated with pinyon pine and juniper cover; however, habitat relationships varied by ecoregion. Additionally, we found positive associations between jay abundance and grass cover, sagebrush cover, and percent bare ground. Our results agree with prior research suggesting mechanical removal of pinyon pine and juniper trees for sagebrush restoration or fuel treatments may negatively affect G. cyanocephalus. Managers wishing to reduce pinyon and juniper tree cover without negatively affecting G. cyanocephalus may benefit from targeting sites where both large-scale distribution models and our local habitat relationships suggest G. cyanocephalus are likely to occur in low numbers. Additionally, our modeled relationships indicate restoration that increases grass cover, sagebrush cover, and bare ground, while maintaining pinyon and (or) juniper cover, may lead to increased local densities of G. cyanocephalus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duae036","usgsCitation":"Van Lanen, N.J., Monroe, A., and Aldridge, C.L., 2024, Despite regional variation, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus (Pinyon Jay) densities generally increase with local pinyon–juniper cover and heterogeneous ground cover: Ornithological Applications, v. 126, no. 4, duae036, https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duae036.","productDescription":"duae036","ipdsId":"IP-158852","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duae036","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":433154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Lanen, Nicholas J. 0000-0003-0871-0261","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0871-0261","contributorId":302927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Lanen","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monroe, Adrian P. 0000-0003-0934-8225 amonroe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-8225","contributorId":152209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monroe","given":"Adrian P.","email":"amonroe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":911623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70267317,"text":"70267317 - 2024 - Landscape-scale modeling to forecast fluvial-aeolian sediment connectivity in river valleys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-20T15:16:10.250817","indexId":"70267317","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-20T10:08:58","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape-scale modeling to forecast fluvial-aeolian sediment connectivity in river valleys","docAbstract":"Sedimentary landforms on Earth and other planetary bodies are built through scour, transport, and deposition of sediment. Sediment connectivity refers to the hypothesis that pathways of sediment transport do not occur in isolation, but rather are mechanistically linked. In dryland river systems, one such example of sediment connectivity is the transport of fluvially deposited sediment by wind. However, predictive tools that can forecast fluvial-aeolian sediment connectivity at meaningful scales are rare. Here we develop a suite of models for quantifying the availability of river-sourced sediment for aeolian transport as a function of river flow, wind regime, and land cover across 168 km of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, USA. We compare and validate these models using topographic changes observed over 10 years in a coupled river sandbar-aeolian dunefield setting. The models provide a path forward for directly linking fluvial hydrology with the management and understanding of aeolian landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2024GL110106","usgsCitation":"Kasprak, A., Sankey, J., and Caster, J., 2024, Landscape-scale modeling to forecast fluvial-aeolian sediment connectivity in river valleys: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 51, no. 6, e2024GL110106, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110106.","productDescription":"e2024GL110106, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-165471","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110106","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":486217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.41686436104216,\n 36.95682017793375\n ],\n [\n -112.32831221274077,\n 36.95682017793375\n ],\n [\n -112.32831221274077,\n 36.00005971677052\n ],\n [\n -111.41686436104216,\n 36.00005971677052\n ],\n [\n -111.41686436104216,\n 36.95682017793375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasprak, Alan 0000-0001-8184-6128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-6128","contributorId":245742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kasprak","given":"Alan","affiliations":[{"id":49307,"text":"Current: Utah State University. Former: Southwest Biological Science Center, Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":937704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":261248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":937705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caster, Joshua 0000-0002-2858-1228 jcaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2858-1228","contributorId":199033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caster","given":"Joshua","email":"jcaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":937706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70259302,"text":"70259302 - 2024 - Crystal resorption as a driver for mush maturation: An experimental investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T13:53:03.53727","indexId":"70259302","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-19T08:47:13","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal resorption as a driver for mush maturation: An experimental investigation","docAbstract":"The thermal state of a magma reservoir controls its physical and rheological properties: at storage temperatures close to the liquidus, magmas are dominated by melt and therefore mobile, while at lower temperatures, magmas are stored as a rheologically locked crystal network with interstitial melt (crystal mush). Throughout the lifetime of a magmatic system, temperature fluctuations drive transitions between mush-dominated and melt-dominated conditions. For example, magma underplating or magma recharge into a crystal mush supplies heat, leading to mush disaggregation and an increase in melt fraction via crystal resorption, before subsequent cooling reinstates a crystal mush via crystal accumulation and recrystallisation. Here, we examine the textural effects of such temperature-driven mush reprocessing cycles on the crystal cargo. We conducted high-P-T resorption experiments during which we nucleated, grew, resorbed, and recrystallised plagioclase crystals in a rhyolitic melt, imposing temperature fluctuations typical for plumbing systems in intermediate arc volcanoes (20–40 °C). The experiments reproduce common resorption textures and show that plagioclase dissolution irreversibly reduces 3D crystal aspect ratios, leading to more equant shapes. Comparison of our experimental results with morphologies of resorbed and unresorbed plagioclase crystals from Mount St. Helens (MSH) (USA) reveals a consistent trend in natural rocks: unresorbed plagioclase crystals (found in MSH dacite, basalt and quenched magmatic inclusions [QMIs]) have tabular shapes, while plagioclase crystals with one or more resorption horizons (found in MSH dacite, QMIs, and mush inclusions) show more equant shapes. Plagioclase crystals showing pervasive resorption (found in the dacite and mush inclusions) have even lower aspect ratios. We therefore suggest that crystal mush maturation results in progressively more equant crystal shapes: the shapes of plagioclase crystals in a magma reservoir will become less tabular every time they are remobilised and resorbed. This has implications for magma rheology and, ultimately, eruptibility, as crystal shape controls the maximum packing fraction and permeability of a crystal mush. We hypothesise that a mature mush with more equant crystals due to multiple resorption–recrystallisation events will be more readily remobilised than an immature mush comprising unresorbed, tabular crystals. This implies that volcanic behaviour and pre-eruptive magmatic timescales may vary systematically during thermal maturation of a crustal magmatic system, with large eruptions due to rapid wholesale remobilisation of mushy reservoirs being more likely in thermally mature systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egae088","usgsCitation":"Mangler, M.F., Humphreys, M.C., Iveson, A.A., Cooper, K.M., Clynne, M.A., Lindoo, A., Brooker, R.A., and Wadsworth, F.B., 2024, Crystal resorption as a driver for mush maturation: An experimental investigation: Journal of Petrology, v. 65, no. 9, egae088, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae088.","productDescription":"egae088, 23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-160202","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae088","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":462532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.31914874888618,\n 46.31454908454265\n ],\n [\n -122.31914874888618,\n 46.087541612133066\n ],\n [\n -122.05239446980664,\n 46.087541612133066\n ],\n [\n -122.05239446980664,\n 46.31454908454265\n ],\n [\n -122.31914874888618,\n 46.31454908454265\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangler, Martin F.","contributorId":344829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mangler","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37954,"text":"University of Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":914838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Humphreys, Madeleine C.S.","contributorId":344830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humphreys","given":"Madeleine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.S.","affiliations":[{"id":37954,"text":"University of Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":914839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iveson, Alexander A.","contributorId":344831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iveson","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37954,"text":"University of Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":914840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, Kari M.","contributorId":32814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lindoo, Amanda","contributorId":344833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindoo","given":"Amanda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37954,"text":"University of Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":914843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brooker, Richard A.","contributorId":344834,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":914844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wadsworth, Fabian B.","contributorId":344835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wadsworth","given":"Fabian","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37954,"text":"University of Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":914845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70263400,"text":"70263400 - 2024 - Status and performance of the ShakeAlert® earthquake early warning system: 2019-2023","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-10T16:47:16.140108","indexId":"70263400","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-16T10:42:40","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and performance of the ShakeAlert® earthquake early warning system: 2019-2023","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)‐operated ShakeAlert® system is the United States West Coast earthquake early warning system (Given et al., 2018). In this study we detail ShakeAlert’s performance during some of the largest events seen by the system thus far. Statewide public alerting using ShakeAlert messages was authorized in California in October 2019. Over the next few years, public alerts were expanded into Oregon and then into Washington (U.S. Geological Survey, 2024). ShakeAlert source results are routinely compared to the USGS Comprehensive Catalog (ComCat; Guy et al., 2015; U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, 2017), which contains the earthquake location and magnitude determined using complete waveform data. M 4.5 and larger is the threshold used for public alerting and was deliberately set below the level where damage is likely to compensate for cases where the system underestimates the magnitude. Between 17 October 2019 and 1 September 2023, the ShakeAlert system created 95 events with maximum magnitude estimates of M ≥4.5, the public alerting threshold. 94 of the 95 events were due to real earthquakes. Seven were categorized “false” per ShakeAlert’s internal definition that there was no matching catalog event within 100 km and 30 s of origin time; however, all but one of these were real earthquakes that were poorly located, primarily because they were at the edges of the seismic network. Three detected events were labeled “missed” because they were very poorly located (>100 km location error). In addition, the system did not produce solutions for four ComCat events M ≥4.5 (U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, 2017), which were all at the edge of the alerting and network boundaries. The ShakeAlert system has accurately detected the majority of earthquakes that have occurred within the operational region since completing the public rollout, and alerts from the system have been delivered to millions of cell phone users throughout the West Coast.
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Sustainability related to recreation infrastructure elements has been variously defined, with different disciplines often only considering one or two aspects of sustainability. In the context of trail networks, we suggest that there must be an equilibrium or harmony between human uses and the long-term sustainable management of the trail network's infrastructure, its protections of environmental and historic/cultural resources, and provision of diverse socio-economic benefits to visitors and surrounding communities. While trail sustainability has often been narrowly defined as accommodating visitation while minimizing environmental degradation, we emphasize a broader definition that encompasses four interconnected domains: managerial, resource, social, and economic. We suggest that a network of trails cannot be truly sustainable until scientists, land managers, and trail stewards fully consider and effectively address each of these dimensions.