{"pageNumber":"160","pageRowStart":"3975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16502,"records":[{"id":70041053,"text":"70041053 - 2013 - Thermokarst lakes, drainage, and drained basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T16:48:36","indexId":"70041053","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Thermokarst lakes, drainage, and drained basins","docAbstract":"Thermokarst lakes and drained lake basins are widespread in Arctic and sub-Arctic permafrost lowlands with ice-rich sediments. Thermokarst lake formation is a dominant mode of permafrost degradation and is linked to surface disturbance, subsequent melting of ground ice, surface subsidence, water impoundment, and positive feedbacks between lake growth and permafrost thaw, whereas lake drainage generally results in local permafrost aggradation. Thermokarst lakes characteristically have unique limnological, morphological, and biogeochemical characteristics that are closely tied to cold-climate conditions and permafrost properties. Thermokarst lakes also have a tendency toward complete or partial drainage through permafrost degradation and erosion. Thermokarst lake dynamics strongly affect the development of landscape geomorphology, hydrology, and the habitat characteristic of permafrost lowlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Treatise on Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00216-5","isbn":"978-0-12-374739-6","usgsCitation":"Grosse, G., Jones, B.M., and Arp, C.D., 2013, Thermokarst lakes, drainage, and drained basins, chap. <i>of</i> Treatise on Geomorphology, v. 8, p. 325-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00216-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"29","ipdsId":"IP-035844","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281018,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00216-5"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,22.7 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,22.7 ], [ -180.0,22.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd78e5e4b0b2908510c74c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shroder, John F.","contributorId":113549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroder","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509105,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040322,"text":"70040322 - 2013 - The interactive effects of excess reactive nitrogen and climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water resources of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T18:23:10.893695","indexId":"70040322","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interactive effects of excess reactive nitrogen and climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water resources of the United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nearly all freshwaters and coastal zones of the US are degraded from inputs of excess reactive nitrogen (Nr), sources of which are runoff, atmospheric N deposition, and imported food and feed. Some major adverse effects include harmful algal blooms, hypoxia of fresh and coastal waters, ocean acidification, long-term harm to human health, and increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Nitrogen fluxes to coastal areas and emissions of nitrous oxide from waters have increased in response to N inputs. Denitrification and sedimentation of organic N to sediments are important processes that divert N from downstream transport. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly important denitrification hotspots. Carbon storage in sediments is enhanced by Nr, but whether carbon is permanently buried is unknown. The effect of climate change on N transport and processing in fresh and coastal waters will be felt most strongly through changes to the hydrologic cycle, whereas N loading is mostly climate-independent. Alterations in precipitation amount and dynamics will alter runoff, thereby influencing both rates of Nr inputs to aquatic ecosystems and groundwater and the water residence times that affect Nr removal within aquatic systems. Both infrastructure and climate change alter the landscape connectivity and hydrologic residence time that are essential to denitrification. While Nr inputs to and removal rates from aquatic systems are influenced by climate and management, reduction of N inputs from their source will be the most effective means to prevent or to minimize environmental and economic impacts of excess Nr to the nation’s water resources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-012-9788-y","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Hall, E., Nolan, B.T., Finlay, J., Bernhardt, E.S., Harrison, J., Chan, F., and Boyer, E., 2013, The interactive effects of excess reactive nitrogen and climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water resources of the United States: Biogeochemistry, v. 114, no. 1-3, p. 71-92, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9788-y.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038784","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science 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A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chan, F.","contributorId":95797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chan","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":468087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Boyer, E.W.","contributorId":56358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":468082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70039843,"text":"70039843 - 2013 - Effects of linking a soil-water-balance model with a groundwater-flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-15T08:57:37","indexId":"70039843","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1862,"text":"Ground Water Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of linking a soil-water-balance model with a groundwater-flow model","docAbstract":"A previously published regional groundwater-flow model in north-central Nebraska was sequentially linked with the recently developed soil-water-balance (SWB) model to analyze effects to groundwater-flow model parameters and calibration results. The linked models provided a more detailed spatial and temporal distribution of simulated recharge based on hydrologic processes, improvement of simulated groundwater-level changes and base flows at specific sites in agricultural areas, and a physically based assessment of the relative magnitude of recharge for grassland, nonirrigated cropland, and irrigated cropland areas. Root-mean-squared (RMS) differences between the simulated and estimated or measured target values for the previously published model and linked models were relatively similar and did not improve for all types of calibration targets. However, without any adjustment to the SWB-generated recharge, the RMS difference between simulated and estimated base-flow target values for the groundwater-flow model was slightly smaller than for the previously published model, possibly indicating that the volume of recharge simulated by the SWB code was closer to actual hydrogeologic conditions than the previously published model provided. Groundwater-level and base-flow hydrographs showed that temporal patterns of simulated groundwater levels and base flows were more accurate for the linked models than for the previously published model at several sites, particularly in agricultural areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01000.x","usgsCitation":"Stanton, J.S., Ryter, D.W., and Peterson, S.M., 2013, Effects of linking a soil-water-balance model with a groundwater-flow model: Ground Water Journal, v. 51, no. 4, p. 613-622, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01000.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"622","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01000.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50744f90e4b090654e7b2644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryter, Derek W. 0000-0002-2488-626X dryter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-626X","contributorId":3395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryter","given":"Derek","email":"dryter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, Steven M. 0000-0002-9130-1284 speterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-1284","contributorId":847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Steven","email":"speterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040116,"text":"70040116 - 2013 - Trends and shifts in streamflow in Hawaii, 1913-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T09:55:48","indexId":"70040116","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends and shifts in streamflow in Hawaii, 1913-2008","docAbstract":"This study addresses a need to document changes in streamflow and base flow (groundwater discharge to streams) in Hawai'i during the past century. Statistically significant long-term (1913-2008) downward trends were detected (using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test) in low-streamflow and base-flow records. These long-term downward trends are likely related to a statistically significant downward shift around 1943 detected (using the nonparametric Pettitt test) in index records of streamflow and base flow. The downward shift corresponds to a decrease of 22% in median streamflow and a decrease of 23% in median base flow between the periods 1913-1943 and 1943-2008. The shift coincides with other local and regional factors, including a change from a positive to a negative phase in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, shifts in the direction of the trade winds over Hawai'i, and a reforestation programme. The detected shift and long-term trends reflect region-wide changes in climatic and land-cover factors. A weak pattern of downward trends in base flows during the period 1943-2008 may indicate a continued decrease in base flows after the 1943 shift. Downward trends were detected more commonly in base-flow records than in high-streamflow, peak-flow, and rainfall records. The decrease in base flow is likely related to a decrease in groundwater storage and recharge and therefore is a valuable indicator of decreasing water availability and watershed vulnerability to hydrologic changes. Whether the downward trends will continue is largely uncertain given the uncertainty in climate-change projections and watershed responses to changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","doi":"10.1002/hyp.9298","usgsCitation":"Bassiouni, M., and Oki, D.S., 2013, Trends and shifts in streamflow in Hawaii, 1913-2008: Hydrological Processes, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1484-1500, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9298.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1484","endPage":"1500","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474070,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/189096","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262184,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9298"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,16.916666666666668 ], [ -162,23 ], [ -154.66666666666666,23 ], [ -154.66666666666666,16.916666666666668 ], [ -162,16.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"506c0202e4b05073318eeadc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bassiouni, Maoya 0000-0001-5795-9894 mbassiou@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-9894","contributorId":4639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassiouni","given":"Maoya","email":"mbassiou@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":467741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040103,"text":"70040103 - 2013 - An 80-year record of sediment quality in the lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T08:40:44","indexId":"70040103","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An 80-year record of sediment quality in the lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"In 1937, the US Army Corps of Engineers cut through the \"neck\" of a large meander on the lower Mississippi River (below the confluence with the Ohio River) forming the Caulk Neck cutoff and creating Lake Whittington, a 26-km long oxbow lake, in northern Mississippi. Since 1938, seasonal flooding and a boat channel connecting the lake with the Mississippi River have led to sediment accumulation in the lake, resulting in an 80-year record of sediment quality in the river. On the basis of an age-dated sediment core from the lake, trends in trace metals and hydrophobic organic compounds (except polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) follow well-known patterns with upward trends from the 1930s to the ca 1970s, followed by downward trends to the present. Two factors contribute to these patterns: reservoir construction and changes in emissions. The construction of seven large reservoirs on the Missouri River, in particular the closure of the Fort Randall (1953) and Gavins Point (1955) Dams, greatly reduced the load of relatively clean sediment to the Mississippi River, likely contributing to downstream increases in contaminant concentrations in the Mississippi River. Increasing anthropogenic emissions also contributed to upward trends until ca 1970 when major environmental policy actions began resulting in broad decreases in emissions and downward trends in the concentrations of most of the contaminants monitored. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phosphorus are partial exceptions to this pattern, with increases to the 1960s and variable concentrations showing no clear trend since. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.9336","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., and Horowitz, A.J., 2013, An 80-year record of sediment quality in the lower Mississippi River: Hydrological Processes, v. 27, no. 17, p. 2438-2448, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9336.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2438","endPage":"2448","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9336"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","volume":"27","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50662509e4b053bff18e1bd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70039516,"text":"70039516 - 2013 - Successional stage of biological soil crusts: an accurate indicator of ecohydrological condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T08:47:43","indexId":"70039516","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Successional stage of biological soil crusts: an accurate indicator of ecohydrological condition","docAbstract":"Biological soil crusts are a key component of many dryland ecosystems. Following disturbance, biological soil crusts will recover in stages. Recently, a simple classification of these stages has been developed, largely on the basis of external features of the crusts, which reflects their level of development (LOD). The classification system has six LOD classes, from low (1) to high (6). To determine whether the LOD of a crust is related to its ecohydrological function, we used rainfall simulation to evaluate differences in infiltration, runoff, and erosion among crusts in the various LODs, across a range of soil depths and with different wetting pre-treatments. We found large differences between the lowest and highest LODs, with runoff and erosion being greatest from the lowest LOD. Under dry antecedent conditions, about 50% of the water applied ran off the lowest LOD plots, whereas less than 10% ran off the plots of the two highest LODs. Similarly, sediment loss was 400 g m<sup>-2</sup> from the lowest LOD and almost zero from the higher LODs. We scaled up the results from these simulations using the Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model. Modelling results indicate that erosion increases dramatically as slope length and gradient increase, especially beyond the threshold values of 10 m for slope length and 10% for slope gradient. Our findings confirm that the LOD classification is a quick, easy, nondestructive, and accurate index of hydrological condition and should be incorporated in field and modelling assessments of ecosystem health.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecohydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","doi":"10.1002/eco.1281","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Wilcox, B.P., Van Scoyoc, M.V., and Phillips, S.L., 2013, Successional stage of biological soil crusts: an accurate indicator of ecohydrological condition: Ecohydrology, v. 6, no. 3, p. 474-482, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1281.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"474","endPage":"482","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1281","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9da9e4b08c986b31d9b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, Bradford P.","contributorId":55298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Bradford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Scoyoc, Matthew V.","contributorId":24651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Scoyoc","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Susan L.","contributorId":59285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70182709,"text":"70182709 - 2012 - Relations between altered stramflow variability and fish assemblages in Eastern USA streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T12:24:11","indexId":"70182709","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between altered stramflow variability and fish assemblages in Eastern USA streams","docAbstract":"<p><span>Although altered streamflow has been implicated as a major factor affecting fish assemblages, understanding the extent of streamflow alteration has required quantifying attributes of the natural flow regime. We used predictive models to quantify deviation from expected natural streamflow variability for streams in the eastern USA. Sites with &gt;25% change in mean daily streamflow variability compared with what would be expected in a minimally disturbed environment were defined as having altered streamflow variability, based on the 10th and 90th percentiles of the distribution of streamflow variability at 1279 hydrological reference sites. We also used predictive models to assess fish assemblage condition and native species loss based on the proportion of expected native fish species that were observed. Of the 97 sites, 49 (50.5%) were classified as altered with reduced streamflow variability, whereas no sites had increased streamflow variability. Reduced streamflow variability was related to a 35% loss in native fish species, on average, and a &gt;50% loss of species with a preference for riffle habitats. Conditional probability analysis indicated that the probability of fish assemblage impairment increased as the severity of altered streamflow variability increased. Reservoir storage capacity and wastewater discharges were important predictors of reduced streamflow variability as revealed by random forest analysis. Management and conservation of streams will require careful consideration of natural streamflow variation and potential factors contributing to altered streamflow within the entire watershed to limit the loss of critical stream habitats and fish species uniquely adapted to live in those habitats.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, West Sussex, UK","doi":"10.1002/rra.1534","usgsCitation":"Meador, M., and Carlisle, D.M., 2012, Relations between altered stramflow variability and fish assemblages in Eastern USA streams: River Research and Applications, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1359-1368, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1534.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1368","ipdsId":"IP-023347","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment 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,{"id":70037941,"text":"70037941 - 2012 - Predicting ecological flow regime at ungaged sites: A comparison of methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T16:10:32","indexId":"70037941","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting ecological flow regime at ungaged sites: A comparison of methods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nineteen ecologically relevant streamflow characteristics were estimated using published rainfall–runoff and regional regression models for six sites with observed daily streamflow records in Kentucky. The regional regression model produced median estimates closer to the observed median for all but two characteristics. The variability of predictions from both models was generally less than the observed variability. The variability of the predictions from the rainfall–runoff model was greater than that from the regional regression model for all but three characteristics. Eight characteristics predicted by the rainfall–runoff model display positive or negative bias across all six sites; biases are not as pronounced for the regional regression model. Results suggest that a rainfall–runoff model calibrated on a single characteristic is less likely to perform well as a predictor of a range of other characteristics (flow regime) when compared with a regional regression model calibrated individually on multiple characteristics used to represent the flow regime. Poor model performance may misrepresent hydrologic conditions, potentially distorting the perceived risk of ecological degradation. Without prior selection of streamflow characteristics, targeted calibration, and error quantification, the widespread application of general hydrologic models to ecological flow studies is problematic. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/rra.2570","usgsCitation":"Murphy, J.C., Knight, R., Wolfe, W., and Gain, W.S., 2012, Predicting ecological flow regime at ungaged sites: A comparison of methods: River Research and Applications, v. 29, no. 5, p. 660-669, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2570.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"660","endPage":"669","ipdsId":"IP-033156","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.43994140625,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.29711914062499,\n              34.97600151317588\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.396484375,\n              34.288991865037524\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.73779296875,\n              34.542762387234845\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.63916015625,\n              35.092945313732635\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.463623046875,\n              37.21283151445594\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.012939453125,\n              37.448696585910376\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.71533203125,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.143310546875,\n              37.1165261849112\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.43994140625,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586f69a8e4b01a71ba0bc90b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Jennifer C. 0000-0002-0881-0919 jmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-0919","contributorId":4281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Jennifer","email":"jmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":514105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Rodney R. rrknight@usgs.gov","contributorId":2272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Rodney R.","email":"rrknight@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":514104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, William J. wjwolfe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"William J.","email":"wjwolfe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":514103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":514102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70039513,"text":"70039513 - 2012 - Water monitoring to support the State of Illinois Governor's Drought Response Task Force -August 7, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-02T09:43:36","indexId":"70039513","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-13T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water monitoring to support the State of Illinois Governor's Drought Response Task Force -August 7, 2012","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collects streamflow, groundwater level, and water-quality data for the State of Illinois and the Nation. Much of these data are collected every 15 minutes (real-time) as a part of the national network, so that water-resource managers can make decisions in a timely and reliable manner. Coupled with modeling and other water-resource investigations, the USGS provides data to the State during droughts and other hydrologic events. 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,{"id":70156603,"text":"ofr20131280R1 - 2012 - Reported industrial minerals occurrences and permissive areas for other occurrences in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V  deliverable 88): Chapter R1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70156603,"text":"ofr20131280R1 - 2012 - Reported industrial minerals occurrences and permissive areas for other occurrences in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V  deliverable 88): Chapter R1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>","indexId":"ofr20131280R1","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"R1","title":"Reported industrial minerals occurrences and permissive areas for other occurrences in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V  deliverable 88): Chapter R1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T13:50:39","indexId":"ofr20131280R1","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"R1","title":"Reported industrial minerals occurrences and permissive areas for other occurrences in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V  deliverable 88): Chapter R1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>","docAbstract":"<p>In 1996, at the request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists produced a strategic plan for the acquisition, improvement and modernization of multidisciplinary sets of data to support the growth of the Mauritanian minerals sector and to highlight the geological and mineral exploration potential of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.</p>\n<p>To achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.</p>\n<p>This report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. 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,{"id":70159520,"text":"ofr20131280I1 - 2012 - Permissive tracts for orogenic and epithermal gold deposits in Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 70): Chapter I1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159520,"text":"ofr20131280I1 - 2012 - Permissive tracts for orogenic and epithermal gold deposits in Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 70): Chapter I1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>","indexId":"ofr20131280I1","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"I1","title":"Permissive tracts for orogenic and epithermal gold deposits in Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 70): Chapter I1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T08:52:25","indexId":"ofr20131280I1","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"I1","title":"Permissive tracts for orogenic and epithermal gold deposits in Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 70): Chapter I1 in <i>Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République  Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II)</i>","docAbstract":"<p>In 1996, at the request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists produced a strategic plan for the acquisition, improvement and modernization of multidisciplinary sets of data to support the growth of the Mauritanian minerals sector and to highlight the geological and mineral exploration potential of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.</p>\n<p>To achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.</p>\n<p>This report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. 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,{"id":70205864,"text":"70205864 - 2012 - Physical Climate Forces","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70205864,"text":"70205864 - 2012 - Physical Climate Forces","indexId":"70205864","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Physical Climate Forces"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048737,"text":"70048737 - 2012 - Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment","indexId":"70048737","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048737,"text":"70048737 - 2012 - Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment","indexId":"70048737","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T16:24:10","indexId":"70205864","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-08T16:02:11","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Physical Climate Forces","docAbstract":"<p>Key Findings<br></p><p>The coasts of the U.S. are home to many large urban centers and important infrastructure such seaports, airports, transportation routes, oil import and refining&nbsp;facilities, power plants, and military bases. All are vulnerable to varying degrees&nbsp;to impacts of global warming such as sea-level rise, storms, and flooding. High&nbsp;Confidence.</p><p>Physical observations collected over the past several decades from the land,&nbsp;coasts, oceans, and the atmosphere, as well as environmental indicators, show&nbsp;that warming and some related environmental changes are occurring globally at&nbsp;rates greater than can be expected due to natural processes. These climate-related&nbsp;changes are highly varied, but some are likely due in large part to anthropogenically increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and altered land&nbsp;surface properties. High Confidence.</p><p>Findings from many independent scientific studies conclude that these changes&nbsp;are consistent with global warming. The primary changes observed are rising&nbsp;sea level and average global air, land, and ocean temperatures; heightening&nbsp;temperature and precipitation extremes in some regions; and increasing levels&nbsp;of oceans acidification and rates of glacier and ice sheet melt. High Confidence.</p><p>Most coastal landforms, such as barrier islands, deltas, bays, estuaries, wetlands,&nbsp;coral reefs, are highly dynamic and sensitive to even small changes in physical<br>forces and feedbacks such as warming, storms, ocean circulation, waves and&nbsp;currents, flooding, sediment budgets, and sea-level rise. High Confidence.</p><p>The effects of sea-level rise on coasts vary considerably from region-to-region&nbsp;and over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Land subsidence in certain locations causes relative sea-level rise to exceed global mean sea-level rise. Land&nbsp;uplift such as that found in Alaska and the Northwestern Pacific coast can reduce&nbsp;effects of global mean rise. The effects will be greatest and most immediate on&nbsp;low-relief, low-elevation parts of the U.S. coast along the Gulf of Mexico, mid-Atlantic states, northern Alaska, Hawaii, and island territories and especially&nbsp;on coasts containing deltas, coastal plains, tidal wetlands, bays, estuaries, and&nbsp;coral reefs. Beaches and wetlands on steep cliff coasts and shores backed with&nbsp;seawalls may be unable to move landward or maintain their landform with sea-level rise. Many areas of the coast are especially vulnerable because of the often&nbsp;detrimental effects of development on natural processes. High Confidence.</p><p>The gradual inundation from recent sea-level rise is evident in many regions&nbsp;such as the mid-Atlantic and Louisiana where high tides regularly flood roads&nbsp;and areas that were previously dry, and in stands of “ghost forests,” in which&nbsp;trees are killed by intrusion of brackish water. High Confidence.</p><p>Sea level change and storms are dominant driving forces of coastal change as&nbsp;observed in the geologic record of coastal landforms. Increasingly, sea-level rise&nbsp;will become a hazard for coastal regions because of continued global mean sea-level rise, including possibly accelerated rates of rise that increase risk to coastal&nbsp;regions. As the global climate continues to warm and ice sheets melt, coasts will&nbsp;become more dynamic and coastal cities and low-lying areas will be increasingly&nbsp;exposed to erosion, inundation, and flooding. High Confidence.&nbsp;</p><p>No coordinated, interagency process exists in the U.S. for identifying agreed&nbsp;upon global mean sea-level rise projections for the purpose of coastal planning,&nbsp;policy, or management, even though this is a critical first step in assessing coastal&nbsp;impacts and vulnerabilities. High Confidence.&nbsp;</p><p>Global sea level rose at a rate of 1.7 millimeters/year during the 20th century.&nbsp;The rate has increased to over 3 millimeters/year in the past 20 years and scientific studies suggest high confidence (&gt;9 in 10 chance) that global mean sea level&nbsp;will rise 0.2 to 2 meters by the end of this century. Some regions such as Louisiana and the Chesapeake Bay will experience greater relative rise due to factors&nbsp;such as land subsidence, gravitational redistribution of ice-sheet meltwater,&nbsp;ocean circulation changes, and regional ocean thermostatic effects. Other regions&nbsp;undergoing land uplift, such as Alaska, will experience lesser sea-level rise. High&nbsp;Confidence.</p><p>Variability in the location and time-of-year of storm genesis can influence landfalling storm characteristics, and even small changes can lead to large changes in&nbsp;landfalling location and impact. Although scientists have only low confidence in&nbsp;the sign of projected changes to the coast of storm-related hazards that depend&nbsp;on a combination of factors such as frequency, track, intensity, and storm size,&nbsp;any sea-level rise is virtually certain to exacerbate storm-related hazards. High&nbsp;Confidence.</p><p>Although sea-level rise and climate change have occurred in the past, the&nbsp;increasing human presence in the coastal zone will make the impacts different<br>for the future. Land use and other human activities often inhibit the natural&nbsp;response of physical processes and adaptation by plants and animals. In some<br>areas, erosion and wetland loss are common because sediment budgets have been reduced, while, in other regions, excess sediment is in-filling harbors, channels, and bays. High Confidence.&nbsp;</p><p>Observations continue to indicate an ongoing, warming-induced intensification&nbsp;of the hydrologic cycle that will likely result in heavier precipitation events and,&nbsp;combined with sea-level rise and storm surge, an increased flooding severity in&nbsp;some coastal areas, particularly the northeast U.S. Moderate Confidence.</p><p>Temperature is primarily driving environmental change in the Alaskan coastal&nbsp;zone. Sea ice and permafrost make northern regions particularly susceptible&nbsp;to temperature change. For example, an increase of two degrees Celsius could basically transform much of Alaska from frozen to unfrozen, with extensive&nbsp;implications. Portions of the north and west coast of Alaska are seeing dramatic&nbsp;increases in the rate of coastal erosion and flooding due to sea ice loss and&nbsp;permafrost melting. As a consequence, several coastal communities are planning&nbsp;to relocate to safer locations. Relocation is a difficult decision that is likely to&nbsp;become more common in the future for many coastal regions. High Confidence.</p><p>Methane is a primary greenhouse gas. Large reserves of methane are bound-up&nbsp;in Alaska’s frozen permafrost. These are susceptible to disturbance and methane<br>release if the Arctic continues to warm. The additional methane released may&nbsp;result in even greater greenhouse warming of the atmosphere. High Confidence.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: A Technical Input to the 2012 National Climate Assessment. 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Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Titus, James G.","contributorId":106026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Wamsley, T.V.","contributorId":60477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wamsley","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}}
,{"id":70118983,"text":"70118983 - 2012 - Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T10:00:29","indexId":"70118983","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-04T09:59:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition","docAbstract":"Remote telemetry has a long history of use for collection of environmental measurements. With the rise of mobile phones and SMS text-messaging capacity, many members of the general pubic carry communications equipment in their pockets at all times. Enabling the general public to provide environmental data through text messages has the potential both to provide additional data to scientific projects and also to raise awareness of the projects through participation. Hydrologic measurements – some of which can be made without training, involve a single measurement, and are often made in rural areas – are well-suited to text-message conveyance. Many other environmental measurements are similarly well-suited for this technology. Social.Water is a software package, written in Python, that collects, parses, and categorizes text messages sent to a dedicated phone number, updates a simple database, and posts both graphical results and the database on the Web. Social.Water was designed as the backend to the Crowdhydrology project and is written in an object-oriented design that makes customization and modification straightforward.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., and Lowry, C., 2012, Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition: Computers & Geosciences, v. 49, p. 164-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"169","ipdsId":"IP-038629","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291545,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e5de4b0beb42bdca496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, Christopher","contributorId":82232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044265,"text":"ofr20121274 - 2012 - Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T10:18:17","indexId":"ofr20121274","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1274","title":"Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries","docAbstract":"As part of a larger investigation into potential effects of climate change on estuarine habitats in the Pacific Northwest, we estimated changes in freshwater inputs into four estuaries: Coquille River estuary, South Slough of Coos Bay, and Yaquina Bay in Oregon, and Willapa Bay in Washington. We used the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) to model watershed hydrological processes under current and future climatic conditions. This model allowed us to explore possible shifts in coastal hydrologic regimes at a range of spatial scales. All modeled watersheds are located in rainfall-dominated coastal areas with relatively insignificant base flow inputs, and their areas vary from 74.3 to 2,747.6 square kilometers. The watersheds also vary in mean elevation, ranging from 147 meters in the Willapa to 1,179 meters in the Coquille. The latitudes of watershed centroids range from 43.037 degrees north latitude in the Coquille River estuary to 46.629 degrees north latitude in Willapa Bay. We calibrated model parameters using historical climate grid data downscaled to one-sixteenth of a degree by the Climate Impacts Group, and historical runoff from sub-watersheds or neighboring watersheds. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values for daily flows in calibration sub-watersheds ranged from 0.71 to 0.89. After calibration, we forced the PRMS models with four North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program climate models: Canadian Regional Climate Model-(National Center for Atmospheric Research) Community Climate System Model version 3, Canadian Regional Climate Model-Canadian Global Climate Model version 3, Hadley Regional Model version 3-Hadley Centre Climate Model version 3, and Regional Climate Model-Canadian Global Climate Model version 3. These are global climate models (GCMs) downscaled with regional climate models that are embedded within the GCMs, and all use the A2 carbon emission scenario developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. With these climate-forcing outputs, we derived the mean change in flow from the period encompassing the 1980s (1971-1995) to the period encompassing the 2050s (2041-2065). Specifically, we calculated percent change in mean monthly flow rate, coefficient of variation, top 5 percent of flow, and 7-day low flow. The trends with the most agreement among climate models and among watersheds were increases in autumn mean monthly flows, especially in October and November, decreases in summer monthly mean flow, and increases in the top 5 percent of flow. We also estimated variance in PRMS outputs owing to parameter uncertainty and the selection of climate model using Latin hypercube sampling. This analysis showed that PRMS low-flow simulations are more uncertain than medium or high flow simulations, and that variation among climate models was a larger source of uncertainty than the hydrological model parameters. These results improve our understanding of how climate change may affect the saltwater-freshwater balance in Pacific Northwest estuaries, with implications for their sensitive ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Steele, M.O., Chang, H., Reusser, D.A., Brown, C.A., and Jung, I., 2012, Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1274, Report: ix, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121274.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1274.jpg"},{"id":268610,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1274/index.html"},{"id":268611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1274/pdf/ofr2012-1274.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,41.99 ], [ -124.61,47.26 ], [ -122.0,47.26 ], [ -122.0,41.99 ], [ -124.61,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5131cdf1e4b0140546f53bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Madeline O.","contributorId":19048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Madeline","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Heejun","contributorId":14705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Heejun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reusser, Deborah A. dreusser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Deborah","email":"dreusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Cheryl A.","contributorId":69284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jung, Il-Won","contributorId":38865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Il-Won","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043298,"text":"pp1386A - 2012 - State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70043298,"text":"pp1386A - 2012 - State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments","indexId":"pp1386A","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:45:43.720635","indexId":"pp1386A","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","chapter":"A","title":"State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments","docAbstract":"<p>This chapter is the tenth in a series of 11 book-length chapters, collectively referred to as &ldquo;this volume,&rdquo; in the series U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World. In the other 10 chapters, each of which concerns a specific glacierized region of Earth, the authors used remotely sensed images, primarily from the Landsat 1, 2, and 3 series of spacecraft, in order to analyze that glacierized region and to monitor changes in its glaciers. Landsat images, acquired primarily during the period 1972 through 1981, were used by an international team of glaciologists and other scientists to study the various glacierized regions and (or) to discuss related glaciological topics. In each glacierized region, the present distribution of glaciers within its geographic area is compared, wherever possible, with historical information about their past areal extent. The atlas provides an accurate regional inventory of the areal extent of glacier ice on our planet during the 1970s as part of an expanding international scientific effort to measure global environmental change on the Earth&rsquo;s surface. However, this chapter differs from the other 10 in its discussion of observed changes in all four elements of the Earth&rsquo;s cryosphere (glaciers, snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost) in the context of documented changes in all components of the Earth System. Human impact on the planet at the beginning of the 21st century is pervasive. The focus of Chapter A is on changes in the cryosphere and the importance of long-term monitoring by a variety of sensors carried on Earth-orbiting satellites or by a ground-based network of observatories in the case of permafrost. The chapter consists of five parts. The first part provides an introduction to the Earth System, including the interrelationships of the geosphere (cryosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere), the biosphere, climate processes, biogeochemical cycles, and the critically important hydrologic cycle, in which glacier ice is the second largest reservoir of water after the oceans. The second part assesses the state of glaciers in all of the glacierized regions of the planet, primarily as drawn in the other 10 chapters. It includes sections on ice cores and the climate record they contain, volumetric changes in glaciers, harnessing spaceborne sensors to measure changes in glaciers, and related topics. The third part summarizes trends in global snow cover. The fourth part summarizes long-term changes in area and thickness of floating ice, including polar sea ice and freshwater (lake and river) ice. The fifth part assesses the loss of permafrost and changes in periglacial environments at high latitudes and high altitudes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world (Professional Paper 1386)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1386A","isbn":"978-0-607-98287-9","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., Huntington, T.G., Ferrigno, J.G., Thompson, L., Dyurgerov, M., Meier, M., Raup, B., Kargel, J.S., Hall, D.K., Robinson, D.A., Parkinson, C.L., Cavalieri, D., Jeffries, M.O., Morris, K., Duguay, C.R., Heginbottom, J.A., Brown, J., Humlum, O., Svensson, H., and Foley, K.M., 2012, State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century: Glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Report: 550 p.; 1 Plate: 36 x 24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386A.","productDescription":"Report: 550 p.; 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