McCraken Springs, consisting of three perennial springs - Main, Bat Cave, and Rocky Springs—and several intermittent springs, are used as a source of public water by the Fort Knox Military Reservation in Meade County, Ky. The water supply provided by McCraken Springs is potentially vulnerable to natural and induced stresses on the karst aquifer and to degradation by contaminants introduced by stormwater entering sinkholes and a large sinking stream in the Springs' recharge area.
The U.S. Department of the Army is preparing a spring-basin protection plan for McCraken Springs, in accordance with State water-supply regulations and as specified under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines for the Wellhead Protection Program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). In order to provide the information needed to prepare the plan, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, conducted a hydrogeologic study of the McCraken Springs in 1997-98. This report presents the results of that investigation. Ground-water-tracer tests and the results of potentiometric-surface mapping were used to identify ground-water basins drained by major perennial springs and to delineate the approximate boundaries of the recharge area for McCraken Springs. Additional hydrologic data were collected to determine the discharge and recharge characteristics of the Springs.
Karst aquifers and springs are widely recognized as being more sensitive to degradation to point- and nonpoint-source contamination than most granular and fractured-rock aquifers (Field, 1990). Delineation of the geographic area contributing recharge to a water-supply spring is a principal step in identifying potential sources of ground-water contamination and developing a strategy to ensure the availability and protect the sustainability of the water supply. Conventional methods of aquifer testing and numerical modeling are not sufficient to determine the flow boundaries of ground-water basins in conduit-dominated karst aquifers. Previous studies published by Quinlan and Ewers (1989); Mull and others (1990); Bayless and others (1994); and Schindel and others (1995) demonstrate the utility of ground-water tracer tests, used in combination with potentiometric-surface mapping, to identify flow directions in karst aquifers, and to delineate karst ground-water-basin boundaries.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/wri984196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.J., and McCombs, G.K., 1998, Recharge-area delineation and hydrology, McCraken Springs, Fort Knox Military Reservation, Meade County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4196, Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34.48 x 41.09 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984196.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 34.48 x 41.09 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427879,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4196/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4196/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4196/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Meade County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Knox Military Reservation, McCraken Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.166667,\n 37.944445\n ],\n [\n -86.166667,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 37.944445\n ],\n [\n -86.166667,\n 37.944445\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644a6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCombs, Gregory K. gmccombs@usgs.gov","contributorId":5429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCombs","given":"Gregory","email":"gmccombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38256,"text":"pp1404H - 1998 - Ground-water flow in the New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19992,"text":"ofr87528 - 1990 - Ground-water flow in the New Jersey coastal plain","indexId":"ofr87528","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water flow in the New Jersey coastal plain"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38256,"text":"pp1404H - 1998 - Ground-water flow in the New Jersey Coastal Plain","indexId":"pp1404H","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Ground-water flow in the New Jersey Coastal Plain"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T19:42:28.024853","indexId":"pp1404H","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"H","title":"Ground-water flow in the New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow in 10 aquifers and 9 intervening confining units of the New Jersey Coastal Plain was simulated as part of the Regional Aquifer System Analysis. Data on aquifer and confining unit characteristics and on pumpage and water levels from 1918 through 1980 were incorporated into a multilayer finite-difference model. The report describes the conceptual hydrogeologic model of the unstressed flow systems, the methods and approach used in simulating flow, and the results of the simulations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404H","usgsCitation":"Martin, M., 1998, Ground-water flow in the New Jersey Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, 146 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404H.","productDescription":"146 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484737,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13260.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404h/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"New Jersey Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.817,\n 40.55\n ],\n [\n -75.817,\n 38.458\n ],\n [\n -73.467,\n 38.458\n ],\n [\n -73.467,\n 40.55\n ],\n [\n -75.817,\n 40.55\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c78f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Mary","contributorId":7290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6118,"text":"pp1604 - 1998 - Hydrologic classification and estimation of basin and hydrologic characteristics of subbasins in central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-02T11:18:19","indexId":"pp1604","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1604","title":"Hydrologic classification and estimation of basin and hydrologic characteristics of subbasins in central Idaho","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data for streams and associated subbasins within the Salmon and Clearwater river basins were analyzed to support instream flow claims by the Bureau of Indian Affairs on behalf of the Nez Perce Indian Tribe. A geographic information system was used to construct a data base of basin characteristics for 1,050 subbasins. Descriptive variables were used to classify these subbasins and compute estimates of flow characteristics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/pp1604","usgsCitation":"Lipscomb, S.W., 1998, Hydrologic classification and estimation of basin and hydrologic characteristics of subbasins in central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1604, 49 p.; 1 plate and 1 3 1/2 inch HD/DS DOS-compatible diskette, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1604.","productDescription":"49 p.; 1 plate and 1 3 1/2 inch HD/DS DOS-compatible diskette","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":336794,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1604/pp1604.zip","text":"Floppy disc","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":108394,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13259.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13259"},{"id":126490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1604/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33174,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1604/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33175,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1604/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipscomb, Stephen W.","contributorId":84753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23854,"text":"ofr98580 - 1998 - Evaluation of faults and their effect on ground-water flow southwest of Frenchman Flat, Nye and Clark counties, Nevada: a digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T15:52:17.744785","indexId":"ofr98580","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-580","title":"Evaluation of faults and their effect on ground-water flow southwest of Frenchman Flat, Nye and Clark counties, Nevada: a digital database","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow through the region south and west of Frenchman Flat, in the Ash Meadows subbasin of the Death Valley ground-water flow system, is controlled mostly by faults which arrange the distribution of permeable and impermeable rocks. In addition, most permeability is along fractures caused by faulting in carbonate rocks. Large faults are more likely to reach the potentiometric surface as deep as 325 meters below the ground surface and are more likely to effect the flow path than small faults. This study concentrated on identifying large faults, especially where they cut carbonate rocks. Small faults, however, may develop as much permeability as large faults if they are penetrative and are part of an anastomosing fault_zone. The overall pattern of faults and joints at the ground surface in the Spotted and Specter Ranges is an indication of the fracture system at the depth of the water table. Most of the faults in these ranges are west-southwest-striking, high-angle faults, 100 to 3,500 meters long, with 10 to 300 meters of displacement. Many of them, such as those in the Spotted Range and Rock Valley are left-lateral strike-slip faults that are conjugate to the NW-striking right-lateral faults of the Las Vegas Valley shear zone. These faults control the ground-water flow path, which runs west-southwest beneath the Spotted Range, Mercury Valley and the Specter Range.
The Specter Range thrust is a significant geologic structure with respect to ground- water flow. This regional thrust fault emplaces siliceous clastic strata into the north central and western parts of the Specter Range. These rocks act as a barrier that confines ground- water flow to the southern part of the range, directing it southwestward toward springs at Ash Meadows. These siliceous clastic aquitard rocks and overlying Cenozoic deposits probably also block westward flow of ground-water in Rock Valley, diverting it southward to the flow path beneath the southern part of the Specter Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98580","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"McKee, E.H., Wickham, T.A., and Wheeler, K.L., 1998, Evaluation of faults and their effect on ground-water flow southwest of Frenchman Flat, Nye and Clark counties, Nevada: a digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-580, Report: 14 p.; Readme; Geologic explanation: HTML page, txt file; Database: TAR.GZ; 5 Figures: PostScript files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98580.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; Readme; Geologic explanation: HTML page, txt file; Database: TAR.GZ; 5 Figures: PostScript files","numberOfPages":"14","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291220,"rank":9,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98580.jpg"},{"id":291219,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/readme.txt"},{"id":284771,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/images/fig4.ps"},{"id":284768,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/images/fig3.ps"},{"id":284773,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/images/fig5.ps"},{"id":284765,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/images/fig2.ps"},{"id":284759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/frofr.tar.gz"},{"id":284758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/frnc.html"},{"id":284763,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/images/fig1.ps"},{"id":53075,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/pdf/of98-580.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1577,"rank":10,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0580/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County, Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.9439,35.0019 ], [ -117.9439,38.5146 ], [ -114.0468,38.5146 ], [ -114.0468,35.0019 ], [ -117.9439,35.0019 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd585ae4b0b290850f80b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wickham, Thomas A.","contributorId":24603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheeler, Karen L. kwheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Karen","email":"kwheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29588,"text":"wri974084 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and sources of recharge to the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers in the southern part of the Red River of the North drainage basin, west-central Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:27:15","indexId":"wri974084","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4084","title":"Hydrogeology and sources of recharge to the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers in the southern part of the Red River of the North drainage basin, west-central Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota","docAbstract":"Declining hydraulic heads in the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers are of concern to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and local water managers because of limited groundwater resources in the southern part of the Red River of the North drainage basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Moorhead Public Service, investigated the hydrogeology of and sources of recharge to the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers.
\nThe Buffalo aquifer is a complex, heterogeneous outwash deposit composed of medium to coarse sand and gravel. Part of the Buffalo aquifer is unconfined and part is confined. The direction of ground water flow in the Buffalo aquifer is from east to west. Water-level declines in observation wells near the Moorhead Public Service North Well Field extend beyond the eastern and western boundaries of the Buffalo aquifer. Transmissivity and storativity calculated from the drawdown part of an aquifer test ranged from 20,870 to 23,852 feet squared per day and from 3.0 x 10-5 to 3.2 x 10-2, respectively. Transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity values of 29,090 and 28,450 feet squared per day and 272 and 266 feet per day were calculated from the recovery-phase data.
\nPotential recharge from the Buffalo River and its tributaries to the Buffalo aquifer ranged from 5 to 14 cubic feet per second. Recharge from precipitation where the Buffalo aquifer is unconfined was about 1.49 x 105 cubic feet per day. Recharge per unit length of the Buffalo aquifer during an aquifer test near the Moorhead Public Service North Well Field ranged from 3.9 x 10-4 to 2.0 x 10-2 cubic feet per day.
\nThe Wahpeton Shallow Sand, the Wahpeton Sand Plain, and the Wahpeton Buried Valley aquifers comprise the Wahpeton aquifers in order of increasing depth. All the aquifers are composed of fine- to coarse-grained sand mixed with gravel. Confining units are interleaved with the Wahpeton aquifers.
\nGround-water-flow directions in the Wahpeton aquifers were changed by ground-water development. Before development, ground water flowed from the Wahpeton Buried Valley aquifer upward to the Wahpeton Sand Plain aquifer and the Wahpeton Shallow Sand aquifer. After development, ground water flowed from the Wahpeton Shallow Sand aquifer to the Wahpeton Sand Plain and the Wahpeton Buried Valley aquifers.
\nThe potential sources of recharge to the Wahpeton aquifers investigated were the Red River of the North, and adjacent hydro geologic units. The volume of ground water pumped from the Wahpeton aquifers provides an estimate of the upper limit for the volume of recharge to the aquifer. Based on pumpage from all of the Wapheton aquifers from 1990 to 1993, the upper limit is about 580 million gallons per year (2.4 x 105 cubic feet per day).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974084","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Moorhead Public Service","usgsCitation":"Schoenberg, M., 1998, Hydrogeology and sources of recharge to the Buffalo and Wahpeton aquifers in the southern part of the Red River of the North drainage basin, west-central Minnesota and southeastern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4084, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974084.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoenberg, Michael","contributorId":22802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenberg","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25962,"text":"wri974204 - 1998 - Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in northwestern Elkhart County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T11:00:25","indexId":"wri974204","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4204","title":"Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in northwestern Elkhart County, Indiana","docAbstract":"In 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the City of Elkhart, developed a ground-water model of the Elkhart, Indiana, area to determine the avail-ability and source of water at potential new well fields. The modeled area covered 190 square miles of northwestern Elkhart County and a small part of southern Michigan. Three Superfund sites and several other sites in this area are undergoing environmental cleanup. The model would be used to guide the location of well fields so that Superfund sites and environmental cleanup areas would not be within recharge areas for the well fields. The City of Elkhart obtains its water supply from two aquifers separated by a generally continuous confining unit. The upper aquifer is composed primarily of sand and gravel of glacial origin. Thickness of the upper aquifer ranges from 0 to 116 feet and averages 47 feet. The lower aquifer is composed of sand and gravel with interbedded lenses of silt and clay. Thickness of the lower aquifer ranges from 1 to 335 feet and averages 35 feet. The intervening confining unit is composed of silt and clay with interbedded sand and gravel; the confining unit ranges from 0 to 177 feet, with an average thickness of 27 feet. Flow through the aquifers is generally horizontal vertically downward from the upper aquifer, through the confining unit, and into the lower aquifer, except where flow is vertically upward at the St. Joseph River and other large streams. The hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers and confining unit were estimated by analyzing aquifer-test data from well drillers? logs and by calibration of the model. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer is 170 feet per day within about 1 mile of the St. Joseph and Elkhart Rivers and 370 feet per day at distances greater than about 1 mile. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the lower aquifer is 370 feet per day throughout the modeled area, with the exception of an area near the center of the modeled area where the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is 170 feet per day. Transmissivity of the lower aquifer increases generally from southwest to northeast; transmissivity values range from near 0 where the lower aquifer is absent to 57,000 square feet per day and average about 8,100 square feet per day. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit is 0.07 feet per day; the vertical conductivity of the streambeds commonly is 1.0 foot per day and ranges from 0.05 foot per day to 50 feet per day. The areal recharge rate to the outwash deposits was determined by a base-flow separation technique to be 16 inches per year, and the areal recharge rate to the till was assumed to be 4 inches per year. A two-layer digital model was used to simulate flow in the ground-water system. The model was calibrated on the basis of historical water-use data, water-level records, and gain/loss data for streams during May and June 1979. The model was recalibrated with water-use data and water-level records from 1988. For 1979 data, 49 percent of the inflow to the model area is from precipitation and 46 percent is ground-water inflow across the model boundaries. Most of the ground-water inflow across the model boundary is from the north and east, which corresponds to high values of transmissivity?as high as 57,000 feet squared per day?in the model layers in the northern and eastern areas. Eighty-two percent of the ground-water discharge is to the streams; 5 percent of the ground-water discharge is to wells. Source areas and flow paths to the City of Elkhart public well fields are affected by the location of streams and the geology in the area. Flow to the North Well Field originates north-west of the well field, forms relatively straight flow paths, and moves southeast toward the well field and the St. Joseph River. Flow to the South Well Field begins mostly in the out-wash along Yellow Creek south of the well field, moves northward, and t
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri974204","collaboration":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, City of Elkhart","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Cohen, D., 1998, Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in northwestern Elkhart County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4204, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974204.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Elkhart","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.7874,41.7615],[-85.7591,41.7613],[-85.6606,41.7608],[-85.6589,41.699],[-85.6575,41.6122],[-85.6554,41.5251],[-85.6542,41.4733],[-85.6552,41.4384],[-85.7704,41.4377],[-85.8874,41.4379],[-86.0008,41.4375],[-86.059,41.4367],[-86.0594,41.4644],[-86.0593,41.474],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-85.932,41.7623],[-85.7874,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Elkhart\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, D.A.","contributorId":17628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28046,"text":"wri944120 - 1998 - Methods for estimating selected flow-duration and flood-frequency characteristics at ungaged sites in Central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-09T15:08:31","indexId":"wri944120","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4120","title":"Methods for estimating selected flow-duration and flood-frequency characteristics at ungaged sites in Central Idaho","docAbstract":"Methods for estimating daily mean discharges for selected flow durations and flood discharge for selected recurrence intervals at ungaged sites in central Idaho were applied using data collected at streamflow-gaging stations in the area. The areal and seasonal variability of discharge from ungaged drainage basins may be described by estimating daily mean discharges that are exceeded 20, 50, and 80 percent of the time each month. At 73 gaging stations, mean monthly discharge was regressed with discharge at three points—20, 50, and 80—from daily mean flow-duration curves for each month. Regression results were improved by dividing the study area into six regions. Previously determined estimates of mean monthly discharge from about 1,200 ungaged drainage basins provided the basis for applying the developed techniques to the ungaged basins. Estimates of daily mean discharges that are exceeded 20, 50, and 80 percent of the time each month at ungaged drainage basins can be made by multiplying mean monthly discharges estimated at ungaged sites by a regression factor for the appropriate region. In general, the flow-duration data were less accurately estimated at discharges exceeded 80 percent of the time than at discharges exceeded 20 percent of the time. Curves drawn through the three points for each of the six regions were most similar in July and most different from December through March.\n\nCoefficients of determination of the regressions indicate that differences in mean monthly discharge largely explain differences in discharge at points on the daily mean flow-duration curve. Inherent in the method are errors in the technique used to estimate mean monthly discharge.\n\nFlood discharge estimates for selected recurrence intervals at ungaged sites upstream or downstream from gaging stations can be determined by a transfer technique. A weighted ratio of drainage area times flood discharge for selected recurrence intervals at the gaging station can be used to estimate flood discharge at the ungaged site. Best results likely are obtained when the difference between gaged and ungaged drainage areas is small.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., 1998, Methods for estimating selected flow-duration and flood-frequency characteristics at ungaged sites in Central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4120, iii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944120.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4120/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56884,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Salmon River Basin;Clearwater River Basin;Weiser River Basin;Payette River Basin;Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2503,43.8602 ], [ -117.2503,47.061 ], [ -112.8885,47.061 ], [ -112.8885,43.8602 ], [ -117.2503,43.8602 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kjelstrom, L.C.","contributorId":89104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjelstrom","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23094,"text":"ofr98411 - 1998 - Loads and yields of sediment and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23094,"text":"ofr98411 - 1998 - Loads and yields of sediment and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams","indexId":"ofr98411","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Loads and yields of sediment and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":30917,"text":"wri014075 - 2001 - Estimated loads and yields of suspended solids and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams","indexId":"wri014075","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated loads and yields of suspended solids and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":30917,"text":"wri014075 - 2001 - Estimated loads and yields of suspended solids and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams","indexId":"wri014075","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated loads and yields of suspended solids and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T20:50:10.431904","indexId":"ofr98411","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-411","title":"Loads and yields of sediment and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams","docAbstract":"Loads and yields of sediment and water-quality constituents were estimated for selected Kentucky streams. Streamflow, sediment, and water-quality information were collected at a network of 44 stream stations in Kentucky. Mean daily discharge was synthesized using the drainage-area ratio, regression analysis, or a combination of the two techniques. Streamflow was partitioned into total and base flow and used to estimate loads and yields for sediment and water-quality constituents through the use of ESTIMATOR and FLUX software. The relative magnitude of constituent transport to streams from ground- and surface-water sources was determined for 20 of the 44 stations. Mean annual total-flow yields for suspended solids (residue, nonfilterable) ranged from 0.4 to 365 tons per square mile (tons/mi). The smallest mean annual total-flow yield for suspended solids was determined at Clarks Run at Almo; the largest was determined at Eagle Creek at Glencoe. The aggregate median value of the mean annual total-flow yield for suspended solids was 112 tons/mi2. The analysis of trace-metal data indicates that the largest mean annual total-flow yield of cadmium-0.039 tons/mil—was determined at Clarks River at Almo. This yield is approximately 20 times greater than the aggregate median value of the mean annual total-flow yields (0.002 tons/mi2). Nine (45 percent) of the stations had mean annual total-flow yields equal to the aggregate minimum value (0.001 tons/mi2). The maximum total-flow yield of chromium (0.009 tons/mi2) was determined at Eagle Creek at Glencoe. Clarks River at Almo had the smallest estimated mean annual total- and base-flow yields for chromium (less than 0.001 tons/mi2). The aggregate median value of the mean annual total-flow yield for copper was 0.007 tons/mi2. Barren River at Bowling Green and Clarks River at Almo had the largest estimated mean annual total-flow yields for copper (0.017 tons/mi2). The aggregate median of the mean annual total-flow yield for lead was 0.021 tons/mi2. Barren River at Bowling Green had the largest mean annual total-flow yield of lead (0.04 tons/mi2). Three stations—Beech Fork at Maud, Red River at Clay City, and South Fork Kentucky River at Booneville—had an estimate of mean annual total-flow yields of lead equal to the aggregate minimum of 0.004 tons/mi2. Analysis of the nutrient data indicates that the largest mean annual total-flow yield of nitrite plus nitrate (11.8 tons/mi2) was estimated at South Elkhorn Creek near Midway. This yield is nearly 10 times the aggregate median value (1.3 tons/mi2). The minimum annual total-flow yield of nitrite plus nitrate (0.419 tons/mi2) was estimated at Middle Fork Kentucky River at Tallega. Salt River at Glensboro had the largest mean annual total-flow yield of ammonia and organic nitrogen (206 tons/mi2). This is nearly 400 times the aggregate median value of the mean annual total-flow yield of 0.57 tons/mi2. The phosphorus yield (total flow) was greatest at Clarks River at Almo with 3.4 tons/mi2. This phosphorus yield is nearly 30 times the aggregate median value of the mean annual total-flow yield of 0.12 tons/mi2. The smallest mean annual total-flow yield for phosphorus (0.036 tons/mi2) was estimated at South Fork Kentucky River at Booneville. North Fork Kentucky River at Jackson had the smallest mean annual total-flow yield of ammonia (0.004 tons/mi2). The aggregate median value of the mean annual total-flow yield for ammonia was 0.93 tons/mi2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98411","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet-Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Garcia, R., and Crain, A.S., 1998, Loads and yields of sediment and water-quality constituents in Kentucky streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-411, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98411.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399856,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0411/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0411/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b1be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, Rene","contributorId":106089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crain, Angela S. 0000-0003-0969-6238 ascrain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-6238","contributorId":3090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"Angela","email":"ascrain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25724,"text":"wri974225 - 1998 - Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T15:15:38","indexId":"wri974225","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4225","title":"Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs","docAbstract":" Knowledge of the residence times of the ground-water systems in Chesapeake Bay watershed helps resource managers anticipate potential delays between implementation of land-management practices and any improve-ments in river and estuary water quality. This report presents preliminary estimates of ground-water residence times and apparent ages of water in the shallow aquifers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. A simple reservoir model, published data, and analyses of spring water were used to estimate residence times and apparent ages of ground-water discharge. Ranges of aquifer hydraulic characteristics throughout the Bay watershed were derived from published literature and were used to estimate ground-water residence times on the basis of a simple reservoir model. Simple combinations of rock type and physiographic province were used to delineate hydrogeomorphic regions (HGMR?s) for the study area. The HGMR?s are used to facilitate organization and display of the data and analyses. Illustrations depicting the relation of aquifer characteristics and associated residence times as a continuum for each HGMR were developed. In this way, the natural variation of aquifer characteristics can be seen graphically by use of data from selected representative studies. Water samples collected in September and November 1996, from 46 springs throughout the watershed were analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC?s) to estimate the apparent age of ground water. For comparison purposes, apparent ages of water from springs were calculated assuming piston flow. Additi-onal data are given to estimate apparent ages assuming an exponential distribution of ages in spring discharge. Additionally, results from previous studies of CFC-dating of ground water from other springs and wells in the watershed were compiled. The CFC data, and the data on major ions, nutrients, and nitrogen isotopes in the water collected from the 46 springs are included in this report. The apparent ages of water discharging from 30 of the 46 springs sampled were less than 20 years, including 5 that were 'modern' (0-4 years). Four samples had apparent ages of 22 to 34 years, and two others from thermal springs were 40 years or greater. The remaining ten samples were contaminated with local sources of CFC and could not be dated. Nitrate concentrations and nitrate delta 15 nitrogen (15N) values in water from many springs are similar to those in shallow ground water beneath fertilized fields, and some values are high enough to indicate a probable source from animal-waste components. The nitrogen data reported here highlight the significance of the springs sampled during this study as pathways for nutrient transport in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Ground-water samples were collected from springs during an unusually high flow period and thus may not be representative of low base-flow conditions. Residence times estimated from plausible ranges of aquifer properties and results of previous age-dating analyses generally corroborate the apparent-age analysis made in the current study and suggests that some residence times could be much longer. The shortest residence times tend to be in the Blue Ridge and northern carbonate areas; however, the data are preliminary and not appropriate for statistical tests of significance or variance. Because the age distributions in the aquifer discharging to the springs are not known, and because the apparent ages of water from the springs are based on various com-binations of CFC criteria, the apparent ages and calculated residence times are compared for illustrative purposes but are considered preliminary until further work is accomplished. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974225","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M.J., Plummer, N., Bohlke, J., Busenberg, E., Bachman, L.J., and Powars, D.S., 1998, Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and water-quality data from a survey of springs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4225, vi, 75 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974225.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1855,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -75.531005859375,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -75.531005859375,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 36.8708321556463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c471","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, John K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":6894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bachman, L. Joseph","contributorId":33304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":25866,"text":"wri964173 - 1998 - Freshwater resources and saline water near the Sac and Fox Nation tribal lands, eastern Lincoln County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri964173","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4173","title":"Freshwater resources and saline water near the Sac and Fox Nation tribal lands, eastern Lincoln County, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The purpose of this project was to evaluate the freshwater resources and possible sources of high-chloride and high-sulfate concentrations in parts of the aquifer near the Sac and Fox Nation tribal land in eastern Lincoln County, Oklahoma. Water-quality sampling and borehole geophysical data indicate the potential for fresh ground water on tribal land generally is greatest in the Vanoss Formation, in the SE1/4 sec. 21, T. 14 N., R. 06 E. and in the NE1/4 sec. 22, T. 14 N., R. 06 E. These locations avoid the flood-prone areas and borehole geophysical resistivity logs indicate the altitude of the base of fresh ground water is below 650 ft. The altitude of the base of fresh ground water is indicated to be generally near the surface under the W1/2 sec. 22, T. 14 N., R. 06 E., the SE1/4 sec. 22, SE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 sec. 21, and NE1/4 NW1/4 NW1/4 sec. 27. \r\n\r\nConditions are more favorable for placement of fresh ground-water wells in sec. 34, T. 14 N., R. 06 E., where the tribe has leased water rights, than on tribal land in secs. 15, 16, 21, and 22, T. 14 N., R. 06 E. Sandstones overlain by or enclosed in thick clay and shale sequences are likely to be somewhat isolated from the flow system and retain some of the residual brine. Borehole geophysical logs suggest that sandstones near CH1, CM1, and WT1 have more clay and shale content than the sandstones near L2. Greater amounts of clay in the sandstones will retard the flushing of residual brines from the sandstones and could result in a shallow base of fresh water near CH1, CM1, and WT1. For these reasons and because circulation of fresh ground water is limited by discharge to the Deep Fork, general water quality under tribal land would probably be poorer than in the area where the tribe has leased water rights. \r\n\r\nSamples have chloride or sulfate concentrations greater than 250 milligrams per liter in the W1/2 sec. 22, T. 14 N., R. 06 E. Six cluster well samples from tribal land have chloride or sulfate concentrations above the suggested maximum contaminant levels set by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data indicate there may be more than one source for the salinity in the very saline and briny samples near the tribal land. Two possible sources for chloride and sulfate in water-quality samples are shallow brines and deep oil brines. Probable sources of shallow brines in the study area are: 1) solution of minerals by fresh water moving through the aquifer and 2) residual brines deposited with the sediment. There are no salt or gypsum beds in the Vanoss, Ada, or Vamoosa Formations, but there may be nodules and finely disseminated minerals present in the formations. Residual brines could remain in sand stones and shales that have low hydraulic conductivity and have not been diluted by freshwater recharge. Data suggest both sources have mixed with the fresh ground water from the Vanoss Formation. This is indicated by the relations of the bromide/chloride concentration ratio to chloride concentration, delta deuterium to delta 18oxygen, and by delta 18oxygen to chloride molality relation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964173","usgsCitation":"Abbott, M.M., 1998, Freshwater resources and saline water near the Sac and Fox Nation tribal lands, eastern Lincoln County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4173, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964173.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54616,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24325,"text":"ofr98385 - 1998 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr98385","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-385","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98","docAbstract":"A dam constructed at the outlet of Bradley Lake near Homer, Alaska has blocked natural flows to the lower Bradley River. To protect salmon egg incubation habitat during the period of November 2 to April 30, a fish-water bypass was incorporated into the design of the dam to ensure a minimum discharge of 40 cubic feet per second in the lower river. This minimum flow determination was based on an open-water instream flow study that did not take into account effects of ice formation. A study was begun in March 1993 to determine winter flow conditions in the lower Bradley River. As a part of this study, data were collected at sites in the lower Bradley River to measure discharge, wetted perimeter, water depth, flow velocity, and specific conductance, as well as temperature and dissolved oxygen from both surface water and intragravel water. This report presents data collected between November 1995 and April 1998.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98385","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1998, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the lower Bradley River, Alaska, November through April 1995-98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-385, iv, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 2 plates; 2 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98385.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 2 plates; 2 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53431,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, Ronlad L.","contributorId":101284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"Ronlad","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21829,"text":"ofr98347 - 1998 - Geology and mineral resources of the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21829,"text":"ofr98347 - 1998 - Geology and mineral resources of the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico","indexId":"ofr98347","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":32803,"text":"pp1644 - 2002 - Geologic investigations in the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico","indexId":"pp1644","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic investigations in the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":32803,"text":"pp1644 - 2002 - Geologic investigations in the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico","indexId":"pp1644","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic investigations in the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-11T21:38:34.864567","indexId":"ofr98347","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-347","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"At the request of the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed the Lake Valley Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), which includes the historic Lake Valley townsite and silver-manganese mining district, for undiscovered mineral resources. The Lake Valley ACEC is along the southeastern margin of the Black Range of western Sierra County, New Mexico. The Black Range contains eleven mining districts from which silver, lead, zinc, manganese, copper, gold, and tin have been recovered. As part of the study, an area of over 75 square mi (195 square km) in the area of the Lake Valley ACEC was mapped to understand ore controls and to assess mineral-resource potential. Lake Valley mining district is in Mississippian Lake Valley Formation carbonate rocks, but much of the surrounding terrane consists of volcanic rocks on the southeastern edge of the Emory cauldron which formed about 34.9 Ma. Volcanic rocks are part of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic province which include flows, breccias, ash-flow tuffs, and intrusive rhyolites. The Lake Valley mining district is located about 20 mi (32 km) south of the Late Cretaceous Laramide copper-gold porphyry intrusion at Hillsboro. It is also located at the western boundary of the Rio Grande rift basin.The Lake Valey fault is the major structural feature of the study area. Geological and geophysical data suggest the fault is composed of two segments: a southern, northwest-striking segment that may have a pre-Tertiary history and a northerly-striking segment that is part of the Emory cauldron ring fracture. The mining district is bounded by the southern, northwest-striking segment of the fault which may have up to 800 ft (240m) of normal offset. Deposit types identified in the Black Range, and for which we assess mineral potential, are Laramide porphyry, Laramide skarns, Laramide veins, gold placer, carbonate-hosted, volcanic-epithermal, and rhyolite tin; no Rio Grande Rift baritefluorite-galena deposits are known, but they are included in the assessment. The most likely deposits to be discovered in the Lake Valley district are carbonate-hosted silver-manganese deposits. These deposits could be deposited by hydrothermal fluids or be related to intrusion of Oligocene rhyolite or Laramide porphyry. An aeromagnetic high south of the district probably reflects a small felsic intrusion of unknown age. We assess the Lake Valley ACEC as having low to moderate potential for undiscovered carbonate-hosted deposits associated with volcanic rocks or Laramide porphyry plutons, and low potential for gold placer and rhyolite tin deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98347","usgsCitation":"Nutt, C., O’Neill, J., McLemore, V., Lindsey, D.A., Ratte, J., Hedlund, D.C., Klein, D.P., and Kleinkopf, M.D., 1998, Geology and mineral resources of the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-347, Report: 70 p.; 1 Plate: 34.99 x 42.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98347.","productDescription":"Report: 70 p.; 1 Plate: 34.99 x 42.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0347/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":399846,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0347/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399847,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0347/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Sierra County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6381,\n 32.875\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 32.875\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 32.6928\n ],\n [\n -107.6381,\n 32.6928\n ],\n [\n -107.6381,\n 32.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b471c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nutt, C.J.","contributorId":52577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutt","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neill, J.M.","contributorId":85562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLemore, V. T.","contributorId":15225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLemore","given":"V. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":880095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ratte, J.C.","contributorId":10416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratte","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hedlund, D. C.","contributorId":101624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedlund","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, D. P.","contributorId":36555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. D.","contributorId":10036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":27876,"text":"wri984182 - 1998 - Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:36:43.874324","indexId":"wri984182","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4182","title":"Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Pro-gram-FORTRAN (HSPF) was applied to an urban drainage basin in Jefferson County, Ky to integrate the large amounts of information being collected on water quantity and quality into an analytical framework that could be used as a management and planning tool. Hydrologic response units were developed using geographic data and a K-means analysis to characterize important hydrologic and physical factors in the basin. The Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN Expert System (HSPEXP) was used to calibrate the model parameters for the Middle Fork Beargrass Creek Basin for 3 years (June 1, 1991, to May 31, 1994) of 5-minute streamflow and precipitation time series, and 3 years of hourly pan-evaporation time series. The calibrated model parameters were applied to the South Fork Beargrass Creek Basin for confirmation. The model confirmation results indicated that the model simulated the system within acceptable tolerances. The coefficient of determination and coefficient of model-fit efficiency between simulated and observed daily flows were 0.91 and 0.82, respectively, for model calibration and 0.88 and 0.77, respectively, for model confirmation. The model is most sensitive to estimates of the area of effective impervious land in the basin; the spatial distribution of rain-fall; and the lower-zone evapotranspiration, lower-zone nominal storage, and infiltration-capacity parameters during recession and low-flow periods. The error contribution from these sources varies with season and antecedent conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984182","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, G.L., Downs, A.C., and Grace-Jarrett, P.A., 1998, Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4182, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984182.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415458,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49024.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.1833\n ],\n [\n -85.5292,\n 38.1833\n ],\n [\n -85.5292,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.2833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, G. Lynn","contributorId":75577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace-Jarrett, Patricia A.","contributorId":54633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace-Jarrett","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22042,"text":"ofr98210 - 1998 - Preliminary lithostratigraphy, interpreted geophysical logs and hydrogeologic characteristics of the 98th Street core hole, Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T10:24:02","indexId":"ofr98210","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-210","title":"Preliminary lithostratigraphy, interpreted geophysical logs and hydrogeologic characteristics of the 98th Street core hole, Albuquerque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Core samples, cuttings, and numerous geophysical logs obtained from the 1560 ft (475.5 m) core hole drilled at 98th Street on the west side of Albuquerque provide key stratigraphic and hydraulicproperty information for the upper clastic sediments of the Santa Fe Group, which form the principal aquifer in the region. The core hole and an adjacent water-level monitoring well were drilled cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the City of Albuquerque and investigated in collaboration with the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources and the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer to improve understanding of aquifer characteristics and controls on ground-water availability and quality. The 751.5 ft (229 m) of core samples recovered from the core hole are the only undisturbed samples of nonlithified sediments of the upper part of the Santa Fe Group that have been collected in this area. These samples have allowed us, for the first time, to directly observe and characterize the lithic and sedimentologic features of this part of the section, and to correlate the detailed geologic features with geophysical-log characteristics, magnetic susceptibility measurements, hydraulic variables, and trace-element geochemistry. The adjacent well was designed to be an areally representative ground-water level and water-quality monitoring well for the Santa Fe Group aquifer. This report chiefly addresses the lithologic, stratigraphic, and hydrogeologic features determined from the 98th Street core hole; other reports address related characteristics.
Previous geologic studies predicted the stratigraphy at the site to be, from the land surface downward: 1) Quaternary alluvial and eolian valley-border sediments; 2) fluvial sand and gravel of the upper unit of the Santa Fe Group (Ceja Member of the Santa Fe Formation of Kelly, 1978; equivalent to the Sierra Ledrones Formation of Machette (1978a); 3) downward-fining basin-floor silty clay deposits and 4) fluvial sandy and silty facies of the middle unit of the Santa Fe Group (the Middle Red Member of Bryan and McCann, 1937, and Lambert, 1968). New geologic interpretations indicate that the drill site is in a fault block bounded by east-dipping normal faults and the oblique Atrisco-Rincon fault zone.
Core-hole sampling recovered 760.6 ft (231.8 m) of core, in core segments 2.1-2.375 in. (5.3-6 cm) in diameter, and 0.2-10 ft (6.1 cm-3 m) long. The core hole was cased with centered 3-in. PVC casing, and is available for geophysical logging. The monitoring-well hole contains four piezometers at depths of 1544 ft (470.6 m), 1112 ft (338.9 m), 749 ft (228.3 m), and 458 ft (139.6 m).
Sediments in the core are loose to weakly cemented gravel, sand, silt, and clay, and lithified sandstone. Laboratory analyses of particle-size distributions of 28 channel samples show that most silty sand samples are uniformly graded and poorly sorted; medium sand samples are moderately sorted. Six principal sediment types are used to describe the core; these sediment types are repeated in various combinations throughout the core and are used to define 22 lithologic units in the cored interval. The six principal sediment types contain sequences of beds having similar modal grain size and sedimentary structure, and are listed in decreasing abundance:
1) Silty fine sand, poorly sorted, containing a coarse silt matrix. Geophysical logs show highly variable baselines with deflections that are related to clay beds and sequences of silt, clay, and sorted fine sand. Density values of 2.12-2.25 g/cc and porosity values of 30-35 percent are typical.
2) Medium sand, moderately to poorly sorted. Geophysical logs show baselines of low variability with deflections that are related to clay beds and sequences of silt, clay, and sorted fine sand. Density values of 2.05-2.20 g/cc and porosity values of 30-35 percent are typical.
3) Clayey sandy silt, poorly sorted, locally microlaminated clay and silt, generally nonplastic. Geophysical logs show highly variable baselines with deflections that are related to sequences of clay and fine sand. Density values of 2.1-2.2 g/cc and porosity values of 30-40 percent are typical.
4) Silt and clay, characteristically red to reddish brown and medium to high plasticity, massive to indistinctly microlaminated. Geophysical logs show variable baselines with broad, high-amplitude compound spikes that are related to sequences of silt and fine sand. Density values of 2.12-2.25 g/cc and porosity values of >45 percent are typical.
5) Sand and gravel, poorly sorted. Geophysical logs show variable baselines with deflections that are related to sequences of silty and sorted fine sand.
6) Sandstone, fine-to-medium grained, poorly sorted, cemented chiefly by calcite, which fills the original pore space. Geophysical logs show density values >2.25 g/cc and porosity values <30 percent.
The 22 lithologic units are correlated with recognized basin-floor fluvial lithofacies (Hawley, 1996), which include sand and gravel (lithofacies I), sand with lenses of pebbly sand, silt, and silty clay (lithofacies II), and interbedded sand, silt, and silty clay (modified lithofacies III, IV, IX).
The sediments in the core hole are correlated with three informal lithostratigraphic units. The top unit, 0-19 ft (0-5.8 m) depth, consists of Quaternary eolian sand and valley-border alluvium. Coarsegrained deposits in the 19-97 ft (5.8-29.6 m) interval are correlated with the upper unit of the Santa Fe Group. The fine-grained section in the 97-787 ft (29.6-239.9 m) interval is correlated tentatively with the middle unit of the Santa Fe Group. This section contains thick sequences of laminated red and olivebrown clay and silt overbank deposits (441-787 ft) in the distinctive Atrisco member of Connell and others (1998). The Atrisco is correlated with fine-grained zones in numerous wells throughout the central Albuquerque metropolitan area, and is recognized as a zone that separates the upper Santa Fe aquifer from underlying middle Santa Fe deposits. The lower section of the middle unit of the Santa Fe, 787-1500 ft (239.9-457.2 m) depth, includes an upper sequence of moderately sorted channel-fill medium sand, and a lower sequence of sand, silt, and clay overbank deposits. The age of the cored interval is not known precisely. The upper Santa Fe gravel is related regionally to a through-flowing river system that was established in the Rio Grande rift valleys in Early Pliocene time, >4.5 MA. The middle Santa Fe unit is dated tentatively by correlation with a fossiliferous section, in which sandy beds that directly underlie the upper Santa Fe are Late Miocene (Hemphellian), 4.6- 8.9 MA. Further, the middle Santa Fe unit, with dominantly normal magnetic polarity, may have been deposited during closely spaced normal magnetic chrons 5.9-8.3 Ma.
Four hydrostratigraphic units summarize the hydrogeologic framework for the 98th Street site: 1) Quaternary valley-border deposits, 2) upper Santa Fe sand and gravel deposits, 3) middle Santa Fe overbank deposits, and 4) middle Santa Fe channel-sand deposits. Empirical values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimated from core samples reveal a previously unknown contrast in hydraulic conductivity in the lowest two hydrostratigraphic units. Correlations among numerous wells show that the distinctively fine-grained Atrisco member, with estimated hydraulic conductivities (K) of <0.02-17 ft/day, is a laterally extensive barrier to vertical ground-water flow. The underlying unit that contains moderately sorted medium sand is a potential aquifer production zone that should be investigated further.
Laboratory determination of vertical hydraulic conductivity values for fine-grained core samples range from 10-2 to 10-7 ft/day; recompacted sandy samples have K values of 1 to 10-2 ft/day. Results of tests conducted with increasing effective stress show that K values of all samples decrease with decreasing porosity. Comparison of K values from laboratory, empirical, and calculated geophysical values shows discrepancies of 1-3 orders of magnitude (ft/day), indicating that additional analyses of core samples and geophysical data are necessary for future characterization of the Santa Fe Group aquifer.
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The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channellength, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr9820","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C., 1998, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the South Fork Crow River basin, south-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-20, Report: 11 p.; 1 Plate: 41.00 x 27.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9820.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; 1 Plate: 41.00 x 27.77 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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A.","contributorId":92305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32042,"text":"ofr9819 - 1998 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the North Fork Crow-Crow River basin, south-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:13:22","indexId":"ofr9819","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-19","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the North Fork Crow-Crow River basin, south-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the North Fork Crow-Crow River Basin, located in south-central Minnesota are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9819","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C., 1998, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the North Fork Crow-Crow River basin, south-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-19, Document: 10 p.; Plate: 45.37 x 31.53 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9819.","productDescription":"Document: 10 p.; Plate: 45.37 x 31.53 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":19595,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95917,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0019/plate-1.pdf","size":"11447","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"26720","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Crow-Crow River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.60601806640625, 45.35166270537483 ], [ -94.59846496582031, 45.36324254131911 ], [ -94.58953857421875, 45.36854917415683 ], [ -94.58061218261717, 45.37385530918646 ], [ -94.56962585449219, 45.37867863632308 ], [ 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A.","contributorId":92305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21910,"text":"ofr98132 - 1998 - The last interglaciation at Owens Lake, California; Core OL-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T11:47:26","indexId":"ofr98132","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-132","title":"The last interglaciation at Owens Lake, California; Core OL-92","docAbstract":"Owens Lake, located at the eastern base of the central Sierra Nevada (Fig. 1), was the terminus of the Owens River prior to the lake's complete desiccation shortly after 1913 due to river diversion by the City of Los Angeles. During earlier wetter cycles, the lake overflowed to fill a series of downstream basins including China Lake Basin, Searles Valley, Panamint Valley, and ultimately, Death Valley (Smith and Street-Perrott, 1983). In 1992 the U.S. Geological Survey drilled a 323-m-deep core (OL-92) into Owens Lake sediments near the depocenter of the basin to obtain a continuous record of silty-clay sediment spanning the last 800,000 yrs. A multi-parameter reconnaissance study of the entire core (ca 7000-yr resolution), was reported in a 13-chapter summary volume (Smith and Bischoff, 1997). A document containing the numerical and other detailed forms of raw data collected by that volume's authors was prepared earlier (Smith and Bischoff, 1993). The reconnaissance study provided an approximate time-depth model for the entire core, based on radiocarbon dates from the top 31m, the Bishop Ash (759,000 yrs) at 304 m, ten within-Brunhes paleomagnetic excursions, and a compaction-corrected mass-accumulation rate of 51.4 g/cm/l000yr (Bischoff et al., 1997a). Application of this model to observed sediment parameters indicates that Owens Lake was saline, alkaline, and biologically productive at times of decreased water-flow, and was generally hydrologically flushed and relatively unproductive during times of increased water-flow. Grain size, abundance of CaCO3, organic carbon, clay mineralogy, cation-exchange capacity of the clay fraction, fossil pollen, fish, ostracodes, and diatoms (see summary by Smith et al., 1997) all show cyclic variation down the core. CaCO3 abundance, in particular, strongly reflects an approximately 100 ka dominant cycle, characteristic of global ice-volume indicated by the MIS δ18O record. Four of the last five marine isotope terminations are clearly shown in the OL-92 record.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98132","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"1998, The last interglaciation at Owens Lake, California; Core OL-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-132, 186 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98132.","productDescription":"186 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0132/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64b08d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726167,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24851,"text":"ofr9821 - 1998 - Streamflow statistics of selected streams in the lower Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:12:41","indexId":"ofr9821","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-21","title":"Streamflow statistics of selected streams in the lower Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Manitoba","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data through water year 1994 for selected active and discontinued U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations for the Red River of the North Basin downstream of Halstad, Minnesota, to and including Emerson, Manitoba, are presented in this report. The summaries for each streamflow-gaging station include (1) station description, (2) graph of the annual mean discharge for the period of record, (3) statistics of monthly and annual mean discharges, (4) graph of the annual flow duration, (5) monthly and annual flow duration, (6) probability of occurrence of annual high discharges, (7) probability of occurrence of annual low discharges, (8) probability of occurrence of seasonal low discharges, (9) annual peak discharge and corresponding gage height for the period of record, and (10) monthly and annual mean discharges for the period of record.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9821","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, T., and Wiche, G.J., 1998, Streamflow statistics of selected streams in the lower Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Manitoba: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-21, vi, 407 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9821.","productDescription":"vi, 407 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53849,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara 0000-0001-6515-9416 tjsether@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-9416","contributorId":152247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","email":"tjsether@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24040,"text":"ofr98199 - 1998 - Hydrologic investigation of the Ophir Creek watershed near Yakutat, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"ofr98199","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-199","title":"Hydrologic investigation of the Ophir Creek watershed near Yakutat, Alaska","docAbstract":"Data on streamflow and ground-water levels were collected in the Ophir Creek watershed in southeast Alaska to obtain information about the relations between streamflow, ground-water levels, and precipitation. In addition, the possible effect of an experimental channel excavation to increase flows in Ophir Creek was evaluated. Stream discharges were monitored continuously at one site and measured intermittently at five other sites from October 1991 to May 1997, and ground-water levels were measured weekly in seven wells from July 1995 to October 1996. All measured ground-water levels were less than 11.4 feet below land surface. The data indicate that ground-water levels are closely related to rain and snowmelt, which in turn are related to water levels in Ophir Creek. Six of seven wells had peak water levels concurrent with peak flows in Ophir Creek. In one well, both maximum and minimum water levels coincided with maximum and minimum streamflow in Ophir Creek. Deepening part of the Ophir Creek channel by excavation has increased streamflows along the deepened reach; however, some of this additional flow infiltrates into the stream channel downstream from the excavated reach. The deepened reach flowed intermittently before the excavation and continues to dewater during prolonged periods of no precipitation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98199","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Neal, E., 1998, Hydrologic investigation of the Ophir Creek watershed near Yakutat, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-199, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 8 illus.; 4 plates; 4 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98199.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 8 illus.; 4 plates; 4 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19491,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, Edward G.","contributorId":68775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Edward G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32047,"text":"ofr98103 - 1998 - The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-08T20:03:11.171211","indexId":"ofr98103","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-103","title":"The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","docAbstract":"The Pu'u 'Ō'ō-Kūpaianaha eruption on the east rift zone of Kīlauea, which began in January 1983, is the longest-lived rift zone eruption of the last two centuries. By 1994, a broad field of lava, nearly 1 km3 in volume and 12 km wide at the coast, had buried 87 km2 of the volcano's south flank. The initial six months of fissure eruptions (episodes 1-3) were followed by three years of episodic lava fountaining from the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent (episodes 4–47). In July 1986, after two days of fissure eruptions up- and downrift from Pu'u 'Ō'ō (episodes 48a and 48b), the eruption shifted to a new vent, Kūpaianaha, 3.5 km downrift. For the next five-and-a-half years (episode 48), Kūpaianaha was the site of nearly continuous low-level effusion. The 49th episode occurred in November 1991, when several fissures opened between Pu'u 'Ō'ō and Kūpaianaha (see Mangan and others, 1995, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 127-135). This three-week-long outburst was the result of the waning output of the Kūpaianaha vent, which finally died in February 1992 (see Kauahikaua and others, 1996, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 641-648).
The third epoch of the eruption began ten days later, when vents opened on the uprift slope of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō cone. Several flank vents erupted over the next two years (episodes 50-53). In the first year, from February 1992 through February 1993, the low-level effusion was interrupted by 21 brief pauses. These ended with the beginning of episode 53 in February 1993, and for the next year, lava effusion was continuous. Episode 53 was ongoing at the end of the interval covered by this report.
During the years that Kūpaianaha was active, the Pu'u 'Ō'ō conduit gradually evolved into a crater 300 m in diameter as the conduit walls collapsed. Beginning in 1987, an active lava pond was intermittently visible in the bottom of the crater; from 1990 on, the pond was almost continuously present. The Pu'u 'Ō‘ō pond drained at the beginning of episode 49 in November 1991, and the crater floor collapsed. Lava was visible in the crater by early December, and pond overflows resurfaced the crater floor, raising it to its former level of 35 m below the rim by the end of January 1992.
This report includes flow-field maps and a table giving a) start and stop times of the eruptive episodes and of pauses in the eruption, b) Pu'u 'Ō'ō lava pond and crater-floor elevations, and c) elevations of the episode 50-53 vents and of the floors of the collapse pits that subsequently formed over these vents. A chronology of this interval of the eruption and an interpretation of the data included in this report can be found in Heliker and others (1998, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 59, p. 381-393).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98103","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C., Mangan, M.T., Mattox, T.N., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1998, The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-103, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98103.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340481,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/of98-103_text_table.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":108804,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17757"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db6568c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, C. Christina","contributorId":43005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C. Christina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattox, Tari N.","contributorId":26314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"Tari","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26815,"text":"wri974279 - 1998 - Technique for simulating peak-flow hydrographs in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T20:14:05.462043","indexId":"wri974279","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4279","title":"Technique for simulating peak-flow hydrographs in Maryland","docAbstract":"The efficient design and management of many bridges, culverts, embankments, and flood-protection structures may require the estimation of time-of-inundation and (or) storage of floodwater relating to such structures. These estimates can be made on the basis of information derived from the peak-flow hydrograph. Average peak-flow hydrographs corresponding to a peak discharge of specific recurrence interval can be simulated for drainage basins having drainage areas less than 500 square miles in Maryland, using a direct technique of known accuracy. The technique uses dimensionless hydrographs in conjunction with estimates of basin lagtime and instantaneous peak flow. Ordinary least-squares regression analysis was used to develop an equation for estimating basin lagtime in Maryland. Drainage area, main channel slope, forest cover, and impervious area were determined to be the significant explanatory variables necessary to estimate average basin lagtime at the 95-percent confidence interval. Qualitative variables included in the equation adequately correct for geographic bias across the State. The average standard error of prediction associated with the equation is approximated as plus or minus (+/-) 37.6 percent. Volume correction factors may be applied to the basin lagtime on the basis of a comparison between actual and estimated hydrograph volumes prior to hydrograph simulation. Three dimensionless hydrographs were developed and tested using data collected during 278 significant rainfall-runoff events at 81 stream-gaging stations distributed throughout Maryland and Delaware. The data represent a range of drainage area sizes and basin conditions. The technique was verified by applying it to the simulation of 20 peak-flow events and comparing actual and simulated hydrograph widths at 50 and 75 percent of the observed peak-flow levels. The events chosen are considered extreme in that the average recurrence interval of the selected peak flows is 130 years. The average standard errors of prediction were +/- 61 and +/- 56 percent at the 50 and 75 percent of peak-flow hydrograph widths, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974279","usgsCitation":"Dillow, J., 1998, Technique for simulating peak-flow hydrographs in Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4279, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974279.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407244,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48882.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4279/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillow, Jonathan J.A.","contributorId":18412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillow","given":"Jonathan J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25778,"text":"wri974275 - 1998 - Statistical analysis and mathematical modeling of a tracer test on the Santa Clara River, Ventura County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri974275","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4275","title":"Statistical analysis and mathematical modeling of a tracer test on the Santa Clara River, Ventura County, California","docAbstract":"To better understand flow processes, solute-transport processes, and ground-water/surface-water interactions on the Santa Clara River in Ventura County, California, a 24-hour fluorescent-dye tracer study was performed under steady-state flow conditions on a 28-mile reach of the river.\r\nThe study reach includes perennial (uppermost and lowermost) subreaches and ephemeral subreaches of the lower Piru Creek and the middle Santa Clara River. Dye was injected at a site on Piru Creek, and fluorescence of river water was measured continuously at four sites and intermittently at two sites. Discharge measurements were also made at the six sites. The time of travel of the dye, peak dye concentration, and time-variance of time-concentration curves were obtained at each site. The long tails of the time-concentration curves are indicative of sources/sinks within the river, such as riffles and pools, or transient bank storage. A statistical analysis of the data indicates that, in general, the transport characteristics follow Fickian theory.\r\nThese data and previously collected discharge data were used to calibrate a one-dimensional flow model (DAFLOW) and a solute-transport model (BLTM). DAFLOW solves a simplified form of the diffusion-wave equation and uses empirical relations between flow rate and cross-sectional area, and flow rate and channel width. BLTM uses the velocity data from DAFLOW and solves the advection-dispersion transport equation, including first-order decay.\r\nThe simulations of dye transport indicated that (1) ground-water recharge explains the loss of dye mass in the middle, ephemeral, subreaches, and (2) ground-water recharge does not explain the loss of dye mass in the uppermost and lowermost, perennial, subreaches. This loss of mass was simulated using a linear decay term. The loss of mass in the perennial subreaches may be caused by a combination of photodecay or adsorption/desorption.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974275","usgsCitation":"Paybins, K.S., Nishikawa, T., Izbicki, J., and Reichard, E.G., 1998, Statistical analysis and mathematical modeling of a tracer test on the Santa Clara River, Ventura County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4275, iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974275.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4275/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4275/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e254b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29347,"text":"wri974208 - 1998 - Surface-water quality at fixed sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, and the effects of natural and human factors, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T13:40:40","indexId":"wri974208","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4208","title":"Surface-water quality at fixed sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, and the effects of natural and human factors, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Streamwater samples were collected from April 1993 through July 1995 at 11 fixed sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages Study Unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Water samples were collected monthly at all Fixed Sites, and an additional two to four samples were collected each year during periods of high flow. Streamflow was monitored continuously at the Fixed Sites for the duration of the study period. This report describes field techniques used to collect the water samples, and the analytical methods used for laboratory analyses, statistical analyses of the data, and an attempt to determine the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on concentrations of nutrients and selected major ions and suspended solids.
Locations of eight of the Fixed Sites were selected to represent areas with unique combinations of land use/land cover, surficial deposits, and bedrock geology and are referred to as 'indicator sites.' The remaining three sites were located near the mouths of major rivers and are referred to as 'integrator sites.' The integrator sites represent a large part of the total flow from the Study Unit to Green Bay and western Lake Michigan, and drain various combinations of land use, bedrock, and surficial deposits.
These data indicate that land use and surficial deposits may be the primary factors affecting nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations in this Study Unit. Median concentrations of nitrate at the forested sites were less than the National Median Concentration (NMC), and those at urban fixed sites were similar to the NMC. Median nitrate concentrations at the Tomorrow River, North Branch Milwaukee River, and Duck Creek agricultural indicator sites were twice the NMC, but median concentrations at the remaining agricultural indicator sites were similar to the NMC. Nitrate concentrations at one agricultural indicator site exceeded the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level in three run-off samples in the growing seasons of 1994 and 1995.
Median concentrations of total phosphorus at the forested indicator sites were below the NMC. Tomorrow River was the only agricultural indicator site where the median total-phosphorus concentration was less than the NMC; median concentrations at the remaining agricultural Fixed Sites were similar to the NMC and exceeded 0.1 mg/L, the USEPA suggested total-phosphorus concentration in flowing water. The USEPA recommends that total-phosphorus concentration not exceed this limit to discourage excessive aquatic plant growth in flowing waters. Median total-phosphorus concentration at the urban indicator site was less than the urban NMC.
Median concentrations for both nitrate and total phosphorus at the mouth of the Fox River and the Milwaukee River integrator sites were similar to the NMC for the dominant land use, agriculture, within their basins, and were lower than that at the Menominee River integrator site with a dominant forest land use.
During this study, potassium concentrations were generally highest in areas of clay-dominated surficial deposits, silica was generally highest in areas of sandy surficial deposits, iron generally highest in areas of igneous/metamorphic bedrock, and calcium generally highest in areas of carbonate bedrock. The highest median fluoride concentration occurred at an urban site that receives treated water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Middleton, WI","doi":"10.3133/wri974208","usgsCitation":"Richards, K., Sullivan, D.J., and Stewart, J., 1998, Surface-water quality at fixed sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, and the effects of natural and human factors, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4208, viii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974208.","productDescription":"viii, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2310,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974208","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4208/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Western Lake Michigan drainages","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 46.41513877649202\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 46.53619267489863\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 46.626806395355175\n ],\n [\n -88.033447265625,\n 46.7549166192819\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 46.7549166192819\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -88.934326171875,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -89.176025390625,\n 46.52863469527167\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 46.32417161725694\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -90.142822265625,\n 44.56699093657141\n ],\n [\n -90.274658203125,\n 43.667871610117494\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 42.48019996901214\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 43.1811470593997\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 44.07969327425713\n ],\n [\n -87.308349609375,\n 44.55916341529184\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 45.43700828867389\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 45.61403741135093\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, K.D.","contributorId":28635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6342,"text":"pp1597 - 1998 - Reservoir quality and diagenetic evolution of Upper Mississippian rocks in the Illinois Basin; influence of a regional hydrothermal fluid-flow event during late diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"pp1597","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1597","title":"Reservoir quality and diagenetic evolution of Upper Mississippian rocks in the Illinois Basin; influence of a regional hydrothermal fluid-flow event during late diagenesis","docAbstract":"Conventional reservoir quality data for more than 300 wells provided by the Illinois and Indiana State Geological Surveys were analyzed to determine the factors governing porosity and permeability in the Upper Mississippian Bethel Sandstone and Cypress Sandstone, two of the principal producing units in the Illinois Basin. In addition, approximately 150 samples of the Bethel Sandstone-Cypress Sandstone interval from about 80 wells in the Illinois Basin were collected for mineralogical and geochemical analysis to reconstruct the burial and diagenetic history and to establish the timing of diagenesis relative to the entrapment of hydrocarbons. One aspect of the study involved linking inorganic and organic diagenesis to late Paleozoic tectonism and hydrothermal fluid-flow events in the region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/pp1597","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Henry, M.E., and Seyler, B., 1998, Reservoir quality and diagenetic evolution of Upper Mississippian rocks in the Illinois Basin; influence of a regional hydrothermal fluid-flow event during late diagenesis: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1597, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1597.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1597/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1597/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b12d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Mitchell E.","contributorId":57447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seyler, Beverly","contributorId":51730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seyler","given":"Beverly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26427,"text":"wri974173 - 1998 - Water-quality trends in the Santa Ana River at MWD Crossing and below Prado Dam, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri974173","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4173","title":"Water-quality trends in the Santa Ana River at MWD Crossing and below Prado Dam, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"The Santa Ana River, located in an extensively urbanized basin, drains about 2,670 square miles near Los Angeles, California. Almost all flow in the river, about 200,000 acre-feet annually, is diverted to ponds where it infiltrates and recharges underlying aquifers. About 2 million people are dependent on these aquifers for water supply. In recent years, base flow in the river has increased as a result of increased discharge of treated municipal wastewater, and high flows have increased as a result of increase precipitation and urbanization. Trends in water quality were calculated for two sites?at the Metropolitan Water District (MWD) Crossing (an upstream site) and below Prado Dam (a downstream site)?using the computer program ESTREND. Water-quality data for these sites were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1969 to 1995. At MWD Crossing, flow-adjusted downward trends of -1.1 microsiemens per centimeter (iS/cm) per year and -1.6 milligrams per liter (mg/L) per year were calculated for specific conductance and dissolved solids, respectively. In contrast, a flow-adjusted upward trends of 2.2 iS/cm per year for dissolved solids was calculated for the Santa Ana River below Prado Dam. Specific conductance and dissolved solids in the Santa Ana River below Prado Dam had downward unadjusted trends (not adjusted for streamflow) of -8.3 iS/cm per year and -6.0 mg/L per year, respectively. For the Santa Ana River below Prado Dam, downward unadjusted trends were calculated for ammonia (-0.04 mg/L per year) and total organic carbon (0.19 mg/L per year); flow-adjusted upward trends were calculated for nitrite plus nitrate (0.15 mg/L per year), total dissolved nitrogen (0.39 mg/L per year), and orthophosphate (0.03 mg/L per year). Statistically significant unadjusted and flow-adjusted trends were not obtained for organic nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon. Data for selected trace elements and organic compounds collected between 1970-94 also are summarized in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974173","usgsCitation":"Burton, C., Izbicki, J., and Paybins, K.S., 1998, Water-quality trends in the Santa Ana River at MWD Crossing and below Prado Dam, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4173, iv, 36 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974173.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55219,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":41793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}