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The USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center is charged with prototyping systems and software to generate these high-level data products. Various USGS Geographic Science Centers are charged with particular ECV algorithm development and (or) selection as well as the evaluation and application demonstration of various USGS CDRs and ECVs. Because it is a foundation for many other ECVs, the first CDR in development is the Landsat Surface Reflectance Product (LSRP). The LSRP incorporates data quality information in a bit-packed structure that is not readily accessible without postprocessing services performed by the user. This document describes two general methods of LSRP quality-data extraction for use in image processing systems. Helpful hints for the installation and use of software originally developed for manipulation of Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) produced through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System are first provided for users who wish to extract quality data into separate HDF files. Next, steps follow to incorporate these extracted data into an image processing system. Finally, an alternative example is illustrated in which the data are extracted within a particular image processing system.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section C: Geographic Information Systems tools and applications in Book 11 Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm11C7","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.W., Starbuck, M., and Jenkerson, C.B., 2013, Landsat surface reflectance quality assurance extraction (version 1.7): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 11-C7, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11C7.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_11_c7.gif"},{"id":265814,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11/c07/"},{"id":265815,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11/c07/pdf/tm11-c7.pdf"}],"country":"United States","publicComments":"This report is Chapter 7 of Section C: Geographic Information Systems tools and applications in Book 11 Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f91d6fe4b0727905955f1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, J. W.","contributorId":89233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starbuck, M.J.","contributorId":86243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starbuck","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenkerson, Calli B. 0000-0002-3780-9175","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-9175","contributorId":24958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkerson","given":"Calli","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042412,"text":"ofr20061210 - 2013 - Final report and archive of the swath bathymetry and ancillary data collected in the Puerto Rico Trench region in 2002 and 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:01:51","indexId":"ofr20061210","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1210","title":"Final report and archive of the swath bathymetry and ancillary data collected in the Puerto Rico Trench region in 2002 and 2003","docAbstract":"In 2002 and 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), conducted three exploration cruises that mapped for the first time the morphology of the entire tectonic plate boundary stretching from the Dominican Republic in the west to the Lesser Antilles in the east, a distance of approximately 700 kilometers (430 miles). Observations from these three exploration cruises, coupled with computer modeling and published Global Positioning System (GPS) results and earthquake focal mechanisms, have provided new information that is changing the evaluation of the seismic and tsunami hazard from this plate boundary. The observations collected during these cruises also contributed to the basic understanding of the mechanisms that govern plate tectonics, in this case, the creation of the island of Puerto Rico and the deep trench north of it. Results of the sea floor mapping have been an important component of the study of tsunami and earthquake hazards to the northeastern Caribbean and the U.S. Atlantic coast off the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061210","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Danforth, W.W., and Polloni, C.F., 2013, Final report and archive of the swath bathymetry and ancillary data collected in the Puerto Rico Trench region in 2002 and 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1210, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061210.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2006_1210.jpg"},{"id":265366,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1210/"},{"id":265367,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1210/title_page.html"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.25,17.88 ], [ -70.25,22.03 ], [ -59.4,22.03 ], [ -59.4,17.88 ], [ -70.25,17.88 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ebee63e4b07f1501afcfac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Polloni, Christopher F.","contributorId":93087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polloni","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042378,"text":"sir20125217 - 2013 - Effects of best-management practices in Bower Creek in the East River priority watershed, Wisconsin, 1991-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-06T12:06:52","indexId":"sir20125217","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5217","title":"Effects of best-management practices in Bower Creek in the East River priority watershed, Wisconsin, 1991-2009","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at Bower Creek during the periods before best-management practices (BMPs), and after BMPs were installed for evaluation of water-quality improvements. The monitoring was done between 1990 and 2009 with the pre-BMP period ending in July 1994 and the post-BMP period beginning in October 2006. BMPs installed in this basin included streambank protection and fencing, stream crossings, grade stabilization, buffer strips, various barnyard-runoff controls, nutrient management, and a low degree of upland BMPs. Water-quality evaluations included base-flow concentrations and storm loads for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen. The only reductions detected between the base-flow samples of the pre- and post-BMP periods were in median concentrations of total phosphorus from base-flow samples, but not for total suspended solids or dissolved ammonia nitrogen. Differences in storm loads for the three water-quality constituents monitored were not observed during the study period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Corsi, S., Horwatich, J.A., Rutter, T.D., and Bannerman, R.T., 2013, Effects of best-management practices in Bower Creek in the East River priority watershed, Wisconsin, 1991-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5217, viii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125217.","productDescription":"viii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5217.gif"},{"id":265294,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5217/"},{"id":265295,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5217/pdf/sir2012-5217_508.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown","city":"Bellevue;De Pere;Green Leaf;Morrison","otherGeospatial":"Bower Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.016667,44.341667 ], [ -88.016667,44.433333 ], [ -87.925,44.433333 ], [ -87.925,44.341667 ], [ -88.016667,44.341667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50eaab77e4b02dd6076fada3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corsi, Steven R. srcorsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"Steven R.","email":"srcorsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horwatich, Judy A. 0000-0003-0582-0836 jahorwat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-0836","contributorId":1388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwatich","given":"Judy","email":"jahorwat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutter, Troy D. 0000-0001-5130-204X tdrutter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-204X","contributorId":2081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutter","given":"Troy","email":"tdrutter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bannerman, Roger T. 0000-0001-9221-2905 rbannerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-2905","contributorId":5560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"Roger","email":"rbannerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042297,"text":"70042297 - 2013 - Distribution and environmental persistence of the causative agent of white-nose syndrome, Geomyces destructans, in bat hibernacula of the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T13:39:00","indexId":"70042297","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and environmental persistence of the causative agent of white-nose syndrome, Geomyces destructans, in bat hibernacula of the eastern United States","docAbstract":"

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging disease of hibernating bats caused by the recently described fungus Geomyces destructans. First isolated in 2008, the origins of this fungus in North America and its ability to persist in the environment remain undefined. To investigate the correlation between manifestation of WNS and distribution of G. destructans in the U.S., we analyzed sediment samples collected from 55 bat hibernacula (caves and mines) both within and outside the known range of WNS using a newly developed real-time PCR assay. Geomyces destructans was detected in 17 of 21 sites within the known range of WNS at the time the samples were collected; the fungus was not found in 28 sites beyond the known range of the disease at the time that environmental samples were collected. These data indicate that distribution of G. destructans is correlated with disease in hibernating bats and support the hypothesis that the fungus is likely an exotic species in North America. Additionally, we examined whether G. destructans persists in infested bat hibernacula when bats are absent. Sediment samples were collected from 14 WNS-positive hibernacula, and the samples were screened for viable fungus using a culture technique. Viable G. destructans was cultivated from 7 of the 14 sites sampled during late summer when bats were no longer in hibernation, suggesting the fungus can persist in the environment in the absence of bat hosts for long periods of time.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1128/AEM.02939-12","usgsCitation":"Lorch, J.M., Muller, L.K., Russell, R.E., O’Connor, M., Lindner, D.L., and Blehert, D., 2013, Distribution and environmental persistence of the causative agent of white-nose syndrome, Geomyces destructans, in bat hibernacula of the eastern United States: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 79, no. 4, p. 1293-1301, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02939-12.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"1293","endPage":"1301","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041188","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02939-12","text":"External 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\"}}]}","volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cff1e4b0a4aa5bb0aec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorch, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2239-1252 jlorch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1252","contributorId":5565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorch","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlorch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muller, Laura K.","contributorId":81739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, Robin E. 0000-0001-8726-7303 rerussell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-7303","contributorId":3998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Robin","email":"rerussell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Connor, Michael","contributorId":51608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindner, Daniel L.","contributorId":7411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindner","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blehert, David S. 0000-0002-1065-9760 dblehert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9760","contributorId":1816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blehert","given":"David S.","email":"dblehert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70043344,"text":"70043344 - 2013 - Vegetation projections for Wind Cave National Park with three future climate scenarios: Final report in completion of Task Agreement J8W07100052","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T14:44:57.232009","indexId":"70043344","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:36:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":272,"text":"National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/WICA/NRTRT--2013/681","title":"Vegetation projections for Wind Cave National Park with three future climate scenarios: Final report in completion of Task Agreement J8W07100052","docAbstract":"

Introduction

\n

The effects of climate change on the natural resources protected by Parks will likely be substantial, but geographically variable, due to local variation in climate trajectories and differences among ecosystems in their vulnerability to climate change. The projections of general circulation models (GCMs) indicate the possible magnitude and direction of future climate change for a region, but the utility of these projections for more local scales, those of individual National Park Service (NPS) units, are more uncertain because the coarse-scale GCMs lack much of the topographic detail that alters local climates. In addition, complex, interacting effects of temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, fire, and herbivores on the vegetation that is the foundational natural resource of many NPS units present challenges in assessing the effects of projected future climates on plant and animal assemblages managed by the NPS.

\n

In spring 2009, Wind Cave National Park (WICA) served as a case study in a workshop assessing the use of scenario planning as a tool for park management planning in the face of rapidly changing climate. One outcome of the workshop was the recognized need for quantitative models to better understand the range of possible vegetation changes under different future climates and management decisions. This report addresses this need; it describes our adaptation of a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) to WICA vegetation and the resulting projections of future vegetation under three future climate scenarios and 11 management scenarios determined by Park natural resource managers.

\n

Wind Cave National Park lies along a narrow transition zone between the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the Black Hills and the mixed grass prairie that once extended with few interruptions over the lower, gentler terrain, subject to warmer, drier climate to the east and south of the Park. The location and character of this transition is strongly influenced by fire frequency and intensity (Brown and Sieg 1999). Furthermore, the mixed grass prairie occupies a broader transition zone between eastern tallgrass prairie and the shortgrass prairie of the western Great Plains. The dominance of species characteristic of these two prairie types varies with soil moisture availability, evaporative demand, and recent grazing history (Cogan et al. 1999). In addition, Wind Cave lies near the midpoint of a long gradient of C3 (cool season) grass dominance to the north and C4 (warm season) grass dominance to the south.

\n

The ecotonal position of WICA may make it particularly sensitive to climate change. For example, small changes in fire frequency and/or intensity and the vigor of trees vs. grass could dramatically shift the proportions of these two lifeforms. The Park hydrology is also sensitive to changes in the balance between infiltration of precipitation and evapotranspiration, as on average, only a small fraction of annual precipitation reaches the deeper soil layers that feed permanent streamflow. The resources at risk at Wind Cave NP include the Cave itself, as well as small backcountry caves, a genetically important bison herd, and other prairie species including the black-tailed prairie dog and endangered black-footed ferrets. All of these resources will be directly affected by climate change impacts on vegetation and hydrology.

\n

Natural resource management challenges at WICA are substantial, diverse, and intertwined. Aboveground, the park has been recognized as exemplary for its high quality vegetation (Marriot et al. 1999), though the park is relatively small for the diversity of vegetation types and species that it supports. Even without a changing climate, maintaining the integrity of the plant communities is complicated by the park’s legislated responsibility to maintain viable populations of bison, elk and pronghorn. In addition, the federally endangered black-footed ferret was recently re-introduced to the park. This species requires large extents of prairie dog towns for prey and habitat. Prairie dogs impact vegetation by constant clipping, grazing and soil disturbance, thereby affecting plant composition and productivity. Moreover, naturally high interannual climate variability and the strong influence of precipitation on grass productivity in this region combine to yield high interannual variability in the amount of forage available for the wildlife that the park is tasked to maintain. Finally, fire, which is now primarily controlled by WICA and NPS Northern Great Plains fire management programs, is intertwined with all other natural resource issues at WICA, as it can impact prairie dog colony and forest expansion, ungulate foraging behavior, invasive plant species, and hydrological processes.

\n

Although not capable of capturing all of these complexities, dynamic vegetation models do provide a means for quantitatively projecting vegetation futures in future climates under plausible fire and grazing regimes. Our work uses the DGVM MC1 to simulate the effects of future climate projections and management practices on the vegetation of WICA. MC1 is designed to project potential vegetation as influenced by natural processes and hence is appropriate for national parks, where conservation of native biota and ecosystems is of great importance.

\n

Since the initial application of MC1 to a small portion of WICA (Bachelet et al. 2000), the model has been altered to improve model performance with the inclusion of dynamic fire. Applying this improved version to WICA required substantial recalibration, during which we have made a number of improvements to MC1 that will be incorporated as permanent changes. In this report we document these changes and our calibration procedure following a brief overview of the model. We compare the projections of current vegetation to the current state of the park and present projections of vegetation dynamics under future climates downscaled from three GCMs selected to represent the existing range in available GCM projections. In doing so, we examine the consequences of different management options regarding fire and grazing, major aspects of biotic management at Wind Cave.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"King, D.A., Bachelet, D.M., and Symstad, A., 2013, Vegetation projections for Wind Cave National Park with three future climate scenarios: Final report in completion of Task Agreement J8W07100052: National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/WICA/NRTRT--2013/681, x, 58 p.","productDescription":"x, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041469","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":383826,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2192953"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Wind Cave National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.550635,43.497251 ], [ -103.550635,43.640543 ], [ -103.337034,43.640543 ], [ -103.337034,43.497251 ], [ -103.550635,43.497251 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78eede4b02e26443a93d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, David A.","contributorId":7160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bachelet, Dominique M.","contributorId":89042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachelet","given":"Dominique","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Symstad, Amy J.","contributorId":11721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symstad","given":"Amy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046960,"text":"70046960 - 2013 - Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:52:10","indexId":"70046960","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:25:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives","docAbstract":"

Executive Summary

\n

Most salt marshes in the US have been degraded by human activities, and threats from physical alterations, surrounding land-use, species invasions, and global climate change persist. Salt marshes are unique and highly productive ecosystems with high intrinsic value to wildlife, and many National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) have been established in coastal areas to protect large tracts of salt marsh and wetland-dependent species. Various management practices are employed routinely on coastal NWRs to restore and enhance marsh integrity and ensure ecosystem sustainability. Prioritizing NWR salt marshes for application of management actions and choosing among multiple management options requires scientifically-based methods for assessing marsh condition.

\n

Monitoring is integral to structured decision-making (SDM), a formal process for decomposing a decision into its essential elements. Within a natural resource context, SDM involves identifying management objectives, alternative management actions, and expected management outcomes. The core of SDM is a set of criteria for measuring system performance and evaluating management responses. Therefore, use of SDM to frame natural resource decisions leads to logical selection of monitoring attributes that are linked explicitly to management needs.

\n

We used SDM to guide selection of variables for monitoring the ecological integrity of salt marshes within the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS). Our objectives were to identify indicators of salt marsh integrity that are effective across large geographic regions, responsive to a wide range of threats, and feasible to implement within funding and staffing constraints of the NWRS. In April, 2008, we engaged interdisciplinary experts in a week-long rapid prototyping SDM workshop to define the essential elements of salt marsh management decisions on refuges throughout the northeastern, southwestern, and northwestern US, corresponding to respective Regions 5, 2, and 1 of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Through this process we identified measurable attributes for monitoring salt marsh ecosystems that are integrated into conservation practice and target management objectives.

\n

The following salt marsh attributes were identified through the SDM process either for describing state condition to determine management needs or for evaluating the achievement of management objectives: historical condition and geomorphic setting; ditch density; surrounding land use; ratio of open water area to vegetation area; rate of pesticide application; environmental contaminant concentration; change in marsh surface elevation relative to sea level rise; tidal range and groundwater level; surface topography; salinity; and species composition and abundance of vegetation, invasive species, invertebrates, nekton, and breeding and wintering birds.

\n

The identified attributes were too broadly defined to serve as operational monitoring variables. Therefore, we tested specific metrics for quantifying most of these attributes in summers of 2008 and 2009. The first four attributes in the above list can be characterized by office-based analysis of existing GIS data layers. The remaining attributes require field-based methods for assessment. We were forced to exclude a small number of attributes from field tests due to inconsistent data (pesticide application rate, environmental contaminant concentrations) or requirements that exceeded the scope of this project (change in marsh surface elevation; surface topography; benthic invertebrates; wintering birds). We evaluated potential metrics for evaluating all remaining field attributes.

\n

In partnership with NWRS biologists, we tested rapid versus intensive metrics for monitoring field attributes (tidal range and groundwater level; marsh surface elevation; salinity; and species composition and abundance of vegetation, invasive species, nekton, and breeding birds) at coastal refuges throughout FWS Region 5. Seven refuges participated in metric testing in 2008: Rachel Carson (ME), Parker River (MA), Wertheim (NY), E. B. Forsythe (NJ), Bombay Hook (DE), Prime Hook (DE), and Eastern Shore of Virginia Complex (VA). These seven and two additional refuges participated in metric testing in 2009: Rhode Island Complex (RI) and Stewart B. McKinney (CT). We based all field metrics on existing protocols for salt marsh assessment. Sampling locations were determined randomly within delineated marsh study units (MSUs) at each refuge. Detailed field methods are provided in appendices to this report.

\n

Measurements for individual metrics were averaged across samples within MSUs during each year of sampling. Each year, correlation or regression analysis was conducted on average measurements across MSUs within each attribute set to identify redundant metrics. Statistical redundancy between a pair of metrics within an attribute set (i.e., correlation or regression slopes with p-values < 0.05) was considered justification for eliminating one of the pair from the regional set of monitoring metrics. Decisions regarding metric elimination versus retention were based on feasibility of monitoring, considering such factors as sampling time, resources required, and potential for regional standardization in implementation.

\n

The result of these tests is a reduced suite of monitoring metrics that targets NWRS management decisions and is practicable for implementing on a regional scale. Based on these tests, we recommend the following list of metrics for monitoring integrity of NWRS salt marshes (marsh attribute category is in parentheses): (historical condition and geomorphic setting) position of marsh in the landscape, marsh shape, degree of fill and/or fragmentation, degree of tidal flushing, amount of aquatic edge; (ditch density) ranking of ditch density from none to severe; (surrounding land use) relative proportion of agricultural land in a 150-m buffer around the marsh, relative proportion of natural land in a 150-m buffer around the marsh, relative proportion of natural land in a 1-km buffer around the marsh; (ratio of open water area to vegetation area) ratio of open water to emergent herbaceous wetlands within the marsh; (marsh surface elevation) elevation referenced to NAVD88 in a representative area of the marsh; (tidal range and groundwater level) percent of time the marsh surface is flooded during deployment of a continuous water-level monitor at a representative marsh location, mean depth of surface flooding as measured by a continuous water-level monitor at a representative location; (salinity) salinity measured in surface water; (vegetation community) vegetation species richness using the point-intercept method in 100-m diameter survey plots, percent cover of various marsh community types within 100-m diameter survey plots; (invasive species abundance) percent cover of invasive plant species measured using the point-intercept method in 100-m diameter survey plots; (nekton community) nekton density, nekton species richness, length of Fundulus heteroclitus; (breeding bird community) abundance of Willets counted per point during standard call-broadcast surveys, summed abundance of tidal marsh obligate species (Clapper Rail, Willet, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow) counted per point during standard call-broadcast surveys. Metrics describing the historical condition, geomorphic setting, and broad landscape features can be assessed using existing GIS databases. Our results support use of rapid methods to assess the majority of field metrics; only those used to describe the nekton community must be measured using intensive methods (throw traps or ditch nets, dependant on habitat configuration).

\n

Implementation of these metrics for quantitative assessment of NWRS salt marsh integrity in FWS Region 5 requires developing sampling designs for each refuge. Additionally, it is important to determine how the monitoring information will be used within a management context. SDM should be used to complete the analysis of salt marsh management decisions. The next steps would involve 1) prioritizing and weighting the management objectives; 2) predicting responses to individual management actions in terms of objectives and metrics; 3) using multiattribute utility theory to convert all measurable attributes to a common utility scale; 4) determining the total management benefit of each action by summing utilities across objectives; and 5) maximizing the total management benefits within cost constraints for each refuge. This process would allow the optimum management decisions for NWRS salt marshes to be selected and implemented based directly on monitoring data and current understanding of marsh responses to management actions. Monitoring the outcome of management actions would then allow new monitoring data to be incorporated into subsequent decisions. 

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George","contributorId":97424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shriver","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danz, Nicholas P.","contributorId":40898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danz","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiest, Whitney A.","contributorId":96589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiest","given":"Whitney","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nagel, Jessica L. 0000-0002-4437-0324 jnagel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4437-0324","contributorId":3976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"Jessica","email":"jnagel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Olker, Jennifer H.","contributorId":80187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olker","given":"Jennifer H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70046447,"text":"70046447 - 2013 - Geologic model for the assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbons in Lower to Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups, U.S. Gulf Coast Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-31T17:03:24.05217","indexId":"70046447","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:01:05","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic model for the assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbons in Lower to Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups, U.S. Gulf Coast Region","docAbstract":"

As part of the assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of the U.S. Gulf Coast in 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups and their equivalent units underlying onshore lands and State waters. One conventional assessment unit extending from south Texas to the Florida panhandle was defined: the Fredericksburg-Buda Carbonate Platform-Reef Gas and Oil assessment unit. Assessed strata range in age from Early Cretaceous Albian to Late Cretaceous Cenomanian. The assessment was based on a geologic model that incorporated the Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous–Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System of the Gulf of Mexico Basin. The following factors were evaluated to define the assessment unit and estimate undiscovered oil and gas resources: potential source rocks, hydrocarbon migration, reservoir porosity and permeability, traps and seals, structural features, depositional framework, and potential for water washing of hydrocarbons near outcrop areas. Analysis of the production history of discovered reservoirs and well data within the assessment unit was also essential for estimating the numbers and sizes of undiscovered oil and gas reservoirs within the assessment unit. The downdip boundary of the assessment unit was drawn as an arbitrary line 10 miles downdip of the Lower Cretaceous shelf margin, to include potential reef-talus reservoirs, a facies described in the geologic model developed for the assessment. Updip boundaries of the assessment unit were drawn based on the updip extent of assessment unit carbonate reservoir rocks, basin margin fault zones, and (or) the presence of producing wells within the assessed interval. Using the U.S. Geological Survey methodology, mean undiscovered resources of 40 million barrels of oil, 622 billion cubic feet of gas, and 14 million barrels of natural gas liquids were estimated for the assessment unit.

","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Swanson, S.M., Enomoto, C.B., Dennen, K., Valentine, B.J., and Lohr, C., 2013, Geologic model for the assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbons in Lower to Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups, U.S. Gulf Coast Region: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 63, p. 423-437.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-045922","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":384780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/063/063001/423_gcags630423.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 25.46311452925943\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 25.46311452925943\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 25.46311452925943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Sharon M. 0000-0002-4235-1736 smswanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-1736","contributorId":590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Sharon","email":"smswanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enomoto, Catherine B. 0000-0002-4119-1953 cenomoto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-1953","contributorId":2126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enomoto","given":"Catherine","email":"cenomoto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennen, Kristin O.","contributorId":209828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennen","given":"Kristin O.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lohr, Celeste D. 0000-0001-6287-9047 clohr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-9047","contributorId":3866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"Celeste D.","email":"clohr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70046848,"text":"70046848 - 2013 - Clustering of GPS velocities in the Mojave Block, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T12:16:23","indexId":"70046848","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T12:04:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clustering of GPS velocities in the Mojave Block, southeastern California","docAbstract":"We find subdivisions within the Mojave Block using cluster analysis to identify groupings in the velocities observed at GPS stations there. The clusters are represented on a fault map by symbols located at the positions of the GPS stations, each symbol representing the cluster to which the velocity of that GPS station belongs. Fault systems that separate the clusters are readily identified on such a map. The most significant representation as judged by the gap test involves 4 clusters within the Mojave Block. The fault systems bounding the clusters from east to west are 1) the faults defining the eastern boundary of the Northeast Mojave Domain extended southward to connect to the Hector Mine rupture, 2) the Calico-Paradise fault system, 3) the Landers-Blackwater fault system, and 4) the Helendale-Lockhart fault system. This division of the Mojave Block is very similar to that proposed by Meade and Hager. However, no cluster boundary coincides with the Garlock Fault, the northern boundary of the Mojave Block. Rather, the clusters appear to continue without interruption from the Mojave Block north into the southern Walker Lane Belt, similar to the continuity across the Garlock Fault of the shear zone along the Blackwater-Little Lake fault system observed by Peltzer et al. Mapped traces of individual faults in the Mojave Block terminate within the block and do not continue across the Garlock Fault [Dokka and Travis, ].","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"ENglish","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2012JB009699","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Simpson, R.W., 2013, Clustering of GPS velocities in the Mojave Block, southeastern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 118, no. 4, p. 1747-1759, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009699.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1747","endPage":"1759","ipdsId":"IP-042092","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009699","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":274872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274871,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009699"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Block","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.48,32.53 ], [ -124.48,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.48,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"118","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e0e4b0d332bf22f368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70146643,"text":"70146643 - 2013 - 234U/238U and δ87Sr in peat as tracers of paleosalinity in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-22T15:29:15","indexId":"70146643","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"234U/238U and δ87Sr in peat as tracers of paleosalinity in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, USA","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this study was to determine the history of paleosalinity over the past 6000+ years in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta), which is the innermost part of the San Francisco Estuary. We used a combination of Sr and U concentrations, d87Sr values, and 234U/238U activity ratios (AR) in peat as proxies for tracking paleosalinity. Peat cores were collected in marshes on Browns Island, Franks Wetland, and Bacon Channel Island in the Delta. Cores were dated using 137Cs, the onset of Pb and Hg contamination from hydraulic gold mining, and 14C. A proof of concept study showed that the dominant emergent macrophyte and major component of peat in the Delta, Schoenoplectus spp., incorporates Sr and U and that the isotopic composition of these elements tracks the ambient water salinity across the Estuary. Concentrations and isotopic compositions of Sr and U in the three main water sources contributing to the Delta (seawater, Sacramento River water, and San Joaquin River water) were used to construct a three-end-member mixing model. Delta paleosalinity was determined by examining variations in the distribution of peat samples through time within the area delineated by the mixing model. The Delta has long been considered a tidal freshwater marsh region, but only peat samples from Franks Wetland and Bacon Channel Island have shown a consistently fresh signal (<0.5 ppt) through time. Therefore, the eastern Delta, which occurs upstream from Bacon Channel Island along the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, has also been fresh for this time period. Over the past 6000+ years, the salinity regime at the western boundary of the Delta (Browns Island) has alternated between fresh and oligohaline (0.5-5 ppt).

","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.10.011","usgsCitation":"Drexler, J., Paces, J.B., Alpers, C.N., Windham-Myers, L., Neymark, L., Bullen, T.D., and Taylor, H.E., 2013, 234U/238U and δ87Sr in peat as tracers of paleosalinity in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 40, p. 164-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.10.011.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033405","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299758,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.10.011"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.8632698059082,\n 38.014017213644024\n ],\n [\n -121.8632698059082,\n 38.07998712800633\n ],\n [\n -121.77331924438477,\n 38.07998712800633\n ],\n [\n -121.77331924438477,\n 38.014017213644024\n ],\n [\n -121.8632698059082,\n 38.014017213644024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5536232de4b0b22a15807a77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drexler, Judith Z. 0000-0002-0127-3866 jdrexler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-3866","contributorId":1659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"Judith Z.","email":"jdrexler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Windham-Myers, Lisamarie 0000-0003-0281-9581 lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-9581","contributorId":2449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. 0000-0003-4190-0278 lneymark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":140338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid A.","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70048595,"text":"70048595 - 2013 - Pacific Island landbird monitoring annual report, Haleakalā National Park, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T14:14:19","indexId":"70048595","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T10:16:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":272,"text":"National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/PACN/NRTR—2013/740","title":"Pacific Island landbird monitoring annual report, Haleakalā National Park, 2012","docAbstract":"

Haleakalā National Park (HALE) was surveyed for landbirds and habitat characteristics from March 20 through July 26, 2012. This information provides data in the time-series of landbird monitoring for long-term trends in forest bird distribution, density, and abundance. The Kīpahulu District of eastern Haleakalā Volcano was surveyed using point-transect distance sampling to estimate bird abundance. We surveyed 160 stations and detected a total of 2,830 birds from 12 species. Half of the species were native and half were non-native. Numbers of detections per species ranged from 1 to 849. There were sufficient detections of seven species to allow density estimation. Āpapane (Himatione sanguinea) was the most widely distributed and abundant native species detected in the survey. ‘Alauahio (Paroreomyza montana newtoni), Maui ‘Amakihi (Hemignathus virens wilsoni), and I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccinea) were widespread and occurred in relatively modest densities. Only eight Kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) and 20 ‘Ākohekohe (Palmeria dolei) were detected and were restricted to high elevation wet forest. We estimated an abundance of 495 ± 261individuals of Kiwikiu in a 2,036 ha inference area which likely includes the entire suitable habitat for this species in HALE. For ‘Ākohekohe, we estimated an abundance of 1,150 ± 389 individuals in the 1,458 ha inference area. There was a strong representation of non-native landbirds in the survey area. The Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus), Japanese Bush-warbler (Cettia diphone), and Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) accounted for nearly half of all landbird detections. Each species was common in predominantly native forests.

\n
\n

Vegetation and topographic characteristics were recorded on 160 landbird monitoring stations. HALE canopy and understory composition was predominantly native, especially at elevations above 1,100 m. Much of the forest canopy was comprised of `ohi`a (Metrosideros polymorpha) interspersed with mature olapa (Cheirodendron platyphyllum). This canopy class occurred at 92.5% of the stations surveyed. More than three-quarters (77.5%) of the monitoring stations had a dense canopy with most crowns interlocking (> 60% cover). More than half (52%) of the stations surveyed had trees taller than 10 m, while almost a third (31%) had trees 5-10 m. Only 17% of the stations had a canopy shorter than 5 m. The native shrubs Vaccinium calycinum, Broussaisia arguta, and Leptecophylla tameiameae were the most common understory plants recorded, occurring at more than 30% of the stations sampled. Native mosses and ferns were also common at stations, occurring at more than 90% of the stations sampled. The invasive Psidium cattleainum, Clidemia hirta, and Hedychium gardnerianum occurred at approximately 14% of the stations sampled, predominantly at elevations below 1,100 m.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Judge, S.W., Camp, R., and Hart, P., 2013, Pacific Island landbird monitoring annual report, Haleakalā National Park, 2012: National Park Service Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/PACN/NRTR—2013/740, ix, 82 p.","productDescription":"ix, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"96","ipdsId":"IP-044651","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279174,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2195246"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala National Park;Maui","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.275743,20.586349 ], [ -156.275743,20.795098 ], [ -156.020951,20.795098 ], [ -156.020951,20.586349 ], [ -156.275743,20.586349 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528c96b5e4b0c629af44ddd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Judge, Seth W.","contributorId":8718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Judge","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camp, Richard J.","contributorId":27392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, Patrick J.","contributorId":79750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121475,"text":"70121475 - 2013 - Monitoring vegetation response to episodic disturbance events by using multitemporal vegetation indices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-01T11:46:55","indexId":"70121475","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T09:51:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring vegetation response to episodic disturbance events by using multitemporal vegetation indices","docAbstract":"

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery and land/water assessments from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery were used to quantify the extent and severity of damage and subsequent recovery after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita of 2005 within the vegetation communities of Louisiana's coastal wetlands. Field data on species composition and total live cover were collected from 232 unique plots during multiple time periods to corroborate changes in NDVI values over time. Aprehurricane 5-year baseline time series clearly identified NDVI values by habitat type, suggesting the sensitivity of NDVI to assess and monitor phenological changes in coastal wetland habitats. Monthly data from March 2005 to November 2006 were compared to the baseline average to create a departure from average statistic. Departures suggest that over 33% (4,714 km2) of the prestorm, coastal wetlands experienced a substantial decline in the density and vigor of vegetation by October 2005 (poststorm), mostly in the east and west regions, where landfalls of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita occurred. The percentage of area of persistent vegetation damage due to long-lasting formation of new open water was 91.8% in the east and 81.0% and 29.0% in the central and west regions, respectively. Although below average NDVI values were observed in most marsh communities through November 2006, recovery of vegetation was evident. Results indicated that impacts and recovery from large episodic disturbance events that influence multiple habitat types can be accurately determined using NDVI, especially when integrated with assessments of physical landscape changes and field verifications.

","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/SI63-011.1","usgsCitation":"Steyer, G.D., Couvillion, B.R., and Barras, J., 2013, Monitoring vegetation response to episodic disturbance events by using multitemporal vegetation indices: Journal of Coastal Research, no. 63, p. 118-130, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI63-011.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-035355","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.0434,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,30.5829 ], [ -88.8162,30.5829 ], [ -88.8162,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,28.9254 ] ] ] } } ] }","issue":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85975e4b03f038c5c1872","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyer, Gregory D. 0000-0001-7231-0110 steyerg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-0110","contributorId":2856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyer","given":"Gregory","email":"steyerg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couvillion, Brady R. 0000-0001-5323-1687 couvillionb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5323-1687","contributorId":3829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couvillion","given":"Brady","email":"couvillionb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barras, John A. jbarras@usgs.gov","contributorId":2425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"John A.","email":"jbarras@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048567,"text":"70048567 - 2013 - Effects of mercury deposition and coniferous forests on the mercury contamination of fish in the south central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-24T09:35:11","indexId":"70048567","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T09:21:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of mercury deposition and coniferous forests on the mercury contamination of fish in the south central United States","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that is found in aquatic food webs and is hazardous to human and wildlife health. We examined the relationship between Hg deposition, land coverage by coniferous and deciduous forests, and average Hg concentrations in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)-equivalent fish (LMBE) in 14 ecoregions located within all or part of six states in the South Central U.S. In 11 ecoregions, the average Hg concentrations in 35.6-cm total length LMBE were above 300 ng/g, the threshold concentration of Hg recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the issuance of fish consumption advisories. Percent land coverage by coniferous forests within ecoregions had a significant linear relationship with average Hg concentrations in LMBE while percent land coverage by deciduous forests did not. Eighty percent of the variance in average Hg concentrations in LMBE between ecoregions could be accounted for by estimated Hg deposition after adjusting for the effects of coniferous forests. Here we show for the first time that fish from ecoregions with high atmospheric Hg pollution and coniferous forest coverage pose a significant hazard to human health. Our study suggests that models that use Hg deposition to predict Hg concentrations in fish could be improved by including the effects of coniferous forests on Hg deposition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es303734n","usgsCitation":"Drenner, R.W., Chumchal, M.M., Jones, C.M., Lehmann, C.M., Gay, D., and Donato, D.I., 2013, Effects of mercury deposition and coniferous forests on the mercury contamination of fish in the south central United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 47, no. 3, p. 1274-1279, https://doi.org/10.1021/es303734n.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1274","endPage":"1279","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-040449","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278351,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es303734n"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas;Louisiana;Mississippi;Oklahoma;Tennessee;Texas","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas Valley;Boston Mountains;Central Great Plainsl Cross Timbers;East Central Texas Plains;Mississippi Alluvial Plain;Mississippi Valley Loess Plains;Ozark Highlands;Ouachita Mountains;South Central Plains;Southeastern Plains;Southern Coastal Plain;Texas Blackland Prairies;Western Gulf Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.8,25.84 ], [ -100.8,36.96 ], [ -86.92,36.96 ], [ -86.92,25.84 ], [ -100.8,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526a416fe4b0c0d229f9f66e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drenner, Ray W.","contributorId":46407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenner","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chumchal, Matthew M.","contributorId":84659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chumchal","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Christina M.","contributorId":104389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lehmann, Christopher M.B.","contributorId":84859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmann","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gay, David A.","contributorId":68022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Donato, David I. 0000-0002-5412-0249 didonato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-0249","contributorId":2234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donato","given":"David","email":"didonato@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70136386,"text":"70136386 - 2013 - Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-05T09:46:02","indexId":"70136386","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model","docAbstract":"

Winter cover crops are an effective conservation management practice with potential to improve water quality. Throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW), which is located in the Mid-Atlantic US, winter cover crop use has been emphasized and federal and state cost-share programs are available to farmers to subsidize the cost of winter cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of planting winter cover crops at the watershed scale and to identify critical source areas of high nitrate export. A physically-based watershed simulation model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was calibrated and validated using water quality monitoring data and satellite-based estimates of winter cover crop species performance to simulate hydrological processes and nutrient cycling over the period of 1991–2000. Multiple scenarios were developed to obtain baseline information on nitrate loading without winter cover crops planted and to investigate how nitrate loading could change with different winter cover crop planting scenarios, including different species, planting times, and implementation areas. The results indicate that winter cover crops had a negligible impact on water budget, but significantly reduced nitrate leaching to groundwater and delivery to the waterways. Without winter cover crops, annual nitrate loading was approximately 14 kg ha−1, but it decreased to 4.6–10.1 kg ha−1 with winter cover crops resulting in a reduction rate of 27–67% at the watershed scale. Rye was most effective, with a potential to reduce nitrate leaching by up to 93% with early planting at the field scale. Early planting of winter cover crops (~30 days of additional growing days) was crucial, as it lowered nitrate export by an additional ~2 kg ha−1 when compared to late planting scenarios. The effectiveness of cover cropping increased with increasing extent of winter cover crop implementation. Agricultural fields with well-drained soils and those that were more frequently used to grow corn had a higher potential for nitrate leaching and export to the waterways. This study supports the effective implement of winter cover crop programs, in part by helping to target critical pollution source areas for winter cover crop implementation.

","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/hessd-10-14229-2013","collaboration":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; Dream it Do it Western New York, Jamestown, NY; USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Beltsville, MD","usgsCitation":"Yeo, I., Lee, S., Sadeghi, A.M., Beeson, P.C., Hively, W., McCarty, G.W., and Lang, M.W., 2013, Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 10, no. 11, p. 14229-14263, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14229-2013.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"14229","endPage":"14263","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056041","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14229-2013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay Watershed","volume":"10","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b3ce4b08de9379b32bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yeo, In-Young","contributorId":131145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yeo","given":"In-Young","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Sangchui","contributorId":131146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Sangchui","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sadeghi, Ali M.","contributorId":131147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sadeghi","given":"Ali","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7262,"text":"USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeson, Peter C.","contributorId":131148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beeson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7263,"text":"Dream it Do it Western New York, Jamestown, NY 14701","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hively, W. Dean whively@usgs.gov","contributorId":4919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"W. Dean","email":"whively@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCarty, Greg W.","contributorId":131149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCarty","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7262,"text":"USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lang, Megan W.","contributorId":131150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lang","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7264,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148399,"text":"70148399 - 2013 - Galveston Bay: Chapter D in Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T13:56:45","indexId":"70148399","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"chapter":"D","title":"Galveston Bay: Chapter D in Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","docAbstract":"

The Galveston Bay estuary is located on the upper Texas Gulf coast (Lester and Gonzalez, 2002). It is composed of four major sub-bays - Galveston, Trinity, East, and West Bays. It is Texas’ largest estuary on the Gulf Coast with a total area of 155,399 hectares (384,000 acres) and 1,885 km (1,171 miles) of shoreline (Burgan and Engle, 2006). The volume of the bay has increased over the past 50 years due to subsidence, dredging, and sea level rise. Outside of ship channels, the maximum depth is only 3.7 m (12 ft), with the average depth ranging from 1.2 m (4 ft) to 2.4 m (8 ft) - even shallower in areas with widespread oyster reefs (Lester and Gonzalez, 2002). The tidal range is less than 0.9 m (3 ft), but water levels and circulation are highly influenced by wind. The estuary was formed in a drowned river delta, and its bayous were once channels of the Brazos and Trinity Rivers. Today, the watersheds surrounding the Trinity and San Jacinto Rivers, along with many other smaller bayous, feed into the bay. The entire Galveston Bay watershed is 85,470 km2 (33,000 miles2) large (Figure 1). Galveston Island, a 5,000 year old sand bar that lies at the western edge of the bay’s opening into the Gulf of Mexico, impedes the freshwater flow of the Trinity and San Jacinto Rivers into the Gulf, the majority of which comes from the Trinity. The Bolivar Peninsula lies at the eastern edge of the bay’s opening into the Gulf. Water flows into the Gulf at Bolivar Roads, 1 U.S. Geological Survey National Wetlands Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506 2 Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5869, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412 2 Galveston Pass, between Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula, and at San Luis Pass, between the western side of Galveston Island and Follets Island.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"2013 Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA) All Hands Meeting","conferenceDate":"June 25-27, 2013","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Handley, L.R., Spear, K.A., Taylor, E., and Thatcher, C.A., 2013, Galveston Bay: Chapter D in Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010, 17 p. .","productDescription":"17 p. ","ipdsId":"IP-061431","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gom.usgs.gov/web/Site/EmWetStatusTrends"},{"id":332175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Galveston Bay ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.7845458984375,\n 30.56699087315334\n ],\n [\n -95.712890625,\n 30.206861065952626\n ],\n [\n -96.185302734375,\n 30.021543509740027\n ],\n [\n -96.4654541015625,\n 29.897805610155874\n ],\n [\n -95.3887939453125,\n 28.839861937967964\n ],\n [\n -94.3231201171875,\n 29.530450107491063\n ],\n [\n -94.273681640625,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -94.7845458984375,\n 30.56699087315334\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5853ba46e4b0e2663625f2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handley, Lawrence R. handleyl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handley","given":"Lawrence","email":"handleyl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spear, Kathryn A. 0000-0001-8942-2856 speark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-2856","contributorId":1949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"Kathryn","email":"speark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Eleonor","contributorId":140514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Eleonor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13521,"text":"Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, Cindy A. 0000-0003-0331-071X thatcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-071X","contributorId":2868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Cindy","email":"thatcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70135130,"text":"70135130 - 2013 - Phylogeography, post-glacial gene flow, and population history of North American goshawks (Accipeter gentilis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:52:04.783422","indexId":"70135130","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeography, post-glacial gene flow, and population history of North American goshawks (Accipeter gentilis)","docAbstract":"

Climate cycling during the Quaternary played a critical role in the diversification of avian lineages in North America, greatly influencing the genetic characteristics of contemporary populations. To test the hypothesis that North American Northern Goshawks (Accipitergentilis) were historically isolated within multiple Late Pleistocene refugia, we assessed diversity and population genetic structure as well as migration rates and signatures of historical demography using mitochondrial control-region data. On the basis of sampling from 24 locales, we found that Northern Goshawks were genetically structured across a large portion of their North American range. Long-term population stability, combined with strong genetic differentiation, suggests that Northern Goshawks were historically isolated within at least three refugial populations representing two regions: the Pacific (CascadesSierra-Vancouver Island) and the Southwest (Colorado Plateau and Jemez Mountains). By contrast, populations experiencing significant growth were located in the Southeast Alaska-British Columbia, Arizona Sky Islands, Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes, and Appalachian bioregions. In the case of Southeast Alaska-British Columbia, Arizona Sky Islands, and Rocky Mountains, Northern Goshawks likely colonized these regions from surrounding refugia. The near fixation for several endemic haplotypes in the Arizona Sky Island Northern Goshawks (A. g apache) suggests long-term isolation subsequent to colonization. Likewise, Great Lakes and Appalachian Northern Goshawks differed significantly in haplotype frequencies from most Western Northern Goshawks, which suggests that they, too, experienced long-term isolation prior to a more recent recolonization of eastern U.S. forests.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2013.12120","usgsCitation":"Bayard De Volo, S., Reynolds, R.T., Sonsthagen, S.A., Talbot, S.L., and Antolin, M.F., 2013, Phylogeography, post-glacial gene flow, and population history of North American goshawks (Accipeter gentilis): The Auk, v. 130, no. 2, p. 342-354, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2013.12120.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"342","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044035","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296573,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":474041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2013.12120","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"country":"United States","volume":"130","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54897cbfe4b027aeab78129d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayard De Volo, Shelley","contributorId":127814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayard De Volo","given":"Shelley","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6998,"text":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard T. 0000-0002-5193-786X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-786X","contributorId":105393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6679,"text":"US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Antolin, Michael F.","contributorId":85469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Antolin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6998,"text":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70154988,"text":"70154988 - 2013 - Spring migratory pathways and migration chronology of Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior) wintering at the Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T14:14:31.829768","indexId":"70154988","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring migratory pathways and migration chronology of Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior) wintering at the Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina","docAbstract":"

We assessed the migratory pathways, migration chronology, and breeding ground affiliation of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis interior) that winter in and adjacent to the Santee National Wildlife Refuge in Summerton, South Carolina, United States. Satellite transmitters were fitted to eight Canada Geese at Santee National Wildlife Refuge during the winter of 2009–2010. Canada Geese departed Santee National Wildlife Refuge between 5 and 7 March 2010. Six Canada Geese followed a route that included stopovers in northeastern North Carolina and western New York, with three of those birds completing spring migration to breeding grounds associated with the Atlantic Population (AP). The mean distance between stopover sites along this route was 417 km, the mean total migration distance was 2838 km, and the Canada Geese arrived on AP breeding grounds on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay between 20 and 24 May 2010. Two Canada Geese followed a different route from that described above, with stopovers in northeastern Ohio, prior to arriving on the breeding grounds on 9 June 2010. Mean distance between stopover sites was 402 and 365 km for these two birds, and total migration distance was 4020 and 3650 km. These data represent the first efforts to track migratory Canada Geese from the southernmost extent of their current wintering range in the Atlantic Flyway. We did not track any Canada Geese to breeding grounds associated with the Southern James Bay Population. Caution should be used in the interpretation of this finding, however, because of the small sample size. We demonstrated that migratory Canada Geese wintering in South Carolina use at least two migratory pathways and that an affiliation with the Atlantic Population breeding ground exists.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Canadian Field-Naturalist","doi":"10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1402","usgsCitation":"Giles, M.M., Jodice, P.G., Baldwin, R.F., Stanton, J.D., and Epstein, M., 2013, Spring migratory pathways and migration chronology of Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior) wintering at the Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 127, no. 1, p. 17-25, https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1402.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038246","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1402","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Santee National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.53665161132812,\n 33.4738357141558\n ],\n [\n -80.53665161132812,\n 33.56199537293026\n ],\n [\n -80.4473876953125,\n 33.56199537293026\n ],\n [\n -80.4473876953125,\n 33.4738357141558\n ],\n [\n -80.53665161132812,\n 33.4738357141558\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b0beafe4b09a3b01b530a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giles, Molly M.","contributorId":145797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giles","given":"Molly","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jodice, Patrick G.R. 0000-0001-8716-120X pjodice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-120X","contributorId":1119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"Patrick","email":"pjodice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldwin, Robert F.","contributorId":96415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stanton, John D.","contributorId":145798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Epstein, Marc","contributorId":145799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epstein","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193103,"text":"70193103 - 2013 - Laramide basin CSI: Comprehensive stratigraphic investigations of Paleogene sediments in the Colorado Headwaters Basin, north-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T11:06:49","indexId":"70193103","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Laramide basin CSI: Comprehensive stratigraphic investigations of Paleogene sediments in the Colorado Headwaters Basin, north-central Colorado","docAbstract":"

The Paleogene sedimentary deposits of the Colorado Headwaters Basin provide a detailed proxy record of regional deformation and basin subsidence during the Laramide orogeny in north-central Colorado and southern Wyoming. This field trip presents extensive evidence from sedimentology, stratigraphy, structure, palynology, and isotope geochronology that shows a complex history that is markedly different from other Laramide synorogenic basins in the vicinity.

We show that the basin area was deformed by faulting and folding before, during, and after deposition of the Paleogene rocks. Internal unconformities have been identified that further reflect the interaction of deformation, subsidence, and sedimentation. Uplift of Proterozoic basement blocks that make up the surrounding mountain ranges today occurred late in basin history. Evidence is given to reinterpret the Independence Mountain uplift as the result of significant normal faulting (not thrusting), probably in middle Tertiary time.

While the Denver and Cheyenne Basins to the east were subsiding and accumulating sediment during Late Cretaceous time, the Colorado Headwaters Basin region was experiencing vertical uplift and erosion. At least 1200 m of the upper part of the marine Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale was regionally removed, along with Fox Hills Sandstone shoreline deposits of the receding Interior Seaway as well as any Laramie Formation–type continental deposits. Subsidence did not begin in the Colorado Headwaters Basin until after 60.5 Ma, when coarse, chaotic, debris-flow deposits of the Paleocene Windy Gap Volcanic Member of the Middle Park Formation began to accumulate along the southern basin margin. These volcaniclastic conglomerate deposits were derived from local, mafic-alkalic volcanic sources (and transitory deposits in the drainage basin), and were rapidly transported into a deep lake system by sediment gravity currents. The southern part of the basin subsided rapidly (roughly 750–1000 m/m.y.) and the drainage system delivered increasing proportions of arkosic debris from uplifted Proterozoic basement and more intermediate-composition volcanic-porphyry materials from central Colorado sources.

Other margins of the Colorado Headwaters Basin subsided at slightly different times. Subsidence was preceded by variable amounts of gentle tilting and localized block-fault uplifts. The north-central part of the basin that was least-eroded in early Paleocene time was structurally inverted and became the locus of greatest subsidence during later Paleocene-Eocene time. Middle Paleocene coal-mires formed in the topographically lowest eastern part of the basin, but the basin center migrated to the western side by Eocene time when coal was deposited in the Coalmont district. In between, persistent lakes of variable depths characterized the central basin area, as evidenced by well-preserved deltaic facies.

Fault-fold deformation within the Colorado Headwaters Basin strongly affected the Paleocene fluvial-lacustrine deposits, as reflected in the steep limbs of anticline-syncline pairs within the McCallum fold belt and the steep margins of the Breccia Spoon syncline. Slivers of Proterozoic basement rock were also elevated on steep reverse faults in late Paleocene time along the Delaney Butte–Sheep Mountain–Boettcher Ridge structure. Eocene deposits, by and large, are only gently folded within the Colorado Headwaters Basin and thus reflect a change in deformation history.

The Paleogene deposits of the Colorado Headwaters Basin today represent only a fragment of the original extent of the depositional basin. Basal, coarse conglomerate deposits that suggest proximity to an active basin margin are relatively rare and are limited to the southern and northwestern margins of the relict basin. The northeastern margin of the preserved Paleogene section is conspicuously fine-grained, which indicates that any contemporaneous marginal uplift was far removed from the current extent of preserved fluvial-lacustrine sediments. The conspicuous basement uplifts of Proterozoic rock that flank the current relict Paleogene basin deposits are largely post-middle Eocene in age and are not associated with any Laramide synuplift fluvial deposits.

The east-west–trending Independence Mountain fault system that truncates the Colorado Headwaters Basin on the north with an uplifted Proterozoic basement block is reinterpreted in this report. Numerous prior analyses had concluded that the fault was a low-angle, south-directed Laramide thrust that overlapped the northern margin of the basin. We conclude instead that the fault is more likely a Neogene normal fault that truncates all prior structure and belongs to a family of sub-parallel west-northwest–trending normal faults that offset upper Oligocene-Miocene fluvial deposits of the Browns Park–North Park Formations.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Classic concepts and new directions: Exploring 125 years of GSA discoveries in the Rocky Mountain Region","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2013.0033(04)","usgsCitation":"Dechesne, M., Cole, J.C., Trexler, J., Cashman, P., and Peterson, C.D., 2013, Laramide basin CSI: Comprehensive stratigraphic investigations of Paleogene sediments in the Colorado Headwaters Basin, north-central Colorado, chap. of Classic concepts and new directions: Exploring 125 years of GSA discoveries in the Rocky Mountain Region, v. 33, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1130/2013.0033(04).","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","ipdsId":"IP-046028","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Headwaters Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -106.75,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -106.75,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afef06de4b0da30c1bfc7ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechesne, Marieke 0000-0002-4468-7495 mdechesne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4468-7495","contributorId":5036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechesne","given":"Marieke","email":"mdechesne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, James C. jimcole@usgs.gov","contributorId":1256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"James","email":"jimcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trexler, James H.","contributorId":199040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trexler","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cashman, Patricia","contributorId":199041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Patricia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, Christopher D","contributorId":199042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70112962,"text":"70112962 - 2013 - Distribution of burrowing owls in east-central South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T17:37:48.200358","indexId":"70112962","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3580,"text":"The Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of burrowing owls in east-central South Dakota","docAbstract":"

Western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) populations have declined across much of western North America, particularly at the northern and eastern edges of the species’ breeding range (Martell et al. 2001, Murphy et al. 2001, Shyry et al. 2001, Skeel et al. 2001, Klute et al. 2003). In South Dakota, the burrowing owl is a summer resident that historically was relatively common throughout the state, but its range has decreased in recent decades, especially in the eastern half of the state (Whitney et al. 1978, South Dakota Ornithologists’ Union [SDOU] 1991, Peterson 1995). Tallman et al. (2002) described the species as uncommon to locally common in western South Dakota, uncommon in the north-central part of the state, and casual (i.e., not within the species’ normal range, but with 3–10 records in the past 10 years) elsewhere in the eastern half. The burrowing owl is a Species of Greatest Conservation Need (South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks [SDGFP] 2006) and a Level I Priority Species in South Dakota (Bakker 2005).

","language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota State University","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., and Thiele, J., 2013, Distribution of burrowing owls in east-central South Dakota: The Prairie Naturalist, v. 45, no. 1, p. 60-64.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"64","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040032","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sdstate.edu/nrm/organizations/gpnss/tpn/2013-archive.cfm"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 42.65012181368025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"1","edition":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550bf32fe4b02e76d759cde6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708 jshaffer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":3184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Jill","email":"jshaffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thiele, Jason P.","contributorId":116702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiele","given":"Jason P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193252,"text":"70193252 - 2013 - Photogrammetric monitoring of lava dome growth during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-11T16:54:28.349189","indexId":"70193252","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photogrammetric monitoring of lava dome growth during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano","docAbstract":"

The 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, began with a phreatic explosion on 15 March followed by a series of at least 19 explosive events and growth and destruction of at least two, and likely three, lava domes between 22 March and 4 April. On 4 April explosive activity gave way to continuous lava effusion within the summit crater. We present an analysis of post-4 April lava dome growth using an oblique photogrammetry approach that provides a safe, rapid, and accurate means of measuring dome growth. Photogrammetric analyses of oblique digital images acquired during helicopter observation flights and fixed-wing volcanic gas surveys produced a series of digital elevation models (DEMs) of the lava dome from 16 April to 23 September. The DEMs were used to calculate estimates of volume and time-averaged extrusion rates and to quantify morphological changes during dome growth.

Effusion rates ranged from a maximum of 35 m3 s− 1 during the initial two weeks to a low of 2.2 m3 s− 1 in early summer 2009. The average effusion rate from April to July was 9.5 m3 s− 1. Early, rapid dome growth was characterized by extrusion of blocky lava that spread laterally within the summit crater. In mid-to-late April the volume of the dome had reached 36 × 106 m3, roughly half of the total volume, and dome growth within the summit crater began to be limited by confining crater walls to the south, east, and west. Once the dome reached the steep, north-sloping gorge that breaches the crater, growth decreased to the south, but the dome continued to inflate and extend northward down the gorge. Effusion slowed during 16 April–1 May, but in early May the rate increased again. This rate increase was accompanied by a transition to exogenous dome growth. From mid-May to July the effusion rate consistently declined. The decrease is consistent with observations of reduced seismicity, gas emission, and thermal anomalies, as well as declining rates of geodetic deflation or inflation. These trends suggest dome growth ceased by July 2009. The volume of the dome at the end of the 2009 eruption was about 72 × 106 m3, more than twice the estimated volume of the largest dome extruded during the 1989–1990 eruption. In total, the 2009 dome extends over 400 m down the glacial gorge on the north end of the crater, with a total length of 1 km, width of 500 m and an average thickness of 200 m.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.009","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, A.K., Bull, K.F., Wessels, R., and McGimsey, R.G., 2013, Photogrammetric monitoring of lava dome growth during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 259, p. 308-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.009.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"316","ipdsId":"IP-034240","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.98736572265622,\n 60.39554019359665\n ],\n [\n -152.57400512695312,\n 60.39554019359665\n ],\n [\n -152.57400512695312,\n 60.58157148491742\n ],\n [\n -152.98736572265622,\n 60.58157148491742\n ],\n [\n -152.98736572265622,\n 60.39554019359665\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"259","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bbee4b0531197afa03e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diefenbach, Angela K. 0000-0003-0214-7818 adiefenbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-7818","contributorId":1084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Angela","email":"adiefenbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bull, Katharine F.","contributorId":42692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bull","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wessels, Rick 0000-0001-9711-6402 rwessels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-6402","contributorId":198602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick","email":"rwessels@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156807,"text":"70156807 - 2013 - Global climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico: Considerations for integrated coastal management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T17:44:55.184766","indexId":"70156807","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Global climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico: Considerations for integrated coastal management","docAbstract":"

Global climate change is important in considerations of integrated coastal management in the Gulf of Mexico. This is true for a number of reasons. Climate in the Gulf spans the range from tropical to the lower part of the temperate zone. Thus, as climate warms, the tropical temperate interface, which is currently mostly offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, will increasingly move over the coastal zone of the northern and eastern parts of the Gulf. Currently, this interface is located in South Florida and around the US-Mexico border in the Texas-Tamaulipas region. Maintaining healthy coastal ecosystems is important because they will be more resistant to climate change.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University Press","usgsCitation":"Day, J., Yanez-Arancibia, A., Cowan, J., Day, R.H., Twilley, R.R., and Rybczyk, J.R., 2013, Global climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico: Considerations for integrated coastal management, chap. of Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota, v. 4.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": 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Alejandro","contributorId":147167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yanez-Arancibia","given":"Alejandro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowan, James H.","contributorId":11500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day, Richard H. 0000-0002-5959-7054 dayr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-7054","contributorId":2427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Richard","email":"dayr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Twilley, Robert R.","contributorId":34585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Twilley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rybczyk, John R.","contributorId":55729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybczyk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186190,"text":"70186190 - 2013 - The false spring of 2012, earliest in North American record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T13:54:34","indexId":"70186190","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The false spring of 2012, earliest in North American record","docAbstract":"

Phenology - the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle stages, especially their timing and relationships with weather and climate - is becoming an essential tool for documenting, communicating, and anticipating the consequences of climate variability and change. For example, March 2012 broke numerous records for warm temperatures and early flowering in the United States [Karl et al., 2012; Elwood et al., 2013]. Many regions experienced a “false spring,” a period of weather in late winter or early spring sufficiently mild and long to bring vegetation out of dormancy prematurely, rendering it vulnerable to late frost and drought.

As global climate warms, increasingly warmer springs may combine with the random climatological occurrence of advective freezes, which result from cold air moving from one region to another, to dramatically increase the future risk of false springs, with profound ecological and economic consequences [e.g., Gu et al., 2008; Marino et al., 2011; Augspurger, 2013]. For example, in the false spring of 2012, an event embedded in long-term trends toward earlier spring [e.g., Schwartz et al., 2006], the frost damage to fruit trees totaled half a billion dollars in Michigan alone, prompting the federal government to declare the state a disaster area [Knudson, 2012].

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2013EO200001","usgsCitation":"Ault, T., Henebry, G., de Beurs, K., Schwartz, M., Betancourt, J.L., and Moore, D., 2013, The false spring of 2012, earliest in North American record: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 94, no. 20, p. 181-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO200001.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"183","ipdsId":"IP-044739","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013eo200001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac8e4b02ff32c6aea71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ault, T.R.","contributorId":14229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ault","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Henebry, G.M.","contributorId":98055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henebry","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"de Beurs, K. M.","contributorId":28839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Beurs","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schwartz, M.D.","contributorId":190219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Moore, David","contributorId":190216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70186188,"text":"70186188 - 2013 - Woodland dynamics at the northern range periphery: A challenge for protected area management in a changing world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T09:50:19","indexId":"70186188","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Woodland dynamics at the northern range periphery: A challenge for protected area management in a changing world","docAbstract":"

Managers of protected natural areas increasingly are confronted with novel ecological conditions and conflicting objectives to preserve the past while fostering resilience for an uncertain future. This dilemma may be pronounced at range peripheries where rates of change are accelerated and ongoing invasions often are perceived as threats to local ecosystems. We provide an example from City of Rocks National Reserve (CIRO) in southern Idaho, positioned at the northern range periphery of pinyon-juniper (P-J) woodland. Reserve managers are concerned about P-J woodland encroachment into adjacent sagebrush steppe, but the rates and biophysical variability of encroachment are not well documented and management options are not well understood. We quantified the rate and extent of woodland change between 1950 and 2009 based on a random sample of aerial photo interpretation plots distributed across biophysical gradients. Our study revealed that woodland cover remained at approximately 20% of the study area over the 59-year period. In the absence of disturbance, P-J woodlands exhibited the highest rate of increase among vegetation types at 0.37% yr−1. Overall, late-successional P-J stands increased in area by over 100% through the process of densification (infilling). However, wildfires during the period resulted in a net decrease of woody evergreen vegetation, particularly among early and mid-successional P-J stands. Elevated wildfire risk associated with expanding novel annual grasslands and drought is likely to continue to be a fundamental driver of change in CIRO woodlands. Because P-J woodlands contribute to regional biodiversity and may contract at trailing edges with global warming, CIRO may become important to P-J woodland conservation in the future. Our study provides a widely applicable toolset for assessing woodland ecotone dynamics that can help managers reconcile the competing demands to maintain historical fidelity and contribute meaningfully to the U.S. protected area network in a future with novel, no-analog ecosystems.

","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0070454","usgsCitation":"Powell, S.L., Andrew J. Hansen, Rodhouse, T., Garrett, L.K., Betancourt, J.L., Dicus, G.H., and Lonneker, M.K., 2013, Woodland dynamics at the northern range periphery: A challenge for protected area management in a changing world: PLoS ONE, v. 8, no. 7, e70454; 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070454.","productDescription":"e70454; 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-046134","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070454","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338888,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"City of Rocks National Reserve","volume":"8","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac8e4b02ff32c6aea73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Scott L.","contributorId":190213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andrew J. Hansen","contributorId":190210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrew J. Hansen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rodhouse, Thomas J.","contributorId":127378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodhouse","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":6924,"text":"National Park Service, Upper Columbia Basin Network","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Garrett, Lisa K.","contributorId":190212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garrett","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Dicus, Gordon H.","contributorId":190211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dicus","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lonneker, Meghan K.","contributorId":190225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lonneker","given":"Meghan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70192591,"text":"70192591 - 2013 - 100,000-year-long terrestrial record of millennial-scale linkage between eastern North American mid-latitude paleovegetation shifts and Greenland ice-core oxygen isotope trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T22:13:15","indexId":"70192591","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"100,000-year-long terrestrial record of millennial-scale linkage between eastern North American mid-latitude paleovegetation shifts and Greenland ice-core oxygen isotope trends","docAbstract":"

We document frequent, rapid, strong, millennial-scale paleovegetation shifts throughout the late Pleistocene, within a 100,000+ yr interval (~ 115–15 ka) of terrestrial sediments from the mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) of North America. High-resolution analyses of fossil pollen from one core locality revealed a continuously shifting sequence of thermally dependent forest assemblages, ranging between two endmembers: subtropical oak-tupelo-bald cypress-gum forest and high boreal spruce-pine forest. Sedimentary textural evidence indicates fluvial, paludal, and loess deposition, and paleosol formation, representing sequential freshwater to subaerial environments in which this record was deposited. Its total age\"depth model, based on radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence ages, ranges from terrestrial oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 6 to 1. The particular core sub-interval presented here is correlative in trend and timing to that portion of the oxygen isotope sequence common among several Greenland ice cores: interstades GI2 to GI24 (≈ OIS2–5 d). This site thus provides the first evidence for an essentially complete series of \"Dansgaard\"Oeschger\" climate events in the MAR. These data reveal that the ~ 100,000 yr preceding the Late Glacial and Holocene in the MAR of North America were characterized by frequently and dynamically changing climate states, and by vegetation shifts that closely tracked the Greenland paleoclimate sequence.

","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2013.05.003","usgsCitation":"Litwin, R.J., Smoot, J.P., Pavich, M.J., Markewich, H.W., Brook, G., and Durika, N.J., 2013, 100,000-year-long terrestrial record of millennial-scale linkage between eastern North American mid-latitude paleovegetation shifts and Greenland ice-core oxygen isotope trends: Quaternary Research, v. 80, no. 2, p. 291-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.05.003.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"315","ipdsId":"IP-039550","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347518,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07ef4ae4b09af898c8cd89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smoot, Joseph P. 0000-0002-5064-8070 jpsmoot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-8070","contributorId":2742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"Joseph","email":"jpsmoot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pavich, Milan J. mpavich@usgs.gov","contributorId":2348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"Milan","email":"mpavich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markewich, Helaine W. 0000-0001-9656-3243 helainem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-3243","contributorId":2008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"Helaine","email":"helainem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brook, George","contributorId":198579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brook","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Durika, Nancy J. 0000-0001-7448-8908 ndurika@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-8908","contributorId":4439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durika","given":"Nancy","email":"ndurika@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70193611,"text":"70193611 - 2013 - Very long period conduit oscillations induced by rockfalls at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T13:37:27","indexId":"70193611","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Very long period conduit oscillations induced by rockfalls at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Eruptive activity at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, beginning in 2010 and continuing to the present time is characterized by transient outgassing bursts accompanied by very long period (VLP) seismic signals triggered by rockfalls from the vent walls impacting a lava lake in a pit within the Halemaumau pit crater. We use raw data recorded with an 11-station broadband network to model the source mechanism of signals accompanying two large rockfalls on 29 August 2012 and two smaller average rockfalls obtained by stacking over all events with similar waveforms to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. To determine the source centroid location and source mechanism, we minimize the residual error between data and synthetics calculated by the finite difference method for a point source embedded in a homogeneous medium that takes topography into account. We apply a new waveform inversion method that accounts for the contributions from both translation and tilt in horizontal seismograms through the use of Green's functions representing the seismometer response to translation and tilt ground motions. This method enables a robust description of the source mechanism over the period range 1–1000 s. The VLP signals associated with the rockfalls originate in a source region ∼1 km below the eastern perimeter of the Halemaumau pit crater. The observed waveforms are well explained by a simple volumetric source with geometry composed of two intersecting cracks including an east striking crack (dike) dipping 80° to the north, intersecting a north striking crack (another dike) dipping 65° to the east. Each rockfall is marked by a similar step-like inflation trailed by decaying oscillations of the volumetric source, attributed to the efficient coupling at the source centroid location of the pressure and momentum changes induced by the rock mass impacting the top of the lava column. Assuming a simple lumped parameter representation of the shallow magmatic system, the observed pressure and volume variations can be modeled with the following attributes: rockfall volume (200–4500 m3), length of magma column (120–210 m), diameter of pipe connecting the Halemaumau pit crater to the subjacent dike system (6 m), average thickness of the two underlying dikes (3–6 m), and effective magma viscosity (30–210 Pa s). Most rockfalls occur during episodes of sustained deflation of the Kilauea summit. The mass loss rate in the shallow magmatic system is estimated to be 1400–15,000 kg s−1 based on measurements of the temporal variation of VLP period in the two large rockfalls that occurred on 29 August 2012.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/jgrb.50376","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B.A., and Dawson, P.B., 2013, Very long period conduit oscillations induced by rockfalls at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 118, no. 10, p. 5352-5371, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50376.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5352","endPage":"5371","ipdsId":"IP-051372","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50376","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.36453247070312,\n 19.32539900916396\n ],\n [\n -155.12832641601562,\n 19.32539900916396\n ],\n [\n -155.12832641601562,\n 19.51578670986151\n ],\n [\n -155.36453247070312,\n 19.51578670986151\n ],\n [\n -155.36453247070312,\n 19.32539900916396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"118","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eaee4b0531197b27fe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Phillip B. dawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Phillip","email":"dawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041785,"text":"70041785 - 2013 - Mobile Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T16:15:21.87051","indexId":"70041785","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"chapter":"K","title":"Mobile Bay","docAbstract":"

Mobile Bay is the largest bay found in Alabama’s coastal area (Handley et al., 2007). It was named an Estuary of National Significance in 1995 under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Estuary Program (NEP), and its Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan was completed in 2002. Mobile Bay is 1,070 km2 (413 miles2) in area and 51 km (32 miles) long, making it the sixth largest estuary in the continental United States (Mobile Bay NEP, 2008). Its ecosystem provides habitat for more than 300 species of birds, 310 species of fish, 68 species of reptiles, 57 species of mammals, 40 species of amphibians, and 15 species of shrimp (Mobile Bay NEP, 1997). Mobile Bay lies between the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyways (Mobile Bay NEP, 2003). Commercial and residential development and industrial use is heavy in the Mobile Bay area. Although local growth and industrial markets support the Mobile Bay area economy, the resulting environmental damage to the very ecosystem upon which they depend remains a threat to the environment, economy, and population.

The Mobile Bay ecosystem boasts high biological diversity and productivity and supports many freshwater and saltwater species of recreational and commercial importance. The great diversity of Mobile Bay reflects the diversity of Alabama, which is home to the largest number of different plant and animal species of all states east of the Mississippi River (Stein, 2002), and is bolstered by the unique climate and geographic conditions surrounding the bay. Freshwater inflow from the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, ranging from 60,000 to 3,700,000 gallons per second (Wallace, 1996), mixes with saltwater from the Gulf of Mexico, which enters Mobile Bay via wind and tides (Burgan and Engle, 2006). Because of the unique conditions surrounding Mobile Bay, including shallow waters, a dynamic climate, and artificial hydrologic modifications—such as the construction of the Mobile Bay Causeway in the 1920s, which serves as an unintentional barrier between Delta waters north of the Causeway and saline waters south of the Causeway, the salinity of Mobile Bay is highly variable. Mobile Bay receives an average of 165 cm (65 inches) of rain per year from tropical storms, summer thunderstorms, and winter cold fronts (Stout et al., 1998). 

The climate and geography that have made Mobile Bay so rich in resources have also contributed to the threats surrounding its ecosystem. The extensive amount of rain in Mobile Bay creates large amounts of runoff, polluting the waters with fertilizers, chemicals, sediment, oil, trash, and sewage (Mobile Bay NEP, 1997). Tourism, ecotourism, recreational and commercial fishing, recreational boating, shipping, and chemical, pulp, and paper production are significant industries in Mobile Bay and the surrounding areas. Despite the approximate \\$3 billion and 55,000 jobs these industries bring into the community (Alabama Tourism Department, 2010), the growth, development, and environmental stress they create are major threats to the Mobile Bay ecosystem.

Among the nation’s states, Alabama ranks fifth in number of different species (144 endemic species), second in number of extinctions that have already occurred (90 extinct species) and fourth in number of species at risk for extinction (14.8% at risk out of 4,533 total species; Stein, 2002). Twenty-one of these threatened and endangered species are found in Mobile Bay, whose brackish waters provide a nursery area for many species of vertebrates and invertebrates. Some of these species include the Alabama sturgeon, Gulf sturgeon, heavy pigtoe mussel, inflated heel-splitter mussel, West Indian manatee, Alabama beach mouse, Perdido beach mouse, Alabama red-bellied turtle, gopher tortoise, Kemp’s ridley sea turtle, green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, eastern indigo snake, flatwoods salamander, piping plover, red-cockaded woodpecker, and wood stork. Habitat loss underlies the decline of some bird species in Mobile Bay, and large mammals such as the red wolf, Florida panther, and Florida black bear are no longer found in the area. However, some rare species, such as the swallow-tailed kite, sandhill crane, and gopher tortoise can still be found (Duke and Kruczynski, 1992). The value of wetlands in Mobile Bay and the rest of the Gulf of Mexico is still being investigated. Although various monetary valuations of wetlands exist, critics remark that undervaluation of wetlands is inevitable (Mobile Bay NEP, 2008) and that estimates often do not place appropriate value on ecological services (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). Additionally, many estimates account only for anthropogenic values. One estimate concludes that one acre of wetlands performs \\$3,000 worth of water purification each year (Mobile Bay NEP, 1997). With more than 76,890 hectares (190,000 acres) of wetlands in the Mobile Bay area, that equates to a value exceeding one-half billion dollars every year. Tourism, fishing, boating, production, and shipping are significant industries in the Mobile Bay area. More than 90% of fish landed in recreational and commercial fishing in the bay depend on bay habitat, including wetlands, for life requirements (Mobile Bay NEP, 1997). The Port of Mobile is Alabama’s only ocean-ship port (Mobile Bay NEP, 2008). Baldwin County, on the eastern side of the bay, experienced a population increase of 75% from 1990 to 2007, with an 89% increase in housing units (Mobile Bay NEP, 2008). Development and industry support the Mobile Bay economy, but they depend on the continued health, sustainability, and production of the water and living resources of the Mobile Bay ecosystem. Wetland loss, along with other forms of environmental degradation, remains a threat to the Mobile Bay ecosystem and Mobile Bay’s socioeconomic foundation. 

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