Atmospheric phenomena appearing in the Mariner 9 television pictures are discussed in detail. The surface of the planet was heavily obscured by a global dust storm during the first month in orbit. Brightness data during this period can be fitted by a semi-infinite scattering and absorbing atmosphere model with a single-scattering albedo in the range 0.70–0.85. This low value suggests that the mean radius of the particles responsible for the obscuration was at least 10 μm. By the end of the second month, this dust storm had largely dissipated, leaving a residual optical depth ∼0.1. Much of the region north of 45°N was covered by variable clouds comprising the north polar hood. The cloud structures revealed extensive systems of lee waves generated by west-to-east flow over irregular terrain. Extensive cloud systems in this region resembled baroclinic wave cyclones. Clouds were also observed over several of the large calderas; these clouds are believed to contain water ice. Several localized dust storms were seen after the global dust storm cleared. These dust clouds appeared to be intensely convective. The convective nature of these storms and the stirring of large dust particles to great heights can be explained by vertical velocities generated by the absorption of solar radiation by the dusty atmosphere.
The equilibrium distributions of solute species of aluminum at 25°C and one atmosphere pressure are shown graphically in systems containing fluoride, as functions of the total dissolved aluminum and fluoride. The predominant form of complex and degree of complexing are also shown graphically as functions of pH and fluoride activity. The graphs are based on the simultaneous solution of the equations representing nine complexing equilibria and three stoichiometric summarizations, using a fixed value of ionic strength equal to 0.1. Solubility relationships for aluminum hydroxide and cryolite also are shown graphically, using the same coordinates and additional equilibria. By overlaying an appropriate species distribution graph with a solubility graph a relatively complete summary of chemical relationships in an aqueous aluminum system can be obtained. Although this type of model has important limitations, it can accommodate enough variables simultaneously to have practical value and similar procedures could be used for other elements and systems of interest in low-temperature aqueous geochemistry.
A seismic reflection and gravity profile across the continental margin of the Yucatan Peninsula, Yucatan Basin, Cayman Ridge, and Cayman Trough suggests that sediments in the Yucatan Basin consist of a thick succession of beds dominated by turbidites that overlie a thick but irregular sequence of beds, probably dominated by pelagic deposits. The so-called “Carib beds”, present elsewhere in the Caribbean, are not evident in the part of the basin crossed by this profile. The sedimentary section rests on a acoustic basement that probably represents the top of oceanic layer 2. A gravity model indicates that the crust beneath the Yucatan Basin is thin and therefore probably is oceanic in character. The crust thickens southward under the Cayman Ridge but thins again beneath the Cayman Trough. This local thickening is consistent with the suggestion that the Cayman Ridge is a rifted part of the Nicaraguan Rise.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(72)90273-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Vedder, J.G., and Graf, R., 1972, Structural profile of the northwestern Caribbean: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 17, no. 1, p. 175-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(72)90273-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c00e4b08c986b31d206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":358024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vedder, J. G.","contributorId":97873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vedder","given":"J.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graf, R.J.","contributorId":91234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009762,"text":"70009762 - 1972 - Microcoulometric measurement of water in minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T21:46:03.156376","indexId":"70009762","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microcoulometric measurement of water in minerals","docAbstract":"A DuPont Moisture Analyzer is used in a microcoulometric method for determining water in minerals. Certain modifications, which include the heating of the sample outside the instrument, protect the system from acid gases and insure the conversion of all hydrogen to water vapor. Moisture analyzer data are compared to concurrent data obtained by a modified Penfield method. In general, there is a positive bias of from 0.1 to 0.2% in the moisture analyzer results and a similarity of bias in minerals of the same kind. Inhomogeneity, sample size, and moisture pick-up are invoked to explain deviations. The method is particularly applicable to small samples.
The recent availability of borehole logging sondes employing a source of neutrons and a Ge(Li) detector opens up the possibility of analyzing either decay or capture gamma rays. The most efficient method for a given element can be predicted by calculating the decay-to-capture count ratio for the most prominent peaks in the respective spectra. From a practical point of view such a calculation must be slanted toward short irradiation and count times at each station in a borehole. A simplified method of computation is shown, and the decay-to-capture count ratio has been calculated and tabulated for the optimum value in the decay mode irrespective of the irradiation time, and also for a ten minute irradiation time. Based on analysis of a single peak in each spectrum, the results indicate the preferred technique and the best decay or capture peak to observe for those elements of economic interest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0029-554X(72)90601-5","issn":"0029554X","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Moxham, R., and Tanner, A., 1972, A comparison of radiative capture with decay gamma-ray method in bore hole logging for economic minerals: Nuclear Instruments and Methods, v. 104, no. 3, p. 485-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(72)90601-5.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"485","endPage":"492","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e371e4b0c8380cd4600d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moxham, R.M.","contributorId":42234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000350,"text":"1000350 - 1972 - The future of salmonid communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:25:25","indexId":"1000350","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The future of salmonid communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes","docAbstract":"The effects of human population growth, industrialization, and the introduction of marine fishes have reduced the suitability of each of the Great Lakes for oligotrophic fish communities. The ultimate consequence has been a reduction of fishery productivity that has ranged from extreme in Lake Ontario to moderate in Lake Superior. If measures are not taken to alleviate the adverse effects of marine invaders and trends in environmental quality, a major reduction in fishery productivity can eventually be expected throughout the Great Lakes.Prospects for the next century will be improved if the lakes can be intensively managed. More stringent control of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and subsequent reduction of the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), by the reestablishment of populations of large piscivores, should permit the recovery of some of the previous predator and prey species, or the development of populations of new species that are more compatible with a reduced number of lampreys. Even if marine species can be reduced greatly, the full restoration of the former fishery productivity remains uncertain and will require a high degree of coordination among all management and research agencies that have responsibilities on the Great Lakes.Unfavorable trends toward progressive degradation of water quality pose the greatest threat to restoration of the fishery resources of the Great Lakes. Where changes in water quality have been the greatest, oligotrophic species have become scarce or absent, and in the deepwater regions no other species have reoccupied the vacated niches.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f72-138","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.H., 1972, The future of salmonid communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 29, no. 6, p. 951-957, https://doi.org/10.1139/f72-138.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"951","endPage":"957","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047418,"text":"70047418 - 1971 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52265,"text":"ofr6299 - 1961 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency","indexId":"ofr6299","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047418,"text":"70047418 - 1971 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968","indexId":"70047418","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T19:03:33","indexId":"70047418","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:31:52","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":145,"text":"Arkansas Geological Commission Water Resources Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968","docAbstract":"Techniques are presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on Arkansas streams. Modern topographic maps now available and computer techniques facilitate in making a comprehensive analysis in which physical and climactic characteristics of river basins are related to flood characteristics at gaging stations. Equations derived from the analysis make it possible to estimate the magnitude of future floods with recurrence intervals of as much as 50 years on gaged and ungaged streams that have drainage areas of 0.1-3,000 square miles. An estimate of the future flood potential can be used to locate and design flood-control structures, establish flood-insurance rates, and devise flood-zoning plans.
Appendixes in the report contain data on flood characteristics of gaged drainage basins, a summary of climatic and topographic characteristics of drainage basins, peak stages and discharges for gaging stations that have 5 or more years of record, and peak-flow data for outstanding floods at miscellaneous sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arkansas Geological Commission","publisherLocation":"Little Rock, Arkansas","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Commission and Arkansas State Highway Commission","usgsCitation":"Patterson, J.L., 1971, Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968: Arkansas Geological Commission Water Resources Circular 11, viii, 21, A-26, B-199 p.","productDescription":"viii, 21, A-26, B-199 p.","numberOfPages":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047418.PNG"},{"id":276042,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geology.ar.gov/pdf/Water%20Resources%20Circular%2011_v.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.6179,33.0041 ], [ -94.6179,36.4997 ], [ -89.6448,36.4997 ], [ -89.6448,33.0041 ], [ -94.6179,33.0041 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c961e4b009d47a4c2377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, James L.","contributorId":17593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22507,"text":"ofr7241 - 1971 - Mathematical ground-water model of Indian Wells Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr7241","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-41","title":"Mathematical ground-water model of Indian Wells Valley, California","docAbstract":"A mathematical model of the Indian Wells Valley ground-water basin was developed and verified. The alternating-direction implicit method was used to compute the mathematical solution. It was assumed that there are only two aquifers in the valley, one being deep and the other shallow. Where the shallow aquifer occurs, the underlying deep aquifer is confined or artesian. Flow between the aquifers under steady-state conditions is assumed to be in one direction, from deep to shallow. The transmissivity of the deep aquifer ranges from about 250,000 to 22,000 gallons per day per foot and from about 25,000 to 5,000 gallons per day per foot for the shallow aquifer. The storage coefficient for the deep aquifer ranges from 1 x 10 -4 to 0.20. \r\n\r\nSteady-state recharge and discharge in each aquifer was estimated to be 9,850 acre-feet per year. Ground-water pumping, sewage-effluent recharge, and capture of ground-water discharge occurred under non-steady-state conditions. Most of the ground-water pumpage is near Ridgecrest and Inyokern and in the area between the two towns. By 1968 pumpage in the deep aquifer had caused a reversal in the ground-water gradient south of China Lake and small water-level declines over most of the aquifer. The model for the deep aquifer was verified under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions. The shallow aquifer was verified under steady-state conditions only. \r\n\r\nThe verified model was then used to generate 1983 water-level conditions in the deep aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7241","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bloyd, R., and Robson, S.G., 1971, Mathematical ground-water model of Indian Wells Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-41, iv, 35 p. :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7241.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52016,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0041/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52017,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0041/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52018,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ff82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloyd, R. M. Jr.","contributorId":73243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloyd","given":"R. M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robson, S. G.","contributorId":97102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49256,"text":"ofr72308 - 1971 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T15:11:53","indexId":"ofr72308","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-308","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of the \"Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and \"Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1970, 1,439 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the surface and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff.
Hydrologic investigations of these small watersheds were begun by the Geological Survey in 1951 and are now being made in 12 study areas (fig. 1). These investigations are being made in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, the Soil Conservation Service, the San Antonio River Authority, the city of Dallas, and the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1. The 12 study areas were chosen to sample watershed having different rainfall, topography, geology, and soils. In five of the study areas, (North, Little Elm, Mukewater, little Pond-North Elm, and Pin Oak Creeks), streamflow and rainfall records were collected prior to construction of the floodwater-retarding structures, thus affording the opportunity for analyses of the conditions \"before and after\" development. A summary of the development of the floodwater-retarding structures in each study areas of September 30, 1970, is shown in table 1.
The purpose of these investigations is to collect sufficient data to meeting the following objectives:
This report, which is the tenth in a series of basic-data reports published annually for the Escondido Creek study area, contains the rainfall, runoff, and storage data collected during the 1970 water year for the 72.4-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station Escondido Creek at Kenedy, Texas. The location of floodwater-retarding structures and hydrologic-instrument installations in the Escondido Creek study area are shown on figure 2.
This investigation is scheduled to continue through a period of both above- and below-normal precipitation to define the various factors used in the analyses of rainfall-runoff relationship.
To facilitate the publication and distribution of this report at the earliest feasible time, certain material contained herein does not conform to the formal publication standards of the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72308","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority, the Soil Conservation Service, and the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Reddy, D., 1971, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-308, iv, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72308.","productDescription":"iv, 65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287733,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0308/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.19580078125,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -98.33587646484375,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -98.43200683593749,\n 29.504159065872624\n ],\n [\n -98.4649658203125,\n 29.348663646523626\n ],\n [\n -98.43475341796875,\n 29.279212053761196\n ],\n [\n -98.33587646484375,\n 29.0969770630431\n ],\n [\n -98.16558837890625,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -98.09417724609375,\n 28.859107573773\n ],\n [\n -97.767333984375,\n 28.591756892502065\n ],\n [\n -96.9598388671875,\n 28.183401855246004\n ],\n [\n -96.7730712890625,\n 28.212449285338465\n ],\n [\n -96.68243408203125,\n 28.36723539252299\n ],\n [\n -96.624755859375,\n 28.53144857631924\n ],\n [\n -96.712646484375,\n 28.717087374872186\n ],\n [\n -96.78680419921875,\n 28.9120147012556\n ],\n [\n -97.0477294921875,\n 29.180941290001776\n ],\n [\n -97.28805541992188,\n 29.416871709790748\n ],\n [\n -97.43087768554688,\n 29.513720234908057\n ],\n [\n -97.53799438476562,\n 29.526865367677583\n ],\n [\n -97.72201538085938,\n 29.545982511818\n ],\n [\n -97.83187866210936,\n 29.54956657394792\n ],\n [\n -97.98980712890625,\n 29.58540020340835\n ],\n [\n -98.19580078125,\n 29.597341920567366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, D.R.","contributorId":14027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48073,"text":"ofr72328 - 1971 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:31:39","indexId":"ofr72328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-328","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1969","docAbstract":"The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of ''The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and ''Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1969, 1,355 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the natural surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr72328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board and the Soil Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Sansom, J., 1971, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-328, v, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72328.","productDescription":"v, 85 p.","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72328.JPG"},{"id":287735,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0328/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.91,29.4 ], [ -98.91,33.81 ], [ -94.36,33.81 ], [ -94.36,29.4 ], [ -98.91,29.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sansom, J.N.","contributorId":14391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansom","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15295,"text":"ofr71222 - 1971 - Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:47","indexId":"ofr71222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-222","title":"Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Farther southwest in Georgia, around Griffin and Zebullon, along streams tributary to the Flint River in the monazite belt the flood plains are generally small and discontinuous, and only about 1 percent of the sediment is gravel. The area between Griffin, Zebullon, and the Flint River is underlain by biotite schist and biotite gneiss into which biotite granite has been intruded. Only along one stream, Flat Creek, which drains monazite-bearing granite near Zetella, Ga., are the tenors in monazite even moderately high, but a combination of thick, clayey overburden and discontinuous flood plains make the stream unsuitable for placer mining. Elsewhere in the Flint River area the heavy-mineral concentrates contain less than 1 percent monazite. \r\n\r\nThe southwesternmost area in which reconnaissance of the monazite belt was conducted includes a groups of southwest-flowing tributaries to the Chattahoochee River north of Pine Mountain and near La Grange, Ga. A combination of three characteristics of the alluvium make the area unfavorable for mining: (1) the upper half of the sedimentary sequence is clay and silt, (2) there is scant gravel, and (3) much of the sand is fine grained. Monazite is associated with the Snelson Granite, schists, and gneisses north of the Towaliga fault, but even in this area the tenor of most riffle sediments is only 0.1 to 0.5 pound of monazite per cubic yard, and the average tenor of the alluvium is about 0.2 pound per cubic Yard. Rocks south of the Towaliga fault contain scant monazite. The monazite-bearing area in the drainage basin of the Chattahoochee River has no monazite placers.\r\n\r\nEvidence from the areas on the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers shows that streams in western Georgia are a much poorer source of monazite than streams farther to the northeast in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Also, the northeastern part of the belt in the drainage basins of the Yadkin and Dan Rivers is a poorer source for monazite than the area between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers, S.C.-N.C. \r\n\r\nMonazite-bearing crystalline rocks in the western belt contain about 0.06 pound of monazite per cubic yard. Residual soil derived from the crystalline rocks contains about 0.3 to 0.4 pound of monazite per cubic yard, and colluvial sediments formed by sheet-wash from saprolite, residual soil, and, rarely, old stream deposits, have an average of 3.1 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. The data on the tenors of residual and colluvial deposits are far less comprehensive than those an the quantity of monazite in the crystalline rocks, but the tenors are probably of the correct order of magnitude. Neither the crystalline rocks nor the residual soils are ores of monazite. Because the colluvial deposits are thin and have patch distribution they could not be mined independently, but some colluvium could be stripped from the adjoining hills in conjunction with the mining of alluvial deposits in the valleys. \r\n\r\nIt is most unlikely that alluvial monazite placers have formed in the trunk streams leading southeastward out of the monazite belt. Churn drilling on the Broad and North Tyger Rivers, South Carolina, at the east edge of the belt has shown that the bulk of the alluvium is fine-grained sediment that contains 0.2 to 0.4 pound of monazite per cubic yard--tenors that represent no considerable enrichment over those in the crystalline rocks and residual soils. The probable persistence of predominantly fine-grained alluvium downstream to the Coastal Plain and the certain dilution of monazite-bearing concentrates by the inflow of monazite-free suites of heavy minerals between the belt and the fall line suggest that the trunk streams east of the belt are the least favorable sources for alluvial monazite in the Piedmont?","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr71222","usgsCitation":"Overstreet, W.C., White, A.M., Theobald, P., and Caldwell, D.W., 1971, Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-222, iv, 108 leaves :4 folded maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71222.","productDescription":"iv, 108 leaves :4 folded maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44219,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44220,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44221,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44222,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa31c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overstreet, William C.","contributorId":73586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, A. M.","contributorId":86778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, D. W.","contributorId":27461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23293,"text":"ofr72157 - 1971 - Hydrologic analysis of Mojave River Basin, California, using electric analog model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr72157","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-157","title":"Hydrologic analysis of Mojave River Basin, California, using electric analog model","docAbstract":"The water needs of the Mojave River basin will increase because of population and industrial growth. The Mojave Water Agency is responsible for providing sufficient water of good quality for the full economic development of the area. The U.S. Geological Survey suggested an electric analog model of the basin as a predictive tool to aid management. \r\n\r\nAbout 1,375 square miles of the alluvial basin was simulated by a passive resistor-capacitor network. The Mojave River, the main source of recharge, was simulated by subdividing the river into 13 reaches, depending on intermittent or perennial flow and on phreatophytes. The water loss to the aquifer was based on records at five gaging stations. The aquifer system depends on river recharge to maintain the water table as most of the ground-water pumping and development is adjacent to the river. \r\n\r\nThe accuracy and reliability of the model was assessed by comparing the water-level changes computed by the model for the period 1930-63 with the changes determined from field data for the same period.\r\n\r\nThe model was used to predict the effects on the physical system by determining basin-wide water-level changes from 1930-2000 under different pumping rates and extremes in flow of the Mojave River. Future pumping was based on the 1960-63 rate, on an increase of 20 percent from this rate, and on population projections to 2000 in the Barstow area. For future predictions, the Mojave River was modeled as average flow based on 1931-65 records and also as high flow, 1937-46, and low flow, 1947-65. \r\n\r\nOther model runs included water-level change 1930-63 assuming aquifer depletion only and no recharge, effects of a well field pumping 10,000 acre-feet in 4 months north of Victorville and southeast of Yermo, and effects of importing 10,000, 35,000, and 50,800 acre-feet of water per year from the California Water Project into the Mojave River for conveyance downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S.G.S.,","doi":"10.3133/ofr72157","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hardt, W.F., 1971, Hydrologic analysis of Mojave River Basin, California, using electric analog model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-157, 84 p. :ill., charts, graphs, map [folded in pocket] ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72157.","productDescription":"84 p. :ill., charts, graphs, map [folded in pocket] ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52579,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52580,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52581,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52582,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardt, W. F.","contributorId":12455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardt","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47924,"text":"ofr7181 - 1971 - Thermal study of the Missouri River in North Dakota using infrared imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T14:18:37","indexId":"ofr7181","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-81","title":"Thermal study of the Missouri River in North Dakota using infrared imagery","docAbstract":"Studies of infrared imagery obtained from aircraft at 305- to 1,524- meter altitudes indicate the feasibility of monitoring thermal changes attributable to the operation of thermal-electric plants and storage reservoirs, as well as natural phenomena such as tributary inflow and ground-water seeps, in large rivers. No identifiable sources of ground-water inflow below t he surface of the river could be found in the imagery. The thermal patterns from the generating plants and the major tri butary inflow are readily apparent in imagery obtained from an altitude of 305 meters. Though the patterns are generally discernible in the imagery from 1,067-meter and 1,524-meter altitudes, there is not sufficient ground resolution to make any but the most general qualitative analyses. The quality of the imagery varied with land-water temperature relations as well as with instrument properties.
\nPortions of the tape-recorded imagery were processed in a color-coded quantization to enhance the displays and to attach quantitative significance to the data. Apparent radiant temperature computations from the 305-meter imagery were generally within l° Celsius of ground-truth data.
\nThe study indicates a marked decrease in water temperature in the Missouri River prior to early fall and a moderate increase in temperature in late fall because of the Lake Sakakawea impoundment. At the present time, thermal additions generated by the powerplants have little effect on the temperature regimen of the Missouri River at high rates of river discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).","usgsCitation":"Crosby, O., 1971, Thermal study of the Missouri River in North Dakota using infrared imagery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-81, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7181.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr7181.jpg"},{"id":311193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0081/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.71142578125,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -101.71142578125,\n 47.58393661978137\n ],\n [\n -100.469970703125,\n 47.58393661978137\n ],\n [\n -100.469970703125,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -101.71142578125,\n 46.803819640791566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62db40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosby, Orlo A.","contributorId":6065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"Orlo A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1339,"text":"wsp1893 - 1971 - Potential development and recharge of ground water in Mill Creek Valley, Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio, based on analog model analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp1893","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1893","title":"Potential development and recharge of ground water in Mill Creek Valley, Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio, based on analog model analysis","docAbstract":"Mill Creek valley is part of the greater Cincinnati industrial area in southwestern Ohio. In 1964, nearly 30 percent of the water supply in the study area of about 27 square miles was obtained from wells in the glacial-outwash aquifer underlying the valley. Ground-water demand has increased steadily since the late 1800's, and excessive pumpage during the years of World War II caused water levels to decline to critical levels. Natural recharge to the aquifer, from precipitation, is about 8.5 mgd (million gallons per day). In 1964, the total water use was about 30 mgd, of which 8.1 mgd was obtained from wells in Mill Creek valley, and the remainder was imported from outside the basin. With rapid industrial expansion and population growth, demand for ground water is continuing to increase. By the year 2000 ground-water pumpage is expected to exceed 25 mgd. \r\n\r\nAt a public hearing before the Ohio Water Commission in 1961, artificial recharge of the aquifer through injection wells was proposed as a possible solution to the Mill Creek valley water-supply problem. The present study attempts to determine the feasibility of injection-well recharge systems in the Mill Creek valley. \r\n\r\nAlthough basically simple, the hydrologic system in Mill Creek valley is complex in detail and is difficult to evaluate using conventional quantitative methods. Because of this complexity, an electric analog model was used to test specific development plans. \r\n\r\nThree hypothetical pumping plans were developed by projecting past pumpage data to the years 1980 and 2000. Various combinations of injection wells were tested on the model under different hypothetical conditions of pumpage. Based on analog model analysis, from three to eight inject-ion wells, with an approximate input of 2 mgd each, would reverse the trend in declining groundwater levels and provide adequate water to meet anticipated future demands.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1893","usgsCitation":"Fidler, R.E., 1971, Potential development and recharge of ground water in Mill Creek Valley, Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio, based on analog model analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1893, iv, 37 p. :illus., maps. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1893.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :illus., maps. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110030,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25110"},{"id":137426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1893/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26399,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1893/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26400,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1893/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26401,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1893/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26402,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1893/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26403,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1893/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fidler, Richard E.","contributorId":86313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fidler","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20895,"text":"ofr71257 - 1971 - A heavy mineral study of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments near Nome, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T21:00:58.594447","indexId":"ofr71257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-257","title":"A heavy mineral study of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments near Nome, Alaska","docAbstract":"A heavy mineral study was carried out for sand-size fractions of onshore Holocene sediments (modern beach and river sediments), nearshore Holocene and Pleistocene relict sediments, and Pleistocene and Pliocene sediments from several nearshore drill-holes. Heavy mineral assemblages of these sediments are dominated by garnet, chlorite, epidote, chloritoid, sphene, and staurolite.
The nearshore region of Nome is mainly underlain by various types of Pleistocene sediments such as relict gravel that Mantles glacial drift, relict gravel over Nome River outwash fan, relict gravelly sand of submerged beaches, and relict gravel that mantles bedrock. In places these relict sediments are covered by Holocene sandy and muddy sediments. The high concentration of heavy minerals is expected for various relict sediments, because the latter were winnowed by several transgressions and regressions of the sea during Pleistocene time. Concentration of heavy minerals, however, is greater for Holocene sand than relict gravel, which mantles glacial drift and relict gravelly sand of submerged beaches. The high concentration of heavy minerals in Holocene sand suggests the winnowing of sand by strong bottom currents. The low concentration of heavy minerals in the relict gravel on glacial drift and relict gravelly sand of submerged beaches is probably due to the heterogenous nature of relict sediments. Sand fractions of the relict sediments probably have been introduced during the Holocene time. Also, contamination of samples of relict gravel from underlying glacial drift is suspected.
A greater concentration of coarse gold particles (1 iiuii. or larger) is found in nearshore relict gravel that mantles glacial drift than in any other sediment type. Relict gravel on glacial drift, which carries high gold values, does not show a high concentration of heavy minerals or a high concentration of garnet. Two factors account for the lack of correlation between concentration of gold and the other heavy minerals: (1) contrast between hydraulic properties of the gold particles and other heavy minerals, and (2) the heterogeneous nature of relict sediments. Because of their extremely high specific gravity, coarse gold particles are not moved by longshore currents or bottom currents from relict gravel which mantles glacial drift, whereas the heavy minerals which are mostly medium to fine sand in size, are transported by longshore currents and strong bottom currents. The Holocene sand winnowed by strong bottom currents shows a high concentration of heavy minerals.
Heavy mineral assemblages are more or less similar for the various sediments. Minor compositional variations mainly reflect the effect of sorting of mineral grains according to size and specific gravity. The frequencies of garnet and staurolite are slightly higher than average for modern beach and river sediments. In nearshore sediments, garnet is most abundant in Holocene sand winnowed by strong bottom currents. Holocene silty sediment which occurs in small patches is characterized by high concentration of micaceous minerals and low concentration of garnet, because the weak currents which deposit fine sediments usually carry light micaceous minerals in great abundance and minerals of high specific gravity like garnet in small amounts. Samples of Pleistocene glacial till and Pliocene marine silt from several nearshore drill-hole locations show high concentrations of micaceous minerals and low concentration of garnet.
Holocene, Pleistocene, and Pliocene sediments of Nome are mostly derived from the same general metamorphic source rocks of the inland region. The majority of the minerals found in heavy mineral assemblages, such as garnet, chlorite, epidote, chloritoid, sphene, staurolite, hornblende, and tremolite-actinolite, are reported to occur in the metamorphic rocks of Nome and the adjacent region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr71257","usgsCitation":"Sheth, M., 1971, A heavy mineral study of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments near Nome, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-257, xiii, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71257.","productDescription":"xiii, 83 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0257/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Nome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.46944230357468,\n 64.51990788878058\n ],\n [\n -165.46944230357468,\n 64.48799257721126\n ],\n [\n -165.34584925658916,\n 64.48799257721126\n ],\n [\n -165.34584925658916,\n 64.51990788878058\n ],\n [\n -165.46944230357468,\n 64.51990788878058\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheth, Madhusudan","contributorId":23014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheth","given":"Madhusudan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47986,"text":"ofr71303 - 1971 - Compilation of hydrologic data, Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1968","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-15T19:31:14.83614","indexId":"ofr71303","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-303","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data, Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1968","docAbstract":"The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of \"The Flood Control Act of 19 36 and 1944\" and \"Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. In June 1968, the Soil Conservation Service estimated approximately 3,500 structures to be physically and economically feasible for installation in Texas. As of September 30, 1968, 1,271 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data are needed to appraise the effects of structures on water yield and mode of occurrence of runoff.
Hydrologic investigations of these small watersheds were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1951 and are now being made in 11 areas (fig. 1). These studies are being made in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, the Soil Conservation Service, the San Antonio River Authority, the city of Dallas, and the Tarrant ounty Water Control and Improvement District No. 1. The 11 study areas were chosen to sample watersheds having different rainfall, topography, geology, and soils. In four of the study areas (Mukewater, North, Little Elm, and Pin Oak Creeks), streamflow and rainfall records were collected prior to construction of the floodwater-retarding structures, thus affording the opportunity for analyses of the conditions \"before and after\" development. Structures have now been built in three of these study areas. A summary of the development of the floodwater-retarding structures on each study area as of September 30, 1968, is shown in table 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr71303","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Compilation of hydrologic data, Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1968: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-303, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71303.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389288,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0303/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -96.12487792968749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -96.12487792968749,\n 31.891550612684366\n ],\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.891550612684366\n ],\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.344254455668054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9e91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60447,"text":"mf310 - 1971 - Preliminary photointerpretation map of landslide and other surficial deposits of the Mount Diablo area, Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T08:31:45","indexId":"mf310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"310","title":"Preliminary photointerpretation map of landslide and other surficial deposits of the Mount Diablo area, Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, California","docAbstract":"The map shows the distribution of landslide and other surficial deposits by presenting the writer's best judgement regarding the origins of the various parts of the present landscape. It is based completely on the interpretation of aerial photographs through a stereoscope, which permits a three-dimentional relief model of the ground surface to be seen, enables the geologist to study and interpret the origins of landforms with considerable ease. In fact, photointerpretation provides many advantages over both ground observations and laboratory studies of surficial materials in the mapping of surficial deposits, particularily for reconnaissance-type studies. Of course, better information can be provided when all aspects of the studyy are integrated. These preliminary photointerpretation maps are the inital stage of a continuing, more detailed study of surficial deposits in the Bay region, but they will hopefully provide map users with immediately useful information about the regional distribution of landslide and other surficial deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf310","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T., 1971, Preliminary photointerpretation map of landslide and other surficial deposits of the Mount Diablo area, Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 310, 35.54 x 23.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf310.","productDescription":"35.54 x 23.54 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf310.PNG"},{"id":327393,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0310/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda, Contra Costa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,37.75 ], [ -122,38 ], [ -121.75,38 ], [ -121.75,37.75 ], [ -122,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6965af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor H.","contributorId":100016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2852,"text":"wsp1899E - 1971 - Ground water for irrigation in the Brooten-Belgrade area, west-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:00:47","indexId":"wsp1899E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"E","title":"Ground water for irrigation in the Brooten-Belgrade area, west-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Water for irrigation is needed to improve crop yields from sandy soils in the Brooten-Belgrade area. Ground-water supplies of sufficient quantity and suitable quality for irrigation are available in much of the area.
\nQuaternary glacial drift, as much as 300 feet thick, is underlain by Precambrian crystalline rocks and possibly by Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Sand and gravel aquifers are buried at various depths in the drift and can be located by test drilling. One buried aquifer, possibly capable of high yields, is within 250 feet of the land surface in the vicinity of Belgrade.
\nGlacial outwash comprises the upper part of the drift in most of the project area and is locally more than 100 feet thick. The outwash is made up of crossbedded sand and gravel that is interbedded in places with silt and clay deposits and has a saturated thickness of as much as 65 feet. Locally, the transmissivity of the surficial aquifer is as much as 60,000 gallons per day per foot, but elsewhere is generally less than 30,000 gallons per day per foot. The aquifer should yield more than 300 gallons per minute and locally more than 1,000 gallons per minute to individual wells in much of the northern and southwestern parts of the area.
\nRecharge to the surficial aquifer is almost entirely from precipitation. Significant ground-water losses occur as base flow and underflow, and through evaporation and transpiration.
\nWater in the buried and surficial aquifers is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is of suitable quality for irrigation.
\nAn analog model, simulating yearly 30-day pumping periods and hypothetical volumes and distributions of withdrawals, showed the effects on the surficial aquifer of withdrawals of about 20,000 acre-feet per pumping season for 20 years. Predicted water-level declines caused by withdrawals of 20,000 acre-feet per pumping season were generally less than 5 feet in the surficial aquifer and years Predicted water-level declines caused by withdrawals of 20,000 acre-feet pumping season caused predicted water-table declines of more than 10 feet in large parts of the area and caused lake-level declines of as much as 8 feet. The model indicated that water removed from aquifer and lake storage accounted for less than 50 percent of all withdrawals; the remainder was accounted for by water recovered from stream base flow and by water diverted from evaporation and transpiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West-Central Minnesota Resource Conservation and Development Committee and the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Van Voast, W.A., 1971, Ground water for irrigation in the Brooten-Belgrade area, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, Document: iv, 24 p.; 2 Plates: 35 x 40 inches and 37 x 39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899E.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 24 p.; 2 Plates: 35 x 40 inches and 37 x 39 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110036,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25120.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25120"},{"id":29441,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29442,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29443,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Brooten-Belgrade area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.22468566894531, 45.44038088829218 ], [ 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-94.89646911621094, 45.31546044422575 ], [ -94.91638183593749, 45.3082172149164 ], [ -94.94796752929686, 45.3004900833267 ], [ -94.976806640625, 45.30870012566985 ], [ -95.00633239746094, 45.321254361171476 ], [ -95.03585815429688, 45.321254361171476 ], [ -95.06126403808594, 45.33814990167332 ], [ -95.06538391113281, 45.35455788652438 ], [ -95.108642578125, 45.39603920754866 ], [ -95.13885498046875, 45.40905613695408 ], [ -95.16632080078124, 45.4143584705806 ], [ -95.21095275878906, 45.42062422307843 ], [ -95.22262573242188, 45.43074435456533 ], [ -95.22468566894531, 45.44038088829218 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Voast, Wayne A.","contributorId":91846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Voast","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47935,"text":"ofr71145 - 1971 - Analysis of ground-water system in Orange County, California, by use of an electrical analog model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr71145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-145","title":"Analysis of ground-water system in Orange County, California, by use of an electrical analog model","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71145","usgsCitation":"Hardt, W.F., and Cordes, E.H., 1971, Analysis of ground-water system in Orange County, California, by use of an electrical analog model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-145, 60 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71145.","productDescription":"60 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680425","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardt, William F.","contributorId":70013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardt","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordes, E. H.","contributorId":49002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordes","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48005,"text":"ofr7211 - 1971 - Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T11:58:28","indexId":"ofr7211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-11","title":"Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Modesto-Merced area is in the northeastern part of the San Joaquin Valley. The area includes about 1,800 square miles that lie in the eastern portions of Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Specifically the boundaries are: North, the Stanislaus River; south, the Merced-Madera County line; east, the Merced-Mariposa and the Stanislaus-Tuolumne County lines; west, the San Joaquin River.
Between September 1970 and May 1971, 859 wells were selectively canvassed in the area. The resulting data are on file in the U.S. Geological Survey office at 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, Calif. Selected well data are tabulated in table 1, and the location of these wells is shown on maps 1-65. Selected chemical analyses are shown in table 2. Table 3 is a listing of the well numbers of all wells canvassed in the area by the U.S. Geological Survey through April 1971.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Balding, G.O., and Page, R.W., 1971, Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-11, iv, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7211.","productDescription":"iv, 122 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":371414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615a3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, Gary O.","contributorId":25210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2606,"text":"wsp1896 - 1971 - Ground-water hydrology of the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T12:52:56","indexId":"wsp1896","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1896","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah","docAbstract":"The San Pitch River drainage basin in central Utah comprises an area of about 850 square miles; however, the investigation was concerned primarily with the Sanpete and Arapien Valleys, which comprise about 250 square miles and contain the principal ground-water reservoirs in the basin. Sanpete Valley is about 40 miles long and has a maximum width of 13 miles, and Arapien Valley is about 8 miles long and 1 mile wide. The valleys are bordered by mountains and plateaus that range in altitude from 5,200 to 11,000 feet above mean sea level.
The average annual precipitation on the valleys is about 12 inches, but precipitation on the surrounding mountains reaches a maximum of about 40 inches per year. Most of the precipitation on the mountains falls as snow, and runoff from snowmelt during the spring and summer is conveyed to the valleys by numerous tributaries of the San Pitch River. Seepage from the tributary channels and underflow beneath the channels are the major sources of recharge to the ground-water reservoir in the valleys.
Unconsolidated valley fill constitutes the main ground-water reservoir in Sanpete and Arapien Valleys. The fill, which consists mostly of coalescing alluvial fans and flood deposits of the San Pitch River, ranges in particle size from clay to boulders. Where they are well sorted, these deposits yield large quantities of water to wells.
Numerous springs discharge from consolidated rocks in the mountains adjacent to the valleys and along the west margin of Sanpete Valley, which is marked by the Sevier fault. The Green River Formation of Tertiary age and several other consolidated formations yield small to large quantities of water to wells in many parts of Sanpete Valley. Most water in the bedrock underlying the valley is under artesian pressure, and some of this water discharges upward into the overlying valley fill.
The water in the valley fill in Sanpete Valley moves toward the center of the valley and thence downstream. The depth to water along parts of the sides of the valley is more than 100 feet, but in much of the central part of the valley, the water level is at or above the land surface. The valley fill pinches out in the southern part of the valley, and most of the ground water moves to the surface, where it discharges into the San Pitch River or is consumed by evapotranspiration.
Ground water is discharged principally by wells, springs, and evapotranspiration. The discharge from wells varies considerably from year to year because most of the water is used for irrigation, and the wells are used only as necessary to supplement the available surface-water supply. Thus, in 1965, a year of above-normal precipitation, the discharge from wells was 12,000 acre-feet, whereas in 1966, a year of below-normal precipitation, the wells discharged 21,000 acre-feet. The discharge from springs during 1966 was estimated to be 36,000 acre-feet, and an additional 113,000 acre-feet of water was discharged by phreatophytes.
Water levels in the valleys, for the most part, fluctuate in direct response to variations in precipitation, and the discharge from wells has had little long-term effect on water levels. Approximately 3 million acre-feet of water available to wells is stored in the upper 200 feet of saturated valley fill.
The ground water in most parts of the valleys is fresh and suitable for public supply and irrigation. The Green River and Crazy Hollow Formations may, in some places, yield slightly or moderately saline water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1896","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.B., 1971, Ground-water hydrology of the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1896, Report: v, 80 p.; 4 Plates: 53.00 in. x 33.50 in. or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1896.","productDescription":"Report: v, 80 p.; 4 Plates: 53.00 in. x 33.50 in. or smaller","numberOfPages":"88","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28889,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1896/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized geologic map and sections showing location of selected hydrologic data series, San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah"},{"id":28890,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1896/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Hydrlogic maps of the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah"},{"id":28891,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1896/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Hydrographs of selected wells in the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah, for all or part of the period 1937-67, and graph showing cumulative departure from the 1931-60 normal anual precipitation at Manti"},{"id":28892,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1896/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing generali chemical quality of the ground and surface waters, as indicated by specific conductance, in the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete County, Utah"},{"id":28893,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1896/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1896/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":110032,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25114.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25114"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Sanpete County","otherGeospatial":"San Pitch River drainage basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e66d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Gerald B. Jr.","contributorId":91837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gerald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47910,"text":"ofr715 - 1971 - Electrical analog model study of water in the Yabucoa Valley, Puerto Rico; Phase 1, collecting preliminary data and assembling available data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:03","indexId":"ofr715","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-5","title":"Electrical analog model study of water in the Yabucoa Valley, Puerto Rico; Phase 1, collecting preliminary data and assembling available data","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr715","usgsCitation":"Anders, R.B., 1971, Electrical analog model study of water in the Yabucoa Valley, Puerto Rico; Phase 1, collecting preliminary data and assembling available data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-5, 47 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr715.","productDescription":"47 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anders, Robert B.","contributorId":44125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47934,"text":"ofr71144 - 1971 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-15T19:49:48.727327","indexId":"ofr71144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-144","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1969","docAbstract":"The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of \"The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and \"Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1969, 1,355 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the natural surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff.
Hydrologic investigations of these small watersheds were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1951 and are now being made in 12 areas (fig. 1). These studies are being made in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, the Soil Conservation Service, the San Antonio River Authority, the city of Dallas, and the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1. The 12 study areas were chosen to sample watersheds having different rainfall, topography, geology, and soils. In five of the study areas (North, Little Elm, Mukewater, North Elm-Little Pond, and Pin Oak Creeks), streamflow and rainfall records were collected prior to construction of the floodwater-retarding structures, thus affording the opportunity for analyses of the conditions \"before and after\" development. Structures have now been built in three of these study areas. A summary of the development of the floodwater-retarding structures on each study area as of September 30, 1969, is shown in table 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr71144","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Hampton, B., and Myers, D., 1971, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-144, iii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71144.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0144/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -96.12487792968749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -96.12487792968749,\n 31.891550612684366\n ],\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.891550612684366\n ],\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.344254455668054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, B.B.","contributorId":43362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, D.R.","contributorId":104534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48045,"text":"ofr72206 - 1971 - The relation of turbulence to diffusion in open-channel flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T09:44:44","indexId":"ofr72206","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-206","title":"The relation of turbulence to diffusion in open-channel flows","docAbstract":"This investigation examines the interrelation between turbulent diffusion, dispersion, and the statistical properties of turbulence in an open-channel flow. The experiments were conducted in a 3. 87- foot wide flume over four boundary roughnesses. The results are from studies made of: (1) the influence of turbulence on the vertical and lateral diffusion of plumes of heated water and a neutrally-buoyant salt solution from a point source at the mid-depth of flow; (2) the velocity concentration covariance along the axis of a salt solution plume using a single-electrode conductivity probe and hot-film sensor; (3) lateral and longitudinal surface diffusion measured by dropping polyethylene particles on the water surface; and (4) longitudinal space-time velocity correlation measurements.
\nThe results of the study substantiate Philip's concept relating the ratio of Eulerian to estimated Lagrangian time scales and the reciprocal of the longitudinal intensity of turbulence. The relation is used to predict coefficients of longitudinal turbulent diffusion at the water surface and in the flow field. A similar concept using an integral time scale based on the longitudinal intensity of turbulence is used to predict coefficients of both surface and depth-averaged turbulent diffusion in three coordinate directions for heated water and neutrally buoyant jets of salt solution.
\nLongitudinal space-time velocity correlation measurements can be used to predict the Lagrangian time scale only under limited conditions. For this study the Lagrangian scale was underpredicted by 250 percent.
\nA model is developed for the behavior of the longitudinal velocity concentration covariance along the axis of a plume of neutrally-buoyant salt solution. The covariance measurements are accurate to ±20 percent . The boussinesq model of scalar transport is verified with an accuracy of ±25 percent by comparing diffusion coefficients from (1) the velocity concentration covariance measurements with (2) those obtained at the water surface using floating particles. The hot-film single-electrode conductivity probe method for measuring the covariance offers a new tool to experimenters in turbulent mass transfer.
\nUnder the range of conditions studied, longitudinal diffusion accounts for 4 to 13 percent of the one-dimensional dispersion process. Predictions of the dispersion coefficient by formulas such as Elder's were in error by as much as 50 percent.
\nThe exponent in the power-law equation describing the decay of scalar quantities downstream of a jet is a linear function of the shear velocity of the channel. The length of the core region of a jet is a power-law function of the jet strength with the exponent depending on boundary roughness.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72206","usgsCitation":"Keefer, T.N., 1971, The relation of turbulence to diffusion in open-channel flows: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-206, viii, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72206.","productDescription":"viii, 141 p.","numberOfPages":"157","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72206.jpg"},{"id":314081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, Thomas N.","contributorId":43752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16281,"text":"ofr71284 - 1971 - The Shublik Formation and adjacent strata in northeastern Alaska description, minor elements, depositional environments and diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr71284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-284","title":"The Shublik Formation and adjacent strata in northeastern Alaska description, minor elements, depositional environments and diagenesis","docAbstract":"The Shublik Formation (Middle and Late Triassic) is widespread in the surface and subsurface of northern Alaska. Four stratigraphic sections along about 70 miles of the front of the northeastern Brooks Range east of the Canning giver were examined and sampled in detail in 1968. These sections and six-step spectrographic and carbon analyses of the samples combined with other data to provide a preliminary local description of the highly organic unit and of the paleoenvironments. \r\n\r\nThicknesses measured between the overlying Kingak Shale of Jurassic age and the underlying Sadlerochit Formation of Permian and Triassic age range from 400 to more than 800 feet but the 400 feet, obtained from the most completely exposed section, may be closer to the real thickness across the region. The sections consist of organic-rich, phosphatic, and fossiliferous muddy, silty, or carbonate rocks. The general sequence consists, from the bottom up, of a lower unit of phosphatic siltstone, a middle unit of phosphatic carbonate rocks, and an upper unit of shale and carbonate rocks near the Canning River and shale, carbonate rocks, and sandstone to the east.\r\n\r\nAlthough previously designated a basal member of the Kingak Shale (Jurassic), the upper unit is here included with the Shublik on the basis of its regional lithologic relation. \r\n\r\nThe minor element compositions of the samples of the Shublik Formation are consistent with their carbonaceous and phosphatic natures in that relatively large amounts of copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and rare earths are present. The predominantly sandy rocks of the underlying Sadlerochit Formation (Permian and Triassic) have low contents of most minor elements. The compositions of samples of Kingak Shale have a wide range not readily explicable by the nature of the rock: an efflorescent sulfate salt contains 1,500 ppm nickel and 1,500 ppm zinc and large amounts of other metals derived from weathering of pyrite and leaching of local shale. The only recorded occurrence of silver and 300 ppm lead in gouge along a shear plane may be the result of metals introduced from an extraneous source. \r\n\r\nThe deposits reflect a marine environment that deepened somewhat following deposition of the Sadlerochit Formation and then shoaled during deposition of the upper limestone-siltstone unit. This apparently resulted from a moderate transgression and regression of the sea with respect to a northwest-trending line between Barrow and the Brooks Range at the International Boundary. Nearer shore facies appear eastward. The phosphate in nodules, fossil molds and oolites, appears to have formed diagenetically within the uncompacted sediment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr71284","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., and Tailleur, I.L., 1971, The Shublik Formation and adjacent strata in northeastern Alaska description, minor elements, depositional environments and diagenesis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-284, i, 62 leaves :2 folded col. maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71284.","productDescription":"i, 62 leaves :2 folded col. maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45207,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0284/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a958","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, Harry Allison","contributorId":77937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"Allison","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tailleur, Irvin L.","contributorId":105304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"Irvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}