The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of \"The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and \"Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1969, 1,355 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the natural surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff.
Hydrologic investigations of these small watersheds were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1951 and are now being made in 12 areas (fig. 1). These studies are being made in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, the Soil Conservation Service, the San Antonio River Authority, the city of Dallas, and the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1. The 12 study areas were chosen to sample watersheds having different rainfall, topography, geology, and soils. In five of the study areas (North, Little Elm, Mukewater, North Elm-Little Pond, and Pin Oak Creeks), streamflow and rainfall records were collected prior to construction of the floodwater-retarding structures, thus affording the opportunity for analyses of the conditions \"before and after\" development. Structures have now been built in three of these study areas. A summary of the development of the floodwater-retarding structures on each study area as of September 30, 1969, is shown in table 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr71144","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Hampton, B., and Myers, D., 1971, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-144, iii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71144.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0144/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Pin Oak Creek, Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -96.12487792968749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -96.12487792968749,\n 31.891550612684366\n ],\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.891550612684366\n ],\n [\n -96.90765380859375,\n 31.344254455668054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, B.B.","contributorId":43362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, D.R.","contributorId":104534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47935,"text":"ofr71145 - 1971 - Analysis of ground-water system in Orange County, California, by use of an electrical analog model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr71145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-145","title":"Analysis of ground-water system in Orange County, California, by use of an electrical analog model","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71145","usgsCitation":"Hardt, W.F., and Cordes, E.H., 1971, Analysis of ground-water system in Orange County, California, by use of an electrical analog model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-145, 60 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71145.","productDescription":"60 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680425","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardt, William F.","contributorId":70013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardt","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordes, E. H.","contributorId":49002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordes","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47945,"text":"ofr71177 - 1971 - Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr71177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-177","title":"Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity","docAbstract":"During the summer and fall, seepage and evaporation losses from Horseshoe Lake, an oxbow or an 'old river' lake adjacent to the Mississippi River, exceed inflow to the lake, and seasonal declines of 2.5-3.0 feet in the lake level are common. In exceptionally dry years, the minimum lake level has been as much as 4 feet below the normal seasonal low. These low levels severely affect the recreational uses of the lake. \r\n\r\nSeepage and evaporation rates at Horseshoe Lake were determined from hydrologic and meteorologic data. Analysis of these data indicates that the direction of seepage is out of the lake except for a period of about 2 months in the spring, when the stage of the Mississippi River is high. \r\n\r\nThe lake can be maintained at a constant level by supplementing the inflow to the lake with surface or ground water. Contributions to the lake from local drainage can be increased, but this water contains undesirable amounts of pesticides, herbicides, and plant nutrients, and the flow is insufficient to eliminate seasonal declines in the lake level. Water from r the Mississippi River can be used to maintain a given lake level, but the bacteriological quality of water from the river makes this an undesirable source of supplemental water. Water from the Quaternary alluvium contains troublesome amounts of iron, but it probably is free of pesticides, herbicides, and coliform bacteria which are commonly found in surface water. \r\n\r\nAn electric-analog model was used to determine the rate at which inflow to the lake must be supplemented to maintain various lake levels. During this investigation, the lake could have been maintained very near the normal spring level by supplementing the inflow at a maximum rate of 10,600 gallons per minute. The analog model was also used to determine the effects of pumping wells on seepage. With the exception of wells near the southeast end of the lake, wells located within one-half mile of the lake would obtain more than 50 percent of their yield from the lake after pumping for 90 days.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71177","usgsCitation":"Lamonds, A.G., 1971, Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-177, 36 p. ill. ; 28 cm. + 7 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71177.","productDescription":"36 p. ill. ; 28 cm. + 7 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84730,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84731,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84732,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84733,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84734,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84735,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84736,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84737,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84738,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84739,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84740,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84741,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84742,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6831a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamonds, A. G.","contributorId":8450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamonds","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47953,"text":"ofr71194 - 1971 - Progress report on the analog model study of the Magothy Aquifer in the Annapolis, Maryland area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:26","indexId":"ofr71194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-194","title":"Progress report on the analog model study of the Magothy Aquifer in the Annapolis, Maryland area","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71194","usgsCitation":"Mack, F., 1971, Progress report on the analog model study of the Magothy Aquifer in the Annapolis, Maryland area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-194, 26 p. ill. (1 col.), maps (mostly col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71194.","productDescription":"26 p. ill. (1 col.), maps (mostly col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Frederick K.","contributorId":95858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Frederick K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47981,"text":"ofr71287 - 1971 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47981,"text":"ofr71287 - 1971 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"ofr71287","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2846,"text":"wsp2027 - 1974 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2027","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2846,"text":"wsp2027 - 1974 - Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2027","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the Upper Coachella Valley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:23","indexId":"ofr71287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-287","title":"Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71287","usgsCitation":"Tyley, S.J., 1971, Analog model study of the ground-water basin of the upper Coachella Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-287, 89 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71287.","productDescription":"89 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tyley, Stephen J.","contributorId":35355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47995,"text":"ofr71341 - 1971 - Suggested criteria for hydrologic design of storm-drainage facilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T10:01:14","indexId":"ofr71341","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-341","title":"Suggested criteria for hydrologic design of storm-drainage facilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, California","docAbstract":"This report presents basic criteria, in the form of tables and graphs, for each of the four methods of hydrologic design most commonly used in the San Francisco Bay region--flood-frequency analysis, Rational Method, unit-hydrograph method, and runoff simulation by means of hydrologic basin modeling. The term \"hydrologic design\" as used in this report refers to the computation of either design values of peak discharge or design hydrographs of storm runoff. The hydraulics of open-channel and pipeline flow and the actual design of appurtenances for conveying the runoff are not discussed in this paper.
\nUse of the suggested criteria results in fairly close agreement between peak discharges computed by the flood-frequency and unit-hydrograph methods. Those peak discharges are not directly comparable with discharges computed by the Rational Method, in part because the results obtained by the Rational Method are affected by the values assigned to parameters for overland and channel flow. Those parameters are additional to the ones used in the flood-frequency and unit-hydrograph methods. A demonstration of runoff simulation by use of a hydrologic basin model is beyond the scope of this paper--such demonstrations are found in the appropriate references cited. However, this report does present an original technique for transposing storm rainfall in the region, storm transposition being commonly required to obtain the precipitation input used with hydrologic basin models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr71341","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S.E., 1971, Suggested criteria for hydrologic design of storm-drainage facilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-341, v, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71341.","productDescription":"v, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287438,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0341/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, Saul Edward","contributorId":63876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"Saul","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48005,"text":"ofr7211 - 1971 - Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T11:58:28","indexId":"ofr7211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-11","title":"Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Modesto-Merced area is in the northeastern part of the San Joaquin Valley. The area includes about 1,800 square miles that lie in the eastern portions of Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Specifically the boundaries are: North, the Stanislaus River; south, the Merced-Madera County line; east, the Merced-Mariposa and the Stanislaus-Tuolumne County lines; west, the San Joaquin River.
Between September 1970 and May 1971, 859 wells were selectively canvassed in the area. The resulting data are on file in the U.S. Geological Survey office at 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, Calif. Selected well data are tabulated in table 1, and the location of these wells is shown on maps 1-65. Selected chemical analyses are shown in table 2. Table 3 is a listing of the well numbers of all wells canvassed in the area by the U.S. Geological Survey through April 1971.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Balding, G.O., and Page, R.W., 1971, Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-11, iv, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7211.","productDescription":"iv, 122 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":371414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615a3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, Gary O.","contributorId":25210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48045,"text":"ofr72206 - 1971 - The relation of turbulence to diffusion in open-channel flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T09:44:44","indexId":"ofr72206","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-206","title":"The relation of turbulence to diffusion in open-channel flows","docAbstract":"This investigation examines the interrelation between turbulent diffusion, dispersion, and the statistical properties of turbulence in an open-channel flow. The experiments were conducted in a 3. 87- foot wide flume over four boundary roughnesses. The results are from studies made of: (1) the influence of turbulence on the vertical and lateral diffusion of plumes of heated water and a neutrally-buoyant salt solution from a point source at the mid-depth of flow; (2) the velocity concentration covariance along the axis of a salt solution plume using a single-electrode conductivity probe and hot-film sensor; (3) lateral and longitudinal surface diffusion measured by dropping polyethylene particles on the water surface; and (4) longitudinal space-time velocity correlation measurements.
\nThe results of the study substantiate Philip's concept relating the ratio of Eulerian to estimated Lagrangian time scales and the reciprocal of the longitudinal intensity of turbulence. The relation is used to predict coefficients of longitudinal turbulent diffusion at the water surface and in the flow field. A similar concept using an integral time scale based on the longitudinal intensity of turbulence is used to predict coefficients of both surface and depth-averaged turbulent diffusion in three coordinate directions for heated water and neutrally buoyant jets of salt solution.
\nLongitudinal space-time velocity correlation measurements can be used to predict the Lagrangian time scale only under limited conditions. For this study the Lagrangian scale was underpredicted by 250 percent.
\nA model is developed for the behavior of the longitudinal velocity concentration covariance along the axis of a plume of neutrally-buoyant salt solution. The covariance measurements are accurate to ±20 percent . The boussinesq model of scalar transport is verified with an accuracy of ±25 percent by comparing diffusion coefficients from (1) the velocity concentration covariance measurements with (2) those obtained at the water surface using floating particles. The hot-film single-electrode conductivity probe method for measuring the covariance offers a new tool to experimenters in turbulent mass transfer.
\nUnder the range of conditions studied, longitudinal diffusion accounts for 4 to 13 percent of the one-dimensional dispersion process. Predictions of the dispersion coefficient by formulas such as Elder's were in error by as much as 50 percent.
\nThe exponent in the power-law equation describing the decay of scalar quantities downstream of a jet is a linear function of the shear velocity of the channel. The length of the core region of a jet is a power-law function of the jet strength with the exponent depending on boundary roughness.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72206","usgsCitation":"Keefer, T.N., 1971, The relation of turbulence to diffusion in open-channel flows: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-206, viii, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72206.","productDescription":"viii, 141 p.","numberOfPages":"157","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72206.jpg"},{"id":314081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, Thomas N.","contributorId":43752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48067,"text":"ofr72307 - 1971 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Calaveras Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:06:34","indexId":"ofr72307","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-307","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Calaveras Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas 1970","docAbstract":"The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of \"The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and ''Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1970, 1,439 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the natural surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr72307","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, the San Antonio River Authority, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Reddy, D., 1971, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Calaveras Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-307, iv, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72307.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72307.JPG"},{"id":287731,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0307/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Calaveras Creek, San Antonio River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.375,29.25 ], [ -98.375,29.5 ], [ -98.0,29.5 ], [ -98.0,29.25 ], [ -98.375,29.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bcf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, D.R.","contributorId":14027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48073,"text":"ofr72328 - 1971 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:31:39","indexId":"ofr72328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-328","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1969","docAbstract":"The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood and soil erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of ''The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and ''Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1969, 1,355 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the natural surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr72328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board and the Soil Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Sansom, J., 1971, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-328, v, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72328.","productDescription":"v, 85 p.","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72328.JPG"},{"id":287735,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0328/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Honey Creek, Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.91,29.4 ], [ -98.91,33.81 ], [ -94.36,33.81 ], [ -94.36,29.4 ], [ -98.91,29.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sansom, J.N.","contributorId":14391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansom","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48082,"text":"ofr72375 - 1971 - Techniques for assessing water resource potentials in the developing countries: with emphasis on streamflow, erosion and sediment transport, water movement in unsaturated soils, ground water, and remote sensing in hydrologic applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-17T14:26:17","indexId":"ofr72375","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-375","title":"Techniques for assessing water resource potentials in the developing countries: with emphasis on streamflow, erosion and sediment transport, water movement in unsaturated soils, ground water, and remote sensing in hydrologic applications","docAbstract":"Hydrologic instrumentation and methodology for assessing water-resource potentials have originated largely in the developed countries of the temperature zone. The developing countries lie largely in the tropic zone, which contains the full gamut of the earth's climatic environments, including most of those of the temperate zone. For this reason, most hydrologic techniques have world-wide applicability.
\nTechniques for assessing water-resource potentials for the high priority goals of economic growth are well established in the developing countries--but much more are well established in the developing countries--but much more so in some than in other. Conventional techniques for measurement and evaluation of basic hydrologic parameters are now well-understood in the developing countries and are generally adequate for their current needs and those of the immediate future. Institutional and economic constraints, however, inhibit growth of sustained programs of hydrologic data collection and application of the data to problems in engineering technology.
\nComputer-based technology, including processing of hydrologic data and mathematical modelling of hydrologic parameters i also well-begun in many developing countries and has much wider potential application. In some developing counties, however, there is a tendency to look on the computer as a panacea for deficiencies in basic hydrologic data collection programs. This fallacy must be discouraged, as the computer is a tool and not a \"magic box.\" There is no real substitute for sound programs of basic data collection.
\nNuclear and isotopic techniques are being used increasingly in the developed countries in the measurement and evaluation of virtually all hydrologic parameter in which conventional techniques have been used traditionally. Even in the developed countries, however, many hydrologists are not using nuclear techniques, simply because they lack knowledge of the principles involved and of the potential benefits. Nuclear methodology in hydrologic applications is generally more complex than the conventional and hence requires a high level of technical expertise for effective use. Application of nuclear techniques to hydrologic problems in the developing countries is likely to be marginal for some years to come, owing to the higher costs involved and expertise required. Nuclear techniques, however, would seem to have particular promise in studies of water movement in unsaturated soils and of erosion and sedimentation where conventional techniques are inadequate, inefficient and in some cases costly.
\nRemote sensing offers great promise for synoptic evaluations of water resources and hydrologic processes, including the transient phenomena of the hydrologic cycle. Remote sensing is not, however, a panacea for deficiencies in hydrologic data programs in the developing countries. Rather it is a means for extending and augmenting on-the-ground observations ans surveys (ground truth) to evaluated water resources and hydrologic processes on a regionall or even continental scale.
\nWith respect to economic growth goals in developing countries, there are few identifiable gaps in existing hydrologic instrumentation and methodology insofar as appraisal, development and management of available water resources are concerned. What is needed is acceleration of institutional development and professional motivation toward more effective use of existing and proven methodology. Moreover, much sophisticated methodology can be applied effectively in the developing countries only when adequate levels of indigenous scientific skills have been reached and supportive institutional frameworks are evolved to viability.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72375","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G.C., 1971, Techniques for assessing water resource potentials in the developing countries: with emphasis on streamflow, erosion and sediment transport, water movement in unsaturated soils, ground water, and remote sensing in hydrologic applications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-375, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72375.","productDescription":"70 p.","numberOfPages":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285999,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0375/report.pdf"},{"id":285998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0375/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, George C. Jr.","contributorId":22767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199680,"text":"70199680 - 1971 - Hydrogeologic characteristics of the valley-fill aquifer in the Arkansas River Valley, Bent County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T21:55:31.127238","indexId":"70199680","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T10:12:09","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Hydrogeologic characteristics of the valley-fill aquifer in the Arkansas River Valley, Bent County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The investigation on which this report is based is a part of a comprehensive evaluation of the water resources of the Arkansas River valley undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District. The study reach extends 150 miles from Pueblo to the Kansas State line (see fig. 1 index map). The water-resources investigation of the stream aquifer system in the Arkansas River valley, which began in 1963, is being made to provide information about the water resources for planning, management, and administration of the supply.
The objectives of the investigation are to define the effects of present water use, to determine the relation between ground and surface water, and to evaluate the effects of proposed changes in water law and management. The major steps in the study are: (1) Inventory the water resources, (2) describe the hydrogeologic character of the aquifer, (3) document and evaluate the effects of development, (4) construct and verify models to aid in the evaluation of the hydrology, and (5) develop models to test water-management plans and to optimize water use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199680","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Hurr, R.T., and Moore, J.E., 1971, Hydrogeologic characteristics of the valley-fill aquifer in the Arkansas River Valley, Bent County, Colorado: Open-File Report, Report: i, 9 p.; 4 Plates: 35.81 x 20.16 inches or less, https://doi.org/10.3133/70199680.","productDescription":"Report: i, 9 p.; 4 Plates: 35.81 x 20.16 inches or less","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401019,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15848.htm"},{"id":400998,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-3b.pdf","text":"Plate 3B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400999,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":400994,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/report.pdf"},{"id":400995,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-2a.pdf","text":"Plate 2A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400996,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-2b.pdf","text":"Plate 2B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400997,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-3a.pdf","text":"Plate 3A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Bent County","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.38333333333334,38 ], [ -103.38333333333334,38.166666666666664 ], [ -102.75,38.166666666666664 ], [ -102.75,38 ], [ -103.38333333333334,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurr, R. Theodore","contributorId":27023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, John E.","contributorId":33688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198177,"text":"70198177 - 1971 - Impact breccias in carbonate rocks, Sierra Madera, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-19T09:49:59","indexId":"70198177","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact breccias in carbonate rocks, Sierra Madera, Texas","docAbstract":"Two main types of deformational breccia occur in the Sierra Madera cryptoexplosion structure: monolithologic breccias composed of shattered rock of a single lithology and mixed breccias composed of rocks of several lithologies. Monolithologic breccias generally show no mineralogic signs of shock deformation, but a few samples are shatter-coned in a manner suggesting simultaneous formation of breccias and shatter cones. Mixed breccias, forming irregular, cross-cutting bodies, consistently contain moderately to highly shocked material, with mineralogic evidence of shock pressures of 50 kb to more than 200 kb, which, with evidence from the structural geometry of Sierra Madera and orientation of shatter cones, indicate an impact origin of the breccias.
The mode of occurrence of the breccias, petrographic characteristics, and association with shock features are shared by breccias in many other cryptoexplosion structures in both carbonate and crystalline rock terranes, suggesting that such breccias have a common origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1009:IBICRS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Howard, K.A., and Offield, T., 1971, Impact breccias in carbonate rocks, Sierra Madera, Texas: GSA Bulletin, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1009-1018, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1009:IBICRS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Madera crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 30.002516938570686\n ],\n [\n -102.19482421875,\n 30.002516938570686\n ],\n [\n -102.19482421875,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 30.002516938570686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227386,"text":"70227386 - 1971 - Tertiary igneous chronology of the Great Basin of western United States — Implications for tectonic models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T18:51:08.206116","indexId":"70227386","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T12:42:35","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tertiary igneous chronology of the Great Basin of western United States — Implications for tectonic models","docAbstract":"The chronology of igneous activity in the Great Basin of western United States is used as a time framework for a simple plate model. This chronology suggests that a plate (Farallon plate) became underthrust to sufficient depth by the middle Tertiary to trigger the eruption of volcanic rocks of andesitic to rhyolitic composition in the central part of the Great Basin, 40 m.y. ago. This plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 m.y. ago, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased. When the oceanic ridge reached a certain point under the Great Basin about 16 m.y. ago, this resulted in the widespread eruption of olivine basalt and the main initial phase of Basin and Range faulting.
Quantitative estimates of ground-water pumpage from the principal ground-water basins in California are necessary for future appraisal studies, for constructing hydrologic models, and for systematic planning of water use and conservation. Methods of estimating pumpage for this report are based on metered pumpages, on electric-power consumption and fuel consumption by internal-combustion engines or agricultural wells, and on duty of water for municipal areas. This report is the third of a series planned to include the Central Valley of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70260852","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Mitten, H.T., and Ogilbee, W., 1971, Ground-water pumpage in parts of Merced, Madera, Fresno, Kings, and Tulare Counties, California, 1962-66: Open-File Report, iii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70260852.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260852/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":485009,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260852/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County, Madera County, Merced County, Tulare County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.74265624125817,\n 37.42406923520494\n ],\n [\n -121.74265624125817,\n 35.85671302602901\n ],\n [\n -118.12127194447606,\n 35.85671302602901\n ],\n [\n -118.12127194447606,\n 37.42406923520494\n ],\n [\n -121.74265624125817,\n 37.42406923520494\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitten, Hugh T.","contributorId":103652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitten","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogilbee, William","contributorId":106093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilbee","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227354,"text":"70227354 - 1971 - Tectonics of the Mendocino triple junction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T23:11:46.320538","indexId":"70227354","displayToPublicDate":"1971-11-01T17:03:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics of the Mendocino triple junction","docAbstract":"Interpretation of reflection profiles and of the magnetic anomaly pattern over the Gorda Basin and Escarpment gives broad agreement with the triple junction model of McKenzie and Morgan (1969). However, the basin has undergone internal deformation, a local departure from rigid plate tectonics, and the escarpment has had a component of underthrusting by the Gorda block. Faults in the Gorda Basin which disturb young turbidites parallel the trends of magnetic anomalies, suggesting deformation of the oceanic crust along lines of primary weakness. The northeast trends of the faults give a constraint on first-motion solutions for earthquakes within the basin and suggest left-lateral slip on the faults. Analysis of the geometry and timing of the Gorda Basin deformation based on the magnetic pattern gives an average gross tectonic strain rate of 10−14/sec. These observations give a measure of the mechanics of deformation of oceanic lithosphere very close to a spreading rise crest.
The normal balance between fresh water in coastal aquifers and sea water applies also to carbonate-rock aquifers that have been karstified, but there are local modifications in the balance that need to be considered. Uneven distribution of permeability, expressed by a network of solution channels bounded by relatively impermeabler rock, causes an uneven distribution of head of the environmental water along the seacoast. Where sinkholes and (or) vertical solution shafts below sea level penetrate the aquifer, the fresh ground water may discharge through these karst features if the fresh-water head is greater than that of the salt water. However, under some conditions the salt-water head may exceed that of the fresh water, and the direction of movement is reversed as sea water flows into the aquifer. This sea-water flow into the aquifer occurs (1) where sinkholes, acting as “cased wells,” penetrate less permeable rock before reaching a lateral solution channel and (2) where (or when) the fresh-water head is less than that required to balance the salt water. On Andros Island, Bahamas, the range in tide (as much as 5 feet) from low tide to high tide is sufficient to cause such a reversal locally. During low tide the salt-water head becomes sufficiently low that the ground-water head exceeds that of the sea water, and the ground water flows through the sinkholes to the ocean floor; during high tide sea water flows in the sinkholes. In the Adriatic Sea along the coast of Yugoslavia, apparently the fresh-water head is sufficient to produce perennial springs in some localities, but in other areas, as in the Bay of Kastela near Split, the fresh-water head becomes low enough during some seasons that the flow is reversed and salt water enters the aquifer through the karst features.
The development of sinkholes and other karst features near the present coast and extending below sea level occurred generally during a low stand of the Pleistocene sea when the top of the saturated zone stood lower than the bottom of the deepest sinkholes or natural wells.
Integrated evaluations of (1) the distribution of permeability in coastal karst regions and (2) the principles relating to the dynamic balance between fresh aquifer water and sea water are leading to better knowledge of methods that may salvage much karst water which is lost to the sea.
Some roll-type uranium deposits are marginal to an altered tongue in sandstone beds that originally contained more-or-less uniformly distributed pyrite. Mineralizing solutions percolated through the sandstone, oxidized nearly all the pre-existing pyrite, and then redeposited part of the pyrite downstream in an embryonic ore zone. The pyrite and the entire ore zone continued to migrate downstream in the sandstone, much as a sand dune migrates. The amount of pyrite in mature deposits varies systematically with the position in the ore body. It is postulated that the rate at which the pyrite was redeposited controlled the systematic variation in distribution of pyrite.Biogenic and chemical models which are described in the literature provide alternate explanations for the genesis of roll-type uranium deposits in sandstone. The different theoretical rates for the precipitation of pyrite in the two genetic models provide a distinctive distribution of pyrite that characterizes each process. The theoretical difference between the biogenic and chemical models provides a mathematical technique for identifying the origin of a deposit. Mathematical analysis of the pyrite content of a uranium deposit in the Shirley Basin, Wyoming, illustrates a practical application of the theory. Although a definite conclusion about the origin of roll-type deposits would require considerably more data than are now available, the pyrite content of this deposit does correspond to the theoretical pyrite content of the chemical model, suggesting that a disproportionation reaction was involved in its formation.
The effect of salinity on the temperature-depth relations of a brine of constant composition, enclosed in a vein system, but freely connected to the surface, and everywhere at the boiling point for the hydrostatic head, was calculated by using a mathematical model. The Na-Ca-K-Cl brines which are found in thermal springs and in fluid inclusions in ore minerals were approximated by the available data for vapor-saturated NaCl-H2O solutions. In general, the results are similar to those calculated by D. E. White in 1968 for H 2 O, except that the gradients are steeper because of the increase in density and the decrease in vapor pressure caused by the dissolved salt. As a practical rule, the depth to an isotherm in a 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt percent NaCl brine system is, respectively, 92, 84, 77, 70, and 63 percent (+ or -2 percent) of the depth to the same isotherm in an H2O system. From the data presented, the minimum depth to the growth site of crystals containing fluid inclusions which indicate boiling of the brine can be estimated. Among other applications, these results are useful toward the understanding of the behavior of brines in geothermal areas which may or may not contain compositional stratification.
Interest in the geochemistry of groundwater is increasing owing to the great number of current projects involving underground liquid waste storage, artificial recharge of potable water, accidental contamination of groundwater bodies, sanitary landfills, and pollution monitoring. Geochemical techniques used to facilitate the understanding of a groundwater system range from extremely simple to those requiring sophisticated theories, equipment, and procedures. An interpretation of the simple trilinear diagram for samples collected from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico provided evidence that the fresh-water body was only a few tens of meters thick and was underlain everywhere by an extensive body of salt water. A geochemical technique that has been used effectively to identify the source of salt water in coastal aquifers is measurement of the carbon-14 concentrations. Carbon-14 has been used in a regional carbonate aquifer to determine the velocity of groundwater movement, rates of chemical reactions, and distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The application of principles of irreversible thermodynamics to groundwater systems provides a basis for constructing models which permit prediction, over both time and space, of changes in head distribution and chemical character of the water resulting from imposed stresses on the system. In essence, proper application of irreversible thermodynamics combines the potential theory of Hubbert with principles of reversible chemical thermodynamics, such as solution of carbonate minerals, to describe and explain controlling chemical reactions and processes of groundwater systems.
The relationship between the gravitational and magnetic potentials caused by a uniform distribution of mass and magnetization may be used to obtain independent information about these physical properties. The general relationship in the frequency domain between the Fourier transforms of the gravity and magnetic anomaly fields is established through the Poisson theorem. The discrete Fourier transforms of the sampled continuous functions are used in an analysis which leads to a system of linear equations involving terms in density, magnetization, and calculated finite Fourier-series coefficients. A least squares solution of the system yields the three components of the total magnetization vector divided by the density. From these results, the direction of total magnetization and the minimum of the Koenigsberger ratio Q can be determined uniquely. The remanent magnetization direction and certain other information can be derived for special cases in which the value of one or more of the physical property terms can be assigned. Accurate results were obtained in the analysis of data from a theoretical model. Analysis of gravity and magnetic data from the North Atlantic Gilliss seamount indicates the presence of a significant component of remanent magnetization and leads to derived physical properties which are in fairly close agreement with dredged sample data. The calculated direction of remanent magnetization indicates a paleomagnetic pole position in eastern Siberia, in general agreement with the predicted position for a Cretaceous source in the North Atlantic. The seamount example illustrates certain contingent problems to be considered in practical application of the method.
The Apollo 14 lunar module landed in a region of the lunar highlands that is part of a widespread blanket of ejecta surrounding the Mare Imbrium basin. Samples were collected from the regolith developed on a nearly level plain, a ridge 100 meters high, and a blocky ejecta deposit around a young crater. Large boulders in the vicinity of the landing site are coherent fragmental rocks as are some of the returned samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.173.3998.716","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Swann, G., Trask, N., Hait, M., and Sutton, R.L., 1971, Geologic setting of the Apollo 14 samples: Science, v. 173, no. 3998, p. 716-719, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3998.716.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"719","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"173","issue":"3998","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21dde4b0c8380cd56b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trask, N.J.","contributorId":31729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70227137,"text":"70227137 - 1971 - Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T18:49:08.037353","indexId":"70227137","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:36:14","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","docAbstract":"The hydrogeologic history of the Tertiary limestone system of the Southeastern States is reconstructed, especially as it relates to circulation of ground water and the development of solution cavities. The development of these solution cavities resembles in many respects the development of cavities in carbonates of the Knox Group of Tennessee during Middle Ordovician time, the cavities in the Knox having since been filled with collapse breccia that has been recemented. Some general principles of the circulation of water in limestone terranes and the related development of solution openings are reviewed so that a generic basis for comparison can be made of the modern southeast carbonate setting with the Ordovician carbonate setting in Tennessee.The major requirements for solutional development as cavities--(1) presence of highly soluble material, (2) a fracture system or some other form of incipient permeability, (3) water undersaturated with respect to soluble rocks, such as recharge from precipitation, and (4) hydraulic gradient--are found in the Tertiary limestone terrane of the southeast; much of the limestone has been elevated above sea level as a homoclinal seaward-dipping unit. Such a broad homoclinal setting, which also existed in the Knox at the close of early Ordovician time, facilitates extensive solutional development in the upper part of the zone of saturation. Circulation of water great enough to form a significant cavern network requires concentrated discharge areas, commonly as entrenched permanent streams or near-shore springs and seepage. This condition prevails where the Tertiary limestone is fairly close to land surface.Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrogeologic history of a carbonate region generally reveals the extent of early solution and karst development in relation to current karstification. Caverns, partly filled in some cases with loose or poorly cemented rock fragments that have fallen from cavern roofs, give evidence of karstification that is either current or that probably developed since the last marine inundation of the carbonate terrane. On the other hand, filling of caverns with overlying rock debris and reconstituting the debris into breccia are conditions that require evaluation of paleohydrology.
Most modern disordered dolomite has been found in dynamic environments. However, solutions associated with modern dolomite formation do not have a common Mg/Ca ratio; the ratio ranges from about 3 to 100. Ground-water circulation may have a significant role in formation of regional dolomites; one of the primary requirements for regional dolomite formation is a large supply of magnesium ions. An X-ray study of well cuttings from the Tertiary limestone aquifer of central Florida indicates that it is composed primarily of calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of quartz and apatite. The magnesium content of the calcite is slightly lower (0-2 percent MgC03) in the recharge areas than in the deeper confined parts of the aquifer system (2-4 percent MgC03). Our data support other recent work and indicate an equilibrium constant for dolomite of 2 X 10-17. Inasmuch as this value is exactly the square of the calcite equilibrium constant (10~8-35), the Mg/Ca ratio must be unity for the three-phase equilibrium, calcite-dolomite-water. The Mg/Ca ratio in water from the aquifer is as low as 0.05 in the recharge area where the water is also undersaturated with respect to both calcite and dolomite. With time and length of travel path in the system, the water increases systematically in Mg/Ca ratio, which approaches unity; saturation with respect to the two carbonates also increases downgradient until the solution apparently becomes over-saturated with respect to both carbonates. In Tertiary limestones of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mg/Ca range in water is similar to that for Florida. The small amount of magnesium available from the solution of magnesium calcites and dolomite in the potable zone of active circulation is insufficient to provide the amount required for extensive dolomitization unless enormous quantities of rock are available for dissolution. However, dolomite may be forming in the zones of brackish water that underlie the Florida and Yucatan Peninsulas. The required magnesium may be derived from the readily available ocean water or reflux brines as the hydrologic regimen is changed because of relative fluctuations of sea level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710","issn":" 03610128","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., Back, W., and Deike, R., 1971, A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 710-724, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710.","productDescription":"15 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deike, R.G.","contributorId":63953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deike","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207134,"text":"70207134 - 1971 - Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:18:17","indexId":"70207134","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:14:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration","docAbstract":"Variations in thickness and metal content of selected stratigraphic units cut by drill holes in the East Tennessee zinc districts have been analyzed by regression techniques. Such analysis demonstrated that as the thickness of an underlying limestone unit is decreased chiefly by solution thinning, overlying fine-grained dolomite units increase in thickness by collapse dilation. Variation in metal content is closely associated with this inverse thickness relationship because of the deposition of the ore minerals in the dilation openings. Most of the ore is found where the fine-grained dolomite units were so dilated by collapse as to form a series of rubble to crackle breccias. Hypothetical cross sections synthesized from widely spaced drill-hole data show mineralized structures of a size, shape, and distribution of metal comparable to those diagrammed in the literature from actual field relations. From these composite models of hypothetical structures the relative position of a particular hole can be approximated within its own structure. The exploration geologist thus has a numerical aid for estimating the amounts of offset needed to penetrate the most favorable part of the mineralized collapse structure with second-stage drill holes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.770","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wedow, H., 1971, Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 770-776, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.770.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"770","endPage":"776","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedow, H. Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}