We describe evidence of biogenicity in the morphology and carbon content of well-preserved, Neoarchean samples of banded iron formation (BIF) from Carajás, Brazil. Silica-rich BIF layers contain translucent ellipsoidal or trapezoidal structures (∼5–10 μm diameter) composed of silica, hematite, and kerogen, which are arranged in larger ring-like forms (rosettes). Stable carbon isotope analysis yields a δ13C value of −24.5‰ indicating that the contained carbon is likely biogenic. Raman and SEM analyses, as well as wavelength-dispersive X-ray elemental maps, show kerogen inside the rosette forms. Within the iron-rich BIF layers, tubular structures (0.5–5 μm) were observed between hematite granules and blades. Kerogen and kaolinite are present in these structures. Both the rosettes and the tubular structures resemble morphologies that are characteristic of some bacterial species.
We hypothesize that the Carajás BIFs originated as biomats formed by one or more species that over time produced large stromatolitic structures. The rosettes and the tubular structures, associated with chert-rich and iron-rich BIF layers, respectively, may represent two different species, or perhaps, two phases of a bacterium life cycle. For example, some modern myxobacteria exhibit similar morphologies in their resting and vegetative stages.
Fe(III) precipitation may have occurred by contact of Fe(II) with bacterial slime, leading to oxidation by chemical reactions with exposed polysaccharide hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The Fe(III) would then have been available for use as a source of energy in a dissimilatory iron reduction type of metabolism. Organic carbon input presumably came from primary producers (not necessarily aerobic) within the local water column, perhaps in shallow-water communities. Alternatively, the carbon may have originated by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis at ocean hydrothermal vents. The observed lateral continuity of BIF layers may perhaps be explained by chemical signaling by the bacteria of favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions, leading to nearly synchronous cell morphogenesis from a vegetative to resting phase and vice versa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.028","usgsCitation":"Ribeiro da Luz, B., and Crowley, J.K., 2012, Morphological and chemical evidence of stromatolitic deposits in the 2.75 Ga Carajás banded iron formation, Brazil: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 355-356, p. 60-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.028.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"72","ipdsId":"IP-026854","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","volume":"355-356","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d3502be4b05fe04cc34d80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribeiro da Luz, Beatriz bribeirodaluz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribeiro da Luz","given":"Beatriz","email":"bribeirodaluz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":711677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, James K.","contributorId":10928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043557,"text":"70043557 - 2012 - The effect of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-11T21:26:16","indexId":"70043557","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts","docAbstract":"The parr–smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a complex developmental process that culminates in the ability to migrate to and live in seawater. Exposure to environmental contaminants like nonylphenol can disrupt smolt development and may be a contributing factor in salmon population declines. We used GRASP 16K cDNA microarrays to investigate the effects of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts. Nonylphenol exposure reduced gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and plasma cortisol and triiodothyronine levels. Transcriptional responses were examined in gill, liver, olfactory rosettes, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Expression of 124 features was significantly altered in the liver of fish exposed to nonylphenol; little to no transcriptional effects were observed in other tissues. mRNA abundance of genes involved in protein biosynthesis, folding, modification, transport and catabolism; nucleosome assembly, cell cycle, cell differentiation, microtubule-based movement, electron transport, and response to stress increased in nonylphenol-treated fish. This study expands our understanding of the effect of nonylphenol on smolting and provides potential targets for development of biomarkers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.009","usgsCitation":"Robertson, L.S., and McCormick, S., 2012, The effect of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 122-123, p. 36-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.009.","startPage":"36","endPage":"43","ipdsId":"IP-037923","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269101,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.009"},{"id":269102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"122-123","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513efd00e4b0dcc7339693e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Laura S. lrobertson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Laura","email":"lrobertson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":2197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154996,"text":"70154996 - 2012 - Externally triggered renewed bubble nucleation in basaltic magma: the 12 October 2008 eruption at Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent, Kīlauea, Hawai‘i, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T10:12:32","indexId":"70154996","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Externally triggered renewed bubble nucleation in basaltic magma: the 12 October 2008 eruption at Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent, Kīlauea, Hawai‘i, USA","docAbstract":"From October 2008 until present, dozens of small impulsive explosive eruptions occurred from the Overlook vent on the southeast side of Halema‘uma‘u Crater, at Kīlauea volcano, USA. These eruptions were triggered by rockfalls from the walls of the volcanic vent and conduit onto the top of the lava column. Here we use microtextural observations and data from clasts erupted during the well-characterized 12 October 2008 explosive eruption at Halema‘uma‘u to extend existing models of eruption triggering. We present a potential mechanism for this eruption by combining microtextural observations with existing geophysical and visual data sets. We measure the size and number density of bubbles preserved in juvenile ejecta using 2D images and X-ray microtomography. Our data suggest that accumulations of large bubbles with diameters of >50μm to at least millimeters existed at shallow levels within the conduit prior to the 12 October 2008 explosion. Furthermore, a high number density of small bubbles <50 μm is measured in the clasts, implying very rapid nucleation of bubbles. Visual observations, combined with preexisting geophysical data, suggest that the impact of rockfalls onto the magma free surface induces pressure changes over short timescales that (1) nucleated new additional bubbles in the shallow conduit leading to high number densities of small bubbles and (2) expanded the preexisting bubbles driving upward acceleration. The trigger of eruption and bubble nucleation is thus external to the degassing system.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2012JB009496","usgsCitation":"Carey, R.J., Manga, M., Degruyter, W., Swanson, D., Houghton, B.F., Orr, T., and Patrick, M.R., 2012, Externally triggered renewed bubble nucleation in basaltic magma: the 12 October 2008 eruption at Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent, Kīlauea, Hawai‘i, USA: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 117, no. B11, e11202: 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009496.","productDescription":"e11202: 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066884","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009496","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Overlook vent, Halema'uma'u crater, Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.28050422668457,\n 19.403216163600298\n ],\n [\n -155.27956008911133,\n 19.40402572008253\n ],\n [\n -155.2785301208496,\n 19.405078137486008\n ],\n [\n -155.27805805206296,\n 19.40629245679786\n ],\n [\n -155.2781867980957,\n 19.407709151202923\n ],\n [\n -155.27870178222653,\n 19.409328215411655\n ],\n [\n -155.27960300445557,\n 19.410461550766506\n ],\n [\n -155.2814483642578,\n 19.411635354056717\n ],\n [\n -155.28320789337158,\n 19.411675829881112\n ],\n [\n -155.2849245071411,\n 19.411473450658402\n ],\n [\n -155.28612613677979,\n 19.41110916742277\n ],\n [\n -155.28685569763184,\n 19.410623455172395\n ],\n [\n -155.28707027435303,\n 19.409935360334085\n ],\n [\n -155.2874994277954,\n 19.409044880338744\n ],\n [\n -155.28831481933594,\n 19.407668674391182\n ],\n [\n -155.28865814208984,\n 19.406656750823505\n ],\n [\n -155.2889585494995,\n 19.405401956855613\n ],\n [\n -155.28865814208984,\n 19.40434954154732\n ],\n [\n -155.28788566589355,\n 19.40329711942984\n ],\n [\n -155.28689861297607,\n 19.40240660308917\n ],\n [\n -155.28582572937012,\n 19.401839908334264\n ],\n [\n -155.28462409973142,\n 19.40155656021655\n ],\n [\n -155.28264999389646,\n 19.402001821322816\n ],\n [\n -155.2814483642578,\n 19.402528037422684\n ],\n [\n -155.28050422668457,\n 19.403216163600298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"B11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c333ade4b033ef52106a91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carey, Rebecca J.","contributorId":145530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carey","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16141,"text":"University of Tasmania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manga, Michael","contributorId":145531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manga","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":6609,"text":"UC Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Degruyter, Wim","contributorId":145532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Degruyter","given":"Wim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6609,"text":"UC Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, Donald donswan@usgs.gov","contributorId":140000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orr, Tim R. torr@usgs.gov","contributorId":140376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Tim R.","email":"torr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70040667,"text":"pp1789E - 2012 - Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:18:38","indexId":"pp1789E","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"E","title":"Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Water quality of four small watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico has been monitored since 1991 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets program. These watersheds represent a montane, humid-tropical environment and differ in geology and land cover. Two watersheds are located on granitic rocks, and two are located on volcaniclastic rock. For each bedrock type, one watershed is covered with mature rainforest in the Luquillo Mountains, and the other watershed is undergoing reforestation after being affected by agricultural practices typical of eastern Puerto Rico. A subwatershed of the Icacos watershed, the Guabá, was also monitored to examine scaling effects. The water quality of the rivers draining forest, in the Icacos and Guabá (granitic watersheds) and Mameyes (a volcaniclastic watershed), show little contamination by human activities. The water is well oxygenated and has a nearly neutral pH, and nutrient concentrations are low. Concentrations of nutrients in the disturbed watersheds, the Cayaguás (granitic rock) and Canóvanas (volcaniclastic rock), are greater than in the forested watersheds, indicating some inputs from human activities. High in-stream productivity in the Canóvanas watershed leads to occasional oxygen and calcite supersaturation and carbon dioxide undersaturation. Suspended sediment concentrations in all watersheds are low, except during major storms. Most dissolved constituents derived from bedrock weathering or atmospheric deposition (including sodium, magnesium, calcium, silica, alkalinity, and chloride) decrease in concentration with increasing runoff, reflecting dilution from increased proportions of overland or near-surface flow. Strongly bioactive constituents (dissolved organic carbon, potassium, nitrate, ammonium ion, and phosphate) commonly display increasing concentration with increasing runoff, regardless of their ultimate origin (bedrock or atmosphere). The concentrations of many of the bioactive constituents eventually decrease at runoff rates greater than 3 to 10 millimeters per hour, presumably reflecting an increased relative contribution from overland flow. Sulfate behaves like the nonbioactive constituents in the Canóvanas, Cayaguás, and Mameyes watersheds but like a bioactive constituent in the Icacos and Guabá watersheds. Storms resulted in several anomalous sample compositions. Runoff waters from a number of storms - mostly hurricanes, but also other storms - have exceptionally high chloride concentrations, presumably resulting from windborne seasalt from the ocean, and low nitrate concentrations, reflecting a dominance of maritime air masses contributing moisture to the storms. High-potassium samples, without high chloride, are also associated with some smaller storms that followed Hurricane Georges in 1998; they are likely related to the breakdown of fallen vegetation. Finally, occasional low-silica events are observed in the Icacos and Guabá watersheds in the years prior to Hurricane Georges, but not after; this difference may be related to a change in hydrologic flow paths.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789E","collaboration":"This report is Chapter E in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1789.","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., and Murphy, S.F., 2012, Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789E.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263011,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":263012,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterE.pdf"},{"id":263013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_E.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e57445e4b0a4aa5bb070df","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509098,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509099,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042486,"text":"70042486 - 2012 - Distribution, abundance and production of Hemimysis anomala in Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-04T12:35:34.810464","indexId":"70042486","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distribution, abundance and production of Hemimysis anomala in Lake Ontario","title":"Distribution, abundance and production of Hemimysis anomala in Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"Hemimysis anomala is one of the latest macroinvertebrates to invade the Laurentian Great Lakes. Since first reported in 2006, Hemimysis have been confirmed in several locations within the Great Lakes basin. However, little is known about the seasonal and spatial variation in demographics and dynamics of Hemimysis populations. We used a standardised pier-based methodology to describe the distribution of Hemimysis at 29 locations around the shoreline of Lake Ontario in 2009. Samples were collected in spring, summer, and fall at most locations, and bi-weekly at one site (Bronte Creek) over a 12-month period in 2009. For each site, we estimated abundance by sex and size. The more temporally intensive sampling at Bronte Creek enabled us to estimate production. Hemimysis were found at 83% of the sites visited, with densities generally highest in the northwest and lower at the other sites. Production estimates (2.67–14.09 mg dry weight·m− 2·d− 1) were higher than that of other common zooplankton species in the Great Lakes. We provide important life history parameters that will help ecologists better understand the potential impacts of Hemimysis on Great Lakes ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2011.08.010","usgsCitation":"Taraborelli, A.C., Jakobi, N., Johnson, T.B., Bowen, K., and Boscarino, B., 2012, Distribution, abundance and production of Hemimysis anomala in Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 38, p. 73-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2011.08.010.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"78","ipdsId":"IP-033346","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.617919921875,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -79.82666015625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -79.068603515625,\n 43.205175817237304\n ],\n [\n -78.46435546875,\n 43.38109758727857\n ],\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -76.146240234375,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -76.146240234375,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -76.036376953125,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -76.39892578125,\n 44.15856343854312\n ],\n [\n -76.497802734375,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -77.04711914062499,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -77.332763671875,\n 43.96909818325171\n ],\n [\n -77.662353515625,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -78.365478515625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -78.958740234375,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -79.530029296875,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -79.617919921875,\n 43.50075243569041\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51372211e4b02ab8869c002c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taraborelli, Ana Carolina","contributorId":246007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taraborelli","given":"Ana","email":"","middleInitial":"Carolina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jakobi, Nina","contributorId":246008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jakobi","given":"Nina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Timothy B.","contributorId":49753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowen, Kelly","contributorId":45531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Kelly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boscarino, Brent","contributorId":9883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boscarino","given":"Brent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70040665,"text":"pp1789C - 2012 - Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:17:26","indexId":"pp1789C","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"C","title":"Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Puerto Rico lies directly in the path of the easterly trade winds, which deliver steady rainfall to the mountains and steer tropical wave systems toward the island. Hurricanes and tropical storms derived from these tropical waves differ in frequency and intensity, contributing to substantial interannual variation in precipitation and stream discharge. Puerto Rico's steep topography and small water-storage capacity leave the island's water supply and developed flood plains vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. This vulnerability may increase in the future owing to ongoing change, both local (such as land-cover shifts, water-supply projects, and construction of roads and other infrastructure) and regional (climate variability and change). Climate change, which could lead to more intense and prolonged droughts as well as an increase in the magnitude and frequency of destructive storms in the Caribbean, may alter temperature and affect the availability of water for human and ecosystem needs. Accurate assessment of hydrologic regimes and water budgets is therefore crucial for effective management of water resources. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets program, hydrologic and geomorphologic processes and stream chemistry of four small watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico, which differ in geology and land cover, have been studied since 1991. Spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation and stream discharge, along with water budgets, were determined for the watersheds for the period 1991 to 2005. The locations of the watersheds relative to the Luquillo Mountains and the range's associated rain shadow dominate hydrological processes, dwarfing influences of land cover. The influence of geology is reflected in recession characteristics of the rivers (recession is faster in soils overlying volcaniclastic bedrock) and in hillslope geomorphic processes (sediment is delivered at higher rates from soils overlying granitic bedrock).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789C","collaboration":"This report is Chapter C in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1789.","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., and Stallard, R.F., 2012, Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789C.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_C.jpg"},{"id":263003,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterC.pdf"},{"id":263002,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50deff4ae4b0dfbe79e68323","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509094,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509095,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040588,"text":"70040588 - 2012 - Coastal wetlands of Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:37:38","indexId":"70040588","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Coastal wetlands of Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"Wetlands are prominent landscapes throughout North America. The general characteristics of wetlands are controversial, thus there has not been a systematic assessment of different types of wetlands in different parts of North America, or a compendium of the threats to their conservation. Wetland Habitats of North America adopts a geographic and habitat approach, in which experts familiar with wetlands from across North America provide analyses and syntheses of their particular region of study. Addressing a broad audience of students, scientists, engineers, environmental managers, and policy makers, this book reviews recent, scientifically rigorous literature directly relevant to understanding, managing, protecting, and restoring wetland ecosystems of North America.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland habitats of North America: Ecology and conservation concerns","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","issn":"9780520271647","collaboration":"A Stephen Bechtel Fund Book in Ecology and the Environment","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, A.H., Kangas, P.J., Megonigal, J.P., Perry, M., Whigham, D.F., and Batzer, D.P., 2012, Coastal wetlands of Chesapeake Bay, chap. of Wetland habitats of North America: Ecology and conservation concerns, Chapter 3; Errata sheet.","productDescription":"Chapter 3; Errata sheet","ipdsId":"IP-025740","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262922,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/content/errata/11620.errata.pdf"},{"id":262921,"type":{"id":1,"text":"Abstract"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520271647"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5094eb77e4b0e5cfc2acdc9d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Batzer, Darold P.","contributorId":94248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batzer","given":"Darold","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509077,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Andrew H.","contributorId":11479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509076,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Baldwin, Andrew H.","contributorId":11479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kangas, Patrick J.","contributorId":54860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kangas","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Megonigal, J. 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The Arapahoe aquifer in particular is heavily used in this area. Two optimization analyses were conducted to demonstrate approaches that could be used to evaluate possible future pumping scenarios intended to prolong the productivity of the aquifer and to delay excessive loss of saturated thickness. These analyses were designed as demonstrations only, and were not intended as a comprehensive optimization study. Optimization analyses were based on a groundwater-flow model of the Denver Basin developed as part of a recently published U.S. Geological Survey groundwater-availability study. For each analysis an optimization problem was set up to maximize total withdrawal rate, subject to withdrawal-rate and hydraulic-head constraints, for 119 selected municipal water-supply wells located in 96 model cells. The optimization analyses were based on 50- and 100-year simulations of groundwater withdrawals. The optimized total withdrawal rate for all selected wells for a 50-year simulation time was about 58.8 cubic feet per second. For an analysis in which the simulation time and head-constraint time were extended to 100 years, the optimized total withdrawal rate for all selected wells was about 53.0 cubic feet per second, demonstrating that a reduction in withdrawal rate of about 10 percent may extend the time before the hydraulic-head constraints are violated by 50 years, provided that pumping rates are optimally distributed. Analysis of simulation results showed that initially, the pumping produces water primarily by release of water from storage in the Arapahoe aquifer. However, because confining layers between the Denver and Arapahoe aquifers are thin, in less than 5 years, most of the water removed by managed-flows pumping likely would be supplied by depleting overlying hydrogeologic units, substantially increasing the rate of decline of hydraulic heads in parts of the overlying Denver aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Banta, E., and Paschke, S.S., 2012, Demonstration optimization analyses of pumping from selected Arapahoe aquifer municipal wells in the west-central Denver Basin, Colorado, 2010–2109: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5140, v; 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125140.","productDescription":"v; 37 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5140.gif"},{"id":262896,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5140/"},{"id":262897,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5140/SIR12-5140.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","otherGeospatial":"Denver Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.500000,38.500000 ], [ -105.500000,40.500000 ], [ -103.500000,40.500000 ], [ -103.500000,38.500000 ], [ -105.500000,38.500000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50da02e2e4b07a5aecdf05bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paschke, Suzanne S.","contributorId":14072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040666,"text":"pp1789D - 2012 - Atmospheric inputs to watersheds of the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter D in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-01T08:44:21","indexId":"pp1789D","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"D","title":"Atmospheric inputs to watersheds of the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter D in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Twenty years of precipitation-chemistry data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program site at El Verde, Puerto Rico, demonstrate that three major sources control the composition of solutes in rain in eastern Puerto Rico. In order of importance, these sources are marine salts, temperate contamination from the Northern Hemisphere, and Sahara Desert dust. Marine salts are a source of roughly 82 percent of the ionic charge in precipitation; marine salt inputs are greatest in January. Evaluation of 15 years of U.S. Geological Survey data for four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico suggests that large storms, including hurricanes, are associated with exceptionally high chloride concentrations in stream waters. Some of these storms were missed in sampling by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, and therefore its data on the marine contribution likely underestimate chloride. The marine contribution is a weak source of acidity. Temperate contamination contributes about 10 percent of the ionic charge in precipitation; contaminants are primarily nitrate, ammonia, and sulfate derived from various manmade and natural sources. Peak deposition of temperate contaminants is during January, April, and May, months in which strong weather fronts arrive from the north. Temperate contamination, a strong source of acidity, is the only component that is increasing through time. Sahara Desert dust provides 5 percent of the ionic charge in precipitation; it is strongly seasonal, peaking in June and July during times of maximum dust transport from the Sahara and sub-Saharan regions. This dust contributes, on average, enough alkalinity to neutralize the acidity in June and July rains.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789D","collaboration":"This report is Chapter D in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico. 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Understanding the effects of these land-use changes requires analysis of watershed-scale geomorphic processes to better inform and manage this usually disorganized process. The investigation of hillslope erosion and the development of sediment budgets provides essential information for resource managers. Four small, montane, humid-tropical watersheds in the Luquillo Experimental Forest and nearby Río Grande de Loíza watershed, Puerto Rico (18° 20' N., 65° 45' W.), were selected to compare and contrast the geomorphic effects of land use and bedrock geology. Two of the watersheds are underlain largely by resistant Cretaceous volcaniclastic rocks but differ in land use and mean annual runoff: the Mameyes watershed, with predominantly primary forest cover and runoff of 2,750 millimeters per year, and the Canóvanas watershed, with mixed secondary forest and pasture and runoff of 970 millimeters per year. The additional two watersheds are underlain by relatively erodible granitic bedrock: the forested Icacos watershed, with runoff of 3,760 millimeters per year and the agriculturally developed Cayaguás watershed, with a mean annual runoff of 1,620 millimeters per year. Annual sediment budgets were estimated for each watershed using landslide, slopewash, soil creep, treethrow, suspended sediment, and streamflow data. The budgets also included estimates of sediment storage in channel beds, bars, floodplains, and in colluvial deposits. In the two watersheds underlain by volcaniclastic rocks, the forested Mameyes and the developed Canóvanas watersheds, landslide frequency (0.21 and 0.04 landslides per square kilometer per year, respectively), slopewash (5 and 30 metric tons per square kilometer per year), and suspended sediment yield (325 and 424 metric tons per square kilometer per year), were lower than in the two watersheds underlain by granitic bedrock. In these granitic watersheds, landslide frequency, slopewash, and suspended sediment yield were 0.43 landslides per square kilometer per year, 20 metric tons per square kilometer per year, and 2,140 metric tons per square kilometer per year, respectively, in the forested Icacos watershed and 0.8 landslides per square kilometer per year, 105 metric tons per square kilometer per year, and 2,110 metric tons per square kilometer per year, respectively, in the agriculturally developed Cayaguás watershed. Comparison of sediment budgets from the forested and developed watersheds indicates that human activities increase landslide frequency by as much as factor of 5 and slopewash by as much as a factor of 6. When the difference in annual runoff is considered, the effect of land use on suspended sediment yields is also notable. Sediment concentration, calculated as sediment yield normalized by runoff, was about 2.3 to 3.7 times as great in the two watersheds in secondary forest and pasture compared with sediment concentration in the watersheds in primary forest. Even in the two watersheds with primary forest cover, the Mameyes and Icacos, located in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, the effects of anthropogenic disturbance were marked: 43 to 63 percent of landslide-related erosion was associated with road construction and maintenance.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789F","collaboration":"This report is Chapter F in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1789.","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., 2012, Landslides and sediment budgets in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter F in Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789F.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_F.jpg"},{"id":262997,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262996,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterF.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50df70b0e4b0dfbe79e6c651","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509092,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509093,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70192291,"text":"70192291 - 2012 - A comparison among observations and earthquake simulator results for the allcal2 California fault model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T14:43:16","indexId":"70192291","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison among observations and earthquake simulator results for the allcal2 California fault model","docAbstract":"In order to understand earthquake hazards we would ideally have a statistical description of earthquakes for tens of thousands of years. Unfortunately the ∼100‐year instrumental, several 100‐year historical, and few 1000‐year paleoseismological records are woefully inadequate to provide a statistically significant record. Physics‐based earthquake simulators can generate arbitrarily long histories of earthquakes; thus they can provide a statistically meaningful history of simulated earthquakes. The question is, how realistic are these simulated histories? This purpose of this paper is to begin to answer that question. We compare the results between different simulators and with information that is known from the limited instrumental, historic, and paleoseismological data.
As expected, the results from all the simulators show that the observational record is too short to properly represent the system behavior; therefore, although tests of the simulators against the limited observations are necessary, they are not a sufficient test of the simulators’ realism. The simulators appear to pass this necessary test. In addition, the physics‐based simulators show similar behavior even though there are large differences in the methodology. This suggests that they represent realistic behavior. Different assumptions concerning the constitutive properties of the faults do result in enhanced capabilities of some simulators. However, it appears that the similar behavior of the different simulators may result from the fault‐system geometry, slip rates, and assumed strength drops, along with the shared physics of stress transfer.
This paper describes the results of running four earthquake simulators that are described elsewhere in this issue of Seismological Research Letters. The simulators ALLCAL (Ward, 2012), VIRTCAL (Sachs et al., 2012), RSQSim (Richards‐Dinger and Dieterich, 2012), and ViscoSim (Pollitz, 2012) were run on our most recent all‐California fault model, allcal2. With the exception of ViscoSim, which ran for 10,000 years, all the simulators ran for 30,000 years. Presentations containing content similar to this paper can be found at http://scec.usc.edu/research/eqsims/.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220120094","usgsCitation":"Tullis, T.E., Richards-Dinger, K.B., Barall, M., Dieterich, J.H., Field, E.H., Heien, E.M., Kellogg, L., Pollitz, F., Rundle, J.B., Sachs, M.K., Turcotte, D.L., Ward, S.N., and Yikilmaz, M.B., 2012, A comparison among observations and earthquake simulator results for the allcal2 California fault model: Seismological Research Letters, v. 83, no. 6, p. 994-1006, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120094.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"994","endPage":"1006","ipdsId":"IP-040844","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bbfe4b0531197afa050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tullis, Terry. E.","contributorId":198122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tullis","given":"Terry.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards-Dinger, Keith B.","contributorId":198155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards-Dinger","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barall, Michael mbarall@usgs.gov","contributorId":2595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barall","given":"Michael","email":"mbarall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":198156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heien, Eric M.","contributorId":199330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heien","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kellogg, Louise","contributorId":191823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pollitz, Fred F. fpollitz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Fred F.","email":"fpollitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rundle, John B.","contributorId":113221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sachs, Michael K.","contributorId":199331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sachs","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Turcotte, Donald L.","contributorId":111578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turcotte","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ward, Steven N.","contributorId":9164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Yikilmaz, M. Burak","contributorId":191805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yikilmaz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Burak","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70148276,"text":"70148276 - 2012 - Influence of the Amlia fracture zone on the evolution of the Aleutian Terrace forearc basin, central Aleutian subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T10:32:38","indexId":"70148276","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of the Amlia fracture zone on the evolution of the Aleutian Terrace forearc basin, central Aleutian subduction zone","docAbstract":"During Pliocene to Quaternary time, the central Aleutian forearc basin evolved in response to a combination of tectonic and climatic factors. Initially, along-trench transport of sediment and accretion of a frontal prism created the accommodation space to allow forearc basin deposition. Transport of sufficient sediment to overtop the bathymetrically high Amlia fracture zone and reach the central Aleutian arc began with glaciation of continental Alaska in the Pliocene. As the obliquely subducting Amlia fracture zone swept along the central Aleutian arc, it further affected the structural evolution of the forearc basins. The subduction of the Amlia fracture zone resulted in basin inversion and loss of accommodation space east of the migrating fracture zone. Conversely, west of Amlia fracture zone, accommodation space increased arcward of a large outer-arc high that formed, in part, by a thickening of arc basement. This difference in deformation is interpreted to be the result of a variation in interplate coupling across the Amlia fracture zone that was facilitated by increasing subduction obliquity, a change in orientation of the subducting Amlia fracture zone, and late Quaternary intensification of glaciation. The change in coupling is manifested by a possible tear in the subducting slab along the Amlia fracture zone. Differences in coupling across the Amlia fracture zone have important implications for the location of maximum slip during future great earthquakes. In addition, shaking during a great earthquake could trigger large mass failures of the summit platform, as evidenced by the presence of thick mass transport deposits of primarily Quaternary age that are found in the forearc basin west of the Amlia fracture zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00815.1","usgsCitation":"Ryan, H., Draut, A., Keranen, K., and Scholl, D.W., 2012, Influence of the Amlia fracture zone on the evolution of the Aleutian Terrace forearc basin, central Aleutian subduction zone: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1254-1273, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00815.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1254","endPage":"1273","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037743","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00815.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566eadae4b0d9246a9ec2ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":140746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly F.","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Draut, Amy E. aeast@usgs.gov","contributorId":139707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy E.","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keranen, Katie M.","contributorId":44064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keranen","given":"Katie M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70173870,"text":"70173870 - 2012 - Effect of Feeding-Fasting Cycles on Oxygen Consumption and Bioenergetics of Yellow Perch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-15T15:24:01","indexId":"70173870","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of Feeding-Fasting Cycles on Oxygen Consumption and Bioenergetics of Yellow Perch","docAbstract":"Hoop nets are rapidly becoming the preferred gear type used to sample channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and many managers have reported that hoop nets effectively sample channel catfish in small impoundments (<200 ha). However, the utility and precision of this approach in larger impoundments have not been tested. We sought to determine how the number of tandem hoop net series affected the catch of channel catfish and the time involved in using 16 tandem hoop net series in larger impoundments (>200 ha). Hoop net series were fished once, set for 3 d; then we used Monte Carlo bootstrapping techniques that allowed us to estimate the number of net series required to achieve two levels of precision (relative standard errors [RSEs] of 15 and 25) at two levels of confidence (80% and 95%). Sixteen hoop net series were effective at obtaining an RSE of 25 with 80% and 95% confidence in all but one reservoir. Achieving an RSE of 15 was often less effective and required 18-96 hoop net series given the desired level of confidence. We estimated that an hour was needed, on average, to deploy and retrieve three hoop net series, which meant that 16 hoop net series per reservoir could be \"set\" and \"retrieved\" within a day, respectively. The estimated number of net series to achieve an RSE of 25 or 15 was positively associated with the coefficient of variation (CV) of the sample but not with reservoir surface area or relative abundance. Our results suggest that hoop nets are capable of providing reasonably precise estimates of channel catfish relative abundance and that the relationship with the CV of the sample reported herein can be used to determine the sampling effort for a desired level of precision.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.720647","collaboration":"Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation; Oklahoma State Universit","usgsCitation":"Stewart, D., and Long, J.M., 2012, Precision of channel catfish catch estimates using hoop nets in larger Oklahoma reservoirs: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1108-1112, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.720647.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1108","endPage":"1112","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036560","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558931d5e4b0b6d21dd61c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, David R.","contributorId":141323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, James M. 0000-0002-8658-9949 jmlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-9949","contributorId":3453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"James","email":"jmlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":549076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70214974,"text":"70214974 - 2012 - Holocene diatom flora and climate history of Medicine Lake, Northern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T20:44:11.072398","indexId":"70214974","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T10:18:34","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5934,"text":"Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft","printIssn":"1438-9134","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene diatom flora and climate history of Medicine Lake, Northern California, USA","docAbstract":"A 226-cm-long sediment core spanning the past ~ 11,400 years was recovered from Medicine Lake, on the Modoc Plateau in northeastern California. Diatom assemblages provide a record of lake level that is driven by local and regional climate changes and changes in basin morphology due to the activity of Medicine Lake volcano. The diatom record indicates that throughout its history, Medicine Lake was an oligotrophic lake, dominated by Cyclotella stelligera and C. pseudostelligera. Variations in lake level are suggested by changes in the structure of the diatom assemblages. The lowest part of the core (11,400 to 10,300 cal yr B.P.) contains the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions. From about 11,000 to 5500 cal yr B.P., the lake filled two small, steep-sided basins or one basin with two steep-sided sub-basins connected by a shallow shelf. During this time, the diatom evidence (Cyclotella/Navicula ratio) indicates that effective moisture increased, leading to a deeper lake. Over the past 5500 years the diatom record indicates fluctuations in lake level. The change in lake level pattern from one of increasing depth prior to about 5500 cal yr B.P. to one of variable depths may be related to changes in the morphology of the Medicine Lake basin in addition to shifts in local and regional climate. During this latter period the Cyclotella/Navicula ratio varies, suggesting that the level of the lake fluctuated, resulting in changes in colonizable shelf area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Schweitzerbart and Borntraeger Science Publishers","usgsCitation":"Starratt, S.W., 2012, Holocene diatom flora and climate history of Medicine Lake, Northern California, USA: Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft, v. 141, p. 485-504.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"504","ipdsId":"IP-027311","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":379030,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783443510633/Nova_Hedwigia_Beiheft_141"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.62311553955077,\n 41.56909591089941\n ],\n [\n -121.5757369995117,\n 41.56909591089941\n ],\n [\n -121.5757369995117,\n 41.59567534818466\n ],\n [\n -121.62311553955077,\n 41.59567534818466\n ],\n [\n -121.62311553955077,\n 41.56909591089941\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"141","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":800473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041584,"text":"70041584 - 2012 - Developing accurate survey methods for estimating population sizes and trends of the critically endangered Nihoa Millerbird and Nihoa Finch.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T12:39:22","indexId":"70041584","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-034","title":"Developing accurate survey methods for estimating population sizes and trends of the critically endangered Nihoa Millerbird and Nihoa Finch.","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a comparative study of bird survey methods undertaken for the purpose of improving assessments of the conservation status for the two endemic passerines on the Island of Nihoa—Nihoa Millerbird (Sylviidae: Acrocephalus familiaris kingi) and Nihoa Finch (Fringilidae: Telespiza ultima; also referred herein as millerbird and finch)—both listed as endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) and Hawai`i Revised Statutes 195D. The current survey protocol, implemented since 1967, has produced a highly variable range of counts for both the millerbird and finch, making difficult assessments of population size and trend. This report details the analyses of bird survey data collected in 2010 and 2011 in which three survey methods were compared―strip-transect, line-transect, and point-transect sampling―and provides recommendations for improved survey methods and protocols. Funding for this research was provided through a Science Support Partnership grant sponsored jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).
\nPoint-transect surveys indicated that millerbirds were more abundant than shown by the striptransect method, and were estimated at 802 birds in 2010 (95%CI = 652 – 964) and 704 birds in 2011 (95%CI = 579 – 837). Point-transect surveys yielded population estimates with improved precision which will permit trends to be detected in shorter time periods and with greater statistical power than is available from strip-transect survey methods. Mean finch population estimates and associated uncertainty were not markedly different among the three survey methods, but the performance of models used to estimate density and population size are expected to improve as the data from additional surveys are incorporated. Using the pointtransect survey, the mean finch population size was estimated at 2,917 birds in 2010 (95%CI = 2,037 – 3,965) and 2,461 birds in 2011 (95%CI = 1,682 – 3,348). Preliminary testing of the line-transect method in 2011 showed that it would not generate sufficient detections to effectively model bird density, and consequently, relatively precise population size estimates. Both species were fairly evenly distributed across Nihoa and appear to occur in all or nearly all available habitat. The time expended and area traversed by observers was similar among survey methods; however, point-transect surveys do not require that observers walk a straight transect line, thereby allowing them to avoid culturally or biologically sensitive areas and minimize the adverse effects of recurrent travel to any particular area. In general, pointtransect surveys detect more birds than strip-survey methods, thereby improving precision and resulting population size and trend estimation. The method is also better suited for the steep and uneven terrain of Nihoa
","language":"English","publisher":"UniverIsity of Hawaii at Hilio","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Gorresen, P.M., Camp, R.J., Brinck, K., and Farmer, C., 2012, Developing accurate survey methods for estimating population sizes and trends of the critically endangered Nihoa Millerbird and Nihoa Finch.: Technical Report HCSU-034, v, 70 p.","productDescription":"v, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041045","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad43e4b05e859bdfb8c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorresen, P. Marcos mgorresen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorresen","given":"P.","email":"mgorresen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marcos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camp, Richard J. 0000-0001-7008-923X rick_camp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-923X","contributorId":116175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard","email":"rick_camp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinck, Kevin W. 0000-0001-7581-2482 kbrinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-2482","contributorId":3847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"Kevin W.","email":"kbrinck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farmer, Chris cfarmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Chris","email":"cfarmer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":644965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040565,"text":"70040565 - 2012 - Dissolved organic matter reduces algal accumulation of methylmercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T12:24:32","indexId":"70040565","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved organic matter reduces algal accumulation of methylmercury","docAbstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) significantly decreased accumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) by the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana in laboratory experiments. Live diatom cells accumulated two to four times more MeHg than dead cells, indicating that accumulation may be partially an energy-requiring process. Methylmercury enrichment in diatoms relative to ambient water was measured by a volume concentration factor (VCF). Without added DOM, the maximum VCF was 32 x 104, and the average VCF (from 10 to 72 h) over all experiments was 12.6 x 104. At very low (1.5 mg/L) added DOM, VCFs dropped by approximately half. At very high (20 mg/L) added DOM, VCFs dropped 10-fold. Presumably, MeHg was bound to a variety of reduced sulfur sites on the DOM, making it unavailable for uptake. Diatoms accumulated significantly more MeHg when exposed to transphilic DOM extracts than hydrophobic ones. However, algal lysate, a labile type of DOM created by resuspending a marine diatom in freshwater, behaved similarly to a refractory DOM isolate from San Francisco Bay. Addition of 67 μM L-cysteine resulted in the largest drop in VCFs, to 0.28 x 104. Although the DOM composition influenced the availability of MeHg to some extent, total DOM concentration was the most important factor in determining algal bioaccumulation of MeHg.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/etc.1885","usgsCitation":"Luengen, A.C., Fisher, N.S., and Bergamaschi, B., 2012, Dissolved organic matter reduces algal accumulation of methylmercury: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 31, no. 8, p. 1712-1719, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1885.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1712","endPage":"1719","ipdsId":"IP-026160","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50da4ad8e4b07a5aecdf2f8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luengen, Allison C.","contributorId":100700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luengen","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Nicholas S.","contributorId":75022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040578,"text":"70040578 - 2012 - Recent advances in applying decision science to managing national forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-01T16:12:13","indexId":"70040578","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in applying decision science to managing national forests","docAbstract":"Management of federal public forests to meet sustainability goals and multiple use regulations is an immense challenge. To succeed, we suggest use of formal decision science procedures and tools in the context of structured decision making (SDM). SDM entails four stages: problem structuring (framing the problem and defining objectives and evaluation criteria), problem analysis (defining alternatives, evaluating likely consequences, identifying key uncertainties, and analyzing tradeoffs), decision point (identifying the preferred alternative), and implementation and monitoring the preferred alternative with adaptive management feedbacks. We list a wide array of models, techniques, and tools available for each stage, and provide three case studies of their selected use in National Forest land management and project plans. Successful use of SDM involves participation by decision-makers, analysts, scientists, and stakeholders. We suggest specific areas for training and instituting SDM to foster transparency, rigor, clarity, and inclusiveness in formal decision processes regarding management of national forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.024","usgsCitation":"Marcot, B., Thompson, M.P., Runge, M.C., Thompson, F., McNulty, S., Cleaves, D., Tomosy, M., Fisher, L.A., and Andrew, B., 2012, Recent advances in applying decision science to managing national forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 285, p. 123-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.024.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-040803","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262899,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.024"}],"country":"United States","volume":"285","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e49d37e4b0e8fec6cda8ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marcot, Bruce G.","contributorId":58015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcot","given":"Bruce G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Matthew P.","contributorId":25045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, Frank R.","contributorId":6730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Frank R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McNulty, Steven","contributorId":95765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNulty","given":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cleaves, David","contributorId":80972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tomosy, Monica","contributorId":70255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomosy","given":"Monica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fisher, Larry A.","contributorId":80973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Andrew, Bliss","contributorId":45970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrew","given":"Bliss","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70040555,"text":"70040555 - 2012 - Predicting biological condition in southern California streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-01T14:54:04","indexId":"70040555","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting biological condition in southern California streams","docAbstract":"As understanding of the complex relations among environmental stressors and biological responses improves, a logical next step is predictive modeling of biological condition at unsampled sites. We developed a boosted regression tree (BRT) model of biological condition, as measured by a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (BIBI), for streams in urbanized Southern Coastal California. We also developed a multiple linear regression (MLR) model as a benchmark for comparison with the BRT model. The BRT model explained 66% of the variance in B-IBI, identifying watershed population density and combined percentage agricultural and urban land cover in the riparian buffer as the most important predictors of B-IBI, but with watershed mean precipitation and watershed density of manmade channels also important. The MLR model explained 48% of the variance in B-IBI and included watershed population density and combined percentage agricultural and urban land cover in the riparian buffer. For a verification data set, the BRT model correctly classified 75% of impaired sites (B-IBI < 40) and 78% of unimpaired sites (B-IBI = 40). For the same verification data set, the MLR model correctly classified 69% of impaired sites and 87% of unimpaired sites. The BRT model should not be used to predict B-IBI for specific sites; however, the model can be useful for general applications such as identifying and prioritizing regions for monitoring, remediation or preservation, stratifying new bioassessments according to anticipated biological condition, or assessing the potential for change in stream biological condition based on anticipated changes in population density and development in stream buffers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape and Urban Planning","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.07.009","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., May, J., Rehn, A.C., Ode, P.R., Waite, I.R., and Kennen, J., 2012, Predicting biological condition in southern California streams: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 108, no. 1, p. 17-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.07.009.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-022005","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262886,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.07.009"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.0 ], [ -114.13,42.0 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e17e8fe4b0ff1e7c578675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":14791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rehn, Andrew C.","contributorId":47650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehn","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ode, Peter R.","contributorId":45968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ode","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waite, Ian R. 0000-0003-1681-6955 iwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-6955","contributorId":616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Ian","email":"iwaite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennen, Jonathan G. 0000-0002-5426-4445 jgkennen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-4445","contributorId":574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennen","given":"Jonathan G.","email":"jgkennen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70040572,"text":"70040572 - 2012 - The hydrology of a drained topographical depression within an agricutlural field in north-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T18:53:14.329024","indexId":"70040572","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3627,"text":"Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrology of a drained topographical depression within an agricutlural field in north-central Iowa","docAbstract":"North-central Iowa is an agriculturally intensive area comprising the southeastern portion of the Prairie Pothole Region, a landscape containing a high density of enclosed topographical depressions. Artificial drainage practices have been implemented throughout the area to facilitate agricultural production. Vertical surface drains are utilized to drain the topographical depressions that accumulate water. This study focuses on the hydrology of a drained topographical depression located in a 39.5 ha agricultural field. To assess the hydrology of the drained depression, a water balance was constructed for 11 ponding events during the 2008 growing season. Continuous pond and groundwater level data were obtained with pressure transducers. Flows into the vertical surface drain were calculated based on pond depth. Precipitation inflows and evaporative outflows of the ponds were calculated using climatic data. Groundwater levels were used to assess groundwater/pond interactions. Results of the water balances show distinct differences between the inflows to and outflows from the depression based on antecedent conditions. In wet conditions, groundwater inflow sustained the ponds. The ponds receded only after the groundwater level declined to below the land surface. In drier conditions, groundwater was not a source of water to the depression. During these drier conditions, infiltration comprised 30% of the outflows from the depression during declining pond stages. Over the entire study period, the surface drain, delivering water to the stream, was the largest outflow from the pond, accounting for 97% of the outflow, while evapotranspiration was just 2%. Precipitation onto the pond surface proved to be a minor component, accounting for 4% of the total inflows.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.42367","usgsCitation":"Roth, J.L., and Capel, P.D., 2012, The hydrology of a drained topographical depression within an agricutlural field in north-central Iowa: Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, v. 55, no. 5, p. 1801-1814, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42367.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1801","endPage":"1814","ipdsId":"IP-034171","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.6395,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,43.5012 ], [ -90.1401,43.5012 ], [ -90.1401,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,40.3754 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"55","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e507d0e4b0e8fec6cea015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roth, Jason L. 0000-0001-5440-2775 jroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-2775","contributorId":4789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Jason","email":"jroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040557,"text":"70040557 - 2012 - The relationship between total cholinesterase activity and mortality in four butterfly species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-01T14:21:24","indexId":"70040557","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between total cholinesterase activity and mortality in four butterfly species","docAbstract":"The relationship between total cholinesterase activity (TChE) and mortality in four butterfly species (great southern white [Ascia monuste], common buckeye [Junonia coenia], painted lady [Vanessa cardui], and julia butterflies [Dryas julia]) was investigated. Acute contact toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the response (median lethal dose [LD50] and TChE) of the four species following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide naled. The LD50 for these butterflies ranged from 2.3 to 7.6 μg/g. The average level of TChE inhibition associated with significant mortality ranged from 26 to 67%, depending on the species. The lower bounds of normal TChE activity (2 standard deviations less than the average TChE for reference butterflies) ranged from 8.4 to 12.3 μM/min/g. As a percentage of the average reference TChE activity for the respective species, the lower bounds were similar to the inhibition levels associated with significant mortality, indicating there was little difference between the dose resulting in significant TChE inhibition and that resulting in mortality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/etc.1927","usgsCitation":"Bargar, T.A., 2012, The relationship between total cholinesterase activity and mortality in four butterfly species: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 31, no. 9, p. 2124-2129, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1927.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2124","endPage":"2129","ipdsId":"IP-035238","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262883,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262882,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.1927"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e50d22e4b0e8fec6ceaba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Timothy A. 0000-0001-8588-3436 tbargar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-3436","contributorId":2450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Timothy","email":"tbargar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}