{"pageNumber":"1602","pageRowStart":"40025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70227157,"text":"70227157 - 1971 - Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T14:55:54.524899","indexId":"70227157","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:37:22","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","docAbstract":"

Approximately 1,330 fluid inclusions were studied in samples of ore and gangue minerals from both massive ore and late-stage vugs from a series of Appalachian deposits and five active mines in the East Tennessee zinc districts. Most primary inclusions in sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and quartz from East Tennessee homogenized at 82 degrees -149 degrees C. Most primary inclusions in fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from the Central Kentucky, Central Tennessee, and Sweetwater barite districts, ranged from 72 degrees -132 degrees C. Pressure corrections to be added are probably less than 10 degrees C.Freezing data were obtained as a crude measure of the salinity of the inclusion fluids. With few exceptions, all primary inclusions contained very strongly saline brines (mostly >20 weight percent salts), with appreciable amounts of at least some salts other than NaCl, and some contained immiscible globules of oil. The exceptions include several quartz, fluorite, calcite, and barite samples that contained only moderately saline brines (12-16 percent), and some inclusions containing essentially fresh water, in vug calcite. Secondary inclusions had lower salinities than adjacent primaries. Eight primary inclusions in the differently colored outer millimeter of one Central Kentucky fluorite had low salinity (4-6 percent).The data indicate that all these deposits formed from hot, saline brines, with sphalerite forming from slightly hotter and more saline fluids than later gangue minerals. This places severe restrictions on possible modes of origin and makes deeply circulating connate brines the most probable ore fluids. The data give no information on the cause or direction of fluid circulation, which would be controlled by topography, salinity, and temperature during ore deposition, and they permit wide latitude in the construction of possible models. Other observations, on \"colloform\" textures, seem to indicate the admixture of at least small amounts of surface waters with the brines.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 777-791, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.90312194824217,\n 38.501967316378895\n ],\n [\n -78.68682861328125,\n 38.501967316378895\n ],\n [\n -78.68682861328125,\n 38.66031390899418\n ],\n [\n -78.90312194824217,\n 38.66031390899418\n ],\n [\n -78.90312194824217,\n 38.501967316378895\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -84.30908203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -84.26513671875,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -84.1552734375,\n 35.21869749632885\n ],\n [\n -84.04541015625,\n 35.27253175660236\n ],\n [\n -83.990478515625,\n 35.44277092585766\n ],\n [\n -83.638916015625,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -83.46313476562499,\n 35.51434313431818\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 35.755428369259626\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 35.755428369259626\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 35.88014896488361\n ],\n [\n -82.63916015625,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 35.93354064249312\n ],\n [\n -82.298583984375,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -82.06787109374999,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -83.70483398437499,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -83.155517578125,\n 36.74768773190056\n ],\n [\n -83.03466796874999,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 36.88840804313823\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -82.342529296875,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -82.59521484375,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -82.913818359375,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -83.34228515625,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -83.616943359375,\n 38.71123253895224\n ],\n [\n -83.682861328125,\n 38.64261790634527\n ],\n [\n -83.8037109375,\n 38.659777730712534\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 38.79690830348427\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -84.407958984375,\n 39.07037913108751\n ],\n [\n -84.803466796875,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -85.198974609375,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -85.45166015624999,\n 38.7283759182398\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227165,"text":"70227165 - 1971 - Ore fluids in the porphyry copper deposit at Copper Canyon, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T16:36:01.805167","indexId":"70227165","displayToPublicDate":"1971-05-01T10:16:13","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ore fluids in the porphyry copper deposit at Copper Canyon, Nevada","docAbstract":"

The large, low-grade copper and gold deposit at Copper Canyon, Lander County, Nevada, formed in the contact metasomatic environment adjacent to a shallow Tertiary intrusion. Vein and disseminated chalcopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite mineralization, with lesser amounts of gold, galena, sphalerite, marcasite, and siderite occur in the Upper Cambrian Harmony and Middle Pennsylvanian Battle Formations. Studies of fluid inclusions in stages of vein quartz and in healed fractures through quartz phenocrysts and pebbles reveal the presence of very saline, sometimes CO 2 -rich fluids in the early and middle stages of mineralization. Ore fluid salinities during the base metal mineralization were approximately 40 wt percent, and temperatures were near 375 degrees C. Circulation of this hot brine was apparently restricted to an elongate highly fractured zone within 3,000 feet laterally of the intrusive. Later fluids in this central zone were somewhat cooler, near 300 degrees C, and had significantly lower salinities in the range 12 to 1.2 wt percent. Smaller lode deposits approximately 1 to 5 miles from the intrusion appear to have formed from low to moderate salinity fluids at temperatures generally in the range 250 to 335 degrees C. Geologic and fluid considerations suggest formation at approximately 6,000 feet in depth.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.3.385","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., and Theodore, T., 1971, Ore fluids in the porphyry copper deposit at Copper Canyon, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 385-399, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.3.385.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Lander County","otherGeospatial":"Copper Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.60040283203125,\n 39.882342585755744\n ],\n [\n -117.10052490234375,\n 39.882342585755744\n ],\n [\n -117.10052490234375,\n 40.60978237983301\n ],\n [\n -117.60040283203125,\n 40.60978237983301\n ],\n [\n -117.60040283203125,\n 39.882342585755744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theodore, Ted G.","contributorId":57840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Ted G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227316,"text":"70227316 - 1971 - Radiometric age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:00:38.567632","indexId":"70227316","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T15:15:56","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"

A geochronologic study of several intrusive bodies of alkalic granite from eastern Massachusetts yields the following radiometric ages (in millions of years).

Rock unitAmphibole     
K-Ar		Whole-rock
Rb-Sr isochron     		Pb207/Pb206
zircon
Quincy Granite430-458313 ± 22437 ± 32
Cape Ann Granite     374-397435 ± 6452 ± 10
Peabody Granite350-403367 ± 24435 + 12
445 ± 22

The zircon ages show only mild internal discordancies and most diffusion models used to discuss U-Th-Pb isotopic systematics would give a true age about equal to that of the Pb207/Pb206 value. When plotted on a concordia diagram, the zircon data indicate a time of emplacement of 450 ± 25 m.y. for all three granite bodies. This Late Ordovician age for post-tectonic granites suggests that revisions in the commonly accepted geologic interpretation of eastern Massachusetts may be required. Previously, because of their massive, undeformed nature, the alkalic rocks were generally regarded as being Mississippian or Devonian in age and younger than the Early to Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny.

The amphibole K-Ar and whole-rock Rb-Sr systems have responded in a complex way to postcrystallization disturbances. We interpret the pattern of ages for the Quincy Granite to reflect a late Paleozoic(?), low-temperature alteration that accompanied extensive faulting, and the patterns of ages for the Cape Ann and Peabody Granites to reflect a Devonian heating possibly related to contact metamorphism by a nearby mafic pluton.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[937:RALOOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R.E., and Marvin, R.F., 1971, Radiometric age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from eastern Massachusetts: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 937-957, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[937:RALOOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"937","endPage":"957","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.88104248046875,\n 42.53486817758702\n ],\n [\n -70.64483642578125,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -70.5816650390625,\n 42.65214190481525\n ],\n [\n -70.62286376953124,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -70.65719604492188,\n 42.696567309696974\n ],\n [\n -70.69015502929688,\n 42.66123150298925\n ],\n [\n -70.76568603515625,\n 42.69555799408926\n ],\n [\n -70.80001831054688,\n 42.71574118930587\n ],\n [\n -70.86318969726562,\n 42.68849232550868\n ],\n [\n -70.90576171875,\n 42.712714128355564\n ],\n [\n -70.99227905273438,\n 42.66022161324799\n ],\n [\n -71.02935791015625,\n 42.60667398549725\n ],\n [\n -70.88104248046875,\n 42.53486817758702\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.19621276855469,\n 42.459940352216556\n ],\n [\n -70.91262817382812,\n 42.459940352216556\n ],\n [\n -70.91262817382812,\n 42.56673588590953\n ],\n [\n -71.19621276855469,\n 42.56673588590953\n ],\n [\n -71.19621276855469,\n 42.459940352216556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.13372802734375,\n 42.11859868281563\n ],\n [\n -70.89958190917969,\n 42.11859868281563\n ],\n [\n -70.89958190917969,\n 42.23105950761338\n ],\n [\n -71.13372802734375,\n 42.23105950761338\n ],\n [\n -71.13372802734375,\n 42.11859868281563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zartman, Robert E.","contributorId":47356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227347,"text":"70227347 - 1971 - Petrologic and geophysical nature of serpentinites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T20:59:03.293383","indexId":"70227347","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T14:54:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrologic and geophysical nature of serpentinites","docAbstract":"

Mineralogically, serpentinites consist predominantly of lizardite, clinochrysotile, and antigorite. Recent work has shown that these minerals are not polymorphs. Chrysotile is the only mineral recognized as a synthetic product in experimental studies of the system MgO-SiO2-H2O. Antigorite seems to be stable at higher temperatures than lizardite or chrysotile. The density of individual serpentine species is dependent on their morphology; the low-density serpentinites (<2.55g/cc) consist predominantly of clino-chrysotile. Seismic velocities and magnetic susceptibilities of serpentinites are related to the degree of serpentinization. The transition of massive serpentinites from ductile to brittle behavior in laboratory experiments at high confining pressures and temperatures above 300°C has been related to dehydration which may provide a mechanism for developing deep-focus earthquakes along Benioff zones.

Serpentinite is formed by direct hydration of ultramafic protolith in the crust. The most common ultramafic protoliths are harzburgite, dunite, and Iherzolite. The assemblage generally developed from these is lizardite + chrysotile + brucite + magnetite. In areas of high-grade metamorphism, antigorite is the predominant serpentine mineral. The common, large, alpine-type serpentinized ultramafic masses contain brucite and have MgO/SiO2 ratios similar to those of their protolith, resulting in volume increase during serpentinization. Metamorphic serpentinites and some highly sheared alpine-type serpentinites have lower MgO/SiO2 ratios than their protolith, lack brucite, and appear t o have been formed by volume-for-volume replacement with concomitant loss of magnesium or addition of silica.

Many large, young masses of peridotite appear to be slabs of oceanic mantle over-thrust onto continental edges. Subsequent sedimentation, serpentinization, and tectonism have greatly modified these original slabs so that their recognition in older orogenic zones is equivocal. The concept of the tectonic evolution of ultramafic rocks from oceanic crust-mantle slabs invading continental margins and being incrementally serpentinized and moved by later tectonic events provides a working hypothesis that allows a better explanation of the many peculiar and varied occurrences of serpentinite. The evidence does not support Hess' suggestion that the third layer of the oceanic crust consists of partly serpentinized mantle peridotite.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[897:PAGNOS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., 1971, Petrologic and geophysical nature of serpentinites: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 897-917, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[897:PAGNOS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"897","endPage":"917","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, Robert G.","contributorId":88022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227388,"text":"70227388 - 1971 - Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:15:48.778462","indexId":"70227388","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:08:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension","docAbstract":"

Basin and Range structure can be interpreted as a system of horsts and grabens produced by the fragmentation of a crustal slab above a plastically extending substratum. According to this view, the extension of the substratum causes the basal part of the slab to be pulled apart along narrow, systematically spaced zones which in turn cause the downdropping of complex horizontal prisms (grabens) in the brittle upper crust. The grabens form valleys at the surface; the intervening areas are horsts, or tilted horsts.

Not all geologists have agreed, however, that Basin and Range structure consists of a system of horsts and grabens. Instead, the structure is commonly considered to consist of tilted blocks in which the upslope part of an individual block forms a mountain and the downslope part a valley. Recent detailed studies, including geophysical work, suggest that the horst and graben model may be more generally applicable. Many of the valleys in the Great Basin are bounded on both sides by faults that drop the valley block down; these faults are exposed at the surface or can be inferred from steep gravity gradients indicative of steep faulted subsurface bedrock slopes. Some areas that were thought to represent a typical series of tilted blocks may be a series of highly asymmetrical grabens in which one side of a valley is marked by a master fault and the other side by valleyward tilt. With present knowledge, most, or perhaps all, of the major valleys in the Great Basin can plausibly be considered to be grabens, and most or all of the mountains can be considered to be horsts or tilted horsts.

The grabens, and the underlying inferred deep zones of extension that cause them, are systematically distributed in the Great Basin. They are generally north-trending features spaced 15 to 20 mi apart. Locally, the pattern is more complex, and individual grabens divide and trend away from each other at acute or high angles. In a few places, the pattern may even be roughly polygonal. The distribution pattern of the grabens and the related deep zones of extension resemble crack patterns in small-scale tensional systems, and both patterns may be mechanically related. By analogy with the small-scale systems, the areas of generally north-trending and parallel grabens require east-west extension, whereas the areas with a possible polygonal pattern of grabens must extend radially.

The geometry of block faulting related to Basin and Range structure requires sizable east-west extension, estimated at about 1.5 mi on the average for each major valley and at about 30 to 60 mi across the entire Great Basin. Most of this extension has taken place in the last 17 m.y., or perhaps even in the last 7 to 11 m.y., indicating a rate of extension in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 cm/yr.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1019:BARSAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., 1971, Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1019-1043, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1019:BARSAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.69580078125001,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -117.92724609375,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 34.903952965590065\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -111.90673828125,\n 38.976492485539396\n ],\n [\n -112.0166015625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -112.69775390625,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -120.69580078125001,\n 38.90813299596705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227395,"text":"70227395 - 1971 - A shortcut for computing stream depletion by wells using analog or digital models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:55:56.109033","indexId":"70227395","displayToPublicDate":"1971-03-01T14:50:34","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A shortcut for computing stream depletion by wells using analog or digital models","docAbstract":"

Theory indicates that the effect of a discharging well on a nearby stream is independent of the length of the reach. The theory was confirmed using a digital computer model of short and long reaches of a stream-aquifer system. Digital computations using short reaches of most stream-aquifer systems will give results comparable in accuracy to one of a long reach with considerably less effort and expense.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03538.x","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Taylor, O., 1971, A shortcut for computing stream depletion by wells using analog or digital models: Groundwater, v. 9, no. 2, p. 9-11, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03538.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, O. James","contributorId":23958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O. James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120949,"text":"70120949 - 1971 - Data file, Continental Margin Program, Atlantic Coast of the United States: vol. 2 sample collection and analytical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T15:49:21","indexId":"70120949","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T15:35:16","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesNumber":"71-15","title":"Data file, Continental Margin Program, Atlantic Coast of the United States: vol. 2 sample collection and analytical data","docAbstract":"The purpose of the data file presented below is twofold: the first purpose is to make available in printed form the basic data relating to the samples collected as part of the joint U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution program of study of the Atlantic continental margin of the United States; the second purpose is to maintain these data in a form that is easily retrievable by modern computer methods. With the data in such form, repeate manual transcription for statistical or similar mathematical treatment becomes unnecessary. Manual plotting of information or derivatives from the information may also be eliminated. Not only is handling of data by the computer considerably faster than manual techniques, but a fruitful source of errors, transcription mistakes, is eliminated.","language":"English","publisher":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","publisherLocation":"Woods Hole, MA","doi":"10.1575/1912/1035","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hathaway, J.C., 1971, Data file, Continental Margin Program, Atlantic Coast of the United States: vol. 2 sample collection and analytical data, iv, 496 p., https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/1035.","productDescription":"iv, 496 p.","numberOfPages":"503","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/1035","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292477,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/1035"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.75,24.29 ], [ -82.75,47.49 ], [ -64.82,47.49 ], [ -64.82,24.29 ], [ -82.75,24.29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f31348e4b0094694f9d822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hathaway, John C.","contributorId":21542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227279,"text":"70227279 - 1971 - A paleohydrologic model for mineralization of the White Pine copper deposit, northern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T21:14:33.067515","indexId":"70227279","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T15:02:55","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A paleohydrologic model for mineralization of the White Pine copper deposit, northern Michigan","docAbstract":"

Pertinent physical properties of the upper Keweenawan rocks can be measured or inferred within a sufficiently narrow range to make the quantitative evaluation of various paleohydrologic models for the origin of the White Pine copper deposit feasible. The approach is illustrated here by calculations for models that involve lateral migration of fluids through the subjacent Copper Harbor Conglomerate to the site of the deposit and stripping of copper from these solutions where they percolated upward through the Nonesuch Shale. The calculations reveal limitations to theories of origin that would not be evident from purely qualitative consideration; some of these limitations could be useful to exploration. For example, if the water was yielded by compaction of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate and contained 50 ppm Cu, there must have been significant convergence of solution paths toward White Pine. Surface water entering the Copper Harbor Conglomerate on the north limb of the Lake Superior syncline is an adequate source if it could be shown that the point of entry was once significantly higher in altitude than the water table at White Pine; this model implies a major copper deposit at great depth north of the axis of the syncline. Ground water entering the Nonesuch Shale up dip from White Pine is not a possible source of mineralizing solutions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.1","usgsCitation":"White, W., 1971, A paleohydrologic model for mineralization of the White Pine copper deposit, northern Michigan: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Peninsula, Upper Peninsula, White Pine copper deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.76336479187012,\n 46.721505389841695\n ],\n [\n -89.68594551086426,\n 46.721505389841695\n ],\n [\n -89.68594551086426,\n 46.76167869671392\n ],\n [\n -89.76336479187012,\n 46.76167869671392\n ],\n [\n -89.76336479187012,\n 46.721505389841695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Walter S.","contributorId":34492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":830256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227276,"text":"70227276 - 1971 - Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:17:58.416727","indexId":"70227276","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T13:32:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin","docAbstract":"

The lead manganate, \"coronadite,\" was first recognized at the Coronado mine in the Morenci district, Arizona, by Lindgren in 1903. Several years later, the identity of the mineral was questioned and it was not until 1932 that Orcel recognized it in material from Morocco. Since 1955, the mineral has been recognized at numerous places; in the USSR, east of the Ural Mountains, in several districts in Morocco, England, Australia, and India. In recent years, coronadite had been identified at numerous localities in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California by the writer and others. At this time, it has been identified at 22 localities, and in the opinion of this writer, it will be found at many more places if it is sought for carefully.

Author's review of the known occurrences of coronadite and interpretation of the modes of geologic environment show that the mineral is found in veins and hot spring aprons, where it seems to have been deposited by hydrothermal waters from depth and that it is one of the manganese oxide minerals deposited as sediments. Probably it is more widely found in assemblages of minerals of supergene origin.

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F.","contributorId":19927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hewett","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227352,"text":"70227352 - 1971 - An evaluation of procedures used in computing chemical denudation rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T22:48:16.935227","indexId":"70227352","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T16:41:38","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of procedures used in computing chemical denudation rates","docAbstract":"

Computations of chemical denudation rates (that is, the average rate of lowering of the earth's crust by chemical processes) should be based only upon those components of dissolved loads of streams that are derived from chemical weathering of rocks and soils, even though identification of those components is difficult and imprecise. Past computations of chemical denudation rates exaggerated by 1.4 to 2.4 times the significance of this process because they were calculated from total dissolved loads.

Identification of separate denudation and nondenudation components in a water analysis can be done most readily for streams in crystalline silicate rock terrane where commonly 25 to 55 percent of the dissolved solids are HCO3−1, SO4−2, Cl−1, and NO3−1 that cannot be derived from the underlying rock; instead these ions are derived either directly from the atmosphere or from atmosphere-biosphere interactions. Most of the remaining solutes are derived from chemical weathering or rainfall, or both. Existing data are often insufficient to separate these two components, but atmospheric contributions to dissolved loads of dilute natural waters are substantial.

The commonly observed increased concentration of dissolved solids in chemically polluted rivers is produced by concentration of natural dissolved loads by evaporation, and by addition of solutes not present in natural waters. Concentration of natural solutes represents a modification of natural denudation processes that does not change the rate of denudation. Addition of new solutes represents man-induced, accelerated chemical denudation.

Extrapolation of modern chemical denudation rates to geologic situations is extremely imprecise because of uncertainties in assessing man's influence on present dissolved loads, in reconstructing the number and magnitude of past climatic changes, and in evaluating the effects of evolving flora and fauna.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[67:AEOPUI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Janda, R.J., 1971, An evaluation of procedures used in computing chemical denudation rates: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 1, p. 67-79, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[67:AEOPUI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janda, Richard J.","contributorId":13235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janda","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227393,"text":"70227393 - 1971 - Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:28:56.593327","indexId":"70227393","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T14:24:41","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada","docAbstract":"

Volcanic rocks of late Tertiary age, aggregating about 17,000 ft, accumulated on a surface of low relief cut on Precambrian rocks in the Basin and Range province south of Lake Mead, in Nevada and Arizona. They consist mostly of lava and flow breccia of intermediate composition with minor ash-flow tuff, bedded tuff, and lava of rhyolitic composition.

The last of three main phases of volcanism was accompanied by widespread epizonal plutonism and intense faulting. All or parts of six similarly but separately fault-deformed structural units are recognized in a 92-sq-mi mapped area. The structural units are highly distended by a system of closely spaced north-to northwest-striking shingling normal faults (many of which are low angle) that displace younger over older rocks in a west to west-southwest direction. Cumulative amounts of distension approximate the breadth of the structural units and are as much as 20,000 ft, whereas cumulative vertical displacements are much less and in some places are minimal. The structural units are floored at or near the present level of exposure by complex low-angle zones of detachment or décollement into which the numerous shingling normal faults merge. Where the units abut along their strike, they are separated by complex zones of transcurrent faults that appear to merge with the detachment structures and thus mark the ultimate limits of the structural units. Displacement on the detachment structures has the same sense as, but in some places is much greater than, that of the cumulative offset on the shingling faults, thus indicating low-angle movement of the structural units as platelike or lobate masses. These relationships indicate remarkably thin-skinned, large-scale, fault-related tectonism of a type which is present in a broad belt south of Lake Mead and in numerous other areas in the Basin and Range province.

The best exposed structural units exhibit a serial eastward progression from broad areas of steeply dipping strata, low-angle faults, and deep denudation to gently dipping strata, high-angle faults, and little denudation. Reverse-drag flexing, a volume-compensating mechanism for movement on concave-upward faults, is inferred to have produced the gentle to moderate dips of the strata, whereas the nearly vertical dips in the western parts of the units probably resulted from a combination of reverse-drag flexing and rotation related to uplift. Evidence of compression-related folding is absent.

The extreme distension is viewed as a surficial feature of a crustal belt that was subjected to a brief episode of tensional rifting. Rifting at subjacent levels along the belt was compensated for by emplacement of plutons. The surficial rocks were stretched and thinned over the plutons.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[43:TSDITR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.E., 1971, Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 1, p. 43-58, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[43:TSDITR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -114.53247070312499,\n 35.200744801724014\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 35.97800618085566\n ],\n [\n -114.071044921875,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 39.52946653645165\n ],\n [\n -117.5537109375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R. Ernest","contributorId":104484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227331,"text":"70227331 - 1971 - A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T15:07:32.785348","indexId":"70227331","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T08:47:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90014-8","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., 1971, A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 10, no. 2, p. 252-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90014-8.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -120.56945800781249,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -120.56945800781249,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.84883250647402\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010275,"text":"70010275 - 1971 - Kaersutite - A product of reaction between pargasite and basanite at Dish Hill, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:22:27.982888","indexId":"70010275","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kaersutite - A product of reaction between pargasite and basanite at Dish Hill, California","docAbstract":"

Paragasitic amphibole, occurring interstitially and as veins in peridotite inclusions in basanite, has reacted with the host basanite to form kaersutitic amphibole. The amphibole compositions vary with respect to distance from the edge of the xenolith; iron, titanium, and potassium contents are higher and magnesium, silicon, sodium, and chromium contents are lower closer to the basanite. Pargasite was exposed to the basanite when peridotite blocks broke open along amphibole veins during transport to the surface. Small amphibole fragments isolated in the basanite show the most reaction; compositional gradients in interstitial and vein amphibole are steep into peridotite inclusions where the amphibole was shielded from reaction.

The compositions of amphiboles so modified have no direct bearing on high pressure fractionation trends if the amphibole is cognate, or on the bulk composition of the upper mantle if it is accidental.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90019-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Calk, L.C., and Schwarzman, E., 1971, Kaersutite - A product of reaction between pargasite and basanite at Dish Hill, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 10, no. 2, p. 281-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90019-7.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Dish Hill","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4051e4b0c8380cd64c6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarzman, E.C.","contributorId":60693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzman","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010392,"text":"70010392 - 1971 - Uranium-series dating of some pleistocene marine deposits in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:48:25.275557","indexId":"70010392","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series dating of some pleistocene marine deposits in Southern California","docAbstract":"

Analyses of uranium isotopes and their long-lived daughter products showed evidence of uranium migration in most of the 22 fossil mollusk shell samples from marine terrace deposits in southern California. Two samples, however, remained an ideal closed system as indicated by concordant230Th/234U and231Pa/235U dates. The closed-system age of the lowest exposed marine terrace deposit along part of the mainland coast of southern California is 69 000 ± 10 000 yr, and correlation of this discontinuous deposit is afforded between the Newport Beach-Laguna Beach area and the Palos Verdes Hills. Some mollusk shell samples were dated by the open-system model; the remaining samples were found to be unsuitable for uranium-series dating.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90181-6","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., and Vedder, J.G., 1971, Uranium-series dating of some pleistocene marine deposits in Southern California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 11, no. 1-5, p. 283-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90181-6.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 31.353636941500987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdfee4b08c986b329356","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vedder, J. G.","contributorId":97873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vedder","given":"J.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042870,"text":"70042870 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14074,"text":"ofr6346 - 1963 - Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey in central and southwestern Iowa","indexId":"ofr6346","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey in central and southwestern Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042870,"text":"70042870 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","indexId":"70042870","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T15:12:33.447726","indexId":"70042870","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","docAbstract":"A composite map of detailed aeromagnetic surveys over the midcontinent gravity high provides coverage of the 600-mi-long buried belt of mafic rocks of the Keweenawan Series from their outcrop localities in Minnesota and Wisconsin through Iowa and Nebraska. A map of the subsurface extent of the mafic rocks, based on the intricate magnetic patterns, shows that the rocks form a long, semicontinuous block, averaging 40 mi wide and consisting mainly of a sequence of layered flows. This sequence is probably fault-bounded and has been tilted up along the margins, where the linearity of the anomalies indicates steeper dips. The associated clastic rocks, indicated by a smoother magnetic pattern, occur in basins along both sides of the mafic belt and in grabens and a series of axial basins on the upper surface of the block. The well-defined outliers of flows marginal to the main block and the truncation of some of the outermost flow units along a diagonal boundary striking at an angle to them suggest that the present boundaries of the block are postdepositional structural features. The basins and the edges of the block appear to have controlled later, largely vertical movement in the overlying Paleozoic and younger sedimentary cover. Calculated models based on coincident magnetic and detailed gravity profiles along typical cross sections of the midcontinent gravity high show that the block of mafic rocks is steep-sided and as much as several miles thick. The free-air gravity anomaly, which consists of a large positive maximum flanked by minima, averages very close to zero, indicating that this major crustal feature is regionally compensated, although locally each of its components shows a large departure from equilibrium. Remanent magnetization is a primary factor in the interpretation of the magnetic data. Magnetic property studies of Keweenawan mafic rocks in the Lake Superior region show that remanent magnetization may be five times the magnetization induced by the present Earth's field and differs from it radically in direction. This magnetization was acquired before the flows were tilted into their present positions. A computed magnetic profile shows that a trough of flows with such a magnetization and inward-dipping limbs can account for the observed persistent lows along the western edge of the block, the relatively low magnetic values along the axis of the block, and the large positive anomaly along the eastern side of the block. Flows as much as 1 mi thick near the base of the sequence have a remanent magnetization with a nearly opposite polarity. This reverse polarity has been measured on both sides of Lake Superior and is probably also present farther south, particularly in Iowa where the outer units of the block in an area north of Des Moines give rise to a prominent magnetic low. The axis of this long belt of Keweenawan mafic rocks cuts discordantly through the prevailing east-west-trending fabric of the older Precambrian terrane from southern Kansas to Lake Superior. This belt has several major left-lateral offsets, one of which produces a complete hiatus in the vicinity of the 40th parallel where an east-west transcontinental rift or fracture zone has been proposed. The axial basins of clastic rocks are outlined by linear magnetic anomalies and show a concordant relation to the structure of the mafic flows. These basins are oriented at an angle to the main axis, suggesting that the entire feature originated as a major rift composed of a series of short, linear, en echelon segments with offsets similar to the transform faults characterizing the present mid-ocean rift system. This midcontinent rift may well have been part of a Keweenawan global rift system with initial offsets consisting of transform faults along pre-existing fractures, but apparently it never fully developed laterally into an ocean basin, and the upwelling mafic material was localized along a relatively narrow belt.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2187:ASOTMG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"King, E.R., and Zietz, I., 1971, Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 8, p. 2187-2208, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2187:ASOTMG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2187","endPage":"2208","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.31054687499999, 49.03786794532644 ], [ -95.1416015625, 49.06666839558117 ], [ -95.1416015625, 49.439556958940855 ], [ -94.833984375, 49.439556958940855 ], [ -94.4384765625, 48.83579746243093 ], [ -92.373046875, 48.60385760823255 ], [ -91.5380859375, 48.28319289548349 ], [ -90.615234375, 48.3416461723746 ], [ -89.4287109375, 48.16608541901253 ], [ -88.330078125, 48.37084770238363 ], [ -84.7705078125, 46.92025531537451 ], [ -84.5947265625, 46.58906908309182 ], [ -84.287109375, 46.619261036171515 ], [ -83.9794921875, 46.37725420510028 ], [ -83.7158203125, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -83.408203125, 46.10370875598026 ], [ -83.4521484375, 45.85941212790755 ], [ -82.44140625, 45.398449976304086 ], [ -81.9580078125, 43.54854811091286 ], [ -83.056640625, 42.032974332441405 ], [ -82.6611328125, 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43.866218006556394 ], [ -124.01367187499999, 45.336701909968106 ], [ -124.27734374999999, 46.98025235521883 ], [ -124.8046875, 47.98992166741417 ], [ -124.8046875, 48.40003249610685 ], [ -123.662109375, 48.3416461723746 ], [ -123.26660156249999, 48.40003249610685 ], [ -123.22265625000001, 48.777912755501845 ], [ -123.31054687499999, 49.03786794532644 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"82","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51065a74e4b0f227c1e454b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Elizabeth R.","contributorId":40990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000331,"text":"1000331 - 1971 - Population biology of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of Lake Superior before 1950","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:45:56","indexId":"1000331","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population biology of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of Lake Superior before 1950","docAbstract":"

Scale samples collected in 1948 were used to estimate the instantaneous total mortality rate (0.70) and growth for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior before the population had been significantly reduced by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Indirect evidence indicates that the instantaneous natural mortality rate was probably 0.10–0.25. The Ricker model was used to calculate yield per recruitment, which varied with natural mortality and growth. Natural mortality was more critical than growth; yield per recruitment increased 183.3% with a 60% decrease in instantaneous natural mortality (from 0.25 to 0.10). For the prelamprey lake trout population the yield per recruitment was about 12–34 lb; the recruitment of about 3.6–10.1 million lake trout of age 1.5 resulted in an annual commercial production of 4 million lb.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f71-011","usgsCitation":"Sakagawa, G.T., and Pycha, R.L., 1971, Population biology of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of Lake Superior before 1950: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 28, no. 1, p. 65-71, https://doi.org/10.1139/f71-011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"71","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68431e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakagawa, Gary T.","contributorId":18320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakagawa","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pycha, Richard L.","contributorId":17175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pycha","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000353,"text":"1000353 - 1971 - Effects of temperature on electrolyte balance and osmoregulation of the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in fresh and sea water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:37:02","indexId":"1000353","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of temperature on electrolyte balance and osmoregulation of the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in fresh and sea water","docAbstract":"
A study of the effects of temperature and salinity on ionoregulation in the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, revealed that concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium in plasma and muscle were similar in fish adapted to fresh water and those adapted to sea water. The non-stressed alewife is apparently an excellent ionoregulator in both environments.
\n
Acute exposure to cold caused a shift in plasma concentrations of sodium and calcium toward environmental concentrations, i.e., these ions decreased in fresh water and increased in sea water. An ionoregulatory failure due to cold is suggested. High temperatures had little effect on plasma electrolyte levels in fresh water whereas in sea water the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium were elevated. Mortalities of the alewife in the Great Lakes may be caused by osmoregulatory failure induced by acute exposure to cold, but are probably not induced by exposure to elevated temperatures. Fish thermally acclimated in the laboratory or in Lake Michigan had essentially normal concentrations of blood electrolytes.
\n
In muscle, sodium was reduced during exposure to acute cold in both fresh water and sea water. The effect of warm water on ion levels in muscle was, in general opposite that of cold. These data suggest shifts of ions or water between cellular and extracellular fluids of muscle. Such shifts might affect the function of excitable tissue. Muscle tremors and loss of equilibrium observed in dying alewives during summer mortalities might be brought about when sudden temperature drops (e.g., as a result of upwellings which are common occurrences in the Great Lakes) induce disturbances in cellular or extracellular concentrations of ions.
\n
In the laboratory, alewife mortalities caused by increasing or decreasing temperatures were about equal in fresh water and sea water. These findings suggest that salinity does not modify the capacity of alewives to tolerate acute temperature stress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<624:EOTOEB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stanley, J.G., and Colby, P.J., 1971, Effects of temperature on electrolyte balance and osmoregulation of the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in fresh and sea water: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 100, no. 4, p. 624-638, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<624:EOTOEB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"638","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f877","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Jon G.","contributorId":62958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colby, Peter J.","contributorId":89831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000062,"text":"1000062 - 1971 - Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:33:47","indexId":"1000062","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems","docAbstract":"

Through a combination of ecosystem homeostasis and the perversity of man and nature, oftentimes the significant biological changes effected by environmental modifications are not detected until long after the initial change has taken place. The immediate impact, which may range from the spectacular to the undetectable, is a deceptive measure of the long-term and often more important changes in the ecosystem. Two major engineering achievements illustrate this premise: (i) construction of the Erie Canal, which provided access from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, and the Welland Canal, which bypasses the block between Lakes Ontario and Erie created by Niagara Falls (Fig. 1), and (ii) construction of the Suez Canal between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.174.4004.13","usgsCitation":"Aron, W.I., and Smith, S.H., 1971, Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems: Science, v. 174, no. 4004, p. 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4004.13.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"174","issue":"4004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aron, William I.","contributorId":94626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aron","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013720,"text":"1013720 - 1971 - Visceral granuloma in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T17:18:18.64994","indexId":"1013720","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2403,"text":"Journal of Nutrition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visceral granuloma in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)","docAbstract":"

Brook trout were fed a synthetic diet with suspect diet components added or a meat-meal diet with individual components removed to determine their effect on the incidence of visceral granuloma. Removal or addition of cottonseed meal had the greatest effect on incidence. Gossypol was not the causative agent. The disease is characterized, histologically, by the presence of Langhans-type giant cells and concretions like Schaumann bodies giving an apparent similarity to sarcoidosis in humans. Gross symptoms of the disease are papillary growths of connective tissue on the serosal surface of the stomach, and calcification of the posterior kidney. In severe cases, lesions may be present throughout the visceral mass. Visceral granuloma is similar to nephrocalcinosis in rainbow trout and may be the same disease modified by difference in species response.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1093/jn/101.11.1445","usgsCitation":"Dunbar, C.E., and Herman, R.L., 1971, Visceral granuloma in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): Journal of Nutrition, v. 101, no. 1, p. 1445-1452, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/101.11.1445.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1445","endPage":"1452","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdba6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunbar, C. E.","contributorId":96623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunbar","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, R. L.","contributorId":21101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010399,"text":"70010399 - 1971 - A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:43:27.22454","indexId":"70010399","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region","docAbstract":"

A flood-plain forest has been preserved beneath a lava flow that invaded the Inmachuk River Valley in the northern part of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during the Pliocene Epoch. The fossil flora is of great biogeographic interest because of its position (Fig. 1) in a tundra region about 250 km east of Bering Strait, 75 km south of the Arctic Circle, and 65 km west of the northwestern limit of spruce-birch forest. It provides insight into the history of the development of the circumpolar boreal forest (taiga). A rich arthropod fauna casts light on the phylogeny of several modern insect genera and on the origin of modern tundra faunas. A potassium-argon analysis of the overlying basaltic lava provides our first radiometric age estimate (5.7±0.2 million years) for the Clamgulchian Stage, a Late Tertiary time-stratigraphic unit based on fossil plants and widely recognized in Alaska (Wolfe and Hopkins 1967) and northeastern Siberia.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(71)90032-0","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., Matthews, J., Wolfe, J.A., and Silberman, M., 1971, A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 211-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(71)90032-0.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2f7e4b0c8380cd45d5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthews, J.V.","contributorId":37886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, J. A.","contributorId":14026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010393,"text":"70010393 - 1971 - Paleomagnetism of San Cristobal Island, Galapagos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:47:18.805235","indexId":"70010393","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetism of San Cristobal Island, Galapagos","docAbstract":"

Isla San Cristobal, the most easterly of the Galapagos Islands, consists of two parts: a large volcano constitutes the southwest half of the island and an irregular apron of small cones and flows makes up the northeast half. As some of the younger flows on the flanks of the large volcano are reversely magnetized, the minimum age of the volcano is 0.7 my, which is the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal boundary. The true age is probably several times greater. The cones and flows to the northeast are all normally magnetized. The between-site angular dispersion of virtual poles is 11.3° - a value consistent with mathematical models for the latitude dependence of geomagnetic secular variation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90158-0","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Cox, A., 1971, Paleomagnetism of San Cristobal Island, Galapagos: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 11, no. 1-5, p. 152-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90158-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Galapagos","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.493896484375,\n -1.7136116598836224\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n -1.7136116598836224\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 0.428462803418747\n ],\n [\n -92.493896484375,\n 0.428462803418747\n ],\n [\n -92.493896484375,\n -1.7136116598836224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7423e4b0c8380cd7747b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, A.","contributorId":89266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010334,"text":"70010334 - 1971 - Genetic implications of the shapes of martian and lunar craters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:05:51.268039","indexId":"70010334","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic implications of the shapes of martian and lunar craters","docAbstract":"

Craters on Mars and the Moon are alike in that larger craters differ in shape from smaller ones, and older craters differ in shape from younger ones. Smoothed depth-diameter curves for 41 large martian craters photographed by Mariner IV inflect at a crater diameter of 10–20km in a manner similar to curves for lunar craters. Below 10–20km, both depth-diameter curves are linear with a slope of roughly 1.0; above this threshold range, the curves assume a much lower slope. Diminution of lunar crater depth-diameter ratios with age indicates that the shapes of lunar and, by inference, martian craters have changed systematically since formation. Martian craters sampled here are shallower than most pre-Imbrian lunar craters. By analogy with the Moon, martian craters seem both to vary in initial shape according to the energy of the impact that formed them and to have been modified subsequently by endogenic and surface processes. A proposed model for the geologic development of large martian and lunar craters outlines a time- dependent sequence of events. Craters which have undergone rapid isostatic adjustment on the Moon have distinctive morphologies and occur preferentially along mare basin-upland margins.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(71)90117-5","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., 1971, Genetic implications of the shapes of martian and lunar craters: Icarus, v. 15, no. 3, p. 384-395, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(71)90117-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a157ae4b0c8380cd54e2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010023,"text":"70010023 - 1971 - Imaging of Mercury and Venus from a flyby","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:30:03.492475","indexId":"70010023","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging of Mercury and Venus from a flyby","docAbstract":"

This paper describes the results of study of an imaging experiment planned for the 1973 Mariner Venus/Mercury flyby mission. Scientific objectives, mission constraints, analysis of alternative systems, and the rationale for final choice are presented. Severe financial constraints ruled out the best technical alternative for flyby imaging, a film/readout system, or even significant re-design of previous Mariner vidicon camera/tape recorder systems.

The final selection was a vidicon camera quite similar to that used for Mariner Mars 1971, but with the capability of real time transmission during the Venus and Mercury flybys. Real time data return became possible through dramatic increase in the communications bandwidth at only modest sacrifice in the quality of the returned pictures. Two identical long focal length cameras (1500 mm) were selected and it will be possible to return several thousand pictures from both planets at resolutions ranging from equivalent to Earthbased to tenths of a kilometer at encounter. Systematic high resolution ultraviolet photography of Venus is planned after encounter in an attempt to understand the nature of the mysterious ultraviolet markings and their apparent 4- to 5-day rotation period. Full disk coverage in mosaics will produce pictures of both planets similar in quality to Earthbased telescopic pictures of the Moon. The increase of resolution, more than three orders of magnitude, will yield an exciting first look at two planets whose closeup appearance is unknown.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(71)90071-6","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Murray, B.C., Belton, M.J., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Kuiper, G.P., O’Leary, B.T., Suomi, V., and Trask, N., 1971, Imaging of Mercury and Venus from a flyby: Icarus, v. 15, no. 2, p. 153-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(71)90071-6.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3883e4b0c8380cd615c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, B. C.","contributorId":49870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. Edward","contributorId":58769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuiper, G. P.","contributorId":9394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Leary, B. T.","contributorId":28359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suomi, V.E.","contributorId":68869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trask, N.J.","contributorId":31729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70010027,"text":"70010027 - 1971 - Limited-interval definitions of the photometric functions of lunar crater walls by photography from orbiting Apollo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:26:41.387572","indexId":"70010027","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limited-interval definitions of the photometric functions of lunar crater walls by photography from orbiting Apollo","docAbstract":"

By the use of only relative photometry (intraframe) it is shown that the photometric functions of material reposed on the inner walls of some of the ypunger lunar craters photographed on the far side of the Moon from the Apollo 11 Command Module are not of a form which can be reduced to a dependence on phase angle and brightness-longitude (g, α) alone. Some other dependence on the completely general degrees of freedom described by phase angle, angle of incidence, and angle of emergence (g, i, ϵ) seems to be required. In addition, however, it has been found that a dependence of g and α is more closely approached for the crater, in the group observed, which is obviously the oldest by virtue of the roundedness of the rim crest and the mass-wasting which has occured on its inner walls. The possibility thus arises of crater age-dating by making a brightness ratio measurement together with some image geometry measurements. It is at least evident that more than one type of geologic material has been encountered.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(71)90038-8","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Wildey, R., 1971, Limited-interval definitions of the photometric functions of lunar crater walls by photography from orbiting Apollo: Icarus, v. 15, no. 1, p. 93-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(71)90038-8.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4792e4b0c8380cd678d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010394,"text":"70010394 - 1971 - Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T09:13:56","indexId":"70010394","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2475,"text":"Journal of Theoretical Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns","docAbstract":"

Extending the analysis of branching patterns of the drainage net of rivers, originated by Horton, the relation of average numbers and lengths of tree branches to size of branch was investigated. Size of branch was defined by branch order, or its position in the hierarchy of tributaries. It was found that, as in river drainage nets, there is a definite logarithmic relation between branch order and lengths and numbers. This definite relation is quantitatively comparable, within limits, among river networks, tree branching systems, and several random-walk models in both two and three dimensions. Such a relation appears to be the most probable under the applicable constraints. Moreover the most probable arrangement appears to minimize the total length of all stems in the branching system within other constraints and so, to that extent, achieves a certain efficiency.

","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Theoretical Biology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-5193(71)90192-5","issn":"00225193","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1971, Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns: Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 339-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(71)90192-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a9e4b08c986b3273f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}