{"pageNumber":"1603","pageRowStart":"40050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":1000062,"text":"1000062 - 1971 - Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:33:47","indexId":"1000062","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems","docAbstract":"<p>Through a combination of ecosystem homeostasis and the perversity of man and nature, oftentimes the significant biological changes effected by environmental modifications are not detected until long after the initial change has taken place. The immediate impact, which may range from the spectacular to the undetectable, is a deceptive measure of the long-term and often more important changes in the ecosystem. Two major engineering achievements illustrate this premise: (i) construction of the Erie Canal, which provided access from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, and the Welland Canal, which bypasses the block between Lakes Ontario and Erie created by Niagara Falls (Fig. 1), and (ii) construction of the Suez Canal between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.174.4004.13","usgsCitation":"Aron, W.I., and Smith, S.H., 1971, Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems: Science, v. 174, no. 4004, p. 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4004.13.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"174","issue":"4004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aron, William I.","contributorId":94626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aron","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70178809,"text":"70178809 - 1970 - Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T15:44:02","indexId":"70178809","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged)","docAbstract":"<p>[none]</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1970, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged): Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 2, no. 1, p. 25-25.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":331656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58492e0ee4b06d80b7b093e1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Coffman, Jerry L.","contributorId":49706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffman","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655167,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042621,"text":"70042621 - 1970 - A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16658,"text":"ofr68334 - 1968 - Computer technique for tracing seismic rays in two-dimensional geological models","indexId":"ofr68334","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Computer technique for tracing seismic rays in two-dimensional geological models"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042621,"text":"70042621 - 1970 - A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models","indexId":"70042621","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-10T15:07:52","indexId":"70042621","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":360,"text":"Final Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models","docAbstract":"A computer program has been developed to trace seismic rays and their amplitudes and energies through complex two-dimensional geological models, for which boundaries between elastic units are defined by a series of digitized X-, Y-coordinate values. Input data for the program includes problem identification, control parameters, model coordinates and elastic parameter for the elastic units. The program evaluates the partitioning of ray amplitude and energy at elastic boundaries, computes the total travel time, total travel distance and other parameters for rays arising at the earth's surface. Instructions are given for punching program control cards and data cards, and for arranging input card decks. An example of printer output for a simple problem is presented. The program is written in FORTRAN IV language. The listing of the program is shown in the Appendix, with an example output from a CDC-6600 computer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70042621","usgsCitation":"Yacoub, N.K., and Scott, J.H., 1970, A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models: Final Report, 76 p.; 2 Sheets; 10x15 cm; Bibliography: leaf 11, https://doi.org/10.3133/70042621.","productDescription":"76 p.; 2 Sheets; 10x15 cm; Bibliography: leaf 11","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f536f4e4b0114312ab01d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yacoub, Nazieh K.","contributorId":84389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yacoub","given":"Nazieh","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, James H.","contributorId":73579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70001640,"text":"70001640 - 1970 - Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T16:21:07.621196","indexId":"70001640","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:22","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>A computer analysis of tide-gage records in the northeast Pacific indicates that the active volcanic islands of eastern Hawaii are subsiding at a rate considerably faster than the eustatic rise of sea level. The rate of absolute subsidence increases progressively toward the center of current activity on the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu, Oahu, appears to be stable; Kahului, Maui, is subsiding at 1.7 mm per year; and Hilo, Hawaii, is subsiding at 4.8 mm per year. This subsidence is apparently related to downbowing of the crust throughout a zone 400 km in diameter by the weight of volcanic material added to the crust by active volcanoes, principally Mauna Loa and Kilauea on the Island of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Arch encircles the subsiding zone and may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence.</p><p>The annual volume of subsidence is about 270×10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>, whereas the average annual volume of erupted basalt on the Island of Hawaii (based on historic records back to about 1820) is about 50×10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>. The great excess of subsidence over volcanic addition cannot be reconciled by isostatic models, and is apparently the result of other processes operating in the volcano and its basement thet are poorly understood. Probably the more important of these processes are intrusions and submarine volcanism, both of which are providing additional unseen load on the volcanoes. Furthermore, the rate of eruption may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence may be overestimated due to localized downslope movement of the margins of the islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02596771","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1970, Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 34, no. 2, p. 562-576, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596771.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c17e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54138,"text":"ofr7010 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:39:13","indexId":"ofr7010","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-10","title":"A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>A streamflow data program is proposed for Ohio which consists of both data collection and data analysis. The program is proposed after a study which (1) established long-term objectives and goals for streamflow information, (2) examined and analyzed available data to determine its adequacy for meeting the established goals, and (3) considered alternate methods and data requirements for providing information to meet unfulfilled goals.</p><p>The program is designed to provide data (1) for current use, (2) for planning and design, (3) for definition of long-term trends, and (4) on the characteristics of stream environment. At present 141 gaging stations provide adequate data for current use. Multiple- regression relations have been defined that accurately estimate many flow characteristics needed for planning and design on natural-flow streams. A systems approach is required to define flow characteristics of regulated streams. A network of 13 existing gages is proposed for indefinite operation to define long-term flow trends, and additional data collection is proposed on the characteristics of stream environment. Studies of available data and of data to become available are suggested.</p><p>The proposed program may be modified in the future to reflect the degree of information that becomes available from new and improved data analyses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7010","usgsCitation":"Anttila, P.W., 1970, A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-10, Report: iv, 62 p.; 2 Figures: 17.79 x 19.50 inches and 16.86 x 18.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7010.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; 2 Figures: 17.79 x 19.50 inches and 16.86 x 18.89 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174092,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":333373,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":333374,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70010298,"text":"70010298 - 1970 - Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-16T15:14:21.955114","indexId":"70010298","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems","docAbstract":"<p>A detailed bathymetric study of Astoria Canyon and Astoria Fan provides a model for typical submarine canyon-fan systems. The present canyon head is 9 miles (17 km) west of the Columbia River mouth but buried Pleistocene channels appear to have connected the two features in the past. The canyon, which is distinguished by its relief, V-shaped profiles, and numerous tributaries, winds sinuously and is coincident with apparent structural trends across the continental shelf and slope. At the fan apex, the canyon mouth merges smoothly into Astoria Channel, which is characterized by its U-shaped profiles, lower walls of even height, and levee development. Astoria Channel and the fan valley at the base of the continental slope are the most recently active of a series of main fan valleys that appear to have: (<i>1</i>) progressively “hooked left”; (<i>2</i>) migrated from north to south across the fan during its formation; and (<i>3</i>) been partly responsible for the asymmetrical shape of the fan. The deep, narrow upper fan valleys that characterize the steep (&gt; 1:100, or 0°35′) and rough (10–30 fathoms, or 18–55 m) upper fan surface break into distributaries on the middle fan, where there is the sharpest change in gradient. The main valleys become broader and shallower down the fan, while the generally concave fan surface grades to nearly a flat seafloor (to gradients &lt; 1:1000, or 0°0.5′), (&lt; 10 fathoms, or 18 m relief).</p><p>Similarity of Astoria Canyon-Fan system with other deep-sea fan and alluvial fan systems, suggests the hypothesis that size of drainage basin, sediment size, and sediment load control the size, gradient, and valley development of any fan system. Data from bathymetry, seismic refraction stations, and sediment load of the Columbia River indicate that the cutting of Astoria Canyon and the deposition of the unconsolidated sediment layer forming Astoria Fan could have been accomplished during the Pleistocene. A similar history can be suggested for other major submarine canyon-fan systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(70)90047-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., Carlson, P., Byrne, J., and Alpha, T.R., 1970, Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems: Marine Geology, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 259-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(70)90047-2.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"291","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Astoria Canyon, Astoria Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.89139364833369,\n              45.61941840485443\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89139364833369,\n              44.27741061960609\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62339339391065,\n              44.27741061960609\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62339339391065,\n              45.61941840485443\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89139364833369,\n              45.61941840485443\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0067e4b0c8380cd4f74e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrne, J.V.","contributorId":21684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":16142,"text":"ofr70316 - 1970 - Test of airborne fluorometer over land surfaces and geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-07T18:18:13.483942","indexId":"ofr70316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-316","title":"Test of airborne fluorometer over land surfaces and geologic materials","docAbstract":"<p>Response of an experimental Fraunhofer line discriminator(FLD) to a wide range of surficial deposits common in deserts and semideserts was tested in the laboratory and from an 1-1-19 helicopter. By design the instrument sensed radiation from the ground specifically at the sodium D2 Fraunhofer line (5890 angstroms). It is capable of detecting a fluorescence component emanating from ground targets irradiated by sunlight along the line of flight, provided the aircraft is nearly level. However, no signals attributable to fluorescence were recorded during 540 miles of aerial traverses over southeastern California and west-central Arizona. It is concluded that exposed surfaces of target materials throughout the traverses were either non-luminescent at 5890 A or not sufficiently so to be detectable. It cannot be ruled out that the lack of fluorescence is partly attributable to surficial coatings of non-luminescent weathered material.</p><p>The principal route surveyed from the air was from Needles, California to Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley and return via the Amargosa River valley, Silurian Lake (dry), Silver Lake (dry), and Soda Lake (dry). Principal targets traversed were unconsolidated elastic sediments ranging from silty clay to cobbles, and a wide range of evaporite deposits. Evaporite minerals thought to have been viewed in high concentrations are halite (sodium chloride), gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate), probably other sulfate minerals, borax and probably ulexite (hydrous sodium borates), possibly colemanite (hydrous calcium borate), and probably some carbonate minerals. Extensive manganese-rich outcrops midway between Needles and Prescott had to be by-passed because of low sun-angles, cloudiness, and a heavy load in relation to altitude (above 5,000 feet).</p><p>Several of the more common evaporite minerals were tested under the FLD on the ground, while being irradiated by bright sunlight. Minerals tested were chiefly from salt fiats (salars) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, and included halite, gypsum, ulexite, thenardite (sodium sulfate), aragonite (calcium carbonate) and nitrate ore containing soda niter (sodium nitrate). Crude oil from the Santa Barbara leak was tested in its natural state and in solutions of methyl-isobutyl-ketone (MIBK). Petroliferous sandstone samples containing both high and moderate concentrations of oil were tested on both fresh and weathered surfaces. No response definitely attributable to fluorescence at 5890 A was noted from any of the foregoing geologic materials, although a possible very weak response to one oil sample in MBK solution appears on the record.</p><p>Although no fluorescence was detected, the mechanical operation of the FLD was satisfactory throughout 8 hours of flight, with attendant vibrations, and during a wide range of sun angles, from 13° to 33°. In accord with design, the FLD showed no appreciable response to moderate contrasts in reflectivity among targets, although there was a marked response to strong contrasts in reflectivity. Airborne tests also established that a minimum instrumental warm-up time of seven minutes is required, and that response is not entirely independent of either the vertical angle (tilt) or horizontal angle (flight direction) of the aircraft.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70316","usgsCitation":"Stoertz, G.E., and Hemphill, W.R., 1970, Test of airborne fluorometer over land surfaces and geologic materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-316, iii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70316.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684bd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoertz, George Eimert","contributorId":99572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoertz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Eimert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemphill, William R.","contributorId":21970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":172314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18204,"text":"ofr7034 - 1970 - Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T13:47:37.618507","indexId":"ofr7034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-34","title":"Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting","docAbstract":"<p>This interim report presents data on and interrelations between the parameters L (length of surface rupture), D (maximum surface displacement), and M (Richter magnitude of associated earthquake) for the main traces of historic surface faults that have been reported in the worldwide literature. Original descriptions of the individual fault-events published in English, French, German, or Spanish were used whenever possible, supplemented by translations of selected passages of reports published in Japanese and Chinese. For some events, original descriptions were not published in these languages and secondary sources were used. Although more than 100 fault-events have been reported in the literature, only those for which reliable data (in the judgement of the present writers) were available on at least two of the three parameters M, L, and D are included in this interim report and listed in table 1. Some fault-events have been omitted because the available reports contained significantly different data for the same event and the writers had insufficient basis for choosing between them.</p><p>This report was prepared to permit early release of part of the results of a more comprehensive study of historic surface faulting now under way, and to elicit suggestions and criticisms from users of the report. Comments are especially invited regarding the methods used in designating the fault type and in identifying the main fault.</p><p>The more comprehensive report will deal with subsidiary faults as well as main faults, will have detailed citations of the sources of information, and will discuss various additional aspects of faulting. It is anticipated that reliable data on a few more faults will be obtained, and it is hoped that comments from users of this interim report will permit improvement of the comprehensive report. Thus it is expected that the comprehensive report will contain modifications of the present data and will be of larger scope. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7034","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., and Buchanan, J.M., 1970, Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-34, ii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7034.","productDescription":"ii, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":47569,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0034/report.pdf","text":"Version 1.0","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":375406,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/of1611/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":375405,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/of1611/of1611.pdf","text":"Version 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan, Jane M.","contributorId":32543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","indexId":"pp545D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:33:33.73754","indexId":"pp545D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","docAbstract":"In the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the federally owned Alaska Railroad sustained damage of more than $35 million: 54 percent of the cost for port facilities; 25 percent, roadbed and track; 9 percent, buildings and utilities; 7 percent, bridges and culverts; and 5 percent, landslide removal. Principal causes of damage were: (1) landslides, landslide-generated waves, and seismic sea waves that destroyed costly port facilities built on deltas; (2) regional tectonic subsidence that necessitated raising and armoring 22 miles of roadbed made susceptible to marine erosion; and (3), of greatest importance in terms of potential damage in seismically active areas, a general loss of strength experienced by wet waterlaid unconsolidated granular sediments (silt to coarse gravel) that allowed embankments to settle and enabled sediments to undergo fiowlike displacement toward topographic depressions, even in fiat-lying areas. The term “landspreading” is proposed for the lateral displacement and distension of mobilized sediments; landspreading appears to have resulted largely from liquefaction. Because mobilization is time dependent and its effects cumulative, the long duration of strong ground motion (timed as 3 to 4 minutes) along the southern 150 miles of the rail line made landspreading an important cause of damage. Sediments moved toward natural and manmade topographic depressions (stream valleys, gullies, drainage ditches, borrow pits, and lakes). Stream widths decreased, often about 20 inches but at some places by as much as 6.5 feet, and sediments moved upward beneath stream channels. Landspreading toward streams and even small drainage ditches crushed concrete and metal culverts. Bridge superstructures were compressed and failed by lateral buckling, or more commonly were driven into, through, or over bulkheads. Piles and piers were torn free of superstructures by moving sediments, crowded toward stream channels, and lifted in the center. The lifted piles arched the superstructures. Vertical pile displacement was independent of the depth of the pile penetration in the sediment and thus was due to vertical movement of the sediments, rather than to differential compaction. The fact that bridge piles were carried laterally without notable tilting suggests that mobilization exceeded pile depths, which averaged about 20 feet. Field observations, largely duplicated by vibrated sandbox models of stream channels, suggest that movement was distributed throughout the sediments, rather than restricted to finite failure surfaces. Landspreading generated stress that produced cracks in the ground surface adjacent to depressions. The distribution of this stress controlled the crack patterns: tension cracks parallel to straight or concave streambanks, shear cracks intersecting at 45° to 70° on convex banks where there was some component of radial spreading, and orthogonal cracks on the insides of tight meander bends or islands where spreading was omnidirectional. Ground cracks of these kinds commonly extended 500 feet, and occasionally about 1,000 feet, back from streams, which indicates that landspreading occurred over large areas. In areas of landspreading, highway and railroad embankments, pavements, and rails were pulled apart endways and were displaced laterally if they lay at an angle to the direction of sediment displacement. Sediment movement commonly skewed bridges that crossed streams obliquely. The maximum horizontal skew was 10 feet. Embankment settlement, nearly universal in areas of landspreading, also occurred in areas where there was no evidence for widespread loss of strength in the unconsolidated sediments. In the latter areas embankments themselves clearly caused the loss of bearing strength in the underlying sediment. In both areas, settlement was accompanied by the formation of ground cracks approximately parallel to the embankment in the adjacent sediments. Sediment-laden ground water was discharged from the cracks, and extreme local settlements (as much as 6 ft) were associated with large discharges. Landspreading was accompanied by transient horizontal displacement of the ground that pounded bridge ends with slight or considerable force. The deck of a 105-foot bridge was repeatedly arched up off its piles by transient compression. Bridges may also have developed high horizontal accelerations. One bridge deck, driven through its bulkhead, appears to have had an acceleration of at least 1.1 to 1.7 g; however, most evidence for high accelerations is ambiguous. Limited standard penetration data show that landspreading damage was not restricted to soft sediments. Some bridges were severely damaged by displacement of piles driven in sediments classified as compact and dense. Total thickness of unconsolidated sediments strongly controlled the degree of damage. In areas underlain by wet water-laid sediments the degree of damage to uniformly designed and built wooden railroad bridges shows a closer correlation with total sediment thickness at the bridge site than with the grain size of the material in which the piles were driven. Local geology and physiography largely controlled the kind, distribution, and severity of damage to the railroad. This relationship is so clear that maps of surficial geology and physiography of damaged areas of the rail belt show that only a few geologic-physiographic units serve to identify these areas: 1. Bedrock and glacial till on bedrock. No foundation displacements, but ground vibration increased toward the area of maximum strain-energy release. 2. Glacial outwash terraces. Landspreading and damage ranged from none where the water table was low and the terrace undissected to severe where the water table was near the surface and the terrace dissected by streams. 3. Inactive flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, flooding by ejected ground water, and damage were generally slight but increased to severe toward lower, wetter active flood plains or river channels. 4. Active flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, and flooding were nearly universal and were greater than on adjacent inactive flood plains. 5. Fan deltas. Radial downhill spreading and ground cracking were considerable near the lower edges of the fan deltas and were accompanied by ground-water discharge. Landslides were common from edges of deltas. Damage, landspreading, ground crack-ing, vibration, and flooding by ground water generally increased with (1) increasing thickness of unconsolidated sediments, (2) decreasing depth to the water table, (3) proximity to topographic depressions, and (4) proximity to the area of maximum strain-energy release.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on transportation, communications, and utilities (Professional Paper 545)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp545D","usgsCitation":"McCulloch, D.S., and Bonilla, M.G., 1970, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 545, Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp545D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"173","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396000,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99039.htm"},{"id":277819,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate4.pdf"},{"id":277818,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate3.pdf"},{"id":277817,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate2.pdf"},{"id":277816,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate1.pdf"},{"id":277815,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/index.html"},{"id":277814,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_text.pdf"},{"id":121756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.5,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.5,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloch, David S. dmccullo@usgs.gov","contributorId":3100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloch","given":"David","email":"dmccullo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":208797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1843,"text":"wsp1473 - 1970 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:58:39","indexId":"wsp1473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1473","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"<p>The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water.</p>\n<p>The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.</p>\n<p>Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.</p>\n<p>More than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles.</p>\n<p>Chemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or&nbsp;many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.</p>\n<p>About 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.</p>\n<p>Relationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers.</p>\n<p>Water-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.</p>\n<p>Fundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1473","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (2nd edition): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473, xiv, 363 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1473.","productDescription":"xiv, 363 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"380","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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,{"id":1376,"text":"wsp1899A - 1970 - Ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:44:35","indexId":"wsp1899A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oregon","docAbstract":"Although the average annual precipitation of the Clatsop Plains is 78.5 inches, the area is not without problems of water supply. The Clatsop Plains area ix underlain by Tertiary bedrock of low permeability that stores and yields small quantities of ground water, which may be of poor chemical quality. This Tertiary bedrock furnishes only minor ground-water discharge to maintain the base flow of streams. The flow of rivers and creeks, normally abundant during the wet season, decreases greatly during the dry summer months. \r\n\r\nThe lowlands are overlain by extensive deposits of dune and beach sand. The dune sand is permeable and can absorb and store, as fresh water, a large percentage of the annual precipitation. In the central part of the dune area, the saturated thickness of the sand ranges from 95 to more than 150 feet. Most of the ground water in the sand discharges to the ocean through beach-line seeps and underflow. Much of the water now being discharged to the ocean could be recovered by pumping from properly located, designed, and constructed wells. Three test wells drilled as part of this study are capable of yielding 100 gallons per minute although they are equipped with only short lengths of well screen. It is estimated that 2,500 acre-feet of ground water per year per square mile of area may be available for withdrawal in the 10 square mile area that is most favorable for development. \r\n\r\nThe water from the dune sand is soft to moderately hard, has a low chloride concentration, and is of generally good chemical quality; however, at places it is weakly acidic and contains sufficient dissolved iron to make iron removal necessary for some uses. Ground water from shallow depths beneath a few swampy low-lying areas is brown and contains excessive concentrations of iron.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899A","usgsCitation":"Frank, F.J., 1970, Ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, iv, 41 p. :illus., maps (part col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899A.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :illus., maps (part col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26475,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26476,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":110034,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25116.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25116"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, F. J.","contributorId":95037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":56024,"text":"ofr70205 - 1970 - A modified streamflow-data program for New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"ofr70205","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-205","title":"A modified streamflow-data program for New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr70205","usgsCitation":"McCall, J., and Lendo, A., 1970, A modified streamflow-data program for New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-205, 66 p., 3 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70205.","productDescription":"66 p., 3 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adea6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCall, J.E.","contributorId":66846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCall","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lendo, A.C.","contributorId":84735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendo","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20171,"text":"ofr70229 - 1970 - Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T14:40:48.517304","indexId":"ofr70229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-229","title":"Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates of bearing capacities of lunar surfaces using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders shown in photographs taken by Lunar Orbiters II and III are the same order of magnitude as those reported by the Surveyor project, but they are generally less.&nbsp;</p><p>Static analyses of 48 lunar blocks and boulders and their tracks yield friction angles between 10° and 30° and averaging about 17°. These values were computed using: (1) Terzaghi's bearing capacity equations for circular footings, (2) Meyerhof's dimensionless numbers for general shear on level surfaces, (3) a cohesion of 10<sup>3</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup>, (4) a density of 1.35 gm per cm<sup>3</sup> for the near surface materials, (5) a density of 2.7 gm per cm<sup>3</sup> for the block or boulder, (6) spheroidal (triaxial) boulders unless definite shapes can be established, (7) footing radii equal to the half-width of the block or boulder, the half-width of the track, and(or) the half-width of the shadow near the base of the block or boulder.</p><p>For 115 secondary impact craters and their corresponding blocks, dynamic strengths are estimated using: (1) the product of one-half the mass per unit area of the block and the normal component of velocity squared divided by the crater depth, and (2) the ratio of the kinetic energy of the block and the volume of the secondary crater. Velocities of the blocks are calculated using a ballistics equation and assuming an ejection angle of 45°. Block densities are taken as 2.7 gm per cm<sup>3</sup>. Dynamic strengths of the near surface materials using the first procedure average 25.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup> (37 psi); and, for the second procedure, they average 19.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup> (28 psi). Comparison between dynamic strengths and expected static strengths, computed for each block using the assumptions above, show that most of the dynamic strengths correspond to the static strengths when the friction angle is 30° and larger.&nbsp;</p><p>Data on experimental low velocity impacts with natural targets are compared with the lunar data on secondary impacts. Nara's modified Poncelet equation for sand yields an average angle of internal friction near 34° using the appropriate block and soil constants mentioned above.&nbsp;</p><p>Comparison of coefficients computed using the equations for sand of Clark and McCarty, Mortensen, and Moore for the lunar data with the corresponding constants for terrestrial data indicate the lunar coefficients are generally low. These low values can be brought into better agreement with terrestrial data on sand by increasing the assumed ejection angles to 60° or 70° and considering the effect of the low acceleration of gravity at the lunar surface.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70229","usgsCitation":"Moore, H., 1970, Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-229, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70229.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498538,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15716,"text":"ofr70281 - 1970 - Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr70281","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-281","title":"Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines","docAbstract":"Peridotite and gabbro form an intrusive complex which is exposed over an area about 35 km wide and 150 km long in the center of the Zambales Range of western Luzon. The Zambales Complex is remarkable for its total known resources, mined and still remaining, of about 15 million metric tons of chromite ore. Twenty percent of Free World production was obtained from this area between 1950 and the end of 1964; in 1960 production reached a high of 606,103 metric tons of refractory-grade ore, mostly from the Coto mine near Masinloc, and 128,426 metric tons of metallurgical ore from the Acoje mine. The United States imports 80 to 90 percent of its refractory-grade chromite from the Philippines, and its basic refractory technology has been designed upon the chemical and physical characteristics of Coto high-alumina chromite ore. Continuation of this pattern will depend upon discovery of additional ore reserves to replace those depleted by mining. \r\n\r\nThe Zambales Ultramafic Complex is of the alpine type in which lenticular or podiform deposits of chromite lie in peridotite or dunite, mostly near Contacts with gabbroic rocks. Layered structures, foliation, and lineation commonly are well developed and transect boundaries between major rock units, including chromite deposits, at any angle. Accordingly, these structures cannot be used as guides in exploration and mining as they are used in stratiform complexes such as the Bushveld, where chromite layers extend for many miles. Probably 90 percent of the known deposits in the Zambales Complex are located in two belts in its northern part. One zone containing high-aluminua refractory-grade deposits extends northeast from the Coto mine and Chromite Reservation No. I along a peridotite contact with olivine gabbro, and another of high-chromium metallurgical grade chromite extends south through the Zambales and Acoje properties, and swings westward around the south side of Mount Lanai along a peridotite contact with norite. The textures of ores, association of chromite with dunite as gangue and as halos, and the transecting nature of the layering, foliation, and lineation in relation to chromite, are similar in all deposits regardless of composition of the chromite mineral itself. Textures in chromite ores, and structural relationships between chromite deposits and country rocks, show that layering and related foliation and lineation were formed or modified by flowage. Gabbro is believed to form the upper part of the Complex in general. \r\n\r\nGeophysical methods have been rather unsuccessful in finding chromite in the Zambales Complex. Gravity surveys, in order to be successful, must correct for all features influencing gravity except for the chromite itself. Too often the uncertainties in position of rock units and in knowledge of rock densities or position of hidden geologic features (dikes, zones of alteration) preclude the possibility of making adequate corrections. Magnetic surveys have failed to reveal any magnetic patterns attributable to the presence of chromite. \r\n\r\nExploration for chromite should be guided by the knowledge that chromite occurs only in certain geologic environments. Thus because nearly all known chromite deposits in the Zambales Complex lie in peridotite near the gabbro contact, search for chromite should be concentrated there. Likewise it is evident from structural evidence presented here that there is little relation between layering and distribution of either major rock units or chromite deposits. Thus one is not justified in using the layered structure to predict either the position or attitude of major rock unit contacts, or presence or position of chromite deposits. \r\n\r\nIn such a productive complex it is geologically certain that unknown deposits still remain undiscovered. The most promising areas for exploration are near known groups of large deposits like Acoje and Chromite Reservation No. 1. Underground drilling has been very successful in finding buried tabular ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr70281","usgsCitation":"Rossman, D.L., 1970, Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-281, 65 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70281.","productDescription":"65 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44713,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44714,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44715,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44716,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44717,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44718,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44719,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44720,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44721,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44722,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44723,"rank":417,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44724,"rank":418,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44725,"rank":419,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44726,"rank":420,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44727,"rank":421,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44728,"rank":422,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44729,"rank":423,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44706,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44707,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44708,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44709,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44710,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44711,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44712,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e3167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossman, Darwin L.","contributorId":94663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossman","given":"Darwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2124,"text":"wsp1983 - 1970 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55910,"text":"ofr69150 - 1969 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","indexId":"ofr69150","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2124,"text":"wsp1983 - 1970 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1983","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:14:40","indexId":"wsp1983","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1983","title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Wadena area is part of a large sandy plain in central Minnesota whose soils have low water-holding capacity. Drought conditions which adversely affect plant growth frequently occur in the summer when moisture is most needed. To reduce the risk of crop failure in the area supplemental irrigation is on the increase.</p>\n<p>This study was made to evaluate the ground-water resources of the area and to determine possible effects of development on them. About half the area's approximately 102,000 acres is considered irrigable at the present time. In 1967, about 1,100 acres were under irrigation.</p>\n<p>Outwash sand and gravel, which forms the water-table aquifer, is the main source of water presently known. Saturated thickness ranges from 0 to 70 feet and averages about 36 feet. Sandy till underlies the outwash. Within the till are sand and gravel lenses whose distribution and water-yielding characteristics were not determined.</p>\n<p>Average annual precipitation at the U.S. Weather Bureau station in Wadena from 1934 to 1967 was 26.4 inches, of which about 22.5 inches was lost by evapotranspiration, and the balance of 3.9 inches was surface runoff. Even in wet years, evapotranspiration during the .summer months exceeds precipitation, and a moisture deficiency for optimum plant growth occurs.</p>\n<p>In 1967, about 8 inches of the total precipitation of 19.3 inches reached the water table. Recharge to the water table in 1967 was about 70,000 acre-feet.</p>\n<p>Result of field aquifer (pumping) tests were used to estimate transmissivity values at test-hole sites. Information gained by auger test drilling was the basis for estimating transmissivity values elsewhere. Transmissivity of the watertable aquifer in most of the Wadena area ranges from 15,000 to 120,000 gallons per day per foot. A map was prepared to show the maximum yield, in gallons per minute, which might be obtained from individual wells completed in the water-table aquifer. The map indicates that in about 60 percent of the area, individual wells can be pumped at rates greater than 300 gallons per minute for a 30-day period if drawdown in the pumped well is two-thirds the saturated thickness after correction for dewatering.</p>\n<p>Quality of both ground and surface waters is such that they are well suited for irrigation. Locally, nitrate concentrations in ground water, in excess of the U.S. Public Health Service's drinking water standards, might be related to a local source of organic pollution or to the increased use of fertilizers which accompanies irrigation.</p>\n<p>An electric analog model of the water-table aquifer in the Wadena area was built and used to analyze possible effects of ground-water development of the hydrologic system. The model was designed to .simulate existing hydrologic conditions and used to predict changes in the system which might result from development. The withdrawal of large quantities of ground water would lower the water table, thereby reducing evapotranspiration losses and making more water available for beneficial use. Additional water would be salvaged when normal ground-water discharge to streams is intercepted by pumping from wells.</p>\n<p>Analyses were made to determine effects of development on ground-water levels under different development schemes both after a single irrigation season and after 5 and 20 successive years of irrigation. Where development is concentrated, some interference between wells can be expected. Although water levels recover rapidly when pumps are shut off, recovery will not be complete prior to the next irrigation season in heavily developed areas. After several years of watertable lowering, yields from wells will decrease because of deceased saturated thickness, unless climatic changes result in abnormally high amounts of recharge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1983","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Central Minnesota Resource Conservation and Development Project and the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Soils and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, F., 1970, An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1983, Document: v, 56 p.; 12 Plates: 24 x 19 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1983.","productDescription":"Document: v, 56 p.; 12 Plates: 24 x 19 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27719,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27720,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27723,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27722,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27724,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27712,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27713,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27721,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27714,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27715,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27716,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27717,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27718,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Wadena area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.25,\n              46.541667\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.25,\n              46.316667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.75,\n              46.316667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.75,\n              46.541667\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.25,\n              46.541667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, F.G.","contributorId":41807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1670,"text":"wsp1984 - 1970 - Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T20:01:38.704886","indexId":"wsp1984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1984","title":"Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Texas District of the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey has collected and analyzed hydrologic data since 1953 to define the effects of systems of floodwater-retarding structures on downstream water and sediment yield. The district project includes 11 study areas ranging from 18 to 80 square miles in size and from 0 to 67 in percent of study area controlled by floodwaterretarding structures. The 11 study areas are within that part of Texas where the west-to-east average annual runoff ranges from about 2 to 7 inches. This report presents results of analyses, development of methodolgy, and results of application of methods for defining the downstream effects of systems of floodwaterretarding structures.</p>\n<p>Annual inflow to and outflow from the system of floodwater-retarding reservoirs in seven of the 11 study areas were found to be related by the equation: O=0.98/ 0.68, where O is annual outflow, in inches, and / is annual net inflow, in inches. Transmission loss of structure outflow to the downstream study-area stream-gaging station was determined and compared with the transmission loss of natural flood flow between tandem stream-gaging stations on Denton Creek, a tributary to Elm Fork Trinity River above Dallas.</p>\n<p>Trap efficiency of most floodwater-retarding structures was found by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to be about 97 percent. Downstream increases in suspended-sediment concentration in the outflow were found to be large in a study area with mostly silt and clay sediments, but even a large increase in suspendedsediment concentration did not represent a significant quantitative pickup of sediment by the outflow water.</p>\n<p>Water consumption in floodwater-retarding reservoirs from the combined actions of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and seepage was found to be as much as twice the average annual consumption attributable to evaporation alone. Average annual consumption in reservoirs in the seven study areas analyzed ranged from 1.57 inches of equivalent runoff in the easternmost study area, where annual runoff averaged 6.96 inches, to 0.77 inch of equivalent runoff in the westernmost study area, where the average annual runoff was 2.35 inches. The effect of consumption on downstream flow is partially offset by rainfall on pool surface. Studies covering as much as 15 years of streamflow record at the stream-gaging&nbsp;stations that gage outflow from the Deep and Honey Creek study areas indicated no increase in base flow.</p>\n<p>Multiple-linear-regression techniques were used in developing methodology to determine reservoir consumption in seven study areas. The physical and climatic fnctors influencing consumption were grouped as variables in regard to their relative effect on the actions of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and seepage. The resulting generalized equation was then used in synthesizing the consumptive effects of a planned system of 162 floodwater-retarding reservoirs controlling 26 percent of a 1,660-square-mile drainage basin upstream from a major water-supply reservoir. The analyses were based on the assumption that all water consumed at the floodwater-retarding reservoirs would have reached the downstream watersupply reservoir. Water-sediment discharge relationships were derived for the runoff into the structures as well as for the runoff through and below the structures. A mathematical response model of the floodwater-retarding reservoir systems and the entire drainage basin was computer programed to yield monthly water and sediment inflow to the water-supply reservoir.</p>\n<p>Results of the response model showed that with full development, depletion of annual yield to the large reservoir would be as much as 10 percent in the early years; but after the permanent pools of the floodwater-retarding structures had mostly filled with sediment, depletion of annual yield would be generally less than 1 percent. The depletion of yield to Garza-Little Elm Reservoir during the 39-year synthesized period of study was estimated as 296,800 acre-feet out of 18,256,000 acre-feet total yield. During the same period, the floodwater-retarding structures were estimated to have kept 19,700 acre-feet of sediment from being deposited in the reservoir.</p>\n<p>\"Firm\"- or \"critical\"-yield studies were made of the large reservoir on the basis of two sets of conditions : with floodwater-retarding structures in the drainage basin, and without such structures. Results of the firm-yield studies indicated that with full development, annual firm yield would be initially reduced by 10 percent. After 30 or more years, when the permanent pools of the floodwaterretarding reservoirs would be mostly filled with sediment, the firm yield would be almost the same with or without the upstream development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1984","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, C.R., and Sauer, S.P., 1970, Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1984, Report: vii, 95 p.; 3 Plates: 39.48 x 33.34 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1984.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 95 p.; 3 Plates: 39.48 x 33.34 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414124,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25366.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":94719,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94718,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94717,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Garza-Little Elm Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.775,\n              33.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.775,\n              33.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.617,\n              33.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.617,\n              33.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.775,\n              33.083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60703b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, Clarence R.","contributorId":30965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, Stanley P.","contributorId":38966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20131,"text":"ofr71210 - 1970 - Petrology of the Plutonic Rocks of west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr71210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-210","title":"Petrology of the Plutonic Rocks of west-central Alaska","docAbstract":"A series of plutons in west-central Alaska defines the Hogatza plutonic belt which extends for about 200 miles in an east-west direction from the northeastern Seward Peninsula to the Koyukuk River. The plutonic rocks have an aggregate area of about 1,200 square miles and their composition, distribution, and possible petrogenesis are discussed for the first time in this report. \r\n\r\nField, petrographic and chemical data supported by K/Ar age dating indicate the plutonic rocks are divisible into two suites differing in age, location, and composition. The western plutons are mid-Cretaceous (~100 m.y.) in age and consist of a heterogeneous assemblage of monzonite, syenite, quartz monzonite. Associated with these granitic rocks is a group of alkaline sub-silicic rocks that forma belt of intrusive complexes extending for a distance of at least 180 miles from west-central Alaska to the Bering Sea. The complex at Granite Mountain shows a rare example of zoning from an alkaline rim to a quartz-bearing core. The occurrence of a similar complex at Cape Dezhnev on the easternmost tip of Siberia suggests the alkaline province may extend into Siberia. The easternmost plutons are Late Cretaceous (180 m.y.) in age and composed primarily of granodiorite and quartz monzonite similar to calc-alkaline plutons found throughout the North America Cordillera.\r\n\r\nThe plutons are epizonal and intrude deformed but unmetamorphosed Lower Cretaceous andesitic volcanics and volcanic graywacke which constitute the highly mobile Yukon-Koyukuk volcanogenic province of west-central Alaska. No older rocks have been found within the confines of this vast tract; the occurrence of a bounding ophiolite sequence has lead to the suggestion that the province was formed by large-scale rifting and is underlain by oceanic crust. \r\n\r\nThe possibility of no juvenile sialic crust over much of the area suggests that the potassium-rich magma now represented by the alkaline rocks originated in the mantle. The distribution of the alkaline rocks appears to be related to regional structural features, particularly the boundary between the Mesozoic volcanogenic province of west-central Alaska and the thrust-faulted province of metamorphic-plutonic and sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and Precambrian age that forms the eastern Seward Peninsula. This boundary may have been a zone of structural weakness along which alkaline magma was generated. Modal and chemical trends suggest that the potassium-rich magma influenced the composition of more granitic magmas forming at higher levels. The latter may have been forming as a result of anatexis of andesite and mixing of mantle-derived mafic magma. The result is the heterogeneous assemblage of generally potassium-rich plutonic rocks that forms the west end of the Hogataza plutonic belt.\r\n\r\nThe loci of magmatism in west-central Alaska shifted east in Late Cretaceous time and the eastern plutons show only local signs of potassium enrichment. They are compositionally homogeneous and differences within plutons appear due to local contamination.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr71210","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., 1970, Petrology of the Plutonic Rocks of west-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-210, xi, 132, [2] leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71210.","productDescription":"xi, 132, [2] leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; 136 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106510,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8615.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8615"},{"id":153233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49672,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49673,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49674,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68668e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":182117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":127,"text":"wsp1971 - 1970 - Methods and applications of electrical simulation in ground-water studies in the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River Valleys, Arkansas and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1971","title":"Methods and applications of electrical simulation in ground-water studies in the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River Valleys, Arkansas and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Arkansas River Multiple-Purpose Plan will provide year-round navigation on the Arkansas River from near its mouth to Muskogee, Okla., and on the Verdigris River from Muskogee to Catoosa, Okla. The altered regimen in the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers will affect ground-water conditions in the adjacent alluvial aquifers. In 1957 the U.S. Geological Survey \r\n\r\nand U.S. Army Corps of Engineers entered into a cooperative agreement for a comprehensive ground-water study of the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River valleys. At the request of the Corps of Engineers, the Geological Survey agreed to provide (1) basic ground-water data before, during, and after construction of the Multiple-Purpose Plan and (2) interpretation and projections of postconstruction ground-water conditions. The data collected were used by the Corps of Engineers in preliminary foundation and excavation estimates and by the Geological Survey as the basis for defining the hydrologic properties of, and the ground-water conditions in, the aquifer. The projections of postconstruction ground-water conditions were used by the Corps of Engineers in the planning, design, construction, and operation of the Multiple-Purpose Plan. \r\n\r\nAnalysis and projections of ground-water conditions were made by use of electrical analog models. These models use the analogy between the flow of electricity in a resistance-capacitance circuit and the flow of a liquid in a porous and permeable medium.\r\n\r\nVerification provides a test of the validity of the analog to perform as the aquifer would, within the range of historic forces. The verification process consists of simulating the action of historic forces which have acted upon the aquifer and of duplicating the aquifer response with the analog. The areal distribution of accretion can be treated as an unknown and can be determined by analog simulation of the piezometric surface in an aquifer. Comparison of accretion with depth to piezometric surface below land surface shows that accretion decreases with decreasing depth to water level. The decrease in accretion is attributed mostly to the increase in evapotranspiration from the aquifer, and where water levels are very near the land surface, to the rejection of recharge. The maximum accretion and the decrease in accretion with the decrease in depth to water are dependent upon the climate and the thickness and lithology of the fine-grained material overlying the aquifer. \r\n\r\nDams on the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers will impose a direct change in water levels in the aquifers adjacent to the rivers. This change will be attenuated by the resultant change in accretion to the aquifer. The analogs of aquifers in the valleys were used to determine the change in ground-water level from preconstruction to postconstruction conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1971","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Reed, J., Wells, C., and Swafford, B., 1970, Methods and applications of electrical simulation in ground-water studies in the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River Valleys, Arkansas and Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1971, vi, 71 p. :illus., maps (4 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1971.","productDescription":"vi, 71 p. :illus., maps (4 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24734,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24735,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24736,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24737,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a01b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, J.E.","contributorId":41801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wells, C.J.","contributorId":80242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swafford, B.F.","contributorId":38528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swafford","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":12426,"text":"ofr702 - 1970 - A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-2","title":"A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The mineralized zone at the remotely located Ash Sha'ib ancient mine contains only a small tonnage of moderately low grade sulfide- bearing rock. Based on present data the gross value of the deposit, with a value of $25.00 or more per ton, is $20,000,000. A belt of metasedimentary rocks, intruded by gabbro to the south and granite to the north, was the host for fissure vein-replacement type mineralization. Most of the mineralization is in a siliceous dolomite transected by fissures. The main sulfide mineral is sphalerite, but minor amounts of chalcopyrlte and argentlferous galena contribute to the value of the mineralized sections.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr702","usgsCitation":"Allcott, G.H., 1970, A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-2, 38 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr702.","productDescription":"38 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40664,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40665,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40666,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40667,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40668,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allcott, Glenn H.","contributorId":29422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allcott","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20699,"text":"ofr70280 - 1970 - Silica sand deposits in the Monrovia area, Liberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T14:19:46","indexId":"ofr70280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-280","title":"Silica sand deposits in the Monrovia area, Liberia","docAbstract":"<p>Thin surficial deposits of white silica sand occupy much of the flat coastal area of Liberia from Monrovia to Buchanan 100 km southeast; most of the sand is of good quality for glass manufacture. A lagoonal mode of origin is suggested for these essentially monomineralic deposits. Based on the average thickness of one meter and a conservative bulk density of 1.6, the easily accessible deposts along the Freeway, the Kakata highway, and the Schieffelin road cover about 68 square kilometers and contain at least 109 million metric tons of silica sand.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70280","usgsCitation":"Rosenblum, S., and Srivastava, S., 1970, Silica sand deposits in the Monrovia area, Liberia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-280, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70280.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":350470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Liberia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -11.0,\n              6\n            ],\n            [\n              -10.25,\n              6\n            ],\n            [\n              -10.25,\n              6.4\n            ],\n            [\n              -11.0,\n              6.4\n            ],\n            [\n              -11.0,\n              6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Srivastava, S.P.","contributorId":89166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Srivastava","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15346,"text":"ofr70257 - 1970 - Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15346,"text":"ofr70257 - 1970 - Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70257","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042736,"text":"70042736 - 1971 - Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1","indexId":"70042736","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042736,"text":"70042736 - 1971 - Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1","indexId":"70042736","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T20:32:08.220514","indexId":"ofr70257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-257","title":"Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The recent discovery of major oil resources on Alaska's North Slope has rekindled interest in the petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk province, a vast tract of Cretaceous rocks stretching along the west coast of Alaska from the Brooks Range to the Yukon delta. Attention was first focused on this region in the early 1950's, after oil and gas were discovered in the Cretaceous of the North Slope by the U.S. Navy. The presence of similar Cretaceous strata in the Yukon-Koyukuk province and the possibility that some of the broad alluviated lowlands within the province might be underlain by Tertiary basins were pointed out by Gryc and others (1951) and Payne (1955). Between 1954 and 1961 large parts of the province were reconnoitered by oil company surface parties and a small amount of geophysical work was carried out in the Nulato-Kateel and Bethel areas. The explorational activity culminated in 1960-61 with the drilling of two deep tests, a 12,000-foot hole near Nulato on the Yukon River and a 15,000-foot hole at Napatuk Creek in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland. Apparently neither test revealed oil shows or favorable reservoir rocks, as exploration and leasing activity in the province declined sharply thereafter.</p><p>Since 1954 the U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a modest but continuing program of reconnaissance geologic mapping of the province and its borderlands. Nearly all parts of this vast area have been visited either by helicopter or river boat. Although information in many places is still sketchy, the broad outlines of the surface geology are now known. Subsurface data, however, are almost totally lacking.</p><p>The mapping indicates that the petroleum possibilities over most of the province are limited because of complex structure and scarcity of promising reservoir rocks. Two areas where further exploration seems warranted are the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland and the western part of the Kobuk-Selawik Lowland.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70257","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., 1970, Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-257, Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70257.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Koyukuk Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.73174908925813,\n              66.77942177184187\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.73174908925813,\n              60.34875981757247\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1810191082801,\n              60.34875981757247\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1810191082801,\n              66.77942177184187\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.73174908925813,\n              66.77942177184187\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68260,"text":"ha356 - 1970 - Water resources of the River Rouge basin, southeastern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T22:40:00.911686","indexId":"ha356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"356","title":"Water resources of the River Rouge basin, southeastern Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>The River Rouge basin is characterized by moderately hilly topography to the northwest graduating to a relatively level land surface to the south east.</p><p>Stream gradients near the northwestern basin divide are relatively steep; but many become more steep in reaches where they cross beach lines of former glacial lakes. In the lower reaches of the River Rouge gradients lessen.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha356","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Knutilla, R., 1970, Water resources of the River Rouge basin, southeastern Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 356, Document: 12 p.; 2 Plates: 40.5 x 30.5 inches and 36.26 x 35.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha356.","productDescription":"Document: 12 p.; 2 Plates: 40.5 x 30.5 inches and 36.26 x 35.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395741,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15733.htm"},{"id":89657,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89656,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"River Rouge basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.636,\n              42.224\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.636,\n              42.604\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.068,\n              42.604\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.068,\n              42.224\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.636,\n              42.224\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutilla, R. L.","contributorId":65451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutilla","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3369,"text":"cir629 - 1970 - Water laws and concepts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T12:59:32","indexId":"cir629","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"629","title":"Water laws and concepts","docAbstract":"Throughout human history various laws and customs have developed concerning the individual rights and rights in common to the waters of the earth. Many existing laws and concepts are clearly influenced by the environment in which they originated and reflect the relative abundance or scarcity of water. Many concepts reflect the people's original interests in the water and once established have been passed from generation to generation with little modification. Some laws and concepts have been carried by people in their migrations and colonial expansions to vastly different environments, with rather curious consequences. In many places water laws that had been well adapted to the natural environment have become less tenable because of man's activities in modifying that environment, or because of increasing use of water: Increasing consumptive use shifts the water economy toward lesser abundance or increasing deficiency; increasing nonconsumptive use results in pollution of the water resources, so that they become less suitable for other users. The water-rights systems in the United States vary from State to State: some are reasonably fitted to their environment, some have outlived their place in history, some are wasteful of water, some show favoritism to certain special interests or segments of the population. Water-use rights are universally recognized as real property, with constitutional protection against deprivation without due process of law.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir629","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1970, Water laws and concepts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 629, iii, 18 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir629.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30379,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0629/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0629/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1912,"text":"wsp1608K - 1970 - Water resources and related geology of Dera Ismail Khan district, West Pakistan, with reference to the availability of ground water for development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp1608K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"K","title":"Water resources and related geology of Dera Ismail Khan district, West Pakistan, with reference to the availability of ground water for development","docAbstract":"Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan District contains an area of 3,450 square miles between the right bank of the Indus River and the Sulaiman Range in westcentral West Pakistan. Agriculture is the principal source of income in the District, but only a small part of the arable land is fully utilized. The region is semiarid and has an average annual rainfall of about 9 inches and a potential evapotranspirational rate of eight to nine times the annual rainfall. Thus, rainfall alone is not adequate for high-intensity cropping. \r\n\r\nIrrigation is practiced near the Indus River; the Paharpur Canal is used, as well as the traditional inundation method. Elsewhere in the District, adequate water is supplied to local areas by karezes, perennial streams from the mountains, and some recently installed tubewells (see 'Glossary'). Further development of ground-water supplies would permit a more effective utilization of most of the presently tilled land and would allow additional land to be farmed. \r\n\r\nD.I. Khan District is primarily an alluvial plain that slopes from the mountain ranges in the northern and western parts of the District toward the Indus River. Rocks in the bordering mountains are of Paleozoic to early or middle Pleistocene age. The unconsolidated rocks of the plain, of middle (?) Pleistocene to Holocene (Recent) age, consist of piedmont deposits derived from the hills to the north and west and of alluvium laid down by the Indus River. These deposits interfinger in a transitional zone about 8 to 12 miles west of the river. Lithologic and structural features indicate that the unconsolidated rocks possibly may be divided into broad units. \r\n\r\nThe investigations in D.I. Khan District have revealed two main areas of potential ground-water development based on considerations of both permeability and chemical quality of the ground water: \r\n\r\n1. A belt about 10 miles wide parallels the Indus River from the Khisor Range southward to the area immediately south of D.I. Khan town. In this belt, the material penetrated by test holes and tubewells consists predominantly of sand, which in tubewells can yield from 2 to 3 cfs (cubic feet per second) of water with only moderate drawdown. Also in this belt, ground water of good chemical quality extends to depths of 1,000 feet or more. \r\n\r\n2. The area from the mouth of the Gumal River gorge to the vicinity of Kot Azam contains sand and gravel strata that may yield from 1 to 3 cfs of water, which contains 500 to 1,500 ppm (parts per million) of total dissolved solids. \r\n\r\nOther marginal parts of the District also contain water of good chemical quality, but developmental prospects are somewhat poorer because of greater depths to water, lower permeabilities, or greater depths to aquifers, all of which would require greater costs in the tubewell installations. The stratification or zoning of water of different chemical qualities to some extent governs the local availability of useful water. Generally, the \r\nground water of poorest quality is found in the shallow zone, and quality improves with depth. The central part of the District, in a belt reaching from the vicinity of Tank southward to the Indus River near Dera Ghfizi Khan District, contains highly mineralized water and few aquifers. The mineralization of water in this belt is due primarily to large concentrations of sodium and sulfate and thus differs from the main part of the Punjab \r\nregion where highly mineralized waters are generally chloride waters. Radical changes in water quality, both horizontally and vertically, are common in the District. Changes in chemical quality of water from large-capacity wells near areas of highly mineralized water are taking place, and further changes may be expected as withdrawals continue and increase in magnitude. Under present conditions, surface-water supplies are fully utilized, and ground water is the largest supply available for development-other than \r\nthat from the Indus River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608K","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., Khan, L.A., and Jawaid, K., 1970, Water resources and related geology of Dera Ismail Khan district, West Pakistan, with reference to the availability of ground water for development: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, viii, 74 p. :ill., maps (2 folded col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608K.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p. :ill., maps (2 folded col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Khan, Lutfe Ali","contributorId":102459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"Lutfe","email":"","middleInitial":"Ali","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jawaid, Khalid","contributorId":20309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jawaid","given":"Khalid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22527,"text":"ofr7033 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T21:17:09.982113","indexId":"ofr7033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-33","title":"A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana","docAbstract":"<p>An evaluation of the streamflow data available in Montana was made to provide guidelines for planning future programs. The basic steps in the evaluation procedures were (1) definition of the long-term goals of the streamflow data program, (2) examination and analysis of all available data to determine which goals have already been met, and (3) consideration of alternate programs and techniques to meet remaining goals. Only one of the goals was met by generalization of the data for gaged basins by regression analysis. The regression method may be more successful at a future time if a more suitable model can be developed, and if an adequate sample of streamflow records can be obtained. In the meantime, other methods of transferring flow characteristics which require some information at the ungaged site may be used. A streamflow data program based on the guidelines developed in this study is proposed. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7033","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Boner, F.C., and Buswell, G., 1970, A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-33, Report: 96 p.; 2 Plates: 39.06 x 22.92 inches and 39.23 x 22.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7033.","productDescription":"Report: 96 p.; 2 Plates: 39.06 x 22.92 inches and 39.23 x 22.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393339,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393338,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 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