{"pageNumber":"1604","pageRowStart":"40075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":22527,"text":"ofr7033 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T21:17:09.982113","indexId":"ofr7033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-33","title":"A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana","docAbstract":"<p>An evaluation of the streamflow data available in Montana was made to provide guidelines for planning future programs. The basic steps in the evaluation procedures were (1) definition of the long-term goals of the streamflow data program, (2) examination and analysis of all available data to determine which goals have already been met, and (3) consideration of alternate programs and techniques to meet remaining goals. Only one of the goals was met by generalization of the data for gaged basins by regression analysis. The regression method may be more successful at a future time if a more suitable model can be developed, and if an adequate sample of streamflow records can be obtained. In the meantime, other methods of transferring flow characteristics which require some information at the ungaged site may be used. A streamflow data program based on the guidelines developed in this study is proposed. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7033","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Boner, F.C., and Buswell, G., 1970, A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-33, Report: 96 p.; 2 Plates: 39.06 x 22.92 inches and 39.23 x 22.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7033.","productDescription":"Report: 96 p.; 2 Plates: 39.06 x 22.92 inches and 39.23 x 22.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393339,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393338,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 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C.","contributorId":32136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boner","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buswell, G.W.","contributorId":44795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buswell","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1843,"text":"wsp1473 - 1970 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:58:39","indexId":"wsp1473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1473","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"<p>The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water.</p>\n<p>The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.</p>\n<p>Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.</p>\n<p>More than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles.</p>\n<p>Chemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or&nbsp;many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.</p>\n<p>About 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.</p>\n<p>Relationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers.</p>\n<p>Water-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.</p>\n<p>Fundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1473","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (2nd edition): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473, xiv, 363 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1473.","productDescription":"xiv, 363 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"380","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27047,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27048,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27049,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Attention was first focused on this region in the early 1950's, after oil and gas were discovered in the Cretaceous of the North Slope by the U.S. Navy. The presence of similar Cretaceous strata in the Yukon-Koyukuk province and the possibility that some of the broad alluviated lowlands within the province might be underlain by Tertiary basins were pointed out by Gryc and others (1951) and Payne (1955). Between 1954 and 1961 large parts of the province were reconnoitered by oil company surface parties and a small amount of geophysical work was carried out in the Nulato-Kateel and Bethel areas. The explorational activity culminated in 1960-61 with the drilling of two deep tests, a 12,000-foot hole near Nulato on the Yukon River and a 15,000-foot hole at Napatuk Creek in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland. Apparently neither test revealed oil shows or favorable reservoir rocks, as exploration and leasing activity in the province declined sharply thereafter.</p><p>Since 1954 the U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a modest but continuing program of reconnaissance geologic mapping of the province and its borderlands. Nearly all parts of this vast area have been visited either by helicopter or river boat. Although information in many places is still sketchy, the broad outlines of the surface geology are now known. Subsurface data, however, are almost totally lacking.</p><p>The mapping indicates that the petroleum possibilities over most of the province are limited because of complex structure and scarcity of promising reservoir rocks. Two areas where further exploration seems warranted are the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland and the western part of the Kobuk-Selawik Lowland.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70257","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., 1970, Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-257, Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70257.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Koyukuk Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.73174908925813,\n              66.77942177184187\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.73174908925813,\n              60.34875981757247\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1810191082801,\n              60.34875981757247\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1810191082801,\n              66.77942177184187\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.73174908925813,\n              66.77942177184187\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13324,"text":"ofr70101 - 1970 - Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr70101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-101","title":"Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Analysis of 88 samples from the Shublik formation on Fire Creek, Mt. Michelson Quadrangle, Alaska, are presented in tabular form. The results include the determination of elements by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, phosphate by X-ray fluorescence, carbon dioxide by acid decomposable carbonate, total carbon by induction furnace, carbonate carbon by conversion using the conversion factor of 0.2727 for amount of carbon in carbon dioxide, and organic carbon by difference. \r\n\r\nA seven- cycle semilogarithmic chart presents the data graphically and illustrates the range, mode, and mean for some of the elements. The chart shows, also, the approximate concentration of the same elements in rocks similar to the black shale and limestone of the Shublik Formation. \r\n\r\nEach sample represents 5 feet of section and is composed of rock chips taken at 1 - foot intervals. The samples are keyed into a stratigraphic column of the formation. \r\n\r\nRocks of the Shublik Formation contain anomalously high concentrations of some of the elements. These same elements might be expected to be high in some of the petroleum from northern Alaska if the Shublik Formation is a source for this petroleum. Several of the stratigraphic intervals may represent, also, a low-grade phosphate deposit.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70101","usgsCitation":"Detterman, R.L., 1970, Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-101, 4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70101.","productDescription":"4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41748,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41749,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41750,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680b42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2892,"text":"wsp1981 - 1970 - Electrical-analog-model study of water resources of the Columbus area, Bartholomew County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1981","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","title":"Electrical-analog-model study of water resources of the Columbus area, Bartholomew County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Columbus study area is in part of a glacial outwash sand and gravel aquifer that was deposited in a preglacial bedrock valley. The study area extends from the north line of Bartholomew County to the south county line and includes a small part of Jackson County south of Sand Creek and east of the East Fork White River. This report area includes about 100 square miles of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nIn the Columbus area, ground water in the outwash aquifer is unconfined. Results of pumping tests and estimates derived from specific-capacity data indicate that the average horizontal permeability for this aquifer is about 3,500 gallons per day per square foot. An average coefficient of storage of about 0.2 was determined from pumping tests. Transmissibilities range from near zero in some places along the boundary to about 500,000 gallons per day per foot in the thicker parts of the aquifer. About 800,000 acre-feet of water is in storage in the aquifer. This storage is equivalent to an average yield of 34 million gallons per day for about 21 years without recharge. \r\n\r\nAn electrical-analog model was built to analyze the aquifer system and determine the effects of development. Analysis of the model indicates that there is more than enough water to meet the estimated needs of the city of Columbus without seriously depleting the aquifer. Additional withdrawals will affect the flow in the Flatrock River, but if the withdrawals are made south of the city, they will not affect the river any more than present pumping. Future pumping should be confined to the deepest part of the outwash aquifer and (or) to the area adjacent to the streams. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of an hypothesized amount and distribution of pumping, the decline in water levels in the Columbus area as predicted by the model for the period 1970-2015 ranged from about 20 feet in the center of the areas of pumping to 3 feet or less in the areas upstream and downstream from these areas of pumping.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1981","usgsCitation":"Watkins, F., and Heisel, J.E., 1970, Electrical-analog-model study of water resources of the Columbus area, Bartholomew County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1981, iv, 22 p. :3 fold. maps (in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1981.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :3 fold. maps (in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94726,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/plate-1.pdf","size":"927","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94727,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/plate-2.pdf","size":"808","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94728,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/plate-3.pdf","size":"1567","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29541,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkins, Frank A.","contributorId":21140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Frank A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heisel, J. E.","contributorId":103252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12426,"text":"ofr702 - 1970 - A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-2","title":"A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The mineralized zone at the remotely located Ash Sha'ib ancient mine contains only a small tonnage of moderately low grade sulfide- bearing rock. Based on present data the gross value of the deposit, with a value of $25.00 or more per ton, is $20,000,000. A belt of metasedimentary rocks, intruded by gabbro to the south and granite to the north, was the host for fissure vein-replacement type mineralization. Most of the mineralization is in a siliceous dolomite transected by fissures. The main sulfide mineral is sphalerite, but minor amounts of chalcopyrlte and argentlferous galena contribute to the value of the mineralized sections.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr702","usgsCitation":"Allcott, G.H., 1970, A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-2, 38 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr702.","productDescription":"38 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40664,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40665,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40666,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40667,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40668,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allcott, Glenn H.","contributorId":29422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allcott","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":47980,"text":"ofr71278 - 1970 - Preliminary digital model studies of the Rio Aconcagua Valley, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:23","indexId":"ofr71278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-278","title":"Preliminary digital model studies of the Rio Aconcagua Valley, Chile","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71278","usgsCitation":"Taylor, O., 1970, Preliminary digital model studies of the Rio Aconcagua Valley, Chile: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-278, 37 p. ill.,maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71278.","productDescription":"37 p. ill.,maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, O. James","contributorId":23958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O. James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1670,"text":"wsp1984 - 1970 - Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T20:01:38.704886","indexId":"wsp1984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1984","title":"Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Texas District of the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey has collected and analyzed hydrologic data since 1953 to define the effects of systems of floodwater-retarding structures on downstream water and sediment yield. The district project includes 11 study areas ranging from 18 to 80 square miles in size and from 0 to 67 in percent of study area controlled by floodwaterretarding structures. The 11 study areas are within that part of Texas where the west-to-east average annual runoff ranges from about 2 to 7 inches. This report presents results of analyses, development of methodolgy, and results of application of methods for defining the downstream effects of systems of floodwaterretarding structures.</p>\n<p>Annual inflow to and outflow from the system of floodwater-retarding reservoirs in seven of the 11 study areas were found to be related by the equation: O=0.98/ 0.68, where O is annual outflow, in inches, and / is annual net inflow, in inches. Transmission loss of structure outflow to the downstream study-area stream-gaging station was determined and compared with the transmission loss of natural flood flow between tandem stream-gaging stations on Denton Creek, a tributary to Elm Fork Trinity River above Dallas.</p>\n<p>Trap efficiency of most floodwater-retarding structures was found by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to be about 97 percent. Downstream increases in suspended-sediment concentration in the outflow were found to be large in a study area with mostly silt and clay sediments, but even a large increase in suspendedsediment concentration did not represent a significant quantitative pickup of sediment by the outflow water.</p>\n<p>Water consumption in floodwater-retarding reservoirs from the combined actions of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and seepage was found to be as much as twice the average annual consumption attributable to evaporation alone. Average annual consumption in reservoirs in the seven study areas analyzed ranged from 1.57 inches of equivalent runoff in the easternmost study area, where annual runoff averaged 6.96 inches, to 0.77 inch of equivalent runoff in the westernmost study area, where the average annual runoff was 2.35 inches. The effect of consumption on downstream flow is partially offset by rainfall on pool surface. Studies covering as much as 15 years of streamflow record at the stream-gaging&nbsp;stations that gage outflow from the Deep and Honey Creek study areas indicated no increase in base flow.</p>\n<p>Multiple-linear-regression techniques were used in developing methodology to determine reservoir consumption in seven study areas. The physical and climatic fnctors influencing consumption were grouped as variables in regard to their relative effect on the actions of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and seepage. The resulting generalized equation was then used in synthesizing the consumptive effects of a planned system of 162 floodwater-retarding reservoirs controlling 26 percent of a 1,660-square-mile drainage basin upstream from a major water-supply reservoir. The analyses were based on the assumption that all water consumed at the floodwater-retarding reservoirs would have reached the downstream watersupply reservoir. Water-sediment discharge relationships were derived for the runoff into the structures as well as for the runoff through and below the structures. A mathematical response model of the floodwater-retarding reservoir systems and the entire drainage basin was computer programed to yield monthly water and sediment inflow to the water-supply reservoir.</p>\n<p>Results of the response model showed that with full development, depletion of annual yield to the large reservoir would be as much as 10 percent in the early years; but after the permanent pools of the floodwater-retarding structures had mostly filled with sediment, depletion of annual yield would be generally less than 1 percent. The depletion of yield to Garza-Little Elm Reservoir during the 39-year synthesized period of study was estimated as 296,800 acre-feet out of 18,256,000 acre-feet total yield. During the same period, the floodwater-retarding structures were estimated to have kept 19,700 acre-feet of sediment from being deposited in the reservoir.</p>\n<p>\"Firm\"- or \"critical\"-yield studies were made of the large reservoir on the basis of two sets of conditions : with floodwater-retarding structures in the drainage basin, and without such structures. Results of the firm-yield studies indicated that with full development, annual firm yield would be initially reduced by 10 percent. After 30 or more years, when the permanent pools of the floodwaterretarding reservoirs would be mostly filled with sediment, the firm yield would be almost the same with or without the upstream development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1984","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, C.R., and Sauer, S.P., 1970, Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1984, Report: vii, 95 p.; 3 Plates: 39.48 x 33.34 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1984.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 95 p.; 3 Plates: 39.48 x 33.34 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414124,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25366.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":94719,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94718,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94717,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Garza-Little Elm Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.775,\n              33.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.775,\n              33.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.617,\n              33.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.617,\n              33.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.775,\n              33.083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60703b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, Clarence R.","contributorId":30965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, Stanley P.","contributorId":38966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4706,"text":"twri07C1_1970 - 1970 - A digital model for aquifer evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri07C1_1970","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"07-C1","title":"A digital model for aquifer evaluation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/twri07C1_1970","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Pinder, G.F., 1970, A digital model for aquifer evaluation: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 07-C1, v, 18 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri07C1_1970.","productDescription":"v, 18 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pinder, George Francis","contributorId":99964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinder","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2124,"text":"wsp1983 - 1970 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55910,"text":"ofr69150 - 1969 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","indexId":"ofr69150","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2124,"text":"wsp1983 - 1970 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1983","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:14:40","indexId":"wsp1983","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1983","title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Wadena area is part of a large sandy plain in central Minnesota whose soils have low water-holding capacity. Drought conditions which adversely affect plant growth frequently occur in the summer when moisture is most needed. To reduce the risk of crop failure in the area supplemental irrigation is on the increase.</p>\n<p>This study was made to evaluate the ground-water resources of the area and to determine possible effects of development on them. About half the area's approximately 102,000 acres is considered irrigable at the present time. In 1967, about 1,100 acres were under irrigation.</p>\n<p>Outwash sand and gravel, which forms the water-table aquifer, is the main source of water presently known. Saturated thickness ranges from 0 to 70 feet and averages about 36 feet. Sandy till underlies the outwash. Within the till are sand and gravel lenses whose distribution and water-yielding characteristics were not determined.</p>\n<p>Average annual precipitation at the U.S. Weather Bureau station in Wadena from 1934 to 1967 was 26.4 inches, of which about 22.5 inches was lost by evapotranspiration, and the balance of 3.9 inches was surface runoff. Even in wet years, evapotranspiration during the .summer months exceeds precipitation, and a moisture deficiency for optimum plant growth occurs.</p>\n<p>In 1967, about 8 inches of the total precipitation of 19.3 inches reached the water table. Recharge to the water table in 1967 was about 70,000 acre-feet.</p>\n<p>Result of field aquifer (pumping) tests were used to estimate transmissivity values at test-hole sites. Information gained by auger test drilling was the basis for estimating transmissivity values elsewhere. Transmissivity of the watertable aquifer in most of the Wadena area ranges from 15,000 to 120,000 gallons per day per foot. A map was prepared to show the maximum yield, in gallons per minute, which might be obtained from individual wells completed in the water-table aquifer. The map indicates that in about 60 percent of the area, individual wells can be pumped at rates greater than 300 gallons per minute for a 30-day period if drawdown in the pumped well is two-thirds the saturated thickness after correction for dewatering.</p>\n<p>Quality of both ground and surface waters is such that they are well suited for irrigation. Locally, nitrate concentrations in ground water, in excess of the U.S. Public Health Service's drinking water standards, might be related to a local source of organic pollution or to the increased use of fertilizers which accompanies irrigation.</p>\n<p>An electric analog model of the water-table aquifer in the Wadena area was built and used to analyze possible effects of ground-water development of the hydrologic system. The model was designed to .simulate existing hydrologic conditions and used to predict changes in the system which might result from development. The withdrawal of large quantities of ground water would lower the water table, thereby reducing evapotranspiration losses and making more water available for beneficial use. Additional water would be salvaged when normal ground-water discharge to streams is intercepted by pumping from wells.</p>\n<p>Analyses were made to determine effects of development on ground-water levels under different development schemes both after a single irrigation season and after 5 and 20 successive years of irrigation. Where development is concentrated, some interference between wells can be expected. Although water levels recover rapidly when pumps are shut off, recovery will not be complete prior to the next irrigation season in heavily developed areas. After several years of watertable lowering, yields from wells will decrease because of deceased saturated thickness, unless climatic changes result in abnormally high amounts of recharge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1983","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Central Minnesota Resource Conservation and Development Project and the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Soils and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, F., 1970, An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1983, Document: v, 56 p.; 12 Plates: 24 x 19 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1983.","productDescription":"Document: v, 56 p.; 12 Plates: 24 x 19 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27719,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27720,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27723,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27722,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27724,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27712,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27713,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27721,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27714,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27715,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27716,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27717,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27718,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Wadena area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.25,\n              46.541667\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.25,\n              46.316667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.75,\n              46.316667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.75,\n              46.541667\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.25,\n              46.541667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, F.G.","contributorId":41807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15716,"text":"ofr70281 - 1970 - Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr70281","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-281","title":"Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines","docAbstract":"Peridotite and gabbro form an intrusive complex which is exposed over an area about 35 km wide and 150 km long in the center of the Zambales Range of western Luzon. The Zambales Complex is remarkable for its total known resources, mined and still remaining, of about 15 million metric tons of chromite ore. Twenty percent of Free World production was obtained from this area between 1950 and the end of 1964; in 1960 production reached a high of 606,103 metric tons of refractory-grade ore, mostly from the Coto mine near Masinloc, and 128,426 metric tons of metallurgical ore from the Acoje mine. The United States imports 80 to 90 percent of its refractory-grade chromite from the Philippines, and its basic refractory technology has been designed upon the chemical and physical characteristics of Coto high-alumina chromite ore. Continuation of this pattern will depend upon discovery of additional ore reserves to replace those depleted by mining. \r\n\r\nThe Zambales Ultramafic Complex is of the alpine type in which lenticular or podiform deposits of chromite lie in peridotite or dunite, mostly near Contacts with gabbroic rocks. Layered structures, foliation, and lineation commonly are well developed and transect boundaries between major rock units, including chromite deposits, at any angle. Accordingly, these structures cannot be used as guides in exploration and mining as they are used in stratiform complexes such as the Bushveld, where chromite layers extend for many miles. Probably 90 percent of the known deposits in the Zambales Complex are located in two belts in its northern part. One zone containing high-aluminua refractory-grade deposits extends northeast from the Coto mine and Chromite Reservation No. I along a peridotite contact with olivine gabbro, and another of high-chromium metallurgical grade chromite extends south through the Zambales and Acoje properties, and swings westward around the south side of Mount Lanai along a peridotite contact with norite. The textures of ores, association of chromite with dunite as gangue and as halos, and the transecting nature of the layering, foliation, and lineation in relation to chromite, are similar in all deposits regardless of composition of the chromite mineral itself. Textures in chromite ores, and structural relationships between chromite deposits and country rocks, show that layering and related foliation and lineation were formed or modified by flowage. Gabbro is believed to form the upper part of the Complex in general. \r\n\r\nGeophysical methods have been rather unsuccessful in finding chromite in the Zambales Complex. Gravity surveys, in order to be successful, must correct for all features influencing gravity except for the chromite itself. Too often the uncertainties in position of rock units and in knowledge of rock densities or position of hidden geologic features (dikes, zones of alteration) preclude the possibility of making adequate corrections. Magnetic surveys have failed to reveal any magnetic patterns attributable to the presence of chromite. \r\n\r\nExploration for chromite should be guided by the knowledge that chromite occurs only in certain geologic environments. Thus because nearly all known chromite deposits in the Zambales Complex lie in peridotite near the gabbro contact, search for chromite should be concentrated there. Likewise it is evident from structural evidence presented here that there is little relation between layering and distribution of either major rock units or chromite deposits. Thus one is not justified in using the layered structure to predict either the position or attitude of major rock unit contacts, or presence or position of chromite deposits. \r\n\r\nIn such a productive complex it is geologically certain that unknown deposits still remain undiscovered. The most promising areas for exploration are near known groups of large deposits like Acoje and Chromite Reservation No. 1. Underground drilling has been very successful in finding buried tabular ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr70281","usgsCitation":"Rossman, D.L., 1970, Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-281, 65 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70281.","productDescription":"65 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44713,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44714,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44715,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44716,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44717,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44718,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44719,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44720,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44721,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44722,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44723,"rank":417,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44724,"rank":418,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44725,"rank":419,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44726,"rank":420,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44727,"rank":421,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44728,"rank":422,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44729,"rank":423,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44706,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44707,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44708,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44709,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44710,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44711,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44712,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e3167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossman, Darwin L.","contributorId":94663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossman","given":"Darwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20171,"text":"ofr70229 - 1970 - Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T14:40:48.517304","indexId":"ofr70229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-229","title":"Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates of bearing capacities of lunar surfaces using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders shown in photographs taken by Lunar Orbiters II and III are the same order of magnitude as those reported by the Surveyor project, but they are generally less.&nbsp;</p><p>Static analyses of 48 lunar blocks and boulders and their tracks yield friction angles between 10° and 30° and averaging about 17°. These values were computed using: (1) Terzaghi's bearing capacity equations for circular footings, (2) Meyerhof's dimensionless numbers for general shear on level surfaces, (3) a cohesion of 10<sup>3</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup>, (4) a density of 1.35 gm per cm<sup>3</sup> for the near surface materials, (5) a density of 2.7 gm per cm<sup>3</sup> for the block or boulder, (6) spheroidal (triaxial) boulders unless definite shapes can be established, (7) footing radii equal to the half-width of the block or boulder, the half-width of the track, and(or) the half-width of the shadow near the base of the block or boulder.</p><p>For 115 secondary impact craters and their corresponding blocks, dynamic strengths are estimated using: (1) the product of one-half the mass per unit area of the block and the normal component of velocity squared divided by the crater depth, and (2) the ratio of the kinetic energy of the block and the volume of the secondary crater. Velocities of the blocks are calculated using a ballistics equation and assuming an ejection angle of 45°. Block densities are taken as 2.7 gm per cm<sup>3</sup>. Dynamic strengths of the near surface materials using the first procedure average 25.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup> (37 psi); and, for the second procedure, they average 19.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup> (28 psi). Comparison between dynamic strengths and expected static strengths, computed for each block using the assumptions above, show that most of the dynamic strengths correspond to the static strengths when the friction angle is 30° and larger.&nbsp;</p><p>Data on experimental low velocity impacts with natural targets are compared with the lunar data on secondary impacts. Nara's modified Poncelet equation for sand yields an average angle of internal friction near 34° using the appropriate block and soil constants mentioned above.&nbsp;</p><p>Comparison of coefficients computed using the equations for sand of Clark and McCarty, Mortensen, and Moore for the lunar data with the corresponding constants for terrestrial data indicate the lunar coefficients are generally low. These low values can be brought into better agreement with terrestrial data on sand by increasing the assumed ejection angles to 60° or 70° and considering the effect of the low acceleration of gravity at the lunar surface.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70229","usgsCitation":"Moore, H., 1970, Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-229, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70229.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498538,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5856,"text":"pp546 - 1970 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Lessons and conclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T20:37:20.151989","indexId":"pp546","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"546","title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Lessons and conclusions","docAbstract":"One of the greatest earthquakes of all time struck south-central Alaska on March 27, 1964. Strong motion lasted longer than for most recorded earthquakes, and more land surface was dislocated, vertically and horizontally, than by any known previous temblor. Never before were so many effects on earth processes and on the works of man available for study by scientists and engineers over so great an area. The seismic vibrations, which directly or indirectly caused most of the damage, were but surface manifestations of a great geologic event-the dislocation of a huge segment of the crust along a deeply buried fault whose nature and even exact location are still subjects for speculation. Not only was the land surface tilted by the great tectonic event beneath it, with resultant seismic sea waves that traversed the entire Pacific, but an enormous mass of land and sea floor moved several tens of feet horizontally toward the Gulf of Alaska. Downslope mass movements of rock, earth, and snow were initiated. Subaqueous slides along lake shores and seacoasts, near-horizontal movements of mobilized soil (“landspreading”), and giant translatory slides in sensitive clay did the most damage and provided the most new knowledge as to the origin, mechanics, and possible means of control or avoidance of such movements. The slopes of most of the deltas that slid in 1964, and that produced destructive local waves, are still as steep or steeper than they were before the earthquake and hence would be unstable or metastable in the event of another great earthquake. Rockslide avalanches provided new evidence that such masses may travel on cushions of compressed air, but a widely held theory that glaciers surge after an earthquake has not been substantiated. Innumerable ground fissures, many of them marked by copious emissions of water, caused much damage in towns and along transportation routes. Vibration also consolidated loose granular materials. In some coastal areas, local subsidence was superimposed on regional tectonic subsidence to heighten the flooding damage. Ground and surface waters were measurably affected by the earthquake, not only in Alaska but throughout the world. Expectably, local geologic conditions largely controlled the extent of structural damage, whether caused directly by seismic vibrations or by secondary effects such as those just described. Intensity was greatest in areas underlain by thick saturated unconsolidated deposits, least on indurated bedrock or permanently frozen ground, and intermediate on coarse well-drained gravel, on morainal deposits, or on moderately indurated sedimentary rocks. Local and even regional geology also controlled the distribution and extent of the earthquake's effects on hydrologic systems. In the conterminous United States, for example, seiches in wells and bodies of surface water were controlled by geologic structures of regional dimension. Devastating as the earthquake was, it had many long-term beneficial effects. Many of these were socioeconomic or engineering in nature; others were of scientific value. Much new and corroborative basic geologic and hydrologic information was accumulated in the course of the earthquake studies, and many new or improved investigative techniques were developed. Chief among these, perhaps, were the recognition that lakes can be used as giant tiltmeters, the refinement of methods for measuring land-level changes by observing displacements of barnacles and other sessile organisms, and the relating of hydrology to seismology by worldwide study of hydroseisms in surface-water bodies and in wells. The geologic and hydrologic lessons learned from studies of the Alaska earthquake also lead directly to better definition of the research needed to further our understanding of earthquakes and of how to avoid or lessen the effects of future ones. Research is needed on the origins and mechanisms of earthquakes, on crustal structure, and on the generation of tsunamis and local waves. Better earthquake-hazard maps, based on improved knowledge of regional geology, fault behavior, and earthquake mechanisms, are needed for the entire country. Their preparation will require the close collaboration of engineers, seismologists, and geologists. Geologic maps of all inhabited places in earthquake-prone parts of the country are also needed by city planners and others, because the direct relationship between local geology and potential earthquake damage is now well understood. Improved and enlarged nets of earthquake-sensing instruments, sited in relation to known geology, are needed, as are many more geodetic and hydrographic measurements. Every large earthquake, wherever located, should be regarded as a full-scale laboratory experiment whose study can give scientific and engineering information unobtainable from any other source. Plans must be made before the event to insure staffing, funding, and coordination of effort for the scientific and engineering study of future earthquakes. Advice of earth scientists and engineers should be used in the decision-making processes involved in reconstruction after any future disastrous earthquake, as was done after the Alaska earthquake. The volume closes with a selected bibliography and a comprehensive index to the entire series of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers 541-546. This is the last in a series of six reports that the U.S. Geological Survey published on the results of a comprehensive geologic study that began, as a reconnaissance survey, within 24 hours after the March 27, 1964, Magnitude 9.2 Great Alaska Earthquake and extended, as detailed investigations, through several field seasons. The 1964 Great Alaska earthquake was the largest earthquake in the U.S. since 1700. Professional Paper 546, in 1 part, describes Lessons and Conclusions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp546","usgsCitation":"Eckel, E.B., 1970, The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Lessons and conclusions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 546, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp546.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400553,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99040.htm"},{"id":277795,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0546/"},{"id":32645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0546/pp546.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0546/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156,\n              56.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              56.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              56.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623b7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckel, Edwin B.","contributorId":26680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70112302,"text":"70112302 - 1970 - Color infrared film as a negative material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:11:43","indexId":"70112302","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T13:59:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Color infrared film as a negative material","docAbstract":"<p>Original problems encountered in endeavors to use color infraredfilm as a negative material have been overcome by a simple modification in processing. This makes more feasible the production of infrared color prints for field use and yields an infrared counterpart to Aero-Neg.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8","usgsCitation":"Pease, R.W., 1970, Color infrared film as a negative material: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, no. 3, p. 195-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288512,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbeae4b0e83db6d08ed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pease, Robert W.","contributorId":43760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pease","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120899,"text":"70120899 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:38:06","indexId":"70120899","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:54:52","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","docAbstract":"<p>Leg 5 samples fall into two categories with respect to interstitial water composition: 1) rapidly deposited terrigenous or appreciably terrigenous deposits, such as in Hole 35 (western Escanaba trough, off Cape Mendocino, California); and, 2) slowly deposited pelagic clays and biogenic muds and oozes. Interstitial waters in the former show modest to slight variations in chloride and sodium, but drastic changes in non-conservative ions such as magnesium and sulfate. The pelagic deposits show only relatively minor changes in both conservative and non-conservative pore fluid constituents. As was pointed out in earlier Leg Reports, it is believed that much of the variation in chloride in pore fluids within individual holes is attributable to the manipulation of samples on board ship and in the laboratory. On the other hand, the scatter in sodium is due in part to analytical error (on the order of 2 to 3 per cent, in terms of a standard deviation), and it probably accounts for most of the discrepancies in total anion and cation balance.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>All constituents reported here, with the exception of bulk water content, were analyzed on water samples which were sealed in plastic tubes aboard ship and were subsequently opened and divided into weighed aliquots in the laboratory. Analytical methods follow the atomic absorption, wet chemical and emission spectrochemical techniques briefly summarized in previous reports, e.g. Manheim et al., 1969, and Chan and Manheim, 1970. The authors acknowledge assistance from W. Sunda, D. Kerr, C. Lawson and H. Richards, and thank D. Spencer, P. Brewer and E. Degens for allowing the use of equipment and laboratory facilities.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., and Sayles, F., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 5, p. 501-511, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b033341871892a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206976,"text":"70206976 - 1970 - Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:00:30","indexId":"70206976","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T12:32:25","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","docAbstract":"<p><span>A detailed input-output study of a small forested watershed draining the Wissahickon Formation in the Piedmont of Maryland revealed that chemical solution is five times as effective in removing material as is mechanical erosion. Solution weathering removes 16.9 tons/sq mi/yr of material compared with 3.2 tons/sq mi/yr by mechanical erosion. Plant activity during the growing season increased the concentration of silica, bicarbonate, calcium, and potassium, thus increasing total dissolved solids by one-third. Autumn leaf fall also caused a short-term increase of these ions. Rainfall does not simply dilute floodwaters as the concentration of sulfate, potassium, and calcium increases whereas silica and bicarbonate decrease in concentration during a flood cycle. Our data suggest that during the first half of a flood cycle, both the flood water and the dissolved solids in it come from an area in and immediately adjacent to the flood plain. The weathering model derived from our study suggests that on a long-term basis approximately one-half of the erosion of the Pond Branch watershed is caused by chemical solution of the silicate minerals kaolinite, vermiculite, biotite, and oligoclase. This contrasts to short-term ratio of solutional to mechanical weathering of five to one.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cleaves, E., Godfrey, A., and Bricker, O., 1970, Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3015-3032, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p. 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 \"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, A.E.","contributorId":57245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207549,"text":"70207549 - 1970 - A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T13:41:16.467859","indexId":"70207549","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-23T12:01:54","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems","docAbstract":"<p><span>Problems of petrologic mixing have been solved using a two-stage computer-based calculation. First, linear programming is used to obtain an approximate solution and to identify non-negative solution values. Then a conventional least squares calculation is performed using the analyses represented by non-negative solution values as input to yield an optimum set of solution values. The error attached to each solution value is estimated by an empirical procedure. Petrologic application of the program has been demonstrated with three types of calculations: chemical mode, magma mixing, and liquid line of descent.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1995:ALPALS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Doherty, P.C., 1970, A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1995-2008, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1995:ALPALS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1995","endPage":"2008","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, Patrick C.","contributorId":94372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207253,"text":"70207253 - 1970 - Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-01T19:49:02.036548","indexId":"70207253","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-13T11:50:07","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960","docAbstract":"<p>The Chilean earthquake sequence of May 21–22, 1960, was accompanied by linear zones of tectonic warping, including both uplift and subsidence relative to sea level. The region involved is more than 200 km wide and about 1000 km long, and lies along the continental margin between latitude 37° and 48° S. Significant horizontal strains accompanied the vertical movements in parts of the subsided zone for which triangulation data are available. Displacements were initiated near the northern end of the deformed region during the opening earthquake of the sequence (M<sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≅ 7.5) on May 21 at 10h 02m 50s GMT and were extended over the remainder of the region during the culminating shock (M<sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≅ 8.5) on May 22 at 19h llm 17s GMT. During the latter event, sudden uplift of adjacent portions of the continental shelf and much or all of the continental slope apparently generated the destructive tsunami that immediately followed the main shock.</p><p>Available data suggest that the primary fault or zone of faulting along which displacement occurred probably is a complex thrust fault roughly 1000 km long and at least 60 km wide; it dips eastward at a moderate angle beneath the continental margin and intersects the surface on the continental slope. Dip slip required to satisfy the surface displacements is at least 20 m and perhaps as large as 40 m. There is some evidence that there was a minor component of right-lateral slip on the fault plane.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Savage, J.C., 1970, Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1001-1030, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1001","endPage":"1030","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile, Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              -56.170022982932046\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.9296875,\n              -56.170022982932046\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.9296875,\n              2.4601811810210052\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              2.4601811810210052\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              -56.170022982932046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70226166,"text":"70226166 - 1970 - Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:01:07.655321","indexId":"70226166","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T13:49:39","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Placer gold grains from the modern streams originating in the Colorado Mineral Belt were examined for silver and copper content on a quantitative basis utilizing the electron microprobe. The variation among grains from a particular locality is large, but the mean silver content of the interior of the placer gold grains from each locality and (or) the variation in copper content may be of value in distinguishing lode sources and gold mining districts. Microprobe analysis of the interior of gold grains is independent of chemical actions that affect the border of placer gold grains during their transport history, and it is shown that distinct compositional groups of different lode sources may be identified even in a single sample--information that may aid in recognizing the existence of concealed lodes that once contributed to a placer environment.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.937","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., Raymond, W.H., and Iagmin, P.J., 1970, Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 8, p. 937-944, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.937.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"937","endPage":"944","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Mineral Belt","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.10458374023436,\n              39.26415795094216\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.85464477539061,\n              39.26415795094216\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.85464477539061,\n              39.49450361977246\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.10458374023436,\n              39.49450361977246\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.10458374023436,\n              39.26415795094216\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.57586669921875,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.35202026367188,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.35202026367188,\n              39.9571224404468\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.57586669921875,\n              39.9571224404468\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.57586669921875,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.49758911132812,\n              39.099160259556236\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.44540405273438,\n              39.099160259556236\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.44540405273438,\n              39.13645165015621\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.49758911132812,\n              39.13645165015621\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.49758911132812,\n              39.099160259556236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raymond, William H.","contributorId":48555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iagmin, Paula J.","contributorId":268801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iagmin","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226547,"text":"70226547 - 1970 - Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T17:34:59.998108","indexId":"70226547","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T11:17:49","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Granitic gneisses in the vicinities of Morton and Montevideo in the Minnesota River Valley are dated at 3550 m.y. ago and are the oldest rocks so far found in North America. The gneisses were altered in varying degree by younger events of which two have been dated at 2650 m.y. and 1850 m.y. old.</p><p>The event which occurred 2650 m.y. ago was a high-grade metamorphism accompanied by the intrusion of a large volume of granitic magma. Only the U-Pb zircon and the Rb-Sr whole-rock ages survived this event, and both types are discordant. A two-stage model that explains the U-Pb discordant ages combines a primary discordance produced during the metamorphism of 2650 m.y. ago with a secondary discordance developed approximately 100 m.y. ago when uplift and erosion brought the rocks close to the surface. This secondary discordance is also shown by the zircon from granite near Sacred Heart (2650 m.y. old) and from a younger granitic pluton (1850 m.y. old) near Granite Falls.</p><p>The discordance in the Rb-Sr whole-rock ages is attributed primarily to the loss of radiogenic Sr<sup>87</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>that probably occurred largely during the metamorphism of 2650 m.y. ago. Some later loss, however, is indicated in the younger ages of biotite and K-feldspar. Granitic material introduced or mobilized during the metamorphism is also a complicating factor.</p><p>The 1850-m.y.-ago event was a low-grade metamorphism that reset the K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of biotite in the rocks between Granite Falls and Ortonville. A number of small plutons, ranging in composition from gabbro to granite, and basaltic dikes were emplaced in the gneisses at this time, but only the granitic pluton near Granite Falls has been dated by both U-Pb and Rb-Sr methods.</p><p>The mineral ages show variations that are difficult to explain, and the low apparent ages of the biotite may be in some way related to epeirogeny and the stabilizing of the K-Ar and Rb-Sr systems. The southeastern part of the valley, underlain by the Morton Gneiss and the granite at Sacred Heart, was stabilized 2400 to 2600 m.y. ago, but the northwestern part, underlain by gneiss in the Granite Falls-Montevideo area and by granite in the Ortonville area, was not stabilized until 1700 to 1850 m.y. ago.</p><p>The Morton Gneiss was formed by synkine-matic intrusions of trondhjemitic and granitic magmas, and the structure dates back to the time of the intrusions, 3550 m.y. ago. A similar origin as a synkinematic intrusion of granite is favored to explain the gneiss at Montevideo. The country rock appears to have been a layered series of basaltic lavas, sedimentary rocks, and possibly some sill-like masses of diabase or gabbro. The structure of the region probably was considerably modified during the high-grade metamorphism 2650 m.y. ago.</p><p>The rock types that were involved in the Mortonian event 3550 m.y. ago are similar to more recent crustal rocks and do not represent a protocrust.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3671:AOTMAM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goldich, S., Hedge, C., and Stern, T.W., 1970, Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3671-3695, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3671:AOTMAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"3671","endPage":"3695","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Montevideo, Morton","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.416748046875,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.416748046875,\n              45.42929873257377\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              45.42929873257377\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldich, S. S.","contributorId":65536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldich","given":"S. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226168,"text":"70226168 - 1970 - Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:32:23.502527","indexId":"70226168","displayToPublicDate":"1970-11-01T14:19:14","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Uranium deposits of the Wyoming roll type and the Colorado Plateau peneconcordant type are the principal domestic resources of uranium. Both types occur in lenticular sandstone beds of continental origin, have a similar suite of elements and minerals, are associated with mildly altered rock, and are thought to have formed by reduction precipitation from ground waters before significant regional deformation. They differ in several respects. The Wyoming deposits are in unlithified sandstone that is highly arkosic, whereas the Colorado Plateau deposits are in lithified sandstone that is only slightly to moderately arkosic. Uranium is the only ore metal in the Wyoming deposits, whereas vanadium or copper is more abundant than uranium in some of the Plateau deposits. The Wyoming deposits are elongate crescent-shaped bodies that extend vertically through, or partly through, a sandstone unit and which are scattered, like widely spaced beads on a string, along miles-long interfaces between oxidized (altered) and unoxidized sandstone, whereas the Plateau deposits are thin tabular layers that are nearly concordant to bedding and which occur as discrete bodies, like raisins in raisin bread, enveloped in rock altered by reduction. The Wyoming ore rolls and interfaces were dynamic, having been pushed downdip by downward-moving oxygen-bearing water that passed through the interfaces and deposited the ore minerals on the reducing side, whereas the Plateau deposits seemingly formed as static bodies, localized by intensive reducing \"patches\" in a mildly reducing environment. These differences focus attention on genetic problems relating to the Eh of the ore-bearing and altering solutions, the shape and localization of deposits, and the source of the uranium.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.7.778","usgsCitation":"Fischer, R.P., 1970, Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 7, p. 778-784, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.7.778.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"778","endPage":"784","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391693,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.81884765624999,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.81884765624999,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.81884765624999,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.77636718749999,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.77636718749999,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.77636718749999,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.896484375,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              43.02071359427862\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.896484375,\n              43.02071359427862\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.896484375,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, R. P.","contributorId":89958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220625,"text":"5220625 - 1970 - Determining parameters for populations by using structural models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:13:14.45456","indexId":"5220625","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining parameters for populations by using structural models","docAbstract":"A method for calculating parameters necessary to maintain stable populations is described and the management implications of the method are discussed.  This method depends upon knowledge of the population mortality rate schedule, the age at which the species reaches maturity, and recruitment rates or age ratios in the population.  Four approaches are presented which yield information about the status of the population: (1) necessary production for a stable population, (2) allowable mortality for a stable population, (3) annual rate of change in population size, and (4) age ratios in the population which yield a stable condition.  General formulas for these relationships, and formulas for several special cases, are presented.  Tables are also presented showing production required to maintain a stable population with the simpler (more common) mortality and fecundity schedules.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799133","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Overton, W., and Wight, H.M., 1970, Determining parameters for populations by using structural models: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 4, p. 690-703, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799133.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"703","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overton, W.S.","contributorId":47488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wight, H. M.","contributorId":10497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wight","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226766,"text":"70226766 - 1970 - Nature and origin of early and late cherts in the Leadville Limestone, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T14:32:53.537322","indexId":"70226766","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T08:23:28","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature and origin of early and late cherts in the Leadville Limestone, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Two generations of chert have been observed in the Mississippian Leadville Limestone of west-central Colorado: (1) an early chert inferred to have precipitated from hypersaline marine waters of high pH after those waters seeped into carbonate muds prior to final burial and lithification of the carbonate; and (2) a late chert that appears to have precipitated from ground waters as amorphous silica after initial lithification but prior to or during karst erosion of the formation in Late Mississippian (?) and Early Pennsylvanian time. A third type of microcrystalline quartz, hydrothermal jasperoid, is associated with ore deposits of Laramide age in the Leadville, but it is not discussed here.</p><p>Conditions in west-central Colorado at the time that the early cherts formed in the Leadville were probably similar to those associated with the formation of early diagenetic chert in modern sediments, and the early chert in the Leadville is believed to have formed in a manner similar to the modern early cherts.</p><p>The silica of the late chert appears to have come from Paleozoic sandstones below the Leadville. It was carried by slightly acid artesian waters into the formation, probably in concentrations of less than 60 ppm SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>Super-saturation of amorphous silica occurred within the Leadville and probably was obtained by evaporative concentration at the water-air interface during dry seasons. Dissolution of the limestone by the slightly acid waters may account for the removal of the calcite that is replaced by chert.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3033:NAOOEA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1970, Nature and origin of early and late cherts in the Leadville Limestone, Colorado: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3033-3048, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3033:NAOOEA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3033","endPage":"3048","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Leadville","otherGeospatial":"Sawatch Range, White River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.84454345703125,\n              39.49132430037711\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.611083984375,\n              39.48496522541802\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.9683837890625,\n              38.46649284538942\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.75714111328125,\n              38.46434231629165\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.74066162109375,\n              39.35341418045878\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.03704833984375,\n              39.92448212528485\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84454345703125,\n              39.920269337633975\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84454345703125,\n              39.49132430037711\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70226538,"text":"70226538 - 1970 - Computer ray tracing through complex geological models for ground motion studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T14:20:39.091863","indexId":"70226538","displayToPublicDate":"1970-08-01T08:15:34","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer ray tracing through complex geological models for ground motion studies","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1440117","usgsCitation":"Yacoub, N.K., Scott, J.H., and McKeown, F.A., 1970, Computer ray tracing through complex geological models for ground motion studies: Geophysics, v. 35, no. 4, p. 586-602, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440117.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"586","endPage":"602","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yacoub, Nazieh K.","contributorId":84389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yacoub","given":"Nazieh","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, James H.","contributorId":73579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70211007,"text":"70211007 - 1970 - Radiogenic heat production of contrasting magma series: Bearing on interpretation of heat flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T18:46:27.744971","indexId":"70211007","displayToPublicDate":"1970-07-09T13:43:40","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiogenic heat production of contrasting magma series: Bearing on interpretation of heat flow","docAbstract":"<p><span>Variation in radiogenic heat production of rocks of diverse magma series (representative of calcic, calc-alkalic, alkali-calcic, and alkalic petrographic provinces on a worldwide basis) is better correlated with some form of magmatic differentiation index, rather than simply with potassium content alone as commonly supposed. The “lime-alkali” (Peacock) index generally gives the best correlation of the various indices tested. Plots of heat production for igneous suites versus indices of differentiation (“heat production trends”) demonstrate systematic correlations of heat productivity as functions of fractionation trends and/or spatial-temporal associations. In general, heat production trends of calcic suites tend to indicate lower radiogenic heat productivity than those of more alkalic suites for a given silica or potassium content. Because many recent measurements of heat flow in plutons can be linearly related to heat production of surface rocks, these “heat production trends” have important bearing on the interpretation of crustal heat flow. Our data suggest possible alternative interpretations of the heat production-heat flow pattern for the Sierra Nevada which differ from that in Lachen-bruch's (1968) preliminary geothermal model.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1447:RHPOCM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Gottfried, D., and Dodge, F.C., 1970, Radiogenic heat production of contrasting magma series: Bearing on interpretation of heat flow: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1447-1462, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1447:RHPOCM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1447","endPage":"1462","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gottfried, David","contributorId":82295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}