{"pageNumber":"1605","pageRowStart":"40100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70010287,"text":"70010287 - 1970 - Jupiter: His limb darkening and the magnitude of his internal energy source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T22:15:51.001585","indexId":"70010287","displayToPublicDate":"1970-06-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jupiter: His limb darkening and the magnitude of his internal energy source","docAbstract":"The most accurate infrared photometric observations (8 to 14 microns) to date of the average limb darkening of Jupiter have been combined with the most refined deduction of jovian model atmospheres in which flux constancy has been closely maintained in the upper regime of radiative equilibrium and a much more accurate approximation of the 10- and 16-micron vibration-rotation bands of ammonia has been incorporated. The theoretically predicted emergent specific intensity has been multiplied by the spectral response function and folded (mathematically convolved - intersmeared) with the spatial response function of the atmosphere-telescope-photometer combination. The resulting comparison indicates that Jupiter is radiating from three to four times as much power as the planet is receiving from the sun.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3936.1214","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Trafton, L., and Wildey, R., 1970, Jupiter: His limb darkening and the magnitude of his internal energy source: Science, v. 168, no. 3936, p. 1214-1215, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3936.1214.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1214","endPage":"1215","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Jupiter","volume":"168","issue":"3936","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a402ce4b0c8380cd64b49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trafton, L.M.","contributorId":15337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trafton","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206930,"text":"70206930 - 1970 - Role of gravity, temperature gradients, and ion exchange media in the formation of fossil brines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T17:57:44.654754","indexId":"70206930","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-30T17:00:21","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of gravity, temperature gradients, and ion exchange media in the formation of fossil brines","docAbstract":"<p>Calculations show that gravitational settling of ions in an isothermal sediment column could produce increases of equilibrium concentrations in pore waters ranging from 1 percent per 100 m depth for chloride to 4 percent per 100 m depth for strontium.</p><p>The migration of ions in a thermal gradient (Soret effect) would cause minor salt enrichment upward toward the colder pole, but the presence of cation-exchanging particles such as clays would reverse this tendency and cause pumping of salt downward. A model calculation using literature data for the thermal potentials suggests that about 5-percent enrichment in Cl per 100 m depth may occur under steady-state conditions.</p><p>These mechanisms do not explain the greater enrichments commonly found in subsurface brines, but may modify salt distributions due to other phenomena.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/5D25CA1B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Mangelsdorf, P.C., Manheim, F., and Gieskes, J.M., 1970, Role of gravity, temperature gradients, and ion exchange media in the formation of fossil brines: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, no. 4, p. 617-626, https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25CA1B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"626","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangelsdorf, P. C. Jr.","contributorId":301863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mangelsdorf","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":45294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":862861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gieskes, J. M.","contributorId":24507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gieskes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010139,"text":"70010139 - 1970 - Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T23:02:55.008936","indexId":"70010139","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon","docAbstract":"Seismic signals recorded from impacts of missiles at the White Sands Missile Range are radically different from the signal recorded from the Apollo 12 lunar module impact. This implies that lunar structure to depths of at least 10 to 20 kilometers is quite different from the typical structure of the earth's crust. Results obtained from this study can be used to predict seismic wave amplitudes from future man-made lunar impacts. Seismic energy and crater dimensions from impacts are compared with measurements from chemical explosions.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3928.242","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Latham, G., McDonald, W., and Moore, H., 1970, Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon: Science, v. 168, no. 3928, p. 242-245, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3928.242.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.52199247688944,\n              32.39839652364729\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.52199247688944,\n              32.356679726581476\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4532342753507,\n              32.356679726581476\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4532342753507,\n              32.39839652364729\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.52199247688944,\n              32.39839652364729\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"3928","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b51e4b0c8380cd6f4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Latham, G.V.","contributorId":8844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, W.G.","contributorId":65985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70219892,"text":"70219892 - 1970 - Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T11:23:51.765336","indexId":"70219892","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T06:17:35","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","docAbstract":"<p>A much fuller understanding of the Green River oil shale and its organic chemistry will emerge when the geologists, paleontologists, organic chemists, biologists, paleolimnologists, and biogeochemists, who are now working on it, integrate their findings with those of the others.</p><p>We know from the geology, paleontology, and paleolimnology that the biologic progenitors of the organic substance in the Green River oil shale could only have been microscopic algae, and other micro-organisms, that grew and accumulated in the central parts of large, shallow lakes that existed under a subtropical climate. The only nonlacustrine organic components were wind-blown, or water borne, pollens and waxy spores. These, however, made up a large and important part of the organic-rich sediment. The geology of the Green River Formation shows that as the algal and pollen-rich sediment was buried deeper and deeper, progressively more of its pore water and dissolved constituents were expressed. Static pressures may have reached as much as 210 kg cm<sup>−2</sup>, and the ambient temperature rose, with depth, to somewhere within the range between 90° and 125° C. Beneath the ancient lakes a tectonically quiescent environment persisted for tens of millions of years after their organic sediments had been deeply buried.</p><p>The organic material of the Green River oil shale can be divided into three fractions—a small bitumen fraction that is extractable with common organic solvents, a major fraction called koerogen that consists of insoluble pyrobitumens, and a somewhat smaller inert fraction that is neither soluble nor does it yield oil on pyrolysis. As all three fractions originated in the same algal, pollen-rich sediment, an explanation for their marked differences must be sought in their geochemical history or from a study of the modern analogues of their progenitors. The components of the bitumen fraction consisted of “biological markers” that were inherited from the Eocene plants and animals in which they originally formed. Diagenesis has changed these hydrogen-rich compounds, but not enough to obscure their provenance. Kerogen presumably became insoluble because its hydrogen-rich components polymerized. My speculation is that the inert fraction was derived from a polyphenolic substance produced in the original algal ooze by “non-enzymatic browning.”</p><p>Only three Classes of non-marine algae need be considered as progenitors of the Green River oil shale; the Xanthophyceae, the Chlorophyceae, and the Cyanophyceae. Only the Cyanophyceae (the blue-green algae) meet the biologic and paleontologic requirements to have served as the dominant precursors of the Green River oil shale. Several other oil shales clearly were derived from the Xanthophyceae, specifically Botryococcus.</p><p>The blue-green algal ooze now forming, and accumulating, in Mud Lake, Florida, has been studied biologically and chemically as a possible present-day analogue of the Green River oil shale precursor. In this small lake we have established the fact that a bacterial inhibitor is produced, which inhibits decay of the algae and thereby permits the accumulation of energy-rich organic compounds. We infer that a similar indigenous inhibitor must have acted in the Eocene lakes to permit them to become the huge energy sinks they were.</p><p>Studies of the organic chemistry of living blue-green algae show that they contain appreciable percentages of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and very large percentages of proteins. These promising, energy-rich compounds could serve as source materials for potential conversion into oil shale in the geologic future. Certain marine anaerobic bacteria convert fatty acids into aliphatic hydrocarbons. Fresh-water obligate anaerobes should be investigated to see if they also convert fatty acids into hydrocarbons. The part played by aquatic animals that live in, or on, freshwater algal ooze in synthesizing hydrocarbons has not been investigated, but deserves attention.</p><p>Pollen grains, of course, must be considered an important precursor of hydrocarbons produced on pyrolysis. They contain far higher percentages of long chain hydrocarbons and alcohols than most plant materials.</p><p>The major problem ahead is to account for the progressive hydrogenation and subsequent polymerization of the relatively oxygen-rich constituents of algae such as the polysaccharides, amino acids, ammo sugars, and fatty acids into the insoluble pyrobitumens that constitute, particularly, the kerogen fraction of the Green River oil shale.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1970, Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 985-1000, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"1000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Green River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.9072265625,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.13818359375,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.13818359375,\n              41.57436130598913\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.9072265625,\n              41.57436130598913\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.9072265625,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70226789,"text":"70226789 - 1970 - Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T14:01:39.79253","indexId":"70226789","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-01T07:53:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","docAbstract":"<p>Observations of icebergs in a modern glacial marine environment indicate that ancient rocks that received iceberg-rafted material should contain: (1) local concentrations of stones that originated when icebergs overturned, and (2) small pellets of till that were originally sediment filling the spaces between clear ice crystals.</p><p>The till pellets are especially significant in identifying an ancient glacial setting because they originate through a process unique to glaciers—the flow-and recrystallization-induced segregation of originally disseminated fine sediment. Thus when freed by melting and deposited by iceberg rafting, the pellets would reliably indicate the presence of glacial ice in an ancient environment. In the Gowganda Formation, a Precambrian glacial deposit, strata that contain outsized, presumably iceberg-rafted stones also contain abundant small flattened clasts of unsorted graywacke interpreted as the lithified counterparts of the till pellets observed on modern icebergs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[891:OOIRIG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ovenshine, A.T., 1970, Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 3, p. 891-894, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[891:OOIRIG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"894","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -138.6639404296875,\n              59.12240677261356\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3233642578125,\n              59.01794033995248\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.0157470703125,\n              58.86774474539531\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.0377197265625,\n              58.74540696858028\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.17529296875,\n              58.36427519285588\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.9610595703125,\n              58.344100629556614\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.658935546875,\n              58.1793925460941\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.47216796875,\n              58.274843152138224\n            ],\n          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         59.12240677261356\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ovenshine, A. Thomas","contributorId":28989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ovenshine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227167,"text":"70227167 - 1970 - Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T17:27:07.028613","indexId":"70227167","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T11:19:46","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9973,"text":"Radio Science","onlineIssn":"1944-799X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The new data on the physical characteristics of the lunar surface derived from the Surveyor pictures can be fitted to a simple ballistic model for the origin and development of the lunar regolith. At a given locality, the size-frequency distributions of craters on the lunar surface can be represented by two functions: Small craters follow a steady-state distribution of the form<span>&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= Φ<i>C</i><sup>μ</sup>, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the cumulative number of craters with a diameter ≥<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the diameter of the craters, Φ and μ have the steady-state values Φ = 10<sup>10·9</sup>, and μ = −2.00 at all five Surveyor landing sites. Larger craters are represented by the function<span>&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= χ<i>c</i><sup>λ</sup>, where λ &lt; μ, and χ varies from one landing site to another. The solution for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>at the intersection of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= χ<i>c</i><sup>λ</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= Φ<i>c</i>μ, designated as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c<sub>s</sub></i>, is the upper limiting crater diameter for the steady-state distribution. The value of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a function of the age of the surface on which the regolith has formed. The thickness of the lunar regolith may be estimated from a variety of observational data. The estimated thickness of the regolith at a given Surveyor landing site is bracketed by the original depths of (1) the smallest blocky-rimmed craters that cut through the regolith and excavate coherent material beneath, and (2) the largest, sharp, raised-rim craters without blocks that have been excavated wholly within the slightly cohesive material that forms the regolith. Other direct estimates of the thickness of the regolith are the inferred original depth of the largest craters believed to have been formed by drainage of the regolith material into subregolith fissures and, at the Surveyor-7 site, the depth at which the surface sampler instrument encountered coherent material. The thickest regolith was found at the Surveyor-6 site, where it is estimated to be more than 10 meters thick, and the thinnest was found at the Surveyor-7 site, where it is estimated to be 2 to 15 cm thick. Particle counts from sample areas at each of the Surveyor landing sites show an approximately linear relationship between the log of the cumulative particle counts and the log of the particle size. A power function of the form<span>&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;</span>=<span>&nbsp;</span><i>KD</i><sup>λ</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the cumulative number of particles with diameter equal to or larger than<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the diameter of particles) can be fitted to the data at each site. The size-frequency distribution of resolvable fragments at the Surveyor 3, 5, and 6 landing sites was found to be the same, within errors of estimation, but at the Surveyor 1 and 7 sites coarse fragments are more numerous. Considering all five sites, we found a strong inverse correlation between the abundance of coarse blocks and the thickness of the regolith. The coarsest fragments are most abundant at the sites with the thinnest regolith.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1029/RS005i002p00129","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E.M., and Morris, E.C., 1970, Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations: Radio Science, v. 5, no. 2, p. 129-155, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS005i002p00129.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lunar mare, Moon, Tycho crater","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, E. C.","contributorId":84381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70226767,"text":"70226767 - 1970 - Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T14:42:25.323858","indexId":"70226767","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T08:34:40","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith","docAbstract":"<p>A study of 193 chemical analyses of plutonic rocks from 132 localities in the central Sierra Nevada shows convincingly that K<sub>2</sub>O decreases systematically westward and suggests that Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and TiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>may also decrease westward and that FeO, MgO, and CaO may increase. The ratio K<sub>2</sub>O/SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>obviously decreases westward across six of eight provisionally established sequences of granitic rocks. Plots of analyses of rocks from each sequence form discrete fields that are strongly elongate toward zero K<sub>2</sub>O at 40 to 45 percent SiO<sub>2</sub>. The boundaries between fields on these plots and between fields on plots of normative minerals on triangular diagrams are sharp. Compositional trends within sequences are different than the compositional changes that take place across the batholith—rocks in the western Sierra Nevada probably are not compositionally identical with rocks that are present at depth beneath the eastern Sierra Nevada.</p><p>Progressive decrease of K<sub>2</sub>O in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic country rocks westward across the batholith is consistent with the anatectic model for its origin. However, it also is consistent with the hypothesis developed to explain chemical patterns in volcanic island arcs—that K<sub>2</sub>O increases toward continental land masses because of increasing depth of magma generation along landward-dipping seismic (Benioff) zones. The seismic-zone hypothesis encounters several difficulties, but it cannot be ruled out.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[409:VOMCCA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bateman, P.C., and Dodge, F.C., 1970, Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[409:VOMCCA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.92675781249999,\n              36.677230602346214\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.674560546875,\n              36.677230602346214\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.674560546875,\n              37.95286091815649\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.92675781249999,\n              37.95286091815649\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.92675781249999,\n              36.677230602346214\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, P. C.","contributorId":27851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70226554,"text":"70226554 - 1970 - Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T13:50:13.258481","indexId":"70226554","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T07:38:44","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1946,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-text row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"u-mb-1\"><div>Stable and radioactive daughter products produced from nuclear disintegrations of uranium have proved useful in fundamental studies of the geochemistry of uranium in igneous rock and sedimentary environments and in ore deposits. Information gained from geochemical studies of uranium migration has been used to develop models for attempts to date archeological, geological, and oceanographic environments represented by samples of bone, wood, charcoal, continental and marine carbonates, marine sediments, and glacially derived soils. Recent improvements of nuclear instrumentation and techniques allowed accurate measurements of natural radioactive isotopes, and it is now believed that radioactive equilibrium between the long-lived isotopes of the two uranium decay series is more the exception than the rule in nature. It was assumed that the 234U and 238U isotopes were in equilibrium until Thurber confirmed that considerable separation between 234U daughter and 238U parent exists in nature. It now has been documented that the 234U content may range from 60% deficient to 500% in excess relative to 238U. An excess of 15% of 234U isotope in sea water is well documented. A summary of previous work has shown that geochemical fractionation of the radioactive nuclides in 238U and 235U decay series takes place in the hydrologic environment, resulting in depletion of 230Th and 231Pa with respect to their parents, 238U, 234U, and 235U, in water and a complementary enrichment of these daughter nuclides in some sediments. Subsequent assimilation of Uranium, essentially free of radioactive daughters, occurs in some specific types of deposits such as carbonates and phosphates.</div></div></div></div>","conferenceTitle":"1969 Nuclear Science Symposium","conferenceDate":"October 29-31, 1969","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/TNS.1970.4325577","usgsCitation":"Rosholt, J.N., 1970, Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, v. 17, no. 1, p. 173-176, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1970.4325577.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"176","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosholt, J. N.","contributorId":11325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010432,"text":"70010432 - 1970 - Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:38:03.739605","indexId":"70010432","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals","docAbstract":"On the basis of rock modes, textures, and mineralogy, unshocked crystalline rocks are classified into a dominant ilmenite-rich suite (subdivided into intersertal, ophitic, and hornfels types) and a subordinate feldspar-rich suite (subdivided into poikilitic and granular types). Weakly to moderately shocked rocks show high strain-rate deformation and solid-state transformation of minerals to glasses; intensely shocked rocks are converted to rock glasses. Data on an unknown calcium-bearing iron metasilicate are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.644","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., James, O., Minkin, J., Boreman, J., Jackson, E., and Raleigh, C., 1970, Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 644-647, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.644.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7857e4b0c8380cd78695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, O.B.","contributorId":100526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boreman, J.A.","contributorId":8221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boreman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, E.D.","contributorId":99524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70010148,"text":"70010148 - 1970 - Lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T15:31:19.336111","indexId":"70010148","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","docAbstract":"The regolith at Tranquillity Base is a layer of fragmental debris that ranges in thickness from about 3 to 6 meters. The thickness of the regolith and the exposure histories of its constituent fragments can be related, by means of a relatively simple model, to the observed crater distribution.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.452","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E., Hait, M., Swann, G., Schleicher, D.L., Dahlem, D., Schaber, G.G., and Sutton, R.L., 1970, Lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 452-455, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.452.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a97e4b0c8380cd68eab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schleicher, D. L.","contributorId":86009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleicher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dahlem, D.H.","contributorId":42701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlem","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70226555,"text":"70226555 - 1970 - On the theory of evolution of river nets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T14:01:01.628775","indexId":"70226555","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T07:56:32","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the theory of evolution of river nets","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract test\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>An investigation is made of the growth of river basins based on the two current models of the structure of such basins: the cyclic model and the random-graph model. Based on the assumption that the networks grow allometrically, the structure of the network that evolves has been calculated based upon the above two models. Nature seems to favor the random-graph model.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626667009493938","usgsCitation":"Scheidegger, A.E., 1970, On the theory of evolution of river nets: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 15, no. 1, p. 109-114, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667009493938.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scheidegger, A. E.","contributorId":14463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheidegger","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010192,"text":"70010192 - 1970 - Isotopic composition of strontium in sea water throughout Phanerozoic time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T16:30:17.532773","indexId":"70010192","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of strontium in sea water throughout Phanerozoic time","docAbstract":"<p><span>Isotopic analyses of strontium in primary fossil carbonate reveal significant variations in&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>87</mn></msup><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>86</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Sr87Sr86</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;of sea water during the Phanerozoic. The strontium isotopic composition may have been uniform from the Ordovician through the Mississippian, with an average&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>87</mn></msup><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>86</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Sr87Sr86</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;of 0.7078. A subsequent decrease in this value into the Mesozoic is interrupted by two provisionally documented positive pulses in&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>87</mn></msup><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>86</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Sr87Sr86</span></span></span><span>—one in the Early Pennsylvanian and one in the Early Triassic. The lowest observed value (0.7068) occurred in Late Jurassic time, and this was followed by a gradual increase to 0.7075 in the Late Cretaceous and a more rapid increase through the Tertiary to 0.7090 for modern sea water. These variations are thought to be the result of a complex interplay of periods of intense volcanism and epeirogenic movements of the continents on a worldwide scale.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(70)90154-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z.E., Hedge, C., and Tourtelot, H.A., 1970, Isotopic composition of strontium in sea water throughout Phanerozoic time: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 34, no. 1, p. 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(70)90154-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa4e4b0c8380cd646b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tourtelot, H. A.","contributorId":79140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010178,"text":"70010178 - 1970 - The determination of low levels of cobalt-60 in environmental waters by liquid scintillation counting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-04T01:06:58.057684","indexId":"70010178","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The determination of low levels of cobalt-60 in environmental waters by liquid scintillation counting","docAbstract":"<div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p id=\"simple-para.0010\">A method for determination of cobalt-60 in waters at levels greater than 0.5 pCi per sample is presented. A modification of the method may be used to analyze fluvial sediments and soils. After the cobalt has been separated, first as the hydroxide and then as the thiocyanate complex in methyl isobutyl ketone, it is counted in a liquid scintillation system at 80% efficiency. Separation factors achieved for six isotopes are generally greater than 2,000. The time for a single analysis, exclusive of the counting and evaporation operations, is about 2 h.</p></div></div><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"fr\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)80953-3","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H., 1970, The determination of low levels of cobalt-60 in environmental waters by liquid scintillation counting: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 52, no. 2, p. 229-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)80953-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa99e4b08c986b3228ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, H.C.","contributorId":74028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70009945,"text":"70009945 - 1970 - Strontium isotopes in Quaternary basalts of southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T00:29:21.987729","indexId":"70009945","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopes in Quaternary basalts of southeastern California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>Strontium isotopic variations (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr of 0.7029 to 0.7052) in Quaternary basalts of southeastern California, USA, are not readily explained by assimilation of crustal material similar to that contained as xenoliths in the basalt. Isotopic differences between chrome diopside (0.7016) and olivine (0.7087) from a lherzolite xenolith suggest that the isotopic variations in the basalts may be inherited from the source regions or modified by the upper parts of the mantle that were traversed by the lavas.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(70)90078-6","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z.E., Carmichael, I.S., and Smith, A.L., 1970, Strontium isotopes in Quaternary basalts of southeastern California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 7, no. 5, p. 381-384, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(70)90078-6.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bafe4b08c986b31d026","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, I. S. E.","contributorId":61558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, A. L.","contributorId":15336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010428,"text":"70010428 - 1970 - Phase relations of a simulated lunar basalt as a function of oxygen fugacity, and their bearing on the petrogenesis of the Apollo 11 basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T01:05:22.452499","indexId":"70010428","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phase relations of a simulated lunar basalt as a function of oxygen fugacity, and their bearing on the petrogenesis of the Apollo 11 basalts","docAbstract":"<p><span>A glass of Apollo 11 basalt composition crystallizing at 1 atm at low&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x192;</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>0</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mn></msub></math>\">ƒ<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">ƒ02</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;showed the following crystallization sequence; ferropseudobrookite at 1210°C, olivine at 1200°C, ilmenite and plagioclase at 1140°C, clinopyroxene at 1113°C. Ferropseudobrookite and olivine have a reaction relation to the melt. This sequence agrees with that assumed on textural grounds for some Apollo 11 basalts. It also indicates that the Apollo 11 basalts cannot have been modified by low-pressure fractionation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(70)90042-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tuthill, R., and Sato, M., 1970, Phase relations of a simulated lunar basalt as a function of oxygen fugacity, and their bearing on the petrogenesis of the Apollo 11 basalts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 34, no. 12, p. 1293-1302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(70)90042-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1293","endPage":"1302","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7883e4b0c8380cd78700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuthill, R.L.","contributorId":101807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuthill","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sato, M.","contributorId":50201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010101,"text":"70010101 - 1970 - Photogeologic and thermal infrared reconnaissance surveys of the Los Negritos-Ixtlan de los Hervores geothermal area, Michoacan, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T15:46:42.490942","indexId":"70010101","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photogeologic and thermal infrared reconnaissance surveys of the Los Negritos-Ixtlan de los Hervores geothermal area, Michoacan, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>New techniques, involving interpretation of panchromatic, ektachrome and ektachrome infrared aerographic photogaphs and thermographic infrared imagery recording emission from the earth's surface in middle and far infrared wavelengths (3–5μm and 8–14μm), are being introduced in geothermal investigations in Mexico to identify outstanding structural and geologic features in a rapid and economical manner. The object of this work is to evaluate the new airborne infrared techniques and equipment as a complement to the data obtained from panchromatic aerial photography.</p><p>This project is part of the Mexican remote sensing program of natural resources carried out under the auspices of the Comision Nacional del Espacio Exterior and in which the Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones de la Industria Electrica) is actively participating. The present study was made cooperatively with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S. Geological Survey.</p><p>The Los Negritos-Ixtlan de los Hervores geothermal fields are located east of Lake Chapala at the intersection of the Sierra Madre occidental and the west-central segment of the neovolcanic axis of Mexico. The two principal zones of hydrothermal activity occur in a tectonic trench filled with lake sediments of the Quaternary intercalated with Quaternary and Holocene volcanic rocks and characterized by an intricate system of block-fault tectonics, part of the Chapala-Acambay tectonic system, along which there has been volcanic activity in modern time. Surface manifestations of geothermal activity consist of relatively high heat flow and hot springs, small geysers and small steam vents aligned along an E-W axis at Ixtlan, possibly at the intersection of major fault trends and mud volcanoes and hot pools aligned NE-SW at Los Negritos.</p><p>More than 20 exit points of thermal waters are shown on infrared imagery to be aligned along an extension of the Ixtlan fault between Ixtlan and El Salitre. A narrow zone of hydrothermal alteration and deposition at the surface is identifiable on the infrared imagery of this area, closey related spatially to a resistivity low at depth. Extinct geothermal areas near El Salitre, Ixtlan, and farther west at San Gregorio are clearly delineated on both infrared images and infrared ektachrome photographs. Predawn infrared images also show high-angle fault zones suggesting the dominance of block tectonics in much of the area. Special image enhancement techniques applied to the original magnetic tape records will be required for more precise identification of warm ground zones and for a qualitative or semiquantitative estimate of ground radiance associated with anomalously high convective heat flow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(70)90036-2","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Gomez, V.R., Friedman, J.D., Gawarecki, S., and Banwell, C., 1970, Photogeologic and thermal infrared reconnaissance surveys of the Los Negritos-Ixtlan de los Hervores geothermal area, Michoacan, Mexico: Geothermics, v. 2, no. 1, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(70)90036-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.05859375,\n              14.859850400601036\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.923828125,\n              14.859850400601036\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.923828125,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859375,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859375,\n              14.859850400601036\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78ece4b0c8380cd787e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez, Valle R.","contributorId":97621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Valle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, J. D.","contributorId":99157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gawarecki, S.J.","contributorId":103297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gawarecki","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banwell, C.J.","contributorId":50286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banwell","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70160903,"text":"70160903 - 1970 - Stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 and Benzocaine in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T16:08:55","indexId":"70160903","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 and Benzocaine in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rainbow trout (</span><i>Salmo gairdneri</i><span>) anesthetized with M.S. 222 for periods up to 12&ensp;min experience interrenal ascorbate depletion, uremia, and moderate hypercholesterolemia. Anesthesia with neutralized M.S. 222 (</span><i>p</i><span>H 7) or benzocaine prevented these changes and significantly reduced the variability in plasma glucose, cholesterol, and cortisol, indicating that the stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 is due to the low&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>K of the sulfonic acid moiety.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f70-097","usgsCitation":"Wedemeyer, G., 1970, Stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 and Benzocaine in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 27, no. 5, p. 909-914, https://doi.org/10.1139/f70-097.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"909","endPage":"914","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313258,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5e3e4b0e7594ee776ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary gwedemeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"gwedemeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":584207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70226549,"text":"70226549 - No Year - Comparison of basic modes for imaging the earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T18:06:07.979814","indexId":"70226549","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T12:01:33","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":true,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9932,"text":"Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets","onlineIssn":"1533-6794","printIssn":"0022-4650","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of basic modes for imaging the earth","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","conferenceTitle":"AIAA Earth Resources Observations and Information Systems Meeting","conferenceDate":"March 2-4, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Annapolis, MD","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","doi":"10.2514/3.30117","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1970, Comparison of basic modes for imaging the earth: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, v. 7, no. 9, p. 1129-1131, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.30117.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1129","endPage":"1131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":827319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70160653,"text":"70160653 - 1969 -  Irradiation of fish fillets: Relation of vapor phase reactions to storage quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T15:48:26","indexId":"70160653","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2028,"text":"International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Irradiation of fish fillets: Relation of vapor phase reactions to storage quality","docAbstract":"<p>Fish fillets irradiated under air, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon dioxide atmospheres developed rancidlike flavors when they were stored at refrigerated temperatures. Packing and irradiating under vacuum or helium prevented development of off-flavors during storage.</p><p>Significant quantities of nitrate and oxidizing substances were formed when oxygen, nitrogen, or air were present in the vapor or liquid phases contained in a Pyrex glass model system exposed to ionizing radiation supplied by a <sup>60</sup>Co source. It was demonstrated that the delayed flavor changes that occur in stored fish fillets result from the reaction of vapor phase radiolysis products and the fish tissue substrates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1016/0020-708X(69)90028-3","usgsCitation":"Spinelli, J., Dollar, A., Wedemeyer, G., and Gallagher, E., 1969,  Irradiation of fish fillets: Relation of vapor phase reactions to storage quality: International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, v. 20, no. 3, p. 167-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(69)90028-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b39e4b0a04ef4925b13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinelli, J.","contributorId":150881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spinelli","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dollar, A.M.","contributorId":150882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dollar","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary","contributorId":94244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gallagher, E.C.","contributorId":150883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallagher","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70039102,"text":"70039102 - 1969 - Analog-digital models of stream-aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-19T01:01:49","indexId":"70039102","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Analog-digital models of stream-aquifer systems","docAbstract":"The best features of analog and digital computers were combined to make a management model of a stream-aquifer system. The analog model provides a means for synthesizing, verifying, and summarizing aquifer properties; the digital model permits rapid calculation of the effects of water management practices. Given specific management alternatives, a digital program can be written that will optimize operation plans of stream-aquifer systems. The techniques are demonstrated by application to a study of the Arkansas River valley in southeastern Colorado.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70039102","collaboration":"Report prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District.","usgsCitation":"Moulder, E.A., and Jenkins, C., 1969, Analog-digital models of stream-aquifer systems: Open-File Report, ii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039102.","productDescription":"ii, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":632,"text":"Water Resources Division-Colorado District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261314,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039102/report.pdf"},{"id":261315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039102/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Bent;Crowley;Kiowa;Otero;Prowers;Pueblo","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105,37 ], [ -105,38.583333333333336 ], [ -102,38.583333333333336 ], [ -102,37 ], [ -105,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eac9e4b0c8380cd48a57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulder, E. A.","contributorId":78719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulder","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, C.T.","contributorId":106099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70001729,"text":"70001729 - 1969 - Critical review of some multivariate procedures in the analysis of geochemical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:24:50.207031","indexId":"70001729","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critical review of some multivariate procedures in the analysis of geochemical data","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>Simulation experiments have been conducted to examine the potential usefulness of R-mode and Q-mode factor methods in the analysis and interpretation of geochemical data. The R-mode factor analysis experiment consisted of constructing a factor model, using the model to generate a correlation matrix, and attempting to recover the model by R-mode techniques. The techniques were successful in determining the number of factors in the model, but the factor loadings could not be estimated even approximately on the basis of mathematical procedures alone. Q-mode factor methods were successful in recovering all of the properties of a model used to generate hypothetical chemical<i>data</i><span>&nbsp;</span>on olivine<i>samples</i>, but it was necessary to use a correction previously regarded as unimportant.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02048560","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Miesch, A., 1969, Critical review of some multivariate procedures in the analysis of geochemical data: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 1, no. 2, p. 171-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02048560.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"184","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5658,"text":"pp498D - 1969 - Chemical properties of ground water and their corrosion and encrustation effects on wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T13:09:06","indexId":"pp498D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"498","chapter":"D","title":"Chemical properties of ground water and their corrosion and encrustation effects on wells","docAbstract":"<p>Well waters in Egypt, Nigeria, and West Pakistan were studied for their chemical properties and corrosive or encrusting behavior. From the chemical composition of the waters, reaction states with reference to equilibrium were tested for 29 possible coexisting oxides, carbonates, sulfides, and elements. Of the 29 solids considered, only calcite, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, and ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub>, showed any correlation with the corrosiveness of the waters to mild steel (iron metal). All 39 of the waters tested were out of equilibrium with iron metal, but those waters in equilibrium or supersaturated with both calcite and ferric hydroxide were the least corrosive. Supersaturation with other solid phases apparently was unrelated to corrosion. </p><p>A number of solids may form surface deposits in wells and lead to decreased yields by fouling well intakes (screens and gravel packs) or increasing friction losses in casings. Calcite, CaCO<sub>3</sub>; ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub>; magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; siderite, FeCO<sub>3</sub>; hausmannite, Mn<sub>3</sub>0<sub>4</sub> (tetragonal); manganese spinel, Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (isometric); three iron sulfides mackinawite, FeS (tetragonal); greigite, Fe<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> (isometric); and smythite, Fe<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> (rhombohedral)-copper hydroxide, Co(OH)<sub>2</sub>; and manganese hydroxide, Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub>, were all at least tentatively identified in the deposits sampled. </p><p>Of geochemical interest is the demonstration that simple stable equilibrium models fail in nearly every case to predict compositions of water yielded by the wells studied. Only one stable phase (calcite) was found to exhibit behavior approximately predictable from stable equilibrium considerations. No other stable phase was found to behave as would be predicted from equilibrium considerations. All the solids found to precipitate (except calcite) are metastable in that they are not the least soluble phases possible in the systems studied. </p><p>In terms of metastable equilibrium, siderite and ferric hydroxide behave approximately as would be predicted from equilibrium considerations, but both are metastable and the presence of neither would be anticipated if only the most stable phases were considered. The behaviors of none of the other solids would be predictable from either stable or metastable equilibrium considerations. An unanswered problem raised by the study reported here is how, or by what paths, truly stable phases form if first precipitates are generally metastable.</p><p>The utility of the findings in well design and operation is in no way impaired by the general lack of equilibrium. Conditions leading to either corrosion (which is related to lack of supersaturation with protective phases), or encrustation (supersaturation&nbsp;with phases that were found to precipitate), or both, apparently can be identified. The application of the methods described can be of great importance in developing unexploited ground-water resources in that certain practical problems can be identified before extensive well construction and unnecessary well failure.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of aquifer systems","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp498D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Governments of Nigeria, the United Arab Republic, and West Pakistan, under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development Studies of well waters from Nigeria, Egypt, and Pakistan","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., and Clarke, F., 1969, Chemical properties of ground water and their corrosion and encrustation effects on wells: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 498, iv, p. D1-D58, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp498D.","productDescription":"iv, p. D1-D58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":32162,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0498d/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":117859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0498d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Egypt, Nigeria, Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[34.9226,29.50133],[34.64174,29.09942],[34.42655,28.34399],[34.15451,27.8233],[33.92136,27.6487],[33.58811,27.97136],[33.13676,28.41765],[32.42323,29.85108],[32.32046,29.76043],[32.73482,28.70523],[33.34876,27.69989],[34.10455,26.14227],[34.47387,25.59856],[34.79507,25.03375],[35.69241,23.92671],[35.49372,23.75237],[35.52598,23.10244],[36.69069,22.20485],[36.86623,22],[32.9,22],[29.02,22],[25,22],[25,25.6825],[25,29.23865],[24.70007,30.04419],[24.95762,30.6616],[24.80287,31.08929],[25.16482,31.56915],[26.49533,31.58568],[27.45762,31.32126],[28.45048,31.02577],[28.91353,30.87005],[29.68342,31.18686],[30.09503,31.4734],[30.97693,31.55586],[31.68796,31.4296],[31.96041,30.9336],[32.19247,31.26034],[32.99392,31.02407],[33.7734,30.96746],[34.26544,31.21936],[34.9226,29.50133]]],[[[8.50029,4.77198],[7.46211,4.41211],[7.0826,4.46469],[6.69807,4.24059],[5.89817,4.26245],[5.3628,4.88797],[5.03357,5.6118],[4.32561,6.27065],[3.57418,6.2583],[2.6917,6.25882],[2.74906,7.87073],[2.72379,8.50685],[2.91231,9.13761],[3.22035,9.44415],[3.70544,10.06321],[3.60007,10.33219],[3.79711,10.73475],[3.57222,11.32794],[3.61118,11.66017],[3.68063,12.5529],[3.96728,12.95611],[4.10795,13.53122],[4.36834,13.74748],[5.44306,13.86592],[6.44543,13.49277],[6.82044,13.11509],[7.33075,13.09804],[7.80467,13.34353],[9.01493,12.82666],[9.52493,12.8511],[10.11481,13.27725],[10.70103,13.24692],[10.98959,13.38732],[11.5278,13.32898],[12.30207,13.03719],[13.08399,13.59615],[13.3187,13.55636],[13.99535,12.46157],[14.18134,12.48366],[14.57718,12.08536],[14.46819,11.90475],[14.41538,11.57237],[13.57295,10.79857],[13.30868,10.16036],[13.1676,9.64063],[12.95547,9.41777],[12.75367,8.71776],[12.21887,8.30582],[12.06395,7.79981],[11.83931,7.39704],[11.74577,6.98138],[11.05879,6.64443],[10.49738,7.05536],[10.11828,7.03877],[9.52271,6.45348],[9.23316,6.44449],[8.75753,5.47967],[8.50029,4.77198]]],[[[75.15803,37.13303],[75.8969,36.66681],[76.19285,35.8984],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.87172,34.65354],[75.75706,34.50492],[74.2402,34.74889],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.10429,33.44147],[74.45156,32.7649],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.40593,31.69264],[74.42138,30.97981],[73.45064,29.97641],[72.82375,28.96159],[71.77767,27.91318],[70.6165,27.9892],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.16893,26.49187],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.8447,25.2151],[71.04324,24.35652],[68.8426,24.35913],[68.17665,23.69197],[67.44367,23.94484],[67.14544,24.66361],[66.37283,25.42514],[64.53041,25.23704],[62.9057,25.21841],[61.49736,25.07824],[61.87419,26.23997],[63.31663,26.75653],[63.2339,27.21705],[62.75543,27.37892],[62.72783,28.25964],[61.77187,28.69933],[61.36931,29.30328],[60.87425,29.82924],[62.54986,29.31857],[63.55026,29.46833],[64.148,29.34082],[64.35042,29.56003],[65.04686,29.47218],[66.34647,29.88794],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.93889,31.30491],[67.68339,31.30315],[67.79269,31.58293],[68.55693,31.71331],[68.92668,31.62019],[69.31776,31.90141],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.68715,33.1055],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.8818,33.98886],[71.15677,34.34891],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.84629,36.50994],[72.92002,36.72001],[74.06755,36.83618],[74.57589,37.02084],[75.15803,37.13303]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Egypt\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Ivan","contributorId":56619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, Frank Eldridge","contributorId":107255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank Eldridge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6309,"text":"pp542G - 1969 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on various communities","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":6309,"text":"pp542G - 1969 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on various communities","indexId":"pp542G","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on various communities"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T19:46:13.571561","indexId":"pp542G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"G","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on various communities","docAbstract":"<p>The 1964 earthquake caused wide-spread damage to inhabited places throughout more than 60,000 square miles of south-central Alaska. This report describes damage to all communities in the area except Anchorage, Whittier, Homer, Valdez, Seward, the communities of the Kodiak group of islands, and communities in the Copper River Basin; these were discussed in previous chapters of the Geological Survey's series of reports on the earthquake. At the communities discussed herein, damage resulted primarily from sea waves of diverse origins, displacements of the land relative to sea level, and seismic shaking. Waves took all of the 31 lives lost at those communities; physical damage was primarily from the waves and vertical displacements of the land relative to sea level.</p>\n</br>\n<p>Destructive waves of local origin struck during or immediately after the earthquake throughout much of Prince William Sound, the southern Kenai Peninsula, and the shores of Kenai Lake. In Prince William Sound, waves demolished all but one home at the native village of Chenega, destroyed homesites at Point Nowell and Anderson Bay, and caused varying amounts of damage to waterfront facilities at Sawmill Bay, Latouche, Port Oceanic, Port Nellie Juan, Perry Island, and western Port Valdez. The local waves, which ran up as high as 70 feet above tide level at Chenega and more than 170 feet in several uninhabited parts of the Sound, took nearly all of the lives lost by drowning at these communities. Destructive local waves that devastated shores of Anderson Bay and adjacent parts of western Port Valdez probably were generated primarily by massive submarine slides of glacial and fluvioglacial deposits ; the origin of the waves that caused damage at most of the other communities and at extensive uninhabited segments of shoreline is not known. At these places the most probable generative mechanisms are: unidentified submarine slides of unconsolidated deposits, and (or) the horizontal tectonic displacements, of 20 to more than 60 feet, that occurred in the Prince William Sound region during the earthquake.</p>\n</br>\n<p>A train of long-period seismic sea waves that began about 20 minutes after the start of the earthquake inundated shores along the Gulf of Alaska coast to a maximum height of 35 feet above tide level. At the communities described, they virtually destroyed two logging camps at Whidbey Bay and Puget Bay on the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula, caused moderate damage to boat harbors and docks at Seldovia and Cordova, floated away some beach cabins in the Cordova area, and drowned two people, one at Point Whitshed near Cordora and one at the Cape Saint Elias Light Station. The seismic sea waves were generated by regional tectonic uplift of the sea floor on the Continental Shelf.</p>\n</br>\n<p>Vertical tectonic displacements of the land relative to sea level that accompanied the earthquake affected virtually all the coastal communities. Tectonic subsidence of 5 to 6 feet, augmented locally by surficial subsidence of unconsolidated deposits required either the relocation or raising of structures at Portage, Girdwood, and Hope on Turnagain Arm. Shoreline submergence resulting from about 3½ feet of tectonic subsidence at Seldovia necessitated raising all waterfront facilities and the airstrip above the level of high tides. On the other hand, tectonic uplift of the land in the Prince Williams Sound region required deepening of the small-boat harbors at Cordora and Tatitlek, dredging of the waterways in the Cordova area, and lengthening of some docks or piers at Cordova, the Cape Hinchinbrook Light Station, and in Sawmill Bay.</p>\n</br>\n<p>Significant structural damage from direct seismic shaking was largely confined to fluid containers and a pier facility near Kenai. Indirect damage from fissuring and differential settling of foundation mterials in the vicinity of the Cordova airfield mused damage to a building, underground utilities, an airfield fill, and the highway. Minor amounts of direct and indirect damage from seismic vibrations were sustained by most of the communities situated on unconsolidated deposits as far east as Yakutat, north to Fairbanks, and west to King Salmon. Except for a few cracked or toppled chimney, all the damage from shaking was confined to areas of thick, unconsolidated deposits. Foundation damage was almost entirely restricted to water-saturated unconsolidated deposits which, when liquefied by seismic shaking, could spread laterally toward free faces and (or) settle differentially through compaction.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542G","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., Kachadoorian, R., Eckel, E.B., and Mayo, L.R., 1969, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on various communities: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 50 p.; 2 Plates: 47 x 35 inches and 41.96 x 37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542G.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 50 p.; 2 Plates: 47 x 35 inches and 41.96 x 37 inches","numberOfPages":"61","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399843,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4589.htm"},{"id":33598,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542g/pp542g_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33597,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542g/pp542g_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33596,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542g/pp542g_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":104505,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542g/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4589"}],"scale":"2500000","datum":"Mean Sea Level","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168,\n              52\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              52\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              66.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -168,\n              66.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -168,\n              52\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c82f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kachadoorian, Reuben","contributorId":24336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kachadoorian","given":"Reuben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eckel, Edwin B.","contributorId":26680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayo, Lawrence R.","contributorId":98344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3658,"text":"cir608 - 1969 - Scientific or rule-of-thumb techniques of ground-water management--Which will prevail?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T13:03:53","indexId":"cir608","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"608","title":"Scientific or rule-of-thumb techniques of ground-water management--Which will prevail?","docAbstract":"Emphasis in ground-water development, once directed largely to quantitatively minor (but sociologically vital) service of human and stock needs, is shifting: aquifers are treated as possible regulating reservoirs managed conjunctively with surface water. Too, emphasis on reducing stream pollution is stimulating interest in aquifers as possible waste-storage media. \r\n\r\nSuch management of aquifers requires vast amounts of data plus a much better understanding of aquifer-system behavior than now exists. Implicit in this deficiency of knowledge is a need for much new research, lest aquifers be managed according to ineffective rule-of-thumb standards, or even abandoned as unmanageable. \r\n\r\nThe geohydrologist's task is to define both internal and boundary characteristics of aquifer systems. Stratigraphy is a primary determinant of these characteristics, but stratigraphically minor features may make aquifers transcend stratigraphic boundaries. For example, a structurally insignificant fracture may carry more water than a major fault; a minor stratigraphic discontinuity may be a major hydrologic boundary. Hence, there is a need for ways of defining aquifer boundaries and quantifying aquifer and confining-bed characteristics that are very different from ordinary stratigraphic techniques. Among critical needs are techniques for measuring crossbed permeability; for extrapolating and interpolating point data on direction and magnitude of permeability in defining aquifer geometry; and for accurately measuring geochemical properties of water and aquifer material, and interpreting those measurements in terms of source of water, rate of movement, and waste-sorbing capacities of aquifers and of confining beds--in general, techniques adequate for predicting aquifer response to imposed forces whether static, hydraulic, thermal, or chemical. Only when such predictions can be made routinely can aquifer characteristics be inserted into a master model that incorporates both the hydrologic and the socioeconomic facts necessary to intelligent social actions involving water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir608","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C.L., 1969, Scientific or rule-of-thumb techniques of ground-water management--Which will prevail?: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 608, iii, 8 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir608.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30699,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1969/0608/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1969/0608/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fceba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, Charles Lee","contributorId":101249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1676,"text":"wsp1757K - 1969 - A ground-water reconnaissance of the Republic of Ghana, with a description of geohydrologic provinces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1757K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"K","title":"A ground-water reconnaissance of the Republic of Ghana, with a description of geohydrologic provinces","docAbstract":"This report gives a general summary of the availability and use of ground water and describes the occurrence of ground water in five major geohydrologic provinces lying in the eight administrative regions of Ghana. The identification and delineation of the geohydrologic provinces are based on their distinctive characteristics with respect to the occurrence and availability of ground water. \r\n\r\nThe Precambrian province occupies the southern, western, and northern parts of Ghana and is underlain largely by intrusive crystalline and metasedimentary rocks. The Voltaian province includes that part of the Voltaian sedimentary basin in central Ghana and is underlain chiefly by consolidated sandstone, mudstone, and shale. Narrow discontinuous bands of consolidated Devonian and Jurassic sedimentary rocks near the coast constitute the Coastal Block Fault province. \r\n\r\nThe Coastal Plain province includes semiconsolidated to unconsolidated sediments of Cretaceous to Holocene age that underlie coastal plain areas in southwestern and southeastern Ghana. The Alluvial province includes the Quaternary alluvial deposits in the principal river valleys and on the delta of the Volta River. Because of the widespread distribution of crystalline and consolidated sedimentary rocks of low permeability in the Precambrian, Voltaian, and Coastal Block Fault provinces, it is difficult to develop large or event adequate groundwater supplies in much of Ghana. On the other hand, small (1 to 50 gallons per minute) supplies of water of usable quality are available from carefully sited boreholes in most parts of the country. Also, moderate (50 to 200 gpm) supplies of water are currently (1964) obtained from small-diameter screened boreholes tapping sand and limestone aquifers in the Coastal Plain province in southwestern and southeastern Ghana, but larger supplies could be obtained through properly constructed boreholes. In the Alluvial province, unconsolidated deposits in the larger stream valleys that are now largely undeveloped offer desirable locations for shallow vertical or horizontal wells, which can induce infiltration from streams and yield moderate to large water supplies. \r\n\r\nThe principal factors that limit development of ground-water supplies in Ghana are (1) prevailing low permeability and water-yielding potential of the crystalline and consolidated sedimentary rocks that underlie most of the country, (2) highly mineralized ground water which appears to be widely distributed in the northern part of the Voltaian province, and (3) potential problems of salt-water encroachment in the Coastal Plain province in the Western Region and in the Keta area. \r\n\r\nOn the other hand, weathering has increased porosity and has thus substantially increased the water-yielding potential of the crystalline and consolidated sedimentary rocks in much of central and northern Ghana. Also, with proper construction and development, much larger yields than those now (1964) prevalent could be obtained from boreholes tapping sand and limestone aquifers in the Coastal Plain province.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757K","usgsCitation":"Gill, H., 1969, A ground-water reconnaissance of the Republic of Ghana, with a description of geohydrologic provinces: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757K.","productDescription":"iii, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26751,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757k/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26752,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757k/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26753,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b45c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, H.E.","contributorId":24330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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