Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been made on four glass spherules and fragments from the Luna 20 fines; two at 300°K and two from 300°K to 4°K. From these data the magnetic susceptibility extrapolated to infinite field, the magnetization at low fields and also the saturation magnetization at high fields, the Curie constant, the Weiss temperature, and the temperature-independent susceptibility were determined. Using a model previously proposed for the Apollo specimens, the Curie constant of the antiferromagnetic inclusions and a zero field splitting parameter were calculated for the same specimens. The data show the relatively low concentration of iron in all forms in these specimens. In addition, the Weiss temperature is lower than that measured for the Apollo specimens, and can be attributed almost entirely to the ligand field distortion about the Fe2+ ions in the glassy phase. The data further suggest that the Luna 20 specimens cooled more slowly than those of the Apollo missions, and that some of the antiferromagnetic inclusions in the glass may have crystallized from the glass during cooling.
Instrumentation placed ahead of three model tunnels in the laboratory and ahead of a crosscut driven in a metamorphic rock mass detected stress changes several tunnel diameters ahead of the tunnel face. Stress changes were detected 4 diameters ahead of a model tunnel drilled into nearly elastic acrylic, 2·50 diameters ahead of a model tunnel drilled into concrete, and 2 diameters ahead of a model tunnel drilled into Silver Plume Granite. Stress changes were detected 7·50 diameters ahead of a crosscut driven in jointed, closely foliated gneisses and gneissic granites in an experimental mine at Idaho Springs, Colorado. These results contrast markedly with a theoretical elastic estimate of the onset of detectable stress changes at 1 tunnel diameter ahead of the tunnel face.
A small compressive stress concentration was detected 2 diameters ahead of the model tunnel in acrylic, 1.25 diameters ahead of the model tunnel in concrete, and 1 diameter ahead of the model tunnel in granite. A similar stress peak was detected about 6 diameters ahead of the crosscut. No such stress peak is predicted from elastic theory.
The 3-dimensional in situ stress determined in the field demonstrate that geologic structure controls stress orientations in the metamorphic rock mass. Two of the computed principal stresses are parallel to the foliation and the other principal stress is normal to it. The principal stress orientations vary approximately as the foliation attitude varies. The average horizontal stress components and the average vertical stress component are three times and twice as large, respectively, as those predicted from the overburden load. An understanding of the measured stress field appears to require the application of either tectonic or residual stress components, or both. Laboratory studies indicate the presence of proportionately large residual stresses. Mining may have triggered the release of strain energy, which is controlled by geologic structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(73)90013-2","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Abel, J., and Lee, F.T., 1973, Stress changes ahead of an advancing tunnel: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 10, no. 6, p. 673-697, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(73)90013-2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"697","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Idaho Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.58685302734375,\n 39.69133734501796\n ],\n [\n -105.40969848632811,\n 39.69133734501796\n ],\n [\n -105.40969848632811,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -105.58685302734375,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -105.58685302734375,\n 39.69133734501796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b52e4b08c986b31cdd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abel, J.F.","contributorId":39936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abel","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, F. T.","contributorId":50163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159640,"text":"70159640 - 1973 - Geologic implications of the Apollo 14 Fra Mauro breccias and comparison with ejecta from the Ries Crater, Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T11:13:14","indexId":"70159640","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic implications of the Apollo 14 Fra Mauro breccias and comparison with ejecta from the Ries Crater, Germany","docAbstract":"On the basis of petrographic and laboratory and active seismic data for the Fra Mauro breccias, and by comparison with the nature and distribution of the ejecta from the Ries crater, Germany, some tentative conclusions regarding the geologic significance of the Fra Mauro Formation on the moon can be drawn. The Fra Mauro Formation, as a whole, consists of unwcldcd, porous ejecta, slightly less porous than the regolith. It contains hand-specimen and larger size clasts of strongly annealed complex breccias, partly to slightly annealed breccias, basalts, and perhaps spherule-rich breccias. These clasts are embedded in a matrix of porous aggregate dominated by mineral and breccia fragments and probably largely free of undevitrified glass. All strongly annealed hand-specimen-size breccias are clasts in the Fra Mauro Formation. To account for the porous, unwelded state of the Fra Mauro Formation, the ejecta must have been deposited at a temperature below that required for welding and annealing. Large boulders probably compacted by the Cone crater event occur near the rim of the crater. They probably consist of a similar suite of fragments, but are probably less porous than the formation. The geochronologic clocks of fragments in the Fra Mauro Formation, with textures ranging from unannealed to strongly annealed, were not reset or strongly modified by the Imbrian event. Strongly annealed breccia clasts and basalt clasts are pre-Imbrian, and probably existed as ejecta mixed with basalt flows in the Imbrium Basin prior to the Imbrian event. The Imbrian event probably occurred between 3.90 or 3.88 and 3.65 b.y. ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Work done in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under NASA contracts T-75412and W13,130","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., 1973, Geologic implications of the Apollo 14 Fra Mauro breccias and comparison with ejecta from the Ries Crater, Germany: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 1, p. 1-18.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Germany","otherGeospatial":"Ries Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 10.559406280517578,\n 48.89127345428711\n ],\n [\n 10.575284957885742,\n 48.89014478514142\n ],\n [\n 10.583868026733398,\n 48.88272315101263\n ],\n [\n 10.573482513427734,\n 48.87267538213101\n ],\n [\n 10.552539825439453,\n 48.877643070685465\n ],\n [\n 10.549321174621582,\n 48.885827390545955\n ],\n [\n 10.559406280517578,\n 48.89127345428711\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564b0c48e4b0ebfbef0d314d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010264,"text":"70010264 - 1973 - Production of superheated steam from vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T14:15:38.320431","indexId":"70010264","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Production of superheated steam from vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs","docAbstract":"Vapor-dominated geothermal systems such as Larderello, Italy, The Geysers, California, and Matsukawa, Japan yield dry or superheated steam when exploited. Models for these systems are examined along with production data and the thermodynamic properties of water, steam and rock. It is concluded that these systems initially consist of a water and steam filled reservoir, a water-saturated cap rock, and a water or brine-saturated deep reservoir below a water table. Most liquid water in all parts of the system is relatively immobilized in small pores and crevices; steam dominates the large fractures and voids of the reservoir and is the continuous, pressure-controlling phase. With production, the pressure is lowered and the liquid water boils, causing massive transfer of heat from the rock and its eventual drying. Passage of steam through already dried rock produces superheating. After an initial vaporization of liquid water in the reservoir, the decrease in pressure produces increased boiling below the deep water table. With heavy exploitation, boiling extends deeper into hotter rock and the temperature of the steam increases. This model explains most features of the published production behavior of these systems and can be used to guide exploitation policies.
Deuterium and O18 analyses were made on 25 formation-water samples from Miocene (Temblor Formation) and Eocene (McAdams Formation) reservoir rocks at Kettleman North Dome oil field, California, and on three surface water samples from Reef Ridge located about three miles to the west of the field. The δO18 values obtained generally increase with depth and most probably are due to temperature controlled exchange reactions with carbonate cement and dissolved carbonate species. The δD values obtained seem to be controlled primarily by the membrane behavior of shales modifying the assumed original values. The contribution of isotopic exchange between water and clays cannot be evaluated at present.
The isotopic data support the conclusions based on a detailed study of geology, hydrodynamics, and formation water geochemistry (Kharaka, 1971) which indicate that:
1. The Temblor Formation waters are probably meteoric in origin concentrated chemically and isotopically by shale membranes, and 2. The McAdams Formation waters were most probably obtained by squeezing the original interstitial marine connate waters of deposition from the underlying Mesozoic sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(73)90148-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Berry, F., and Friedman, I., 1973, Isotopic composition of oil-field brines from Kettleman North Dome, California, and their geologic implications: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, no. 8, p. 1899-1908, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90148-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1899","endPage":"1908","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":381758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Kettleman North Dome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 35.980228800645676\n ],\n [\n -119.41177368164061,\n 35.980228800645676\n ],\n [\n -119.41177368164061,\n 36.094609063015085\n ],\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 36.094609063015085\n ],\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 35.980228800645676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa3e4b0c8380cd646aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, F.A.F.","contributorId":15755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"F.A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010125,"text":"70010125 - 1973 - U-Th-Pb measurements of Luna 20 soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-06T14:22:44.31134","indexId":"70010125","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Th-Pb measurements of Luna 20 soil","docAbstract":"The concentrations of uranium, thorium and lead and the lead isotopic composition of Luna 20 soil were determined. The data indicate that the Luna 20 soil is mainly a mixture of highland anorthosites and low-K basalt, but little KREEP basalt. The U-Th-Pb systematics are discussed in comparison with other lunar soils, especially with Apollo 16 soils which were collected from a ‘typical’ highland region. The data fit well in the Apollo 16 soil array on a U-Pb evolution diagram, and they exhibit excess lead relative to uranium. This relationship appears to be a characteristic of highland localities. Considering the previous observations of lunar samples, we infer that lead enrichment in the soil relative to uranium occurred between 3.2 and 3.9 b.y. ago and that the soil was disturbed by ‘third events’ about 2.0 b.y. ago. A lunar evolution model is discussed.
Four evaporite-bearing stratigraphic zones are known in Cretaceous strata of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia north and east of Bogota. The easternmost and oldest zone is probably of Berriasian to Valanginian age. The next oldest is probably late Barremian to early Aptian in age. The third appears to be Aptian. The westernmost and best known sequence in the Sabana de Bogota is Turonian to early Coniacian in age. This youngest sequence contains the thickest salt deposits known in Colombia and is probably the most widespread geographically.
Most of the rock salt exposed in the three accessible mines (at Zipaquira, Nemocon, and Upin) has a characteristic lamination of alternating slightly argillaceous and highly argillaceous salt layers of varied but moderate thickness. Black, calcareous claystone, commonly very pyritic, is interbedded conformably with the laminated salt in many places throughout the deposits. Fragments of black claystone derived from the thinner interbeds are ubiquitous in all deposits, both as concordant breccia zones and as isolated clasts.
Anhydrite is scarce at Zipaquira and apparently even rarer at Nemocon and Upin. Gypsum is produced at three small deposits in the oldest evaporite zone where it probably was concentrated by leaching of salt initially associated with it.
The two intervening evaporite zones are not exposed, but their existence and distribution are indicated by brine springs and locally by \"rute,\" a distinctive black, calcareous mud formed by the leaching of salt beds.
Fossils show that the youngest salt-claystone zone, in the Sabana de Bogota, is contemporary with associated hematitic sandstone and siltstone, and with carbonaceous and locally coaly claystone. Although evidence is poor, this same facies relation probably exists within the other three evaporite zones.
All salt deposits in this study probably are associated with anticlines, a relation best exemplified by the deposits on the Sabana de Bogota. Within these anticlines the salt deposits appear to be contained stratigraphically in fault-bound crestal, claystone cores that have not been mobilized over great vertical distances. The deposits of this study are not salt domes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, D.H., 1972, Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, no. 11, p. 2240-2259, https://doi.org/10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2240","endPage":"2259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","city":"Bogota","otherGeospatial":"Cordillera Oriental","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 6.43270960214528\n ],\n [\n -75.52600833049453,\n 6.43270960214528\n ],\n [\n -75.52600833049453,\n 2.387732778963965\n ],\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 2.387732778963965\n ],\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 6.43270960214528\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03e8e4b0026c2bc11b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, Donald H. Jr.","contributorId":73215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13760,"text":"ofr71305 - 1971 - Preliminary report on the geology and field petrology at the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"ofr71305","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the geology and field petrology at the Apollo 15 landing site"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":16178,"text":"ofr72364 - 1972 - Documentation of the Apollo 15 samples","indexId":"ofr72364","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of the Apollo 15 samples"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":16181,"text":"ofr72371 - 1971 - Preliminary description of Apollo 15 sample environments","indexId":"ofr72371","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary description of Apollo 15 sample environments"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":47916,"text":"ofr7118 - 1971 - Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 15 mission","indexId":"ofr7118","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 15 mission"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":47979,"text":"ofr71273 - 1971 - Preliminary documentation of the Apollo 15 samples","indexId":"ofr71273","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary documentation of the Apollo 15 samples"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042577,"text":"70042577 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","indexId":"70042577","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site"},"id":5}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-12T13:56:08","indexId":"70042577","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"289","title":"Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site","docAbstract":"The Apollo 15 lunar module (LM) landed at longitude 03°39'20'' E, latitude 26°26'00'' N on the mare surface of Palus Putredinis on the eastern edge of the Imbrium Basin. The site is between the Apennine Mountain front and Hadley Rille. The objectives of the mission, in order of decreasing priority, were description and sampling of three major geologic features—the Apennine Front, Hadley Rille, and the mare.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Swann, G., Bailey, N.G., Batson, R.M., Freeman, V.L., Hait, M., Head, J., Holt, H.E., Howard, K.A., Irwin, J., Larson, K., Muehlberger, W., Reed, V.S., Rennilson, J.J., Schaber, G.G., Scott, D., Silver, L.T., Sutton, R.L., Ulrich, G., Wilshire, H.G., and Wolfe, E., 1972, Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 15 landing site, chap. of Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289), p. 5-1-5-112.","productDescription":"112 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-112","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265588,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/as15psr.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ], [ 3.655556,26.433333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f2962ae4b0c9e41dd3abab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, N. 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S.","contributorId":58255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Rennilson, J. J.","contributorId":107336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rennilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Scott, D.R.","contributorId":86508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Silver, L. T.","contributorId":46968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Ulrich, G. E.","contributorId":88737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70042874,"text":"70042874 - 1972 - Photogeology: Part B: Cayley Formation interpreted as basin ejecta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-27T18:30:49","indexId":"70042874","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"Photogeology: Part B: Cayley Formation interpreted as basin ejecta","docAbstract":"The discovery that samples returned from the Cayley Formation at the Apollo 16 landing site consist mainly of nonvolcanic breccias (secs. 6 and 7 of this report) suggests that the hypothesis in which light plains-forming materials may be ejecta from multi-ring basins should be reevaluated (refs 29-15 to 29-17). Improved information on the morphology and distribution of the Cayley Formation, provided by Apollo 16 orbital photography, leads to a concept in which the Cayley Formation was deposited as fluidized debris that traveled beyond the presently recognizable extent of the Imbrium Basin ejecta. An elaboration of this genetic model is in preparation; the description, a summary of the model, and its implications are presented in this subsection.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Eggleton, R.E., and Schaber, G.G., 1972, Photogeology: Part B: Cayley Formation interpreted as basin ejecta, chap. of Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315), p. 29-7-29-16.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"29-7","endPage":"29-16","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266579,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/as16psr.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51065a82e4b0f227c1e454c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleton, R. E.","contributorId":75154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042875,"text":"70042875 - 1972 - Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-27T18:47:19","indexId":"70042875","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin","docAbstract":"The Descartes highlands are adjacent to the terra plain on which the Apollo 16 lunar module landed (fig. 29-13). A variety of volcanic origins was proposed for the highlands before the mission (refs. 29-4, 29-21, and 29-35 to 29-37), but the returned samples of the area consist almost exclusively of nonvolcanic breccias. The breccias obtained from Stone Mountain have not been identified conclusively as sample materials of the Descartes Mountains (ref. 29-35). A volcanic origin is thus not yet precluded (sec. 6 of this report), but a review of possible impact-related origins seems to be appropriate. The orbital photography acquired during the Apollo 16 mission provides excellent imagery on which geomorphic interpretations may be based. No obvious local crater is a plausible source of the material, but there may be a relation to either the Nectaris or Imbrium Basin. The less degraded Orientale Basin (fig. 29-24) provides a model by which these comparisons can be made (part F of this section).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hodges, C.A., 1972, Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin, chap. of Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315), p. 29-20-29-23.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"29-20","endPage":"29-23","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266581,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/as16psr.pdf"},{"id":266582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51065a84e4b0f227c1e454c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Carroll Ann","contributorId":99144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Carroll","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042578,"text":"70042578 - 1972 - Orbital-science investigation: Part B: photogrammetric analysis of Apollo 15 records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-12T14:19:49","indexId":"70042578","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"289","title":"Orbital-science investigation: Part B: photogrammetric analysis of Apollo 15 records","docAbstract":"The three cameras—stellar, mapping, and panoramic—together with the laser altimeter, all included in the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay, represent an integrated photogrammatric system with extraordinary potential for extending knowledge of the lunar figure, surface configuration, and geological structure.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Program","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Doyle, F.J., 1972, Orbital-science investigation: Part B: photogrammetric analysis of Apollo 15 records, chap. of Apollo 15 preliminary science report (NASA SP-289), p. 25-27-25-36.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"25-27","endPage":"25-36","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265590,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/as15psr.pdf"},{"id":265591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f2947ae4b0c9e41dd3ab7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Frederick J.","contributorId":46380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042893,"text":"70042893 - 1972 - Photogeology: Part W: Apollo 16 landing site: summary of Earth-based remote sensing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-28T13:16:13","indexId":"70042893","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"315","title":"Photogeology: Part W: Apollo 16 landing site: summary of Earth-based remote sensing data","docAbstract":"The purpose of the infrared (IR) and radar study of the Apollo data is to establish lunar surface conditions in the vicinity of the orbital tracks of the Apollo command modules during the J-series missions. Correlations and comparisons between the Earth-based radar observations, IR observations, and other data will be plotted on photomaps produced from the mapping and panoramic cameras. In addition, the Apollo photography will be used to improve the classifications of the anomalous IR and radar features. The three sets of Earth-based data have already been obtained. The IR (11 μm) data (ref. 29-112) were obtained during a total lunar eclipse. More than a thousand thermally anomalous regions with an unusually high population of exposed boulders have been identified (ref. 29-113). The 70-cm radar backscatter observations made at the same resolution as the IR measurements show regions of anomalous backscatter. These regions have been explained as roughness caused by the boulders on the surface and below the surface. The high-resolution 3.8-cm radar backscatter measurements (ref. 29-114) reveal in great detail regions of anomalous radar backscatter. At this short radar wavelength, small-scale surface and subsurface roughness and boulders less than the order of 10 cm are responsible for the anomalous returns. Previous studies have revealed strong correlation between these three data sets (refs. 29-115 to 29-117). The strongest anomalies (anomalous at all three wavelengths) correspond to features interpreted geologically as young Copernican craters. There are, however, many combinations of enhancements from IR only, 70-cm radar only, 3.8-cm radar only, or combinations of two of these types but not a third. The variation of intensity in all combinations indicates a very complex set of features. These data provide information about the surface on a centimeter- and meter-sized scale although the basic instrumental resolution was 2 to 15 km. The Apollo orbital photography and observations at the landing sites, used in conjunction with the remote sensing data, can significantly improve geologic and geophysical interpretations of lunar surface conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Zisk, S., Masursky, H., Milton, D., Schaber, G.G., Shorthill, R., and Thompson, T., 1972, Photogeology: Part W: Apollo 16 landing site: summary of Earth-based remote sensing data, chap. of Apollo 16 preliminary science report (NASA SP 315), p. 29-105-29-110.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29-105","endPage":"29-110","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266618,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/as16psr.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5107ac1be4b0df796f216e92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zisk, S.H.","contributorId":35311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zisk","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masursky, Harold","contributorId":94304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, T.W.","contributorId":78736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5230115,"text":"5230115 - 1972 - An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species--With Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5230115","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":99,"text":"Wildlife Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 1","title":"An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species--With Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era","docAbstract":"The impact of pesticides on the mortality rates and recruitment rates of nongame birds during the last 25 years was evaluated by studying the population dynamics of 16 species. A mathematical model showing the relations between population parameters that yielded stable populations was developed. The information needed for the model included (1) mortality rate schedule (obtained from recoveries of banded birds), (2) recruitment rates, and (3) the age of sexual maturity. The rate of recruitment necessary for a stable population and/or the annual rate of change (increase or decrease) in population levels were estimated. Population parameters were compared to determine whether changes had occurred between time periods (i.e., 1925-45 vs. 1946-65). The great horned owl, red-shouldered hawk, sparrow hawk, osprey, barn owl, Cooper's hawk, red-tailed hawk, great blue heron, blackcrowned night heron, brown pelican, barn swallow, chimney swift, blue jay, blackcapped chickadee, cardinal, and robin were subjected to this analysis. No increase in postfledging mortality rates in any of the species was detected during the last 25 years (since 1945). Since there was no evidence of increased mortality rates it was concluded that accelerated declines in several of the species studied resulted from lowered reproductive success. Mortality rates were found to have decreased in the Cooper's hawk, sparrow hawk, great blue heron, and brown pelican and this was associated with a decrease in shooting pressure. Evidence of lower recruitment rates was found in the brown pelican, osprey, Cooper's hawk, red-shouldered hawk, and sparrow hawk. No changes in recruitment rates were noted in the red-tailed hawk, great horned owl, great blue heron, or barn owl. Information on recruitment rates was not available for comparison with the other species although rates of recruitment essential for a stable population were estimated. This work will provide the basis for making comparisons in future studies. No change in recruitment rates was apparent among species feeding primarily on mammals. Species exhibiting a lowered reproductive success since 1945 were those whose major food items consisted of fish, reptiles, amphibians, or birds. Lowered reproductive success was accompanied by a decrease in eggshell thickness. Other investigators have reported that sparrow hawks and mallard ducks fed a diet of DDE and dieldrin have produced thin eggshells under laboratory conditions, and exhibited a lower, reproductive success. Many of the bird species that have declined are those that consume food in which chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides have been concentrated through a series of transfers along food chains. The chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are believed responsible.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., 1972, An Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Selected Avian Species--With Special References to Changes During the Modern Pesticide Era: Wildlife Research Report No. 1, 99.","productDescription":"99","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200316,"text":"5200316 - 1972 - Food resources of the California condor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5200316","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":153,"text":"Administrative Report.","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Food resources of the California condor","docAbstract":"Conclusions and Recommendations: Although much of the above information is imprecise and inconclusive, it is evident that the condors foraging habitat is diminishing. Food supply probably is still adequate for free-ranging nonbreeding birds, but could become limited if current land use trends continue. Congregating condors on fewer and fewer acres could be detrimental in other ways. It seems the needs of condors can best be met by maintaining a continuous band of :foraging country throughout the species' horseshoe-shaped range. Public needs for open space and livestock agriculture can also be served by land use zoning, cooperative agreements, easements or other land controls implemented with consideration :for the condors' welfare. Of immediate concern is the declining food situation in the general vicinity of the active condor nests in the Sespe-Piru region. Reproduction is definitely depressed, and the reduced local food supply is the only apparent cause. Predicted future developments can only worsen the situation. A concerted effort should be made immediately to slow the loss of food and foraging area closest to the Sespe Condor Sanctuary including: (1) the Big Mountain-Newhall Ranch regions of southern Ventura County; (2) the arc of grassland around the southern and eastern boundaries of the Sespe Sanctuary; and (3) the Tejon Ranch. Within these areas efforts should be made to increase the amount of condor food by: (1) increasing the amount of livestock, if compatible with proper land use; (2) modifying procedures for disposal of dead livestock, so that more are available to condors; (3) encouraging (subsidizing) ranchers to sacrifice livestock for condor food at certain times o:f the year; and (4) developing a state or Federal supplemental feeding program utilizing cattle, deer or other carrion regularly distributed at close, protected feeding sites. If a convenient food supply is as important to reproduction as it appears, those nest sites closest to the best food source may become most productive and significant in the preservation of this species. These sites, which are in the Piru Creek area, are outside the boundaries o:f the Sespe Condor Sanctuary, but are recognized by the U.S. Forest Service (1971) as extremely important to condor survival. Protective measures recommended in the Forest Service plan should be implemented as soon as possible to preserve this area's usefulness as condor nesting habitat. Food may not be the factor currently limiting condor reproduction. However, the reproductive rate is inadequate to sustain the condor population for long. As food shortage has been shown to limit breeding in many species (Lack 1954, 1966), and as it is something which can be manipulated, it is a logical factor for further study and experimentation.","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Wilbur, S., 1972, Food resources of the California condor: Administrative Report., 18.","productDescription":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilbur, S.R.","contributorId":53908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010180,"text":"70010180 - 1972 - Influence of grounding ice on the Arctic shelf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-16T23:14:25.067807","indexId":"70010180","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of grounding ice on the Arctic shelf of Alaska","docAbstract":"Alaska's Beaufort Sea shelf is characterized by small-scale relief with an average amplitude of 1–2 m and wavelength of 50–100 m. Diving observations confirm that much of the bottom roughness reflects the action of grounded ice. Except for areas in the shadow of islands, bars, and offshore bathymetric highs, the entire shelf surface from the beach to at least the 75-m contour is now or has been modified by ice gouging. Ice contact with the bottom is more common, and rates of sedimentation higher on the inner shelf than on the outer shelf; the density of gouge features is about equal in both areas. Therefore, the chances are that an area of gouging on the inner shelf contains younger gouges than a similar area on the outer shelf.
When ice grounds, it becomes an important agent in the sedimentary and morphologic environment of the Arctic shelf, directly by deforming bottom deposits and secondarily by affecting the current regime near the sediment/ice contact. While bulldozing action and rafting do not seem to contribute significantly to the direct transport of sediment, re-suspension of bottom material during bulldozing, which makes sediment available for transport, may be significant.
The Crow Wing River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, drains an area of about 3,760 square miles, essentially all of which is covered by glacial deposits.
\nTopography of most of the watershed is slightly- to moderately-undulating and has local relief of up to about 50 feet. The margin of the watershed, particularly the southwestern and northwestern parts, is higher and has local relief often exceeding 150 feet. The higher areas contain numerous lakes and, in the extreme north and east parts of the watershed, are heavily forested.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ha380","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., Oakes, E., Ericson, D., and Helgesen, J.O., 1972, Water resources of the Crow Wing River watershed, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 380, 4 Plates: 41.68 x 33.86 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha380.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 41.68 x 33.86 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f057e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, Gerald F.","contributorId":18374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakes, E.L.","contributorId":38652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakes","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ericson, D.W.","contributorId":80295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":13705,"text":"ofr72125 - 1972 - Appraisal of iron deposits in southern and western Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:57","indexId":"ofr72125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-125","title":"Appraisal of iron deposits in southern and western Turkey","docAbstract":"Between May 20 and June 17, 1969, previously known iron deposits were examined widely at eight separate localities in western Turkey. The object of the examinations was to learn the, nature, geologic setting, and approximate size of each deposit, to review prior estimates of size, and possibly recommend additional exploratory work.. The full extent of each deposit is poorly known at the present time, so recommended additional work entails drilling, digging trenches or pits, geologic mapping or, combinations of these activities. \r\n\r\nOn Qaldagi Mountain an area of about 1 sq km is capped by bredciated chert under which may be a continuous zone of mixed iron oxides and chert fragments. The thickness of the ferruginous zone is poorly known but is as much as 12 meters, in at least one place. The- ferruginous material and chert appear to have formed by the weathering of serpentine, bun this concept needs further testing. Drilling is recommended to determine the grade, thickness, and extent-of the ferruginous zone beneath the cherty cap. Inasmuch as mining by hand sorting is in progress, part of the deposit can be considered to be marginally in the category of iron reserves. \r\n\r\nThe Keceborlu iron deposit consists of earthy to slightly compacted hematite and limonite mixed with small chert fragments. The surface area underlain by ferruginous rock is about 5,000 to 7,500 sq meters. The maximum known thickness of the deposit is about 7 meters. Iron appears to have been concentrated by weathering and oxidation of cherty limestone. The deposit is probably either a remnant of a once more extensive weathered cap, or a sink hole filling. The Keceborlu area warrants a low priority for further exploration, but one drill hole is recommended to test the thickness of the deposit. \r\n\r\nThe iron deposits at Mellec are layered and vein-magnetite replacements of limestone. The six known deposits are discontinuous. No additional. work is recommended. ' \r\n\r\nThe Gilindire Iron deposit consists of irregular concentrations of pisolitic and earthy hematite and 'limonite along an unconformity or disconformity between two groups of limestone. The ferruginous zone is incompletely known around the rim of the large Gilindire syncline. Data from trenches 5 to 6 km around the syncline--about ? the possible length of the ferruginous zone--provide the main knowledge about the size and grade of ferruginous lenses. The ferruginous lenses range in thickness from a fraction of a meter, to about 3 meters, but appear to average 1 meter or less, and range in grade from about 10 to 37 percent iron. No additional exploration work is recommended at Gilindire. \r\n\r\nThe Buyukeceli deposit consists of veinlike masses of earthy and compact hematite and limonite cutting fresh limestone. The veins apparently originally contained siderite which has been weathered and converted to iron oxide. Further exploration by drilling is recommended at such time as other largest deposits are able to be brought into the development stage in the Mediterranean coastal area of Turkey. \r\n\r\nThe iron deposits overlooking Bayas on the Gulf of Iskenderun ere in one or more layers along the west-facing front of the Amanus Mountain Range, between beds of gently to moderately east-dipping limestone. \r\n\r\nIsolated exposures may represent a once-continuous ferruginous bed that has been blockfaulted and intruded by serpentine. The ferruginous bed (or beds) is 20-30 meters thick, and consists of a mixture of very fine grained hematite and claylike material. Iron content ranges from 20 to 40 percent and aluminum, averages about 15 percent. Available data on distribution are scant but suggest that one ferruginous bed may be 1-2 kilometers long, 500 meters wide and 20 meters thick. The potentially large size of the Payas deposits warrants an early coordinated program of drilling end beneficiation testing. \r\n\r\nAn iron deposit was examined on a conspicuous limestone ridge in the Syrian graben east of the Amanus Moun","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr72125","usgsCitation":"Gair, J.E., and Capan, U.Z., 1972, Appraisal of iron deposits in southern and western Turkey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-125, ii, 28 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72125.","productDescription":"ii, 28 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42270,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, Jacob Eugene","contributorId":14387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capan, Ussal Z.","contributorId":100402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capan","given":"Ussal","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12605,"text":"ofr7228 - 1972 - Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 16 mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-23T16:34:27.385084","indexId":"ofr7228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-28","title":"Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 16 mission","docAbstract":"This is a catalog of all pictures taken from the lunar module or the lunar surface during the Apollo 16 lunar stay with electric Hasselblad cameras on 70 mm film. A few pictures were taken from lunar orbit on Magazine A. These are not listed in the tabulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7228","usgsCitation":"Batson, R.M., Larson, K., Reed, V.S., and Tyner, R., 1972, Preliminary catalog of pictures taken on the lunar surface during the Apollo 16 mission: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-28, 69 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7228.","productDescription":"ii, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batson, Raymond M.","contributorId":13989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, K.B.","contributorId":55410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, V. S.","contributorId":58255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tyner, R.L.","contributorId":75505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyner","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38772,"text":"pp585D - 1972 - Vegetation of prairie potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and other environmental factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T14:06:00","indexId":"pp585D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"585","chapter":"D","title":"Vegetation of prairie potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and other environmental factors","docAbstract":"Measurements of specific conductance provide an adequate indication of the average salinity of surface waters in natural ponds and lakes of the northern .prairie region. Yearly and seasonal variations in specific conductance were much greater in brackish and subsaline wetlands than in fresh-water areas. The principal vegetational types. Land-use practices of varying brackish to saline wetlands were sulfates and chlorides of sodium and magnesium. In less saline waters, carbonate and bicarbonate salts of calcium and potassium were of greater importance, but as salinity increased, the proportion of these compounds decreased rapidly.
A major environmental factor controlling the establishment of marsh and aquatic vegetation is the permanence of surface water. Permanence is a measure of the extent to which surface water persists at a given site. Varying degrees of water permanence during the growing season led to the establishment of distinct vegetational types, which were differentiated primarily on the 'basis of community structure or life form of the dominant vegetation.
Salinity of surface waters was closely correlated with differences in species composition of plant communities found in the principal vegetational types. Land-use practices of varying degrees of intensity also had a secondary influence on species composition. Since an unstable water chemistry is characteristic of most prairie ponds and lakes, it is more reliable to use the plant communities as indicators of average salinity than to use single measurements of specific conductance.
Characteristic species of wetland vegetational types occupied the central deeper parts of pond and lake basins or occurred as concentric peripheral bands. The wetland vegetational types are wetland low-prairie, wet-meadow, shallow-marsh emergent, deep-marsh emergent, fen emergent, submerged and floating, natural drawdown, cropland drawdown, and cropland tillage vegetation. Combinations of species (plant associations) within these vegetational types were placed in one of six salinity categories designated as fresh, slightly brackish, moderately brackish, brackish, subsaline, and saline. Salt tolerance apparently varied greatly among the various marsh and aquatic plants since the num'ber of species represented in moderately brackish to saline communities decreased markedly with increased salinity of the surface water environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of prairie potholes in North Dakota","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp585D","usgsCitation":"Stewart, R.E., and Kantrud, H., 1972, Vegetation of prairie potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and other environmental factors: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp585D.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":22019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6025cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, R. E.","contributorId":93426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48072,"text":"ofr72320 - 1972 - Water-resources investigation using analog model techniques in the Saugus-Newhall area, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr72320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-320","title":"Water-resources investigation using analog model techniques in the Saugus-Newhall area, Los Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"The Saugus-Newhall area is in the upper Santa Clara River valley, in northwestern Los Angeles. County, about 30 miles north of Los Angeles. The area has two main aquifers, the alluvial aquifer and the underlying Saugus aquifer. These two aquifers are the subject of this investigation. \r\n\r\nThe alluvial aquifer consists of river channel alluvium as much as 200 feet thick with a transmissibility ranging from 50,000 to 325,000 gallons per day per foot and a storage coefficient of i0 to 20 percent. In 1945 about 210,000 acre-feet of recoverable ground water was in storage in the alluvial aquifer. The alluvial aquifer is the major source of ground-water pumpage and has supplied about 600,000 acre-feet of effective pumpage during the period 1945 through 1967. Ground-water pumpage and variations in the quantities of surface-water recharge have caused large fluctuations in the water levels in the alluvial aquifer. \r\n\r\nThe Saugus aquifer has. a maximum saturated thickness of about 3,500 feet and ranges in transmissibility from 2,000 to 200,000 gallons per day per foot. Based on limited available data, the Saugus aquifer may contain as much as 6 million acre-feet of ground water in storage under steady-state conditions. Meager available data indicate the water quality in some areas of the Saugus aquifer is poor so that only a fraction of the ground water in storage in the aquifer may be usable for domestic water supplies. \r\n\r\nFloodflow in the streams in the area is the major source of recharge to the alluvial aquifer and the underlying Saugus aquifer. The chemical quality of the ground water is largely dependent on the chemical quality of the surface-water recharge. Ground-water discharge occurs along the Santa Clara River below Castaic Junction.\r\n\r\nWater will be imported to supplement the existing water resources. An analog model of the ground-water basin indicates that it will not be possible to artificially recharge the proposed quantities of imported water into the alluvial aquifer above Saugus unless ground-water pumpage from that area is increased. \r\n\r\nThe model further indicates that the alluvial aquifer may not be able to supply enough water, even when artificially recharged with imported water, to meet the estimated maximum pumping rate to 1990 used in the model and that increased pumpage from the Saugus aquifer may cause water-level declines in both aquifers and may eliminate the natural ground-water discharge from the aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr72320","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., 1972, Water-resources investigation using analog model techniques in the Saugus-Newhall area, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-320, 103 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm. + 9 folded maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72320.","productDescription":"103 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm. + 9 folded maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84821,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84822,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84823,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84824,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84825,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84826,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84827,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84828,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84829,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84830,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0320/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4814e4b07f02db4dab56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61403,"text":"mf339 - 1972 - Preliminary photointerpretation map of landslide and other surficial deposits of the Mount Hamilton quadrangle and parts of the Mount Boardman and San Jose quadrangles, Alameda and Santa Clara Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T10:30:43","indexId":"mf339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"339","title":"Preliminary photointerpretation map of landslide and other surficial deposits of the Mount Hamilton quadrangle and parts of the Mount Boardman and San Jose quadrangles, Alameda and Santa Clara Counties, California","docAbstract":"The nine San Francisco Bay region counties lie within a geologically active, young, and dynamic part of the central and northern Coast Ranges of California. Significant movements of the earth's crust are occurring here at the present time, posing numerous problems to urbanization, including some of special concern. Geological processes such as fault movements, earthquakes, land subsidence, landsliding, slow downslope movement of bedrock and surficial materials, coastal and stream erosion, flooding, and sedimentation are all potentially hazardous. Because of these factors, an understanding of the operation of physical processes in the bay region is desirable for harmonious, efficient, and safe land-use planning, particularly now, with greatly expanded pressures for urban growth.
\nThis map presents preliminary information about one aspect of the physical environment necessary to sound land-use planning--the nature and distribution of surficial deposits. Because surficial deposits are common and well developed in much of the bay region, it is useful to know how and why they have formed, as well as what properties they possess. When maps like this are used in combination with other types of environmental information, such as data on soils, bedrock geology, slopes, vegetation, climatic variation, seismic response, and hydrology, it should be easier to arrive at sound decisions regarding the physical aspects of land use. The U.S. Geological Survey is studying many of these factors in the bay region and hopes to provide the community with much of the required information as part of its San Francisco Bay Region Study in cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
\nThe representation of surficial deposits on this map reflects the way in which a geologist, working exclusively with aerial photographs, interpreted the origin of various elements of the present landscape. The deposits shown here have not been examined in the field. However, by viewing overlapping vertical aerial photographs through a stereoscope, the geologist sees a three-dimensional relief model of the ground surface and can study and interpret the origins of landforms with considerable ease. In fact, for mapping surficial deposits, particularly in reconnaissance-type studies, photointerpretation has advantages over both ground observations and laboratory studies of surficial materials. Of course, better information can be provided when all aspects of the study are integrated. These preliminary photointerpretation maps are only the first stage in a detailed study of surficial deposits in the bay region, but they should provide land-use planners with immediately useful information about the regional distribution of landslide and other surficial deposits.
\nThis map indicates the dominant surficial processes that have probably been operative by showing the distribution of different types of surficial deposits. Processes such as weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and the slow as well as rapid downslope movement of earth materials have constantly reshaped the land surface in the past and will continue to in the future, although at varying rates. The processes are interrelated to varying degrees. For example, crustal uplift of the Coast Ranges will lead to increased erosion and downcutting by streams that in turn generally results in increased deposition of sediments in river valleys, lakes, and shoreline areas. Older flood planes and river deposits may be eroded, leaving elevated terrace deposits. In addition, downcutting by streams may cause adjacent slopes to become unstable, thereby increasing the possibility of slope failures.
\nMan's activities can alter natural physical processes in many ways. Simple acts such as overwatering a lawn or placing a septic tank drainfield in ground that is marginally stable may weaken the bedrock and surficial materials enough to induce landsliding. Relatively stable areas may be made unstable as a result of construction activities that involve cutting or oversteepening of natural slopes. Engineers, builders, conservationists, and others concerned with land use must evaluate the potential effects of all types of development, and maps that show the nature and distribution of surficial deposits should provide much of the basic information they need.
\nThis map, then, shows the cumulative effects of various processes that have yielded surficial deposits up to the time the photographs used for photointerpretation were taken. It does not indicate directly areas where processes will be most active, nor does it show the rate at which they will operate. However, knowledge of the history of geologic events is a key to understanding and predicting the evolution of an area, even where man's activities significantly change the character of the land. Almost all new landslides, for example, occur in areas with a history of landslide activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf339","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T., 1972, Preliminary photointerpretation map of landslide and other surficial deposits of the Mount Hamilton quadrangle and parts of the Mount Boardman and San Jose quadrangles, Alameda and Santa Clara Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 339, 2 Plates: 34.72 x 21.90 inches and 32.46 x 21.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf339.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 34.72 x 21.90 inches and 32.46 x 21.57 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf339.JPG"},{"id":327592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0339/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327593,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0339/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County, Santa Clara County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,37.75 ], [ -122,38 ], [ -121.41666666666667,38 ], [ -121.41666666666667,37.75 ], [ -122,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor H.","contributorId":100016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2615,"text":"wsp1663G - 1972 - Ground-water in the Teresina-Campo Maior area, Piaui, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1663G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1663","chapter":"G","title":"Ground-water in the Teresina-Campo Maior area, Piaui, Brazil","docAbstract":"The Teresina-Campo Maior area lies in a presently developing farming and grazing region near the margin of drought-prone northeast Brazil where irrigated farming offers the best potential for economic development. The area comprises 9,700 square kilometers largely of catinga-covered tabular uplands which are drained by the perennial Rio Parnatba. The climate is hot and humid most of the year but with distinct wet and dry seasons. Temperature extremes range from 20?C to 39?C and the annum rainfall averages 1,200 millimeters. \r\n\r\nThe area's ground-water reservoir is contained chiefly in sandstone aquifers of six westward-dipping sedimentary rock formations, all part of the Maranhao sedimentary basin. The youngest of these formations, namely the Piaut (Pennsylvarian), Poti (Mississippian), Longa (Upper Devonian), and Cabecas (Middle Devoniar), contain the principal aquifers. Precipitation is the primary source of recharge to these aquifers and is more than sufficient to replenish current withdrawals from wells. Underlying the principal aquifers are the untapped Pimenteiras and Serra Grande Formations (both Lower Devonian) which in areas adjacent to the report area are moderately good to excellent water producers. These aquifers are recharged principally by lateral inflow from the east. Water also occurs in the alluvial deposits (Quaternary) underlying the flood plain of the Rio Parnatba but recurrent and uncontrolled flooding at present (1966) precludes their development. Of little economic importance, because they lie above the zone of saturation, are the thin erosional remnants of the Pastos Bons (Upper Triassic), Matuca, and Pedra de Fogo (both Permian) Formations. \r\n\r\nThere are in the report area about 200 drilled wells most of which are pumped with power-driven engines. The wells range from 40 to 500 meters deep but most do not exceed 150 meters, and practically all are completed open hole. Yields range from 500 liters per day for 6-inch-diameter domestic wells to 240,000 liters per hour for 10-inch high-capacity municipal wells. Although there are many more dug wells than drilled wells, dug wells account for less than 1 percent of the current (1966) draft. The current annual withdrawal from the principal aquifers is approximately 5 million cubic meters of which almost half is used for municipal supply and the rest for rural household and irrigation uses. Additional water for public supply is available from aquifers now being pumped, and larger yields probably could be obtained from rural wells designed to take full advantage of the aquifer. Analyses of 28 samples show that the chemical quality of the water is well below the \r\n\r\naccepted limits of mineral concentration for most uses. Water from the Longa Formation averages 842 milligrams per liter in total dissolved solids and is more mineralized than that in the Piaul and Port Formations which contain water averaging less than 300 milligrams per liter. The water in the Piaui and Poti aquifers is the most suitable in the area for irrigation and has SAR values of C1-S1 and C2-S1. \r\n\r\nThe quantities of water currently being used for irrigation are relatively small (600,000 cubic meters annually) but will increase substantially when intensive irrigation becomes a reality. Divisio de Hydrogeologia da Superintendancia do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste estimates that about 2,500 million cubic meters of water per year would be needed to irrigate about 250,000 hectares in the Teresina-Campo Maior area (about 25 percent of the total area). This goal, however, is not likely to be realized as the water requirement is five times the estimated natural recharge to the aquifers of the area. \r\n\r\nMost of the water-bearing formations in the report area have barely been tapped and can be developed a great deal more. In fact, the current annual withdrawal from the principal aquifers is less than 0.0025 percent of a conservative estimate of annual replenishment from rainfall. Additionally, only the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1663G","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., and Suszczynski, E.F., 1972, Ground-water in the Teresina-Campo Maior area, Piaui, Brazil: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1663, iv, G 1-G 34 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1663G.","productDescription":"iv, G 1-G 34 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28905,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28906,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66823c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suszczynski, Edison F.","contributorId":14804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suszczynski","given":"Edison","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65199,"text":"i714 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-26T13:56:04.322847","indexId":"i714","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"714","subseriesTitle":"MOON","title":"Geologic map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon","docAbstract":"Relative ages of structures and geologic units have been determined from intersection and apparent overlap relations and from morphologic freshness reflecting degree of preservation. The fivefold crater-age sequence is based on the classification of Shoemaker and Hackman (1962), and corresponds broadly to a modified classification of Pohn and Offield (1970) and Offield (1971). Rock units in the quadrangle are provisionally correlated with time-stratigraphic units first described in and near the Imbrium basin (Shoemaker, 1962 a, b; Shoemaker and Hackman, 1962, Shoemaker and others, 1963) and subsequently recognized elsewhere on the near side of the Moon (McCauley, 1967; Wilhelms, 1970; Wilhelms and McCauley, 1971).
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/i714","usgsCitation":"Elston, D.P., 1972, Geologic map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 714, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/i714.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":439050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YUTBOC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon"},{"id":189414,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":100826,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0714/plate-1.pdf","size":"10516","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c0d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elston, D. P.","contributorId":96334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28062,"text":"wri723 - 1972 - Urban hydrology: A selected bibliography with abstracts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-10T12:53:54.019367","indexId":"wri723","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-3","title":"Urban hydrology: A selected bibliography with abstracts","docAbstract":"This bibliography of 650 selected references on urban hydrology is intended as a source document for scientific and water-management needs. It was stimulated by increasing interest in the problems of runoff and water quality caused by increasing urbanization. The bibliography brings together abstracts with citations that pertain to the rainfall-runoff process, urban groundwater problems, urban water pollution sources, urban climatic changes, and urban runoff modeling. Emphasis is given to technical advances of the past ten years as well as to needs for new research. This bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author and has separate geographic and subject indexes. Each abstract is followed by several added key words to relate'it to other similar references.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri723","usgsCitation":"Knapp, G.L., and Glasby, J., 1972, Urban hydrology: A selected bibliography with abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 72-3, iii, 211 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri723.","productDescription":"iii, 211 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1972/0003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":377239,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1972/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6052ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knapp, George L.","contributorId":93466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glasby, J.P.","contributorId":101699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glasby","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15187,"text":"ofr72268 - 1972 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15187,"text":"ofr72268 - 1972 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","indexId":"ofr72268","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70010948,"text":"70010948 - 1975 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","indexId":"70010948","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70010948,"text":"70010948 - 1975 - Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","indexId":"70010948","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T18:57:24.86096","indexId":"ofr72268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-268","title":"Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of surface and subsurface sediments to a maximum depth of 244 feet below the sea floor shows that natural mercury anomalies from 0.2 to 1.3 ppm have been present in northeastern Bering Sea since early Pliocene. The anomalies and mean values are highest in modern beach (maximum 1.3 and mean 0.22 ppm Hg) and nearshore subsurface gravels (maximum 0.6 and mean .06 ppm Hg) along the highly mineralized Seward Peninsula and in organic rich silt (maximum 0.16 and mean 0.10 ppm Hg) throughout the region; the mean values are lowest in offshore sands (0.03 ppm Hg). Although gold mining may be partially responsible for high mercury levels in the beaches near Nome, Alaska, equally high or greater concentrations of mercury occur in ancient glacial sediments immediately offshore (0.6 ppm) and in modern unpolluted beach sediments at Bluff (0.45 - 1.3 ppm); this indicates that the contamination effects of mining may be no greater than natural concentration processes in the Seward Peninsula region. The background content of mercury (0.03) throughout the central area of northeastern Bering Sea is similar to that elsewhere in the world. The low mean values (0.04 ppm) even immediately offshore from mercury-rich beaches, suggests that in the surface sediments of northeastern Bering Sea, the highest concentrations are limited to the beaches near mercury sources; occasionally, however, low mercury anomalies occur offshore in glacial drift derived from mercury source regions of Chukotka and Seward Peninsula and reworked by Pleistocene shoreline processes. The minimal values offshore may be attributable to beach entrapment of heavy minerals containing mercury and/or dilution effects of modern sedimentation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72268","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Pierce, D., Leong, K., and Wang, F., 1972, Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-268, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72268.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418963,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0268/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0268/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -174.52966588571758,\n 64.07996762645567\n ],\n [\n -174.52966588571758,\n 53.979342251454085\n ],\n [\n -157.99607380152727,\n 53.979342251454085\n ],\n [\n -157.99607380152727,\n 64.07996762645567\n ],\n [\n -174.52966588571758,\n 64.07996762645567\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":34909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, D.E.","contributorId":88083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leong, Kam","contributorId":103660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leong","given":"Kam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, F.F.","contributorId":32797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}