Uranium occurs as U(VI) and U(IV) in minerals of the Colorado Plateau ores. The number of species containing U(VI) is large, but only two U(IV) minerals are known from the Plateau: uraninite, and oxide, and coffinite, a hydroxy-silicate. These oxidize to yield U(VI) before reacting significantly with other mineral constituents. Crystal-structure analysis has shown that U(VI) invariable occurs as uranyl ion, UO2+2. Uranyl ion may form complex carbonate or sulfate ions with resulting soluble compounds, but only in the absence of quinquevalent vanadium, arsenic, or phosphorous. In the presence of these elements in the +5 valence state, the uranyl ion is fixed in insoluble layer compounds formed by union of uranyl ion with orthovanadate, orthophosphate, or orthoarsenate. Under favorable conditions UO2+2 may react to form the relatively insoluble rutherfordine, UO2CO3, or hydrated uranyl hydroxides. These are rarely found on the Colorado Plateau as opposed to their excellent development in other uraniferous areas, a condition which is apparently related to the semiarid climate and low water table of the Plateau. Uranium may also be fixed as uranyl silicate, but little is known about minerals of this kind. In the present study emphasis has been placed on a detailing of the chemical and crystal structural changes which occur in the oxidation paragenetic sequence.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei588","usgsCitation":"Garrels, R.M., and Christ, C., 1956, Behavior of Colorado Plateau uranium minerals during oxidation: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 588, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei588.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290034,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0588/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.064986,36.964627 ], [ -110.064986,37.035916 ], [ -109.936926,37.035916 ], [ -109.936926,36.964627 ], [ -110.064986,36.964627 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrels, Robert Minard","contributorId":93974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrels","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Minard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":53906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christ","given":"C. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71606,"text":"tei582 - 1956 - Duttonite, a new quadrivalent vanadium oxide from the Peanut mine, Montrose County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T06:28:59","indexId":"tei582","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"582","title":"Duttonite, a new quadrivalent vanadium oxide from the Peanut mine, Montrose County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Duttonite, a new quadrivalent vanadium oxide from the Peanut mine, Montrose County, Colo., has the formula VO(OH)2. The mineral occurs as crusts and coatings of pale-brown transparent platy crystals, as one of the first oxidation products of montroseite ore. It is associated with melanovanadite and abundant crystals of hexagonal native selenium. Duttonite is biaxial positive, 2V is about 60°, dispersion is r < v, moderate; X = a, pale pinkish brown; Y = c, pale yellow-brown; Z = b, pale brown; α = 1.810 ± 0.003, β = 1.900 ± 0.003, γ > 2.01. The hardness is about 2.5; the calculated specific gravity is 3.24.
\nThe chemical analysis shows, in percent: V2o3 2.6, V2O4 75.3, FeO 0.4, H2O 18.1, insoluble 4.2, total 100.6.
\nDuttonite is monoclinic, ao = 8.80 ± 0.02A, bo - 3.95 ± 0.01A, co - 5.96 ± 0.02A, β = 90°401 ± 51. The space group is I2/c, (C62h); the cell contents are 4[VO(OH)2]. The crystals are strongly pseudo-orthorhombic, and the structure departs only slightly from the space group Imcm.
\nDuttonite is named for Captain Clarence Edward Dutton (1841-1912).
\nA detailed study of the geology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of the vanadium-uranium ore at the Peanut mine, Montrose County, Colo., was begun early in 1954 by Carl H. Roach of the U. S. Geological Survey. A number of rare and new minerals were found in the ore and the study of these samples was undertaken by Mary E. Thompson. Duttonite is the first new vanadium mineral to be described from the Peanut mine. It is named for Captain Clarence Edward Dutton (1841-1912), who was one of the first geologists to work in the Colorado Plateau region and who was a member of the U. s. Geological Survey from 1879-91.
\nWe are indebted to the following members of the Geological Surbey: K. E. Valentine for spectrographic analyses of duttonite, and M. E. Mrose and H. T. Evans, Jr., for measurement of the unit cell constants. This work is part of a program being conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei582","usgsCitation":"Thompson, M.E., Roach, C.H., and Meyrowitz, R., 1956, Duttonite, a new quadrivalent vanadium oxide from the Peanut mine, Montrose County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 582, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei582.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290026,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0582/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Montrose County","otherGeospatial":"Peanut Mine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.060256,38.152156 ], [ -109.060256,38.668569 ], [ -107.50002,38.668569 ], [ -107.50002,38.152156 ], [ -109.060256,38.152156 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62fecf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Mary Eleanor","contributorId":36240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Eleanor","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roach, Carl Houston","contributorId":103295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roach","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"Houston","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyrowitz, Robert","contributorId":62680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyrowitz","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71607,"text":"tei583 - 1956 - Summary of the mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T06:32:11","indexId":"tei583","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"583","title":"Summary of the mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores","docAbstract":"In the Colorado Plateau uranium has been produced chiefly from very shallow mines in carnotite ores (oxidized vanadiferous uranium ores) until recent deeper mining penetrated black unoxidized ores in water-saturated rocks and extensive exploration has discovered many deposits of low to nonvanadiferous ores. The uranium ores include a wide range from highly vanadiferous and from as much as one percent to a trace of copper, and contain a small amount of iron and traces of lead, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, silver, manganese, and other metals.
\nRecent investigation indicates that the carnotite ores have been derived by progressive oxidation of primary (unoxidized) black ores that contain low-valent uranium and vanadium oxides and silicates. The uranium minerals, uraninite and coffinite, are associated with coalified wood or other carbonaceous material. The vanadium minerals, chiefly montroseite, roscoelite, and other vanadium silicates, occur in the interstices of the sandstone and in siltstone and clay pellets as well as associated with fossil wood. Calcite, dolomite, barite and minor amounts of sulfides, arsenides, and selenides occur in the unoxidized ore.
\nPartially oxidized vanadiferous ore is blue black, purplish brown, or greenish black in contrast to the black or dark gray unoxidized ore. Vanadium combines with uranium to form rauvite. The excess vanadium is present in corvusite, fernandinite, melanovanadite and many other quadrivalent and quinquevalent vanadium minerals as well as in vanadium silicates. Pyrite and part or all of the calcite are replaced by iron oxides and gypsum.
\nIn oxidized vanadiferous uranium ores the uranium is fixed in the relatively insoluble minerals carnotite and tyuyamunite, and the excess vanadium commonly combines with one or more of the following: calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, copper, manganese, or barium, or rarely it forms the hydrated pentoxide. The relatively stable vanadium silicates are little affected by oxidation.
\nThe unoxidized nonvanadiferous ores contain uraninite and coffinite in close association with coalified wood and iron and copper sulfides, and traces of many other sulfides, arsenides and selenides. The oxidized nonvanadiferous ores differ from the vanadiferous ores because, in the absence of vanadium to complex the uranium, a great variety of secondary yellow and greenish-yellow uranyl minerals are formed. The uranyl sulfates and carbonates are more common than the oxides, phosphates, arsenates, and silicates. Because the sulfates and carbonates are much less stable that carnotite, the oxidized nonvanadiferous ores occure only as halos around cores of unoxidized ore and do not form large oxidized deposits close to the surface of the ground as carnotite ores.
\nOxidation has taken place since the lowering of the water table in the present erosion cycle. Because of local structures and the highly lenticular character of the fluviatile host rocks perched water tables and water-saturated lenses of sandstone are common high above the regional water table. Unoxidized ore has been preserved in these water-saturated rocks and the boundary between oxidized and unoxidized ore is very irregular.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei583","usgsCitation":"Weeks, A., Coleman, R.G., and Thompson, M.E., 1956, Summary of the mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 583, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei583.","productDescription":"50 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290028,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0583/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.064986,36.964627 ], [ -110.064986,37.035916 ], [ -109.936926,37.035916 ], [ -109.936926,36.964627 ], [ -110.064986,36.964627 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6988c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, Alice D.","contributorId":92730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Alice D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, Robert Griffin","contributorId":89527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Griffin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Mary E.","contributorId":67591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71562,"text":"tei536 - 1956 - Selected annotated bibliography of the geology of uraniferous and radioactive native bituminous substances, exclusive of coals, in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T06:13:18","indexId":"tei536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"536","title":"Selected annotated bibliography of the geology of uraniferous and radioactive native bituminous substances, exclusive of coals, in the United States","docAbstract":"Native bituminous substances are divided into two groups, 1) bitumens and, 2) pyrobitumens. Bitumens are composed principally of hydrocarbons substantially free from oxygenated bodies, are fusible, and are soluble in carbon disulfide. Native bitumens occur in liquid and solid forms. The native liquid bitumens include all petroleums or crude oils. Native solid bitumens include native waxes such as ozocerite, asphalts or petroleum tars, and asphaltites such as gilsonite and grahamite. Pyrobitumens are composed principally of hydrocarbons which may contain oxygenated bodies. They are infusible and are insoluble, or nearly insoluble, in carbon disulfide. Native pyrobitumens are divided into an oxygen-containing group including peats, lignites, and coals, and an essentially oxygen-free, asphaltic group including such substances as wurtzilite, albertite, impsonite, and ingramite. Thucholites, which are carbonaceous substances that may contain uranium, thorium, and rare earths, commonly are considered to be pyrobitumens. Their compositions are variable and may fall into either the oxygen-containing or oxygen-free group. All varieties of native bituminous substances may be associated with mineral matter.
\nThe nomenclature of bitumens and pyrobitumens is used very loosely in the literature. This circumstance arises from the difficulty in recognizing many of these substances by visual examination, and because many of them can be identified accurately only by chemical methods. Inasmuch as some of the chemical procedures are time-consuming and satisfactory analytical methods have not been devised for all these substances, geologists generally have not obtained precise identifications but rather have used names that appeared most appropriate to the circumstances. It is expected that future research will show many substances called \"asphaltite,\" \"thucholite,\" etc., to be incorrectly identified. The nomenclature used by the authors of the various references of this bibliography is followed without deviation or further discussion. The stratigraphic nomenclature also is that used by the authors.
\nIn this bibliography emphasis is placed on reports dealing with the uranium contents and radioactivity of native bituminous substances rather than on mineralogical and chemical studies of these substances. The distribution of the substances described in the references is shown on the accompanying map. The indicated presence of these substances does not infer that they contain sufficient radioactive elements to constitute ores.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei536","usgsCitation":"Jones, H.N., 1956, Selected annotated bibliography of the geology of uraniferous and radioactive native bituminous substances, exclusive of coals, in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 536, Report: 50 p.; Plate: 21.49 x 14.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei536.","productDescription":"Report: 50 p.; Plate: 21.49 x 14.72 inches","numberOfPages":"50","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290018,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0536/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Harriet Nell","contributorId":51821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Harriet","email":"","middleInitial":"Nell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35172,"text":"b1046B - 1956 - Rare-earth-bearing apatite at Mineville, Essex County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:33","indexId":"b1046B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1046","chapter":"B","title":"Rare-earth-bearing apatite at Mineville, Essex County, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1046B","usgsCitation":"McKeown, F.A., and Klemic, H., 1956, Rare-earth-bearing apatite at Mineville, Essex County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1046, p. 9-23 ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1046B.","productDescription":"p. 9-23 ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1046b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1046b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klemic, Harry","contributorId":49767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemic","given":"Harry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47352,"text":"b1027O - 1956 - Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16425,"text":"ofr54326 - 1954 - Geologic map and cross sections of the Little Johnnie thorium deposit, Gunnison County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr54326","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map and cross sections of the Little Johnnie thorium deposit, Gunnison County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47352,"text":"b1027O - 1956 - Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado","indexId":"b1027O","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"O","title":"Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47352,"text":"b1027O - 1956 - Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado","indexId":"b1027O","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"O","title":"Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33207,"text":"b1027 - 1956 - Contributions to economic geology, 1955","indexId":"b1027","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1955"},"id":2}],"isPartOf":{"id":33207,"text":"b1027 - 1956 - Contributions to economic geology, 1955","indexId":"b1027","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1955"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-18T20:00:36.337692","indexId":"b1027O","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1027","chapter":"O","title":"Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, 1955","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1027O","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., and Wallace, S.R., 1956, Thorium and rare-earth minerals in Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1027, Report: 31 p.; 2 Plates: 8.35 x 11.89 inches and 20.87 x 10.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1027O.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; 2 Plates: 8.35 x 11.89 inches and 20.87 x 10.71 inches","startPage":"693","endPage":"723","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99966,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027o/plate-56.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99964,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027o/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":172043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027o/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":99965,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027o/plate-55.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":500147,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20585.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County","otherGeospatial":"Powderhorn district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.2670,\n 38.431\n ],\n [\n -107.2670,\n 38.141\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 38.141\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 38.431\n ],\n [\n -107.2670,\n 38.431\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bccc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, J. C.","contributorId":55403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, S. R.","contributorId":77998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"S.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71653,"text":"tei635 - 1956 - Detailed mineral and chemical relations in two uranium-vanadium ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T07:53:55","indexId":"tei635","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"635","title":"Detailed mineral and chemical relations in two uranium-vanadium ores","docAbstract":"Channel samples from two mines on the Colorado Plateau have been studied in detail both mineralogically and chemically.
\nA channel sample from the Mineral Joe No. 1 mine, Montrose County, Colo., extends from unmineralized rock on one side, through a zone of variable mineralization, into only weakly mineralized rock. The unmineralized rock is a fairly clean quartz sand cemented with gypsum and contains only minor amounts of clay minerals. One boundary between unmineralized and mineralized rock is quite sharo and is nearly at right angles to the bedding. Vanadium clay minerals, chiefly mixed layered mica-montmorillonite and chlorite-monmorillonite, are abundant throughout the mineralized zone. Except in the dark \"eye\" of the channel sample, the vanadium clay minerals are accompanied by hewettite, carnotite, tyuyamunite, and probably unidentified vanadates. In the dark \"eye,\" paramontroseite, pyrite, and marcasite are abundant, and bordered on each side by a zone containing abundant corvusite. No recognizable uranium minerals were seen in the paramontroseite zone although uranium is abundant there. Coaly material is recognizable throughout all of the channel but is most abundant in and near the dark \"eye.\" Detailed chemical studies show a general increase in Fe, Al, U, and V, and a decrease in SO4 toward the \"eye\" of the channel. Reducing capacity studies indicate that V(IV) and Fe(II) are present in the clay mineral throughout the channel, but only in and near the \"eye\" are other V(IV) minerals present (paramontroseite and corvusite). The uranium is sexivalent, although its state of combination is conjectural where it is associated with paramontroseite. Where the ore boundary is sharp, the boundary of introduced trace elements is equally sharp. Textural and chemical relations leave no doubt that the \"eye: is a partially oxidized remnant of a former lower-valence ore, and the remainder of the channel is a much more fully oxidized remnant.
\nA channel sample from the Virgin No. 3 mine, Montrose County, Colo., extends from weakly mineralized sandstone on both sides through a strongly mineralized central zone. The weakly mineralized zone is a poorly sorted sandstone with common detrital clay partings; chlorite and mixed layer mica-montmorrillonite are abundant interstitial to the quartz grains. No distinct vanadium or uranium minerals are recognizable, although the clay minerals are vanadium bearing. Euherdral pyrite grains and selenian galena are present but rare. The strongly mineralized rock is separated from the weakly mineralized rock by a narrow transition zone which only apporiximates the bedding planes. It contains abundant vanadium-bearing clay minerals (predominantly chlorite) interstitial to the quartz grains, and apparently replacing them. Paramontroseite is common and is intergrown with the clay minerals. Pyrite and marcasite are present, chiefly in or near the abundant blebs and fragments of carbonaceous material. Selenian galena is rarely present, and generally in or near carbonaceous material. Coffinite is the only uranium mineral idenitified; it is extremely fine grained and was identified only in X-ray diffraction patterns of heavy separates. Distribution of trace elements is not clear; some are consistently high in the strongly mineralized rocks, and some are consistently low. The trace element composition of the unmineralized rock is not known. Chemical studies show a very abrupt rise in the total U, V, and Fe from the weakly mineralized to strongly mineralized rock. Reducing-capacity studies indicate that most of the vanadium is present as V(IV), but some is present as V(V); that iron is present as both Fe(II) and Fe(III), the latter believed to have been present in the primary clays of the unmineralized rock; and that come of the uranium is present as U(VI) in addition to the U(IV) in the coffinite. All evidence points to weak oxidation of an ore once having a somewhat lower valence state.
\nThe channel samples from both the Mineral Joe No. 1 mine and the Virgin No. 3 mine are believe to have been essentially identical in mineralogy prior to oxidation by weathering: vanadium was present as V(III) in montroseite and V(IV) in the vanadium clays; uranium was present largely as U(IV) in coffinite and/or uraninite. The Mineral Joe No. 1 mine channel sample is now more fully oxidized.
\nVanadium clays are unquestionably formed abundantly during the primary mineralization, and they persist with a minimum of alteration during much of the weathering. They suggest that the vanadium is carried as V(IV) in the ore-forming fluids; it seems likely too that the uranium is carried as a U(VI) ion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei635","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Divisions of Raw Materials and Research of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Garrels, R., Larsen, E., Pommer, A., and Coleman, R.G., 1956, Detailed mineral and chemical relations in two uranium-vanadium ores: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 635, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei635.","productDescription":"55 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290072,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0635/report.pdf"},{"id":290073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrels, Robert M.","contributorId":90390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrels","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, E. S. III","contributorId":108197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"E. S.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pommer, A. M.","contributorId":20795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pommer","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":71648,"text":"tei630 - 1956 - A dithizone method for the determination of lead in monazite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T07:40:12","indexId":"tei630","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"630","title":"A dithizone method for the determination of lead in monazite","docAbstract":"In determining lead in monazite [(Ce,La,Th)PO4]--to be used as the basis for geologic age measurements--it was necessary to eliminate interferences due to the presences of phosphates of thorium and the rare-earth metals.
\nThe method, in which monazite samples are attacked with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, taken up with dilute nitric acid, lead extracted as the dithizonate and then determined spectrophotometrically at 520 mμ, was successfully applied to a series of monazite samples. Rapid determinations were made with good reproducibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei630","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Powell, R.A., and Kinser, C., 1956, A dithizone method for the determination of lead in monazite: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 630, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei630.","productDescription":"18 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0630/report.pdf"},{"id":290065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, R. A.","contributorId":41789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinser, C. A.","contributorId":104984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinser","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77072,"text":"tem832 - 1956 - Comparison of the pebbles of the Shinarump and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"tem832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"832","title":"Comparison of the pebbles of the Shinarump and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation","docAbstract":"Lithology, color, size, sphericity, and roundness of pebbles from the Shinarurnp and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation were analyzed and compared. The difference in the quartz:quartzite:chert ratios of the pebbles, the presence of limestone and siltstone pebbles, and to a lesser degree,the difference in color of pebbles serve to distinguish the Moss Back from the Shinarump. In areas where both the Moss Back and Shinarump are present, the average ratios of quartz, quartzite, a.nd chert are respectively about 12:37:51 and 82:16:2. Limestone and siltstone pebbles are commonly found in the Moss Back, whereas they are rarely found in the Shinarump. The colors of the Moss \r\nBack pebbles are generally darker than those of the Shinarump pebbles. \r\nThe Moss Back contains more gray to black pebbles and fewer light-colored pebbles, such as red, orange, and white, than the Shinarump. Size, \r\nsphericity, and roundness of pebbles do not show a significant difference \r\nbetween the two units.\r\n\r\nFossiliferous pebbles in the Moss Back and Shinarump were derived chiefly from sediments of Carboniferous and Permian ages and could have had common sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tem832","usgsCitation":"Albee, H.F., 1956, Comparison of the pebbles of the Shinarump and Moss Back members of the Chinle formation: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 832, 12 p. : ill. ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem832.","productDescription":"12 p. : ill. ; 27 cm.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0832/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0832/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abc2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albee, Howard Franklin","contributorId":102159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albee","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71601,"text":"tei577 - 1956 - Summary of reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1945-1954, and an appraisal of Alaskan uranium possibilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T06:56:36","indexId":"tei577","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T09:47:09","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"577","title":"Summary of reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1945-1954, and an appraisal of Alaskan uranium possibilities","docAbstract":"In the period 1945-1954 over 100 investigations for radioactive source materials were made in Alaska. The nature of these investigations ranged from field examinations of individual prospects or the laboratory analysis of significantly radioactive samples submitted by prospectors to reconnaissance studies of large districts. In this period no deposits of uranium or thorium that would warrant commercial exploitation were discovered. The investigations, however, disclosed that radioactive materials occur in widely scattered areas of Alaska and in widely diverse environments.
\nMany igneous rocks throughout Alaska are weakly radioactive because of uranium- and thorium-bearing accessory minerals, such as allanite, apatite, monazite, sphene, xenotime, and zircon; more rarely the radioactivity of these rocks is due to thorianite or thorite and their uranoan varieties. The felsic rocks, for example, granites and syenites, are generally more radioactive than the mafic igneous rocks. Pegmatites, locally, have also proved to be radioactive, but they have little commercial significance. No primary uranium oxide minerals have been found yet in Alaskan vein deposits, except, perhaps, for a mineral tentatively identified as pitchblende in the Hyder district of southeastern Alaska. However, certain occurrences of secondary uranium minerals, chiefly those of the uranite group, on the Seward Peninsula, in the Russian Mountains, and in the vicinity of Kodiak suggest that pitchblende-type ores may occur at depth beneath zones of alteration. Thorite-bearing veins have been discovered on Prince of Wales Island in southeastern Alaska.
\nAlthough no deposits or carnotite-type minerals have been found in Alaska, several samples containing such minerals have been submitted by Alaskan prospectors. Efforts to locate the deposits from which these minerals were obtained have been unsuccessful, but review of available geologic data suggests that several Alaskan areas are potentially favorable for carnotite-type deposits. The chief of these areas is the Alaska Peninsula-Cook Inlet area which encompasses most of the reported occurrences of the prospectors' carnotite-type samples.
\nAlaska is also potentially favorable for the occurrence of large bodies of the very low-grade uraniferous sedimentary rocks, such as phosphorites and black shales. This type of deposit, however, has not received much study because of the emphasis on the search for bonanza-type high-grade ores. Uraniferous phosphorites similar to those of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming occur in northern Alaska on the north flank of the Brooks Range; black shales comparable to the uraniferous shales of the Chattanooga formation of southeastern United States have been noted along the Yukon River near the international boundary.
\nPlacer deposits in Alaska have some small potential for the production of the radioactive elements as byproducts of gold- and tin-placer mining. the placer area believed to have the relatively greatest potential in Alaska lies in the Kahiltna River valley where concentrates are known to contain such commercial minerals as ilmenite, cassiterite, platinum, and gold in addition to uranothorianite and monazite.
\nThe possibilities of the natural fluids--water and petroleum--have not yet been tested in Alaska to any great extent. Studies of fluids are in progress to determine whether they may be used to discover and define areas potentially favorable for the occurrence of uraniferous lodes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei577","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Wedow, H., 1956, Summary of reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1945-1954, and an appraisal of Alaskan uranium possibilities: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 577, Report: 111 p.; Plate: 19.12 x 13.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei577.","productDescription":"Report: 111 p.; Plate: 19.12 x 13.83 inches","numberOfPages":"112","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288869,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0577/report.pdf"},{"id":288868,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0577/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":288870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.45,51.21 ], [ 172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae784ae4b0abf75cf2d03c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedow, Helmuth Jr.","contributorId":14374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"Helmuth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216320,"text":"70216320 - 1956 - Factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen rare metals in sea-water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T19:38:04.014343","indexId":"70216320","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-11T13:24:26","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen rare metals in sea-water","docAbstract":"The following factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Bi, Cd, Ni, Co, Hg, Ag, Cr, Mo, W, V) in sea-water were studied:
The principal conclusions are:
The carbonatites are essentially carbonate-silicate rock with a great variety of other minerals. In this review the writer stresses the field and geochemical relationships of the carbonatites and alkalic igneous rocks and concludes that carbonatites were deposited by carbonatic solutions having a wide range of temperature, pressure, and concentration and derived from alkalic magmas during the process of silicate crystallization. Brogger's concept of carbonate magma is evaluated in the light of more recent field and laboratory investigations, and the conclusion is reached that a carbonate magma in the normal sense is less likely to exist than carbonate-rich solutions which at elevated temperature and pressure can have a higher concentration of dissolved ingredients than normally believed for hydrothermal solutions.
At many localities the carbonatites occur as veinlike or dikelike bodies or as cores in volcanic plugs of alkalic rocks. Recent investigations indicate that the carbonatites and related alkalic rocks represent a relatively unevaluated category of ore deposits that contain an impressive reserve of such rare commodities as niobium (columbium), titanium, zirconium, rare earths, barium, strontium, uranium, magnetite, phosphate, vermiculite, and agricultural lime.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[1537:CAR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pecora, W.T., 1956, Carbonatites: A review : GSA Bulletin, v. 67, no. 11, p. 1537-1556, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[1537:CAR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1537","endPage":"1556","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecora, W. T.","contributorId":96315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecora","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216191,"text":"70216191 - 1956 - Geochemistry of sphalerite from the Star Mine, Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-09T21:24:03.357172","indexId":"70216191","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-09T15:19:13","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of sphalerite from the Star Mine, Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho","docAbstract":"Forty sphalerite samples from the Star mine, Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, and 19 sphalerite samples from other Coeur d'Alene mines have been quantitatively analyzed by spectrographic methods for Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ga, Ge, In, Mn, Co, and Hg. The samples from the Star vein were collected over a strike length of 2,000 feet and a vertical distance of 5,300 feet.It is believed that Star mine sphalerite formed in equilibrium with Fe; consequently, following Kullerud's work, the Fe content may be used as a relative temperature scale. Relative Fe temperatures suggest that the lower portions of the Star ore body formed at lower temperatures than the upper portions of the ore body.Distribution of the minor elements in sphalerite is random within the ore body. Also, there is no correlation of Fe with minor elements other than Mn; therefore we believe temperature has had no influence on the distribution of minor elements, except Mn, in this ore body.The principal reason for this seems to be that equilibrium concentrations of the minor elements were not reached. Minor-element concentrations in sphalerite from the Coeur d'Alene district are similar to those in other districts throughout the world; consequently, the writers suggest that in general the minor-element content of sphalerite, other than perhaps Mn, cannot be an indicator of formation temperatures because equilibrium concentrations are rarely, if ever, attained.The average minor-element content in a district is probably that of the ore-forming solutions. Specific minor-element content in sphalerite is random.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.51.3.223","usgsCitation":"Fryklund, V., and Fletcher, J.D., 1956, Geochemistry of sphalerite from the Star Mine, Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 223-247, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.51.3.223.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"247","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.05657958984375,\n 47.21583707523794\n ],\n [\n -116.510009765625,\n 47.21583707523794\n ],\n [\n -116.510009765625,\n 47.9329065912321\n ],\n [\n -117.05657958984375,\n 47.9329065912321\n ],\n [\n -117.05657958984375,\n 47.21583707523794\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fryklund, V.C.","contributorId":84440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryklund","given":"V.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Janet D.","contributorId":94151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71235,"text":"tei137 - 1956 - Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:36:59","indexId":"tei137","displayToPublicDate":"1956-03-06T10:02:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"137","title":"Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States","docAbstract":"During the period from 1948 to 1950 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a program of field\nand laboratory research w determine the mode of occurrence of beryllium in non-pegmatitic rocks and\nmineral deposits as part of the Beryllium Program of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic\nEnergy Commission. Approximately 23 man months were spent in the field collecting samples from 146\nlocalities in 15 states; a total of 680 samples were collected and analyzed for beryllium. Additional\nsamples collected by the Geological Survey. U.S. Bureau of Mines, various state Geological Surveys\nand other institutions. and private companies were analyzed for beryllium. In total, the beryllium\ncontent of 1,238 samples from about 600 localities in the United States is compiled in the final report\nwhich is being prepared for publication by the U.S. Geological Survey. The main topics discussed are:\nuses and properties of beryllium; methods of analysis and mineralogy of beryllium; occurrence of\nberyllium in igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, pyrometasomatic and related deposits, vein\ndeposits, and hot spring deposits; the genesis of beryllium deposits; and a description of the deposits\nexamined. This abstract and table 1 summarize the more pertinent economic data.\nBeryllium is more abundant than arsenic, gold, silver, and molybdenum in the lithosphere, but\nits chemical and physical properties prohibit its concentration in minerals which are common w large\ncommercial vein and replacement deposits. There are 29 minerals in which beryllium is an essential\nconstituent but of these only beryl, mined from granite pegmatites, is an ore of beryllium., Beryl also\noccurs disseminated in granites and high-temperature veins. The other 28 minerals occur as rare\nconstituents in syenite and granite pegmatites, granites, and pyrometasomatic deposits. Beryllium, as\na trace constituent, has been detected in 49 minerals but recovery of the beryllium requires metallurgical\nmethods as yet unknown.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tei137","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commissione","usgsCitation":"Warner, L.A., Holser, W., Wilmarth, V., and Cameron, E., 1956, Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 137, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei137.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284516,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0137/report.pdf"},{"id":283405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei137.png"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6928e4b0b2908510286c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Lawrence Allen","contributorId":25144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holser, W.T.","contributorId":81964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holser","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilmarth, V.R.","contributorId":20803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmarth","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, E.N.","contributorId":63860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":14397,"text":"ofr5669 - 1956 - Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T19:35:33.941884","indexId":"ofr5669","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-69","title":"Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Deposits of minerals containing niobium (columbium), thorium, and rare earths occur in the Mineral Hill district, 30 miles northwest of Salmon, Lemhi County, Idaho. Monazite, thorite, allanite, and niobium-bearing rutile form deposits in metamorphic limestone layers less than 8 feet thick. The known deposits are small, irregular, and typically located in or near small folds. Minor faults are common.
Monazite generally is coarsely crystalline and contains less than one percent thorium. Rutile forms massive lumps up to 3 inches across; it contains between 5 and 10 percent niobium. Rutile occurs in the northwestern half of the district, thorite in the central and southeastern parts. Monazite occurs in all deposits. Allanite is locally abundant and contains several percent thorium. Magnetite and ilmenite are also locally abundant.
A major thrust fault trending northwest across the map-area separates moderately folded quartzite and phyllitic rocks of Belt age, on the northeast, from more intensely metamorphosed and folded rocks on the southwest. The more metamorphosed rocks include amphibolite, porphyroblastic feldspar gneiss, quartzite, and limestone, all probably of sedimentary origin, and probably also of Belt (late Precambrian) age. The only rocks of definite igneous origin are rhyolite dikes of probable Tertiary age.
The more metamorphosed rocks were formed by metasomatic metamorphism acting on clastic sediments, probably of Belt age, although they may be older than Belt. Metamorphism doubtless was part of the episode of emplacement of the Idaho batholith, but the history of that episode is not well understood.
The rare-element deposits show no evidence of fracture-controlled hydrothermal introduction, such as special fracture systems, veining, and gangue material. They may, however, be of hydrothermal type. More likely they are metamorphic segregations or secretions, deposited in favorable stratigraphic and structural positions during regional metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5669","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, E.P., 1956, Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-69, Report: 43 p.; 3 Figures: 46.45 x 28.93 inches or smaller; 2 Companion Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5669.","productDescription":"Report: 43 p.; 3 Figures: 46.45 x 28.93 inches or smaller; 2 Companion Files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415099,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7907.htm"},{"id":43079,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":335687,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-3_explanation_1.pdf","text":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 1","size":"633.12 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 1"},{"id":335688,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-3_explanation_2.pdf","text":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 2","size":"642.61 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 2"},{"id":335690,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","size":"1.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 5"},{"id":335689,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","size":"3.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 4"},{"id":335686,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","size":"20.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3"},{"id":148317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Lemhi County","otherGeospatial":"Mineral Hill district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.9337158203125,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -113.9666748046875,\n 45.70426120956251\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 45.71001523943372\n ],\n [\n -114.01885986328125,\n 45.673563046842524\n ],\n [\n -114.005126953125,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -114.07379150390625,\n 45.63132556313632\n ],\n [\n -114.09027099609375,\n 45.592900208269825\n ],\n [\n -114.11773681640625,\n 45.58713413436411\n ],\n [\n -114.136962890625,\n 45.56406391514301\n ],\n [\n -114.1644287109375,\n 45.55444852652113\n ],\n [\n -114.20562744140625,\n 45.54675503088241\n ],\n [\n -114.24407958984375,\n 45.54675503088241\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 45.4947963896697\n ],\n [\n -114.29901123046875,\n 45.47554027158593\n ],\n [\n -114.33197021484375,\n 45.46205707250824\n ],\n [\n -114.378662109375,\n 45.50249699389715\n ],\n [\n -114.41436767578124,\n 45.51019654498558\n ],\n [\n -114.444580078125,\n 45.4890202453737\n ],\n [\n -114.46105957031249,\n 45.39266395850033\n ],\n [\n -114.44732666015625,\n 45.24782097102814\n ],\n [\n -114.46380615234375,\n 45.1394300814679\n ],\n [\n -114.42260742187499,\n 45.11811475546806\n ],\n [\n -114.1534423828125,\n 45.116176603574864\n ],\n [\n -113.895263671875,\n 45.116176603574864\n ],\n [\n -113.71673583984375,\n 45.114238385850854\n ],\n [\n -113.67828369140625,\n 45.14524196975275\n ],\n [\n -113.7030029296875,\n 45.222677199620094\n ],\n [\n -113.6810302734375,\n 45.26715476332791\n ],\n [\n -113.70849609375,\n 45.31546044422575\n ],\n [\n -113.73596191406249,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -113.72772216796875,\n 45.37916094640917\n ],\n [\n -113.7469482421875,\n 45.408092022812276\n ],\n [\n -113.7579345703125,\n 45.44471679159555\n ],\n [\n -113.7579345703125,\n 45.51789504294005\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 45.51789504294005\n ],\n [\n -113.79638671875,\n 45.56214096905609\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 45.60443057901899\n ],\n [\n -113.88427734374999,\n 45.625563438215984\n ],\n [\n -113.89251708984374,\n 45.63516665067313\n ],\n [\n -113.9337158203125,\n 45.69850658738846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c918","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, Edward Peck","contributorId":46506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Peck","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010583,"text":"70010583 - 1956 - Thoron-tartaric acid systems for spectrophotometric determination of thorium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T16:56:54.126962","indexId":"70010583","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thoron-tartaric acid systems for spectrophotometric determination of thorium","docAbstract":"Thoron is commonly used for the spectrophotometric determination of thorium. An undesirable feature of its use is its high sensitivity to zirconium. This study describes the use of tartaric acid as a masking reagent for zirconium. Three tartaric acid-thoron systems, developed for the determination of thorium, differ with respect to the concentrations of thoron and tartaric acid. Mesotartaric acid, used in one of the systems, is most effective in masking zirconium. The behavior of rarer elements, usually associated with thorium ores, is determined in two systems, and a dilution method is described for the direct determination of thorium in monazite concentrates.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60113a011","usgsCitation":"Grimaldi, F.S., and Fletcher, M., 1956, Thoron-tartaric acid systems for spectrophotometric determination of thorium: Analytical Chemistry, v. 28, no. 5, p. 812-816, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60113a011.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"812","endPage":"816","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1050370/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2ebe4b08c986b325aa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimaldi, F. S.","contributorId":94286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimaldi","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Mary H.","contributorId":52954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Mary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160577,"text":"70160577 - 1955 - A mycosis-like granuloma of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T15:06:25.722348","indexId":"70160577","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2353,"text":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mycosis-like granuloma of fish","docAbstract":"Mycoses of systemic distribution are rarely observed in fresh-water fish in this country. In a recent review of atypical cell growths in fishes, Nigrelli cited the only known instance of a mycetoma in a North American fresh-water fish which occurred in the head of fingerling landlocked salmon from an Idaho hatchery. The fungus associated with this granuloma was characterized by a branching septate mycelium. Rucker reported a streptomycete which was pathogenic to blueblack salmon. This organism produced internal nodules containing masses of hyphae but no inflammatory response. A pathogenic fungus has been observed frequently in marine fish, however, and in both marine and fresh-water fish in Europe. This organism was tentatively classified as a Phycomycete in or near the order Chytridiales and was assigned to the genus and species Ichthyophonus hoferi, later reclassified as Ichthyosporidium hoferi. The graduloma described in this report occurs in fresh-water trout and is apparently caused by a budding, yeast-like form with no hyphae which evokes a tremendous inflammatory reaction. Morphologically, the organism does not resemble the previously described Ichthyosporidium. The lesions were first seen accidentally in sections prepared from a diplobacillus infection of brook trout termed “kidney disease.” Subsequently, the granuloma was observed in three widely separated infections involving the diplobacillus in each instance.
The histological material was received in a fixed condition; thus, no cultural data was available and the nomenclature and classification of the mycotic organism were not attempted. The present distribution of the disease, however, with its potential threat to domestic fish populations, seemed to warrant a description and discussion of the disease. Efforts are in progress to culture the organism.
Thoron is popularly used for the spectrophotometric determination of thorium. An undesirable feature of its use is the high sensitivity of the reagent toward zirconium. This study describes the use of tartaric acid as a masking reagent for zirconium. Three tartaric acid-thoron systems, developed for the determination of thorium, differ with respect to the concentrations of thoron and tartaric acid. Mesotataric acid, used in one of the systems, is found to be most effective in masking zirconium. The behavior of various rarer elements, usually found associated with thorium ores, is determined in two of the systems, and a dilution method is described for the direct determination of thorium in monazite concentrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei571","usgsCitation":"Grimaldi, F.S., and Fletcher, M., 1955, The thoron-tartaric acid systems for the spectrophotometric determination of thorium: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 571, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei571.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/571/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90865,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/571/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.00 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimaldi, F. S.","contributorId":94286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimaldi","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Mary H.","contributorId":52954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Mary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15764,"text":"ofr55159 - 1955 - Geology of two areas of pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15764,"text":"ofr55159 - 1955 - Geology of two areas of pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr55159","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of two areas of pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35713,"text":"b1024G - 1957 - Some pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1024G","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Some pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35713,"text":"b1024G - 1957 - Some pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1024G","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Some pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-02T19:10:21.322527","indexId":"ofr55159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-159","title":"Geology of two areas of pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"A pegmatite deposit about 600 feet in diameter crops on a high bluff less than one-half mile east of a small unnamed cove between Redfish and Byron Bays, on the west coast of Baranof Island, southeastern Alaska.
The deposit which comprises several pegmatite bodies consists of quartz, albite-oligoclase, microcline and mica, listed in the order of their relative abundance. Feldspar and quartz crystals locally attain a length of more than 1 foot. Some muscovite mica up to 2 inches in diameter occurs, but the major part of the mica is contained in concentrations, containing mica flakes one-half inch across, that often are as large as 10 feet across. Ruby mica of strategic grade has been obtained from float from this deposit.
None of the rarer minerals such as beryl, columbite-tantalite or cassiterite that often occur in pegmatites were observed in the preliminary examination; and small-size concentrate samples obtained by panning stream sands from the area did not contain recognizable amounts of these rarer minerals. One sample contained a few grains identified as cassiterite. No radioactive anomalies were detected in the pegmatites, or in the stream concentrates.
The large tonnage of material available arid the favorable location by a good anchorage on an ocean route are favorable factors that should contribute to the development of the deposits. Other deposits of comparable size probably occur in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55159","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., 1955, Geology of two areas of pegmatite deposits in southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-159, Report: 38 p.; 4 Plates: 16.79 x 19.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55159.","productDescription":"Report: 38 p.; 4 Plates: 16.79 x 19.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421475,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0159/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421474,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0159/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421473,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0159/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421472,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0159/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0159/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -138.61817062769444,\n 59.425247532402835\n ],\n [\n -138.61817062769444,\n 52.06835830001566\n ],\n [\n -130.2334763264309,\n 52.06835830001566\n ],\n [\n -130.2334763264309,\n 59.425247532402835\n ],\n [\n -138.61817062769444,\n 59.425247532402835\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c773","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160641,"text":"70160641 - 1955 - The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T16:31:48.5018","indexId":"70160641","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1014,"text":"Biological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta","title":"The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta","docAbstract":"Ascocotyle (Phagicola) diminuta was described by Stunkard and Haviland (1924)from the intestine of wild rats collected at the Clason Point dump near New York by the City Board of Health. Feeding experiments have demonstrated that metacercariae encysted in the gills of the common killifish, Fundulus hetero clitus, are stages in the life-cycle of this parasite. The larvae have been found also, although rarely and in small numbers, in the gills of the striped killifish, Fundulus majalis. Since both species of Fundulus are susceptible, it appears probable that the habits of F. heteroclitus occasion greater exposure of this species to the cercariae. It is possible that infection of the fishes occurs during the spawning season when they are in water of low salinity. The asexual stages of these trematodes and the mollusks which harbor them are yet unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Marine Biological Laboratory","doi":"10.2307/1539177","usgsCitation":"Stunkard, H.W., and Uzmann, J.R., 1955, The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta: Biological Bulletin, v. 109, no. 3, p. 475-483, https://doi.org/10.2307/1539177.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312908,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b3ae4b0a04ef4925b1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stunkard, H. W.","contributorId":150791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stunkard","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uzmann, Joseph R.","contributorId":97118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzmann","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70274623,"text":"70274623 - 1955 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1955","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:44:29.369369","indexId":"70274623","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T10:40:50","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1955","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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