During a long-continued study of the lacustrine beds of the Eocene Green River Formation, I have tried to interpret past events from observation of present-day processes. After a search of some 40 years, four lakes have been found that are producing a kind of organic ooze judged to be a modern analogue of the precursors of rich oil shale. Two of the lakes are in central Africa and two are in Florida. All four are shallow. The ooze in all four is predominantly algal, entirely in the form of minute fecal pellets, and does not decay in warm, wet, oxidizing environments.
Several of the most unusual, mummified microorganisms found in the oil shale of the Green River are illustrated as testament to the inference that the Eocene organic oozes also were resistant to decay.
Studies to determine why these algal oozes do not decay are in progress, but as yet no satisfactory explanation is available. The ooze from Mud Lake, Florida, contains very few living bacteria but a great many bacterial spores, suggesting some active inhibitor. Gentle and slow anaerobic decay takes place in the ooze 1 foot or more below the mud-water interface.
The algal ooze accumulates slowly. That at a depth of 3 feet below the mud-water interface has a C14 age of 2280 ± 200 years. If compacted, this 3-foot layer would amount to a layer only about 0.5 inch thick.
The air-dried algal mud (from Mud Lake) looks much like oil shale and has a C-H ratio essentially like that of the organic matter in oil shale. The oxygen of the mud, however, is roughly 5 times as high as in oil shale. The calorific value of dried Mud Lake algal ooze is about 6600 cal/g, whereas the organic matter from Green River oil shale averages about 9500 cal/g.
Analyses show that the dried algal ooze from Mud Lake contains small quantities of higher fatty acids (C12–C34), with C16 being dominant. It also contains some unsaturated fatty acids and about 0.3 per cent of n-alkanes, predominantly odd carbons, with C29 being dominant. A few qualitative analyses show that carotenoid pigments and terpenes are also present.
A possible source of hydrocarbons is the long branched side chain of the chlorophyll molecule. Small crustaceans liberate this in the form of phytol, which, by dehydration, can go over into a series of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, including phytanc and pristane, both of which are common in Green River oil shale. Search for other precursors of hydrocarbons continues.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1333:TLCAOS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., 1966, Tropical lakes, copropel, and oil shale: GSA Bulletin, v. 77, no. 12, p. 1333-1337, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1333:TLCAOS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1333","endPage":"1337","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W.H.","contributorId":220222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221299,"text":"70221299 - 1966 - Magnetic data on the structure of the central Arctic Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-09T13:34:02.726064","indexId":"70221299","displayToPublicDate":"1966-12-01T08:29:47","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic data on the structure of the central Arctic Region","docAbstract":"A study of 23,000 miles of total intensity aeromagnetic profiles in the central Arctic has been made by the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The profiles were flown at 20,000 feet above sea level and cover approximately 1,350,000 square miles of the Arctic Ocean between the North Pole and the North American continent. When the profiles are smoothed to remove crustal anomalies, the resulting contoured values differ from the U. S. Hydrographic Office Chart 1703 N for 1955 corrected to 1951 by as much as 2000 gammas in the northern part of the Arctic Archipelago. A nondipole regional focus east of Greenland has decreased in amplitude but has changed very little in position since 1907.5. There is a profound difference in the magnetic characteristics of the rocks on either side of the underwater Lomonosov Ridge across the Arctic Ocean. In the Eurasian Basin the high-altitude profiles are relatively smooth or show only minor anomalies, but on the North American side of the ridge there is a large area of closely spaced, high-amplitude anomalies which has been designated the Central Magnetic Zone. Although the anomaly trends parallel the Alpha Rise, this zone is far more extensive, including nearly half of the Canadian Basin on one side and probably all the Central Arctic Basin on the other side of the rise. The Lomonosov Ridge is marked by a persistent anomaly of moderate size that indicates the presence of magnetic material in the ridge. Probable block-fault structures along the flanks of the Alpha Rise are associated with blocklike magnetic anomalies of comparable widths. A characteristic magnetic pattern occurs over an area of jagged bottom topography in the Eurasian Basin. A similar magnetic pattern over part of the Lena Trough may indicate another area of jagged topography. The belt of epicenters associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continues through this rugged part of the Eurasian Basin, but the absence of the typical high magnetic anomaly makes it doubtful that the mid-oceanic ridge extends through this part of the Arctic. Magnetic data indicate that the thick sections of sedimentary rocks in the Paleozoic geosynclinal belts of northern Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland continue out under the adjacent continental shelves north of Greenland, west of the Arctic Archipelago, north of the part of Alaska east of Barrow, and under part of the Chukchi Shelf, and that they make up the bulk of the Nansen Swell off Spitsbergen. Thick sedimentary fill is indicated in the magnetically flat areas of the Eurasian Basin next to the Lomonosov Ridge and in the southern part of the Canadian Basin. The magnetic profiles on the Eurasian side of the Lomonosov Ridge closely resemble typical magnetic profiles over both Atlantic and Pacific oceans, where as the profiles of the Central Magnetic Zone on the North American side of the Lomonosov Ridge are completely unlike the oceanic data and show a striking similarity to typical profiles over the Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield and its buried equivalent under the Central Stable Region of the United States. Therefore, it is concluded that the Arctic region consists of a probable oceanic area on the Eurasian side and a basin formed by downdropped continental rocks, presumably a Precambrian complex similar to that of the Canadian Shield, on the North American side of the ridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[619:MDOTSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"King, E.R., Zietz, I., and Alldredge, L., 1966, Magnetic data on the structure of the central Arctic Region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77, no. 6, p. 619-646, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[619:MDOTSO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"646","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic Circle","volume":"77","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, E. R.","contributorId":93482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zietz, I.","contributorId":59937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221298,"text":"70221298 - 1966 - Geochronology of the St. Kevin granite and neighboring precambrian rocks, northern Sawatch Range, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-09T13:28:44.469071","indexId":"70221298","displayToPublicDate":"1966-12-01T08:22:20","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochronology of the St. Kevin granite and neighboring precambrian rocks, northern Sawatch Range, Colorado","docAbstract":"Radiometric ages have been measured on rocks of a crystalline terrane that includes ancient gneisses and migmatites, two granitic batholiths (St. Kevin Granite and granite of Cross Creek), and various minor intrusive rocks. A whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age on the St. Kevin Granite establishes it as 1390 ± 60 m.y. old. Mineral ages on the St. Kevin and numerous other rocks are either about the same as the St. Kevin whole-rock age or younger by as much as 200 m.y., even where the relative age is known to be older. Some minor Precambrian intrusive masses that are probably younger than St. Kevin Granite yield mica ages within analytical error of the St. Kevin age, indicating that these rocks can be younger than the granite by only a few tens of millions of years. The mica ages, both Rb-Sr and K-Ar, are thought to be minimal, but a K-Ar age of 2020 m.y. on horn-blende probably reflects excess argon. Mica ages from all rocks known geologically to be older than St. Kevin Granite are low and are interpreted as heating ages reflecting intrusion of the granite, in some cases modified further by heating during Laramide time. In this area, Precambrian intrusion and deformation had largely ended by 1200 or 1300 m.y. ago. Plutonism, represented here by the St. Kevin Granite and elsewhere by the Silver Plume and other granites, probably accounts for the numerous mineral ages of about 1300 m.y. previously reported from Colorado although weak regional metamorphism may also have been a factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1109:GOTSKG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pearson, R.C., Hedge, C., Thomas, H., and Stern, T., 1966, Geochronology of the St. Kevin granite and neighboring precambrian rocks, northern Sawatch Range, Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77, no. 10, p. 1109-1120, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1109:GOTSKG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1109","endPage":"1120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Coloradao","otherGeospatial":"Sawatch Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.501220703125,\n 38.758366935612784\n ],\n [\n -106.32568359375,\n 38.758366935612784\n ],\n [\n -106.32568359375,\n 39.47436547486121\n ],\n [\n -107.501220703125,\n 39.47436547486121\n ],\n [\n -107.501220703125,\n 38.758366935612784\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, R. C.","contributorId":30978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, H.H.","contributorId":67530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stern, T.W.","contributorId":258270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stern","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221251,"text":"70221251 - 1966 - Use of analog model to predict streamflow depletion, big and little Blue River basin, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-08T16:50:02.742396","indexId":"70221251","displayToPublicDate":"1966-10-01T11:44:40","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of analog model to predict streamflow depletion, big and little Blue River basin, Nebraska","docAbstract":"The States of Nebraska and Kansas are negotiating a compact for apportionment of the waters of the Big and Little Blue Rivers. So that the negotiating officials could allocate the water equitably, the amount of streamflow depletion caused by ground‐water withdrawals upgradient from the State line needed to be determined. At the request of the Nebraska officials, the U. S. Geological Survey constructed an electric analog model which could be used to determine the amount of streamflow depletion expected to occur in the next 60 years. The model simulates hydraulic conditions in an area of 7,400 square miles which includes the entire area drained by the Big and Little Blue Rivers in Nebraska. The trans‐missibility of the aquifer (Pleistocene in age) ranges from less than 1,000 to as much as 300,000 gallons per day per foot, and the storage coefficient averages about 0.20. The transmissibility values are based on examination of test‐ hole samples from more than 400 test holes in and adjacent to the basin. Analysis of the model indicates that predicted maximum ground‐water withdrawals between 1962 and 2022 will not deplete the base flow of the Big or Little Blue Rivers by more than 5 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA The Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01610.x","usgsCitation":"Emery, P.A., 1966, Use of analog model to predict streamflow depletion, big and little Blue River basin, Nebraska: Groundwater, v. 4, no. 4, p. 13-19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01610.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386298,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Blue River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.66796875,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -95.4052734375,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -95.4052734375,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -99.66796875,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -99.66796875,\n 39.9434364619742\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, P. A.","contributorId":49392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221258,"text":"70221258 - 1966 - An analysis of ground‐water fluctuations caused by ocean tides in Glynn County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-08T17:58:06.072842","indexId":"70221258","displayToPublicDate":"1966-07-01T12:51:22","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analysis of ground‐water fluctuations caused by ocean tides in Glynn County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The tidal efficiencies of wells tapping the principal artesian aquifer in Glynn County, Georgia decrease with distance from the influencing tidal body and also decrease with well depth. Although the magnitude of water‐level fluctuation of these wells is largely dependent upon the distance to a large tidal body, the time of a high or a low water level in the wells is mainly dependent upon the time of a high or a low tide in a small, nearby tidal body. A modified formula for computing tidal efficiency is developed: (Formula Presented.) From this formula, tidal efficiency can be calculated rapidly and easily.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01603.x","usgsCitation":"Gregg, D.O., 1966, An analysis of ground‐water fluctuations caused by ocean tides in Glynn County, Georgia: Groundwater, v. 4, no. 3, p. 24-32, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01603.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.86737060546875,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -81.26312255859375,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -81.26312255859375,\n 31.6042705179912\n ],\n [\n -81.86737060546875,\n 31.6042705179912\n ],\n [\n -81.86737060546875,\n 30.90222470517144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, D. O.","contributorId":17966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221248,"text":"70221248 - 1966 - Digital computer methods for water‐quality data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-08T15:28:33.090973","indexId":"70221248","displayToPublicDate":"1966-07-01T10:23:39","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital computer methods for water‐quality data","docAbstract":"The digital computer is used on a routine basis in the ground-water program in Kansas for tasks ranging from the listing of water-quality data in tabular and publishable form to statistically and graphically analyzing a mass of data.
In the past year a number of computer programs in FORTRAN IV have been developed by Charles O. Morgan and Jesse M. McNellis using an IBM-7040 computer to store, retrieve, and manipulate water-quality data. These programs:
(1) Tabulate data at the rate of 40 chemical analyses of water per minute in a format similar to that found in the Kansas ground-water publications.
(2) Perform necessary calculations and print Stiff diagrams at the rate of 30 per minute.
(3) Perform necessary calculations and print Piper diagrams, including a square modification of the normally diamond-shaped cation-anion diagram, and trilinear diagrams of the cations and anions. The symbol representing the analyses located on the diagrams can be designated by either an analysis number or a geologic unit number. A cation-anion diagram showing the average chemical composition of water for an aquifer can also be printed. These diagrams for 50 analyses can be produced in 1.5 minutes.
(4) Plot maps of 42 individual, combined, or calculated parameters obtained from the data cards. These maps can be plotted to any specified scale and for as many as 10 designated geologic units. Computer time involved for one map with 50 plotted points is 15 seconds.
It is estimated that the use of these programs will save several man-months during a ground-water study, and the error inherent in the manual manipulation of data is greatly reduced. The present cost for running 50 analyses through the four water-quality programs on the computer is approximately $20.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA The Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01605.x","usgsCitation":"Morgan, C., Dingman, R., and McNellis, J., 1966, Digital computer methods for water‐quality data: Groundwater, v. 4, no. 3, p. 35-42, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01605.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, C.O.","contributorId":24482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dingman, R.J.","contributorId":40645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNellis, J.M.","contributorId":58662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNellis","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221259,"text":"70221259 - 1966 - A random-walk model of hydraulic friction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-08T18:03:25.575629","indexId":"70221259","displayToPublicDate":"1966-06-01T12:59:40","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A random-walk model of hydraulic friction","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666609493455","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1966, A random-walk model of hydraulic friction: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 11, no. 2, p. 5-9, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666609493455.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666609493455","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221231,"text":"70221231 - 1966 - Stratified deposits of the oxides and carbonates of manganese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-08T13:55:30.965707","indexId":"70221231","displayToPublicDate":"1966-05-01T08:51:42","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratified deposits of the oxides and carbonates of manganese","docAbstract":"Compared with the stratified deposits of iron minerals, those of manganese minerals have received little attention until recent years. Before 1930, students of the stratified deposits of manganese minerals have generally concluded that the contained manganese was derived from the decomposition of the rocks that formed the borders of the basins. Only in a few places have geologists recognized that if these rocks were the principal source of the contained manganese the basins should contain also enormous quantities of iron minerals, whereas most of the large deposits of manganese contain little iron. Even though more than 100 years ago some geologists proposed that the iron contained in some deposits of stratified iron minerals was probably derived from hydrothermal waters related to centers of volcanism, not until about 1930 was this source of manganese in similar deposits seriously proposed. This mode of origin was given the name \"volcanogene sedimentaire\" by French geologists working in Morocco. Since then, other names, such as \"exhalative sedimentaire,\" have been used by geologists working in several European districts. Because of the development of new techniques for the study of the chemical and physical features of the minerals, and because close attention to the lithologic environments of the beds is being given more and more during recent years, it has seemed advisable to review the features of stratified deposits of the manganese minerals in many parts of the world and over a wide range in age. This study indicates that at least three sources may have contributed the manganese in the large deposits of iron-free oxides and carbonates: (1) the rocks that form the borders of the basins, either marine or continental; (2) the nearby underlying sediments, largely of igneous origin, decomposed by warm waters largely derived from depth; and (3) waters of hydrothermal origin derived from great depths during epochs of volcanism from which iron minerals with little manganese are deposited in deep zones, then minerals with much iron and more manganese at intermediate depths, and, finally, manganese minerals with little iron near the surface. As the hot waters of many thermal springs contain more manganese than iron, such waters could yield the pure manganese oxides and carbonates found in stratified deposits. Several kinds of evidence indicate that most of the manganese in the large stratified deposits of the oxides and carbonates of manganese in many parts of the world has been derived from hydrothermal waters from depth related to centers of volcanism. Obviously, manganese derived from decay of the rocks on the lands adjacent to large basins-marine and continental -may have been added to that derived from centers of volcanism to form the sedimentary deposits found in the basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.61.3.431","usgsCitation":"Hewett, D.F., 1966, Stratified deposits of the oxides and carbonates of manganese: Economic Geology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 431-461, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.61.3.431.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"461","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1966-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hewett, D. F.","contributorId":19927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hewett","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207933,"text":"70207933 - 1966 - The September 28–30, 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T13:54:25","indexId":"70207933","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-20T13:49:54","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The September 28–30, 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines","docAbstract":"A moderately violent phreatomagmatic explosive eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines, occurred from 28 to 30 September, 1965. The main phreatic explosions, which were preceded by ejection of basaltic spatter, opened a new crater 1.5 km long and 0.3 km wide on the southwest side of Volcano Island in Lake Taal. The eruption covered an area of about 60 square kilometers with a blanket of ash more than 25 cm thick and killed approximately 200 persons.
The clouds that formed during the explosive eruption rose to heights of 15 to 20 km and deposited fine ash as far as 80 km west of the vent. At the base of the main explosion column, flat, turbulent clouds spread radially, with hurricane velocity, transporting ash, mud, lapilli and blocks. The horizontally moving, debris-laden clouds, sandblasted trees, coated the blast side of trees and houses with mud, and deposited coarse ejecta with dune-type bedding in a zone roughly 4 km in all directions from the explosion crater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02597143","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Nakamura, K., and Alcaraz, A., 1966, The September 28–30, 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 29, p. 75-76, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597143.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakamura, K.","contributorId":78866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakamura","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alcaraz, A.","contributorId":58772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcaraz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70263595,"text":"70263595 - 1966 - Test well sites and preliminary evaluation of ground-water potential in Tortola, British Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T21:16:24.403461","indexId":"70263595","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T16:16:03","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Test well sites and preliminary evaluation of ground-water potential in Tortola, British Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"Moderate supplies of potable ground water are believed to be available in the Roadtown and Paraquita Bay areas, and small, possibly brackish supplies in the Long Look and West End areas of Tortola. Two water bearing units of the same hydrologic system have the potential of yielding water to wells: 1) alluvial deposits, possibly as thick as 60 feet and locally containing beds and lenses of gravel 1 to 5 feet thick; and 2) fractured and jointed bedrock, especially where it is overlain by alluvium.
The most productive ground-water areas are expected to be the lower reaches of the larger valleys. Here the alluvial deposits are thickest and the valleys often follow the trace of fault or fracture systems in the bedrock. A potential yield of 195,000 gpd (U.S. gallons per day) is estimated to be available in the Road Bay area, 55,000 gpd in the Long Look area, and 8,000 gpd in the West End area.
Sites are suggested for test and monitoring wells in the lower courses of six of the valleys on the south coast.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70263595","collaboration":"Work Done in Cooperation with the Government of the Virgin Islands, Ralph M. Paiewonsky, Governor","usgsCitation":"Jordan, D., 1966, Test well sites and preliminary evaluation of ground-water potential in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70263595.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":482116,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70263595/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":482115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70263595/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virgin Islands","otherGeospatial":"Tortola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.51309561955642,\n 18.51802619929059\n ],\n [\n -64.74978261433117,\n 18.51802619929059\n ],\n [\n -64.74978261433117,\n 18.336353177581245\n ],\n [\n -64.51309561955642,\n 18.336353177581245\n ],\n [\n -64.51309561955642,\n 18.51802619929059\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jordan, Donald G.","contributorId":9519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221265,"text":"70221265 - 1966 - Evidence for an early recent warm interval in northwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-09T14:58:50.904608","indexId":"70221265","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T13:39:40","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an early recent warm interval in northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"A warm interval that began at least 10,000 years ago and lasted until at least 8300 years ago is recorded in the coastal tundra covered area of northwestern Alaska by the presence of fossil wood of tree size or tree species, fossil beaver-gnawed wood found beyond the modern range of beaver, evidence of ice-wedge melting, buried soils, and soils that extend below the top of modern permafrost. Dating of the warm interval is based on eight radiocarbon dates. Although these do not provide tight control for either the beginning or the end, they permit the interpretation that the warm event began at the start of the worldwide, postglacial warming and that it ended at the time of the Anivik Lake glacial readvance in the Brooks Range. If this is correct, the early Recent warm interval and the \"postglacial thermal maximum\" recognized by Livingstone in the Brooks Range were separated by a period of cooler climate. Deposits 7200 and 3600 years old also record moments when the climate was warmer than at present in coastal northwestern Alaska. Although these may record a continuation of the early Recent warm period, it seems more likely that they represent later and separate brief intervals of warmer climate. A postglacial thermal maximum between 6000 and 3000 years ago is recorded by pollen profiles in the Brooks Range, but is not clearly recorded in the coastal areas of northwestern Alaska. We suggest that as sea level rose to near its present position, the accompanying maritime climate lowered summer temperatures in this coastal area during the time at which areas farther inland were experiencing the high temperatures of the postglacial thermal maximum.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1089:EFAERW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McCulloch, D.S., and Hopkins, D., 1966, Evidence for an early recent warm interval in northwestern Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77, no. 10, p. 1089-1108, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[1089:EFAERW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1108","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northwest Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167.6953125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -148.7109375,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -148.7109375,\n 71.52490903732816\n ],\n [\n -167.6953125,\n 71.52490903732816\n ],\n [\n -167.6953125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloch, David S. dmccullo@usgs.gov","contributorId":3100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloch","given":"David","email":"dmccullo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":817191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, David M.","contributorId":37409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010707,"text":"70010707 - 1966 - Variational method of determining effective moduli of polycrystals with tetragonal symmetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T01:17:23.878279","indexId":"70010707","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2171,"text":"Journal of Applied Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variational method of determining effective moduli of polycrystals with tetragonal symmetry","docAbstract":"The chemical composition, both major and minor constituents, of 60 samples of phosphorite from the Phosphoria Formation was determined. Major constituents of the average phosphorite are, by weight per cent: SiO2, 11·9; Al2O3, 1·7; Fe2O3,1·1; MgO, 0·3; CaO, 44·0; Na2O, 0·6; K2O, 0·5; total H2O, 2·2; H2O−, 0·6; TiO2, 0·1; P2O5, 30·5; CO2, 2·2; SO3, 1·8; F, 3·1; organic matter, 2·1; and oil, 0·2. Uranium averages 0·009 per cent.
The phosphate mineral is basically apatite, Ca5(PO4)3F, with small but significant and variable substitutions—Na, Sr, U and Th for Ca, and CO3 and SO4 for PO4.
Rare metals not associated with apatite are associated principally with the organic-matter component of the rocks. This group includes As, Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, V and Zn. Chromium is the most abundant, having a modal abundance of 0·1 per cent and a maximum concentration of 0·3 per cent.
The average phosphorite is composed of approximately 80 per cent apatite, 10 per cent quartz, 5 per cent muscovite-illite, 2 per cent organic matter, 1 per cent dolomite—calcite, 1 per cent iron oxide, and 1 per cent other components. It is texturally a medium-grained pellet phosphorite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(66)90131-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Gulbrandsen, R.A., 1966, Chemical composition of phosphorites of the Phosphoria Formation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 30, no. 8, p. 769-778, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(66)90131-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"769","endPage":"778","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f566e4b0c8380cd4c1e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulbrandsen, R. A.","contributorId":48543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulbrandsen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010762,"text":"70010762 - 1966 - Half-cell potentials of semiconductive simple binary sulphides in aqueous solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T01:04:36.198021","indexId":"70010762","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1488,"text":"Electrochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Half-cell potentials of semiconductive simple binary sulphides in aqueous solution","docAbstract":"Theoretical consideration of the charge-transfer mechanism operative in cells with an electrode of a semiconductive binary compound leads to the conclusion that the half-cell potential of such a compound is not only a function of ionic activities in the electrolytic solution, but also a function of the activities of the component elements in the compound phase. The most general form of the electrode equation derived for such a compound with a formula MiXj which dissociates into Mj+ and Xi− ions in aqueous solution is
EMiXj = EMiXj0 +
where
EMiXj0 =
The equation can be modified to other forms. When applied to semiconductive simple binary sulphides, these equations appear to give better descriptions of the observed electrode potentials of such sulphides than any other proposed equations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-4686(66)87046-9","issn":"00134686","usgsCitation":"Sato, M., 1966, Half-cell potentials of semiconductive simple binary sulphides in aqueous solution: Electrochimica Acta, v. 11, no. 3, p. 361-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(66)87046-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f59e4b0c8380cd5ccf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sato, M.","contributorId":50201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009986,"text":"70009986 - 1966 - Some alkali and titania analyses of tektites before and after G-1 precision monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T01:26:42.529781","indexId":"70009986","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some alkali and titania analyses of tektites before and after G-1 precision monitoring","docAbstract":"A comparison of 55 older analyses of Australasian tektites with 110 modern precisely monitored analyses suggests that more than half of the older alkali and titania determinations are decidedly inaccurate and misleading. Deviations of the older analyses from the restricted values of the modern analyses are comparable to the imprecisions shown by early analyses of G-1 granite and W-1 diabase. This suggests that a high percentage of older alkali and titania analyses, such as those of Washington's tables, are of questionable quality.
A feasibility study has been made to operate by remote control an unshielded portable positive-ion accelerator type neutron source to induce activities in the ground or rock by “in situ” neutron irradiation. Selective activation techniques make it possible to detect some thirty or more elements by irradiating the ground for periods of a few minutes with either 3-MeV or 14-MeV neutrons. The depth of penetration of neutrons, the effect of water content of the soil on neutron moderation, gamma ray attenuation in the soil and other problems are considered.
The analysis shows that, when exploring for most elements of economic interest, the reaction 2H(d,n)3He yielding ∼ 3-MeV neutrons is most practical to produce a relatively uniform flux of neutrons of less than 1 keV to a depth of 19″–20″. Irradiation with high energy neutrons (∼ 14 MeV) can also be used and may be better suited for certain problems. However, due to higher background and lower sensitivity for the heavy minerals, it is not a recommended neutron source for general exploration use.
Preliminary experiments have been made which indicate that neutron activation in situ is feasible for a mineral exploration or qualititative soil analysis.
During a three-month trial period, 70 million gallons of industrial wastes were successfully injected at moderate pressures into a deep limestone in the westernmost part of Florida. The movement of these wastes is expected to be predominantly southward toward the natural discharge area which is presumed to be far out in the Gulf of Mexico. The limestone lies between two thick beds of clay (aquicludes) and contains 13,000 parts per million salty water. A series of aquifers and aquicludes appear capable of preventing contamination of the overlying fresh-water aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01588.x","usgsCitation":"Barraclough, J., 1966, Waste injection into a deep limestone in northwestern Florida: Groundwater, v. 4, no. 1, p. 22-24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01588.x.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"22","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338341,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 29.611670115197377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63044e4b05ec799131139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barraclough, J.T.","contributorId":16003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barraclough","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006987,"text":"70006987 - 1965 - Infectious pancreatic necrosis: its detection and identification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-14T01:01:39","indexId":"70006987","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T13:52:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis: its detection and identification","docAbstract":"Ultimate control of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in hatcheries depends largely upon learning where the virus occurs. To detect the presence of virus either susceptible fish or susceptible fish cell cultures may be used as test systems. In modern virology, it is generally agreed that cell cultures are more convenient, are usually a much more sensitive test system, and allow more rapid determinations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1965)27[112:IPN]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., 1965, Infectious pancreatic necrosis: its detection and identification: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 27, no. 2, p. 112-112, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1965)27[112:IPN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"112","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258866,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1965)27[112:IPN]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3adfe4b0c8380cd62041","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220167,"text":"5220167 - 1965 - Importing waterfowl eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5220167","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:34","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2769,"text":"Modern Game Breeding","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importing waterfowl eggs","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Game Breeding","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Smart, M., 1965, Importing waterfowl eggs: Modern Game Breeding, v. 1, no. 4, p. 41-44.","productDescription":"41-44","startPage":"41","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f195e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smart, M.G.","contributorId":35829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220171,"text":"5220171 - 1965 - An open letter to all bird fanciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:40","indexId":"5220171","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:34","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2769,"text":"Modern Game Breeding","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An open letter to all bird fanciers","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Game Breeding","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Smart, M., 1965, An open letter to all bird fanciers: Modern Game Breeding, v. 1, no. 3, p. 50-51.","productDescription":"50-51","startPage":"50","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smart, M.G.","contributorId":35829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220170,"text":"5220170 - 1965 - Annual duck wing collection survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5220170","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:34","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2769,"text":"Modern Game Breeding","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual duck wing collection survey","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Game Breeding","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Smart, M., 1965, Annual duck wing collection survey: Modern Game Breeding, v. 1, no. 10, p. 28-29,.","productDescription":"28-29, 58-59","startPage":"28","endPage":"29,","numberOfPages":"-27","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smart, M.G.","contributorId":35829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044066,"text":"70044066 - 1965 - A final report on computed magneto-telluric curves for hypothetical models of crustal structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T10:14:47","indexId":"70044066","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":356,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letters","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"32","title":"A final report on computed magneto-telluric curves for hypothetical models of crustal structure","docAbstract":"Several mathematical models were investigated to determine the capa-bilities of the magneto-telluric method for determining the resistivity structure of the earth's crust. The model parameters were based on the crust model proposed by Keller (1963). The mathematical technique used was developed by Cagniard (1953). The investigations indicate that a three-layer model approximation of the crust and mantle is the most detailed model warranted in inter-preting the information provided by the magneto-telluric method about the lower crust. Only the thickness of the lower crust can be determined, and not the resistivity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70044066","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Pritchard, J., 1965, A final report on computed magneto-telluric curves for hypothetical models of crustal structure: Crustal Studies Technical Letters 32, ii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70044066.","productDescription":"ii, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268319,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0032/tl0032.pdf"},{"id":268318,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0032/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd49d2e4b0b290850ef665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pritchard, J.I.","contributorId":55304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38844,"text":"pp542A - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38844,"text":"pp542A - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska","indexId":"pp542A","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T19:13:46.811205","indexId":"pp542A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"A","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, is about 80 miles west-northwest of the epicenter of the March 27 earthquake. Because of its size, Anchorage bore the brunt of property damage from the quake; it sustained greater losses than all the rest of Alaska combined. Damage was caused by direct seismic vibration, by ground cracks, and by landslides. Direct seismic vibration affected chiefly multistory buildings and buildings having large floor areas, probably because of the long period and large amplitude of the seismic waves reaching Anchorage. Most small buildings were spared. Ground cracks caused capricious damage throughout the Anchorage Lowland. Cracking was most prevalent near the heads or within landslides but was also widespread elsewhere. Landslides themselves caused the most devastating damage.
Triggering of landslides by the earthquake was related to the physical-engineering properties of the Bootlegger Cove Clay, a glacial estuarine-marine deposit that underlies much of the Anchorage area. The Bootlegger Cove Clay contains zones of low shear strength, high water content, and high sensitivity that failed under the vibratory stress of the earthquake. Shear strength in sensitive zones ranged from less than 0.2 tsf to about 0.5 tsf; sensitivity ranged from about 10 to more than 40. Sensitive zones generally are centered about 10 to 20 feet above sea level, between zones of stiff insensitive clay. Many physical tests by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were directed toward analyzing the causes of failure in the Bootlegger Cove Clay and finding possible remedies. Strengths and sensitivities were measured directly in the field by means of vane shear apparatus. A4tterberg limits, natural water contents, triaxial shear, sensitivity, dynamic modulus, consolidation strength, and other properties were measured in the laboratory. Pulsating-load tests simulated earthquake loading.
Most of the destructive landslides in the Anchorage area moved primarily by translation rather than by rotation. Thus, all the highly damaging slides were of a single structural dynamic family despite wide variations in size, appearance, and complexity. They slid on nearly horizontal slip surfaces after loss of strength in the Bootlegger Core Clay. Same failures are attributed to spontaneous liquefaction of sand layers. All translatory slides surmounted flat-topped bluffs bounded marginally by steep slopes facing lower ground. Destructive translatory slides occurred in the downtown area (Fourth Avenue slide and L Street slide), at Government Hill, and at Turnagain Heights. Less destructive slides occurred in many other places-mostly uninhabited or undeveloped areas.
In most translatory slides, damage was greatest in graben areas at the head and in pressure-ridge areas at the toe. Many buildings inside the perimeters of slide blocks were little damaged despite horizontal translations of several feet. The large Turnagain Heights slide, however, was characterized by a complete disintegration and drastic lowering of the prequake land surface. Extensive damage back from the slide, moreover, was caused by countless tension cracks.
An approximation of the depth of failure in the Bootlegger Cove Clay in the various slides may be obtained by using a geometric relationship herein called the \"graben rule.\" Because the cross-sectional area of the graben at the head of the slide approximated the cross-sectional area of the space voided behind the slide block as the block moved outward, the depth of failure was equal to the area of the graben divided by the lateral displacement. This approximation supplements and accords with test data obtained from borings. The graben rule should apply to any translatory slide in which flowage of material from the zone of failure has not been excessive.
Geologic evidence indicates that landslides similar to those triggered by the March 27 earthquake have occurred in the Anchorage area at various times in the past.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542A","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W.R., 1965, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: iv, 68 p.; 2 Plates: 50.44 x 26.21 inches and 35.05 x 10.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 68 p.; 2 Plates: 50.44 x 26.21 inches and 35.05 x 10.13 inches","numberOfPages":"77","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399840,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4583.htm"},{"id":170342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113265,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/pp542a_plate2.pdf","size":"1792","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113264,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/pp542a_plate1.pdf","size":"7988","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/pp542a_text.pdf","size":"19635","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":111457,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2400","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.100708,60.999438 ], [ -150.100708,61.301243 ], [ -149.624949,61.301243 ], [ -149.624949,60.999438 ], [ -150.100708,60.999438 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61031d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Wallace R.","contributorId":90273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38845,"text":"pp542B - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38845,"text":"pp542B - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska","indexId":"pp542B","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T20:06:42.908474","indexId":"pp542B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Whittier, Alaska, lying at the western end of Passage Canal, is an ocean terminal of The Alaska Railroad. The earthquake that shook south-central Alaska at 5:36 p.m. (Alaska Standard Time) on March 27, 1964, took the lives of 13 persons and caused more than $5 million worth of damage to Government and private property at Whittier.
\n\nSeismic motion lasted only 2½-3 minutes, but when it stopped the Whittier waterfront was in shambles land the port facilities were inoperable. Damage was caused by (1) a 5.3-foot subsidence of the landmass, sufficient to put some of the developed land under water during high tides, (2) seismic shock, (3) fracturing of fill and unconsolidated sediments, (4) compaction of fill and unconsolidated deposits, (5) submarine landslides which generated waves that destroyed part of The Alaska Railroad roadbed and other property, (6) at least two, but probably three, waves generated by landslides, which completely wrecked the buildings of two lumber companies, the stub pier, the small-boat harbor, the car-barge slip dock, and several homes, and (7) fire that destroyed the fuel-storage tanks at the Whittier waterfront.
\n\nMany buildings and other facilities were totally wrecked, others were damaged to lesser degrees. For example, the 14-story reinforced concrete Hodge Building, which rests upon at least 44 feet of sandy gravel, was moderately damaged by seismic shock, but the six-story reinforced-concrete Buckner Building, which rests upon bedrock, was only slightly damaged.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542B","usgsCitation":"Kachadoorian, R., 1965, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 21 p.; 3 Plates: 40 x 20.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 21 p.; 3 Plates: 40 x 20.5 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"29","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":65806,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65805,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399842,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4584.htm"},{"id":122275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":104502,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4584"},{"id":65807,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_plate3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"4800","datum":"Preearthquake Mean Sea Level","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Whittier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148.739934,60.765962 ], [ -148.739934,60.787502 ], [ -148.64941,60.787502 ], [ -148.64941,60.765962 ], [ -148.739934,60.765962 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kachadoorian, Reuben","contributorId":24336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kachadoorian","given":"Reuben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}