{"pageNumber":"1614","pageRowStart":"40325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41062,"records":[{"id":70042870,"text":"70042870 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14074,"text":"ofr6346 - 1963 - Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey in central and southwestern Iowa","indexId":"ofr6346","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey in central and southwestern Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042870,"text":"70042870 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","indexId":"70042870","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T15:12:33.447726","indexId":"70042870","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","docAbstract":"A composite map of detailed aeromagnetic surveys over the midcontinent gravity high provides coverage of the 600-mi-long buried belt of mafic rocks of the Keweenawan Series from their outcrop localities in Minnesota and Wisconsin through Iowa and Nebraska. A map of the subsurface extent of the mafic rocks, based on the intricate magnetic patterns, shows that the rocks form a long, semicontinuous block, averaging 40 mi wide and consisting mainly of a sequence of layered flows. This sequence is probably fault-bounded and has been tilted up along the margins, where the linearity of the anomalies indicates steeper dips. The associated clastic rocks, indicated by a smoother magnetic pattern, occur in basins along both sides of the mafic belt and in grabens and a series of axial basins on the upper surface of the block. The well-defined outliers of flows marginal to the main block and the truncation of some of the outermost flow units along a diagonal boundary striking at an angle to them suggest that the present boundaries of the block are postdepositional structural features. The basins and the edges of the block appear to have controlled later, largely vertical movement in the overlying Paleozoic and younger sedimentary cover. Calculated models based on coincident magnetic and detailed gravity profiles along typical cross sections of the midcontinent gravity high show that the block of mafic rocks is steep-sided and as much as several miles thick. The free-air gravity anomaly, which consists of a large positive maximum flanked by minima, averages very close to zero, indicating that this major crustal feature is regionally compensated, although locally each of its components shows a large departure from equilibrium. Remanent magnetization is a primary factor in the interpretation of the magnetic data. Magnetic property studies of Keweenawan mafic rocks in the Lake Superior region show that remanent magnetization may be five times the magnetization induced by the present Earth's field and differs from it radically in direction. This magnetization was acquired before the flows were tilted into their present positions. A computed magnetic profile shows that a trough of flows with such a magnetization and inward-dipping limbs can account for the observed persistent lows along the western edge of the block, the relatively low magnetic values along the axis of the block, and the large positive anomaly along the eastern side of the block. Flows as much as 1 mi thick near the base of the sequence have a remanent magnetization with a nearly opposite polarity. This reverse polarity has been measured on both sides of Lake Superior and is probably also present farther south, particularly in Iowa where the outer units of the block in an area north of Des Moines give rise to a prominent magnetic low. The axis of this long belt of Keweenawan mafic rocks cuts discordantly through the prevailing east-west-trending fabric of the older Precambrian terrane from southern Kansas to Lake Superior. This belt has several major left-lateral offsets, one of which produces a complete hiatus in the vicinity of the 40th parallel where an east-west transcontinental rift or fracture zone has been proposed. The axial basins of clastic rocks are outlined by linear magnetic anomalies and show a concordant relation to the structure of the mafic flows. These basins are oriented at an angle to the main axis, suggesting that the entire feature originated as a major rift composed of a series of short, linear, en echelon segments with offsets similar to the transform faults characterizing the present mid-ocean rift system. This midcontinent rift may well have been part of a Keweenawan global rift system with initial offsets consisting of transform faults along pre-existing fractures, but apparently it never fully developed laterally into an ocean basin, and the upwelling mafic material was localized along a relatively narrow belt.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2187:ASOTMG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"King, E.R., and Zietz, I., 1971, Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 8, p. 2187-2208, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2187:ASOTMG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2187","endPage":"2208","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70010275,"text":"70010275 - 1971 - Kaersutite - A product of reaction between pargasite and basanite at Dish Hill, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:22:27.982888","indexId":"70010275","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kaersutite - A product of reaction between pargasite and basanite at Dish Hill, California","docAbstract":"

Paragasitic amphibole, occurring interstitially and as veins in peridotite inclusions in basanite, has reacted with the host basanite to form kaersutitic amphibole. The amphibole compositions vary with respect to distance from the edge of the xenolith; iron, titanium, and potassium contents are higher and magnesium, silicon, sodium, and chromium contents are lower closer to the basanite. Pargasite was exposed to the basanite when peridotite blocks broke open along amphibole veins during transport to the surface. Small amphibole fragments isolated in the basanite show the most reaction; compositional gradients in interstitial and vein amphibole are steep into peridotite inclusions where the amphibole was shielded from reaction.

The compositions of amphiboles so modified have no direct bearing on high pressure fractionation trends if the amphibole is cognate, or on the bulk composition of the upper mantle if it is accidental.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90019-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Calk, L.C., and Schwarzman, E., 1971, Kaersutite - A product of reaction between pargasite and basanite at Dish Hill, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 10, no. 2, p. 281-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90019-7.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Dish Hill","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4051e4b0c8380cd64c6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarzman, E.C.","contributorId":60693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzman","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010392,"text":"70010392 - 1971 - Uranium-series dating of some pleistocene marine deposits in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:48:25.275557","indexId":"70010392","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series dating of some pleistocene marine deposits in Southern California","docAbstract":"

Analyses of uranium isotopes and their long-lived daughter products showed evidence of uranium migration in most of the 22 fossil mollusk shell samples from marine terrace deposits in southern California. Two samples, however, remained an ideal closed system as indicated by concordant230Th/234U and231Pa/235U dates. The closed-system age of the lowest exposed marine terrace deposit along part of the mainland coast of southern California is 69 000 ± 10 000 yr, and correlation of this discontinuous deposit is afforded between the Newport Beach-Laguna Beach area and the Palos Verdes Hills. Some mollusk shell samples were dated by the open-system model; the remaining samples were found to be unsuitable for uranium-series dating.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90181-6","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., and Vedder, J.G., 1971, Uranium-series dating of some pleistocene marine deposits in Southern California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 11, no. 1-5, p. 283-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90181-6.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 31.353636941500987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdfee4b08c986b329356","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vedder, J. G.","contributorId":97873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vedder","given":"J.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178809,"text":"70178809 - 1970 - Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T15:44:02","indexId":"70178809","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged)","docAbstract":"

[none]

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1970, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged): Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 2, no. 1, p. 25-25.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":331656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58492e0ee4b06d80b7b093e1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Coffman, Jerry L.","contributorId":49706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffman","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655167,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042621,"text":"70042621 - 1970 - A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16658,"text":"ofr68334 - 1968 - Computer technique for tracing seismic rays in two-dimensional geological models","indexId":"ofr68334","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Computer technique for tracing seismic rays in two-dimensional geological models"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042621,"text":"70042621 - 1970 - A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models","indexId":"70042621","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-10T15:07:52","indexId":"70042621","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":360,"text":"Final Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models","docAbstract":"A computer program has been developed to trace seismic rays and their amplitudes and energies through complex two-dimensional geological models, for which boundaries between elastic units are defined by a series of digitized X-, Y-coordinate values. Input data for the program includes problem identification, control parameters, model coordinates and elastic parameter for the elastic units. The program evaluates the partitioning of ray amplitude and energy at elastic boundaries, computes the total travel time, total travel distance and other parameters for rays arising at the earth's surface. Instructions are given for punching program control cards and data cards, and for arranging input card decks. An example of printer output for a simple problem is presented. The program is written in FORTRAN IV language. The listing of the program is shown in the Appendix, with an example output from a CDC-6600 computer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70042621","usgsCitation":"Yacoub, N.K., and Scott, J.H., 1970, A computer program to trace seismic ray distribution in complex two-dimensional geological models: Final Report, 76 p.; 2 Sheets; 10x15 cm; Bibliography: leaf 11, https://doi.org/10.3133/70042621.","productDescription":"76 p.; 2 Sheets; 10x15 cm; Bibliography: leaf 11","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f536f4e4b0114312ab01d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yacoub, Nazieh K.","contributorId":84389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yacoub","given":"Nazieh","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, James H.","contributorId":73579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001640,"text":"70001640 - 1970 - Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T16:21:07.621196","indexId":"70001640","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:22","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

A computer analysis of tide-gage records in the northeast Pacific indicates that the active volcanic islands of eastern Hawaii are subsiding at a rate considerably faster than the eustatic rise of sea level. The rate of absolute subsidence increases progressively toward the center of current activity on the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu, Oahu, appears to be stable; Kahului, Maui, is subsiding at 1.7 mm per year; and Hilo, Hawaii, is subsiding at 4.8 mm per year. This subsidence is apparently related to downbowing of the crust throughout a zone 400 km in diameter by the weight of volcanic material added to the crust by active volcanoes, principally Mauna Loa and Kilauea on the Island of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Arch encircles the subsiding zone and may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence.

The annual volume of subsidence is about 270×106 m3, whereas the average annual volume of erupted basalt on the Island of Hawaii (based on historic records back to about 1820) is about 50×106 m3. The great excess of subsidence over volcanic addition cannot be reconciled by isostatic models, and is apparently the result of other processes operating in the volcano and its basement thet are poorly understood. Probably the more important of these processes are intrusions and submarine volcanism, both of which are providing additional unseen load on the volcanoes. Furthermore, the rate of eruption may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence may be overestimated due to localized downslope movement of the margins of the islands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02596771","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1970, Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 34, no. 2, p. 562-576, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596771.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c17e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54138,"text":"ofr7010 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:39:13","indexId":"ofr7010","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-10","title":"A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio","docAbstract":"

A streamflow data program is proposed for Ohio which consists of both data collection and data analysis. The program is proposed after a study which (1) established long-term objectives and goals for streamflow information, (2) examined and analyzed available data to determine its adequacy for meeting the established goals, and (3) considered alternate methods and data requirements for providing information to meet unfulfilled goals.

The program is designed to provide data (1) for current use, (2) for planning and design, (3) for definition of long-term trends, and (4) on the characteristics of stream environment. At present 141 gaging stations provide adequate data for current use. Multiple- regression relations have been defined that accurately estimate many flow characteristics needed for planning and design on natural-flow streams. A systems approach is required to define flow characteristics of regulated streams. A network of 13 existing gages is proposed for indefinite operation to define long-term flow trends, and additional data collection is proposed on the characteristics of stream environment. Studies of available data and of data to become available are suggested.

The proposed program may be modified in the future to reflect the degree of information that becomes available from new and improved data analyses.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7010","usgsCitation":"Anttila, P.W., 1970, A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-10, Report: iv, 62 p.; 2 Figures: 17.79 x 19.50 inches and 16.86 x 18.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7010.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; 2 Figures: 17.79 x 19.50 inches and 16.86 x 18.89 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174092,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":333373,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9acb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anttila, Peter W.","contributorId":27423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anttila","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010298,"text":"70010298 - 1970 - Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-16T15:14:21.955114","indexId":"70010298","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems","docAbstract":"

A detailed bathymetric study of Astoria Canyon and Astoria Fan provides a model for typical submarine canyon-fan systems. The present canyon head is 9 miles (17 km) west of the Columbia River mouth but buried Pleistocene channels appear to have connected the two features in the past. The canyon, which is distinguished by its relief, V-shaped profiles, and numerous tributaries, winds sinuously and is coincident with apparent structural trends across the continental shelf and slope. At the fan apex, the canyon mouth merges smoothly into Astoria Channel, which is characterized by its U-shaped profiles, lower walls of even height, and levee development. Astoria Channel and the fan valley at the base of the continental slope are the most recently active of a series of main fan valleys that appear to have: (1) progressively “hooked left”; (2) migrated from north to south across the fan during its formation; and (3) been partly responsible for the asymmetrical shape of the fan. The deep, narrow upper fan valleys that characterize the steep (> 1:100, or 0°35′) and rough (10–30 fathoms, or 18–55 m) upper fan surface break into distributaries on the middle fan, where there is the sharpest change in gradient. The main valleys become broader and shallower down the fan, while the generally concave fan surface grades to nearly a flat seafloor (to gradients < 1:1000, or 0°0.5′), (< 10 fathoms, or 18 m relief).

Similarity of Astoria Canyon-Fan system with other deep-sea fan and alluvial fan systems, suggests the hypothesis that size of drainage basin, sediment size, and sediment load control the size, gradient, and valley development of any fan system. Data from bathymetry, seismic refraction stations, and sediment load of the Columbia River indicate that the cutting of Astoria Canyon and the deposition of the unconsolidated sediment layer forming Astoria Fan could have been accomplished during the Pleistocene. A similar history can be suggested for other major submarine canyon-fan systems.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(70)90047-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., Carlson, P., Byrne, J., and Alpha, T.R., 1970, Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems: Marine Geology, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 259-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(70)90047-2.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"291","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Astoria Canyon, Astoria Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.89139364833369,\n 45.61941840485443\n ],\n [\n -121.89139364833369,\n 44.27741061960609\n ],\n [\n -119.62339339391065,\n 44.27741061960609\n ],\n [\n -119.62339339391065,\n 45.61941840485443\n ],\n [\n -121.89139364833369,\n 45.61941840485443\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0067e4b0c8380cd4f74e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrne, J.V.","contributorId":21684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1843,"text":"wsp1473 - 1970 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:58:39","indexId":"wsp1473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1473","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"

The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water.

\n

The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.

\n

Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.

\n

More than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles.

\n

Chemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.

\n

About 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.

\n

Relationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers.

\n

Water-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.

\n

Fundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1473","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (2nd edition): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473, xiv, 363 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1473.","productDescription":"xiv, 363 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"380","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27047,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27048,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27049,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1473/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","edition":"2nd edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20131,"text":"ofr71210 - 1970 - Petrology of the Plutonic Rocks of west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr71210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-210","title":"Petrology of the Plutonic Rocks of west-central Alaska","docAbstract":"A series of plutons in west-central Alaska defines the Hogatza plutonic belt which extends for about 200 miles in an east-west direction from the northeastern Seward Peninsula to the Koyukuk River. The plutonic rocks have an aggregate area of about 1,200 square miles and their composition, distribution, and possible petrogenesis are discussed for the first time in this report. \r\n\r\nField, petrographic and chemical data supported by K/Ar age dating indicate the plutonic rocks are divisible into two suites differing in age, location, and composition. The western plutons are mid-Cretaceous (~100 m.y.) in age and consist of a heterogeneous assemblage of monzonite, syenite, quartz monzonite. Associated with these granitic rocks is a group of alkaline sub-silicic rocks that forma belt of intrusive complexes extending for a distance of at least 180 miles from west-central Alaska to the Bering Sea. The complex at Granite Mountain shows a rare example of zoning from an alkaline rim to a quartz-bearing core. The occurrence of a similar complex at Cape Dezhnev on the easternmost tip of Siberia suggests the alkaline province may extend into Siberia. The easternmost plutons are Late Cretaceous (180 m.y.) in age and composed primarily of granodiorite and quartz monzonite similar to calc-alkaline plutons found throughout the North America Cordillera.\r\n\r\nThe plutons are epizonal and intrude deformed but unmetamorphosed Lower Cretaceous andesitic volcanics and volcanic graywacke which constitute the highly mobile Yukon-Koyukuk volcanogenic province of west-central Alaska. No older rocks have been found within the confines of this vast tract; the occurrence of a bounding ophiolite sequence has lead to the suggestion that the province was formed by large-scale rifting and is underlain by oceanic crust. \r\n\r\nThe possibility of no juvenile sialic crust over much of the area suggests that the potassium-rich magma now represented by the alkaline rocks originated in the mantle. The distribution of the alkaline rocks appears to be related to regional structural features, particularly the boundary between the Mesozoic volcanogenic province of west-central Alaska and the thrust-faulted province of metamorphic-plutonic and sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and Precambrian age that forms the eastern Seward Peninsula. This boundary may have been a zone of structural weakness along which alkaline magma was generated. Modal and chemical trends suggest that the potassium-rich magma influenced the composition of more granitic magmas forming at higher levels. The latter may have been forming as a result of anatexis of andesite and mixing of mantle-derived mafic magma. The result is the heterogeneous assemblage of generally potassium-rich plutonic rocks that forms the west end of the Hogataza plutonic belt.\r\n\r\nThe loci of magmatism in west-central Alaska shifted east in Late Cretaceous time and the eastern plutons show only local signs of potassium enrichment. They are compositionally homogeneous and differences within plutons appear due to local contamination.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr71210","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., 1970, Petrology of the Plutonic Rocks of west-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-210, xi, 132, [2] leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71210.","productDescription":"xi, 132, [2] leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; 136 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106510,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8615.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8615"},{"id":153233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49672,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49673,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49674,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68668e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":182117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18204,"text":"ofr7034 - 1970 - Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T13:47:37.618507","indexId":"ofr7034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-34","title":"Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting","docAbstract":"

This interim report presents data on and interrelations between the parameters L (length of surface rupture), D (maximum surface displacement), and M (Richter magnitude of associated earthquake) for the main traces of historic surface faults that have been reported in the worldwide literature. Original descriptions of the individual fault-events published in English, French, German, or Spanish were used whenever possible, supplemented by translations of selected passages of reports published in Japanese and Chinese. For some events, original descriptions were not published in these languages and secondary sources were used. Although more than 100 fault-events have been reported in the literature, only those for which reliable data (in the judgement of the present writers) were available on at least two of the three parameters M, L, and D are included in this interim report and listed in table 1. Some fault-events have been omitted because the available reports contained significantly different data for the same event and the writers had insufficient basis for choosing between them.

This report was prepared to permit early release of part of the results of a more comprehensive study of historic surface faulting now under way, and to elicit suggestions and criticisms from users of the report. Comments are especially invited regarding the methods used in designating the fault type and in identifying the main fault.

The more comprehensive report will deal with subsidiary faults as well as main faults, will have detailed citations of the sources of information, and will discuss various additional aspects of faulting. It is anticipated that reliable data on a few more faults will be obtained, and it is hoped that comments from users of this interim report will permit improvement of the comprehensive report. Thus it is expected that the comprehensive report will contain modifications of the present data and will be of larger scope.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7034","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., and Buchanan, J.M., 1970, Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-34, ii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7034.","productDescription":"ii, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":47569,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0034/report.pdf","text":"Version 1.0","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":375406,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/of1611/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":375405,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/of1611/of1611.pdf","text":"Version 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan, Jane M.","contributorId":32543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":127,"text":"wsp1971 - 1970 - Methods and applications of electrical simulation in ground-water studies in the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River Valleys, Arkansas and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1971","title":"Methods and applications of electrical simulation in ground-water studies in the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River Valleys, Arkansas and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Arkansas River Multiple-Purpose Plan will provide year-round navigation on the Arkansas River from near its mouth to Muskogee, Okla., and on the Verdigris River from Muskogee to Catoosa, Okla. The altered regimen in the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers will affect ground-water conditions in the adjacent alluvial aquifers. In 1957 the U.S. Geological Survey \r\n\r\nand U.S. Army Corps of Engineers entered into a cooperative agreement for a comprehensive ground-water study of the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River valleys. At the request of the Corps of Engineers, the Geological Survey agreed to provide (1) basic ground-water data before, during, and after construction of the Multiple-Purpose Plan and (2) interpretation and projections of postconstruction ground-water conditions. The data collected were used by the Corps of Engineers in preliminary foundation and excavation estimates and by the Geological Survey as the basis for defining the hydrologic properties of, and the ground-water conditions in, the aquifer. The projections of postconstruction ground-water conditions were used by the Corps of Engineers in the planning, design, construction, and operation of the Multiple-Purpose Plan. \r\n\r\nAnalysis and projections of ground-water conditions were made by use of electrical analog models. These models use the analogy between the flow of electricity in a resistance-capacitance circuit and the flow of a liquid in a porous and permeable medium.\r\n\r\nVerification provides a test of the validity of the analog to perform as the aquifer would, within the range of historic forces. The verification process consists of simulating the action of historic forces which have acted upon the aquifer and of duplicating the aquifer response with the analog. The areal distribution of accretion can be treated as an unknown and can be determined by analog simulation of the piezometric surface in an aquifer. Comparison of accretion with depth to piezometric surface below land surface shows that accretion decreases with decreasing depth to water level. The decrease in accretion is attributed mostly to the increase in evapotranspiration from the aquifer, and where water levels are very near the land surface, to the rejection of recharge. The maximum accretion and the decrease in accretion with the decrease in depth to water are dependent upon the climate and the thickness and lithology of the fine-grained material overlying the aquifer. \r\n\r\nDams on the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers will impose a direct change in water levels in the aquifers adjacent to the rivers. This change will be attenuated by the resultant change in accretion to the aquifer. The analogs of aquifers in the valleys were used to determine the change in ground-water level from preconstruction to postconstruction conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1971","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Reed, J., Wells, C., and Swafford, B., 1970, Methods and applications of electrical simulation in ground-water studies in the lower Arkansas and Verdigris River Valleys, Arkansas and Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1971, vi, 71 p. :illus., maps (4 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1971.","productDescription":"vi, 71 p. :illus., maps (4 fold. in pocket) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24734,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24735,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24736,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24737,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1971/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a01b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, J.E.","contributorId":41801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wells, C.J.","contributorId":80242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swafford, B.F.","contributorId":38528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swafford","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":13324,"text":"ofr70101 - 1970 - Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr70101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-101","title":"Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Analysis of 88 samples from the Shublik formation on Fire Creek, Mt. Michelson Quadrangle, Alaska, are presented in tabular form. The results include the determination of elements by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, phosphate by X-ray fluorescence, carbon dioxide by acid decomposable carbonate, total carbon by induction furnace, carbonate carbon by conversion using the conversion factor of 0.2727 for amount of carbon in carbon dioxide, and organic carbon by difference. \r\n\r\nA seven- cycle semilogarithmic chart presents the data graphically and illustrates the range, mode, and mean for some of the elements. The chart shows, also, the approximate concentration of the same elements in rocks similar to the black shale and limestone of the Shublik Formation. \r\n\r\nEach sample represents 5 feet of section and is composed of rock chips taken at 1 - foot intervals. The samples are keyed into a stratigraphic column of the formation. \r\n\r\nRocks of the Shublik Formation contain anomalously high concentrations of some of the elements. These same elements might be expected to be high in some of the petroleum from northern Alaska if the Shublik Formation is a source for this petroleum. Several of the stratigraphic intervals may represent, also, a low-grade phosphate deposit.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70101","usgsCitation":"Detterman, R.L., 1970, Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-101, 4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70101.","productDescription":"4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41748,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41749,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41750,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680b42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2892,"text":"wsp1981 - 1970 - Electrical-analog-model study of water resources of the Columbus area, Bartholomew County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1981","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","title":"Electrical-analog-model study of water resources of the Columbus area, Bartholomew County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Columbus study area is in part of a glacial outwash sand and gravel aquifer that was deposited in a preglacial bedrock valley. The study area extends from the north line of Bartholomew County to the south county line and includes a small part of Jackson County south of Sand Creek and east of the East Fork White River. This report area includes about 100 square miles of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nIn the Columbus area, ground water in the outwash aquifer is unconfined. Results of pumping tests and estimates derived from specific-capacity data indicate that the average horizontal permeability for this aquifer is about 3,500 gallons per day per square foot. An average coefficient of storage of about 0.2 was determined from pumping tests. Transmissibilities range from near zero in some places along the boundary to about 500,000 gallons per day per foot in the thicker parts of the aquifer. About 800,000 acre-feet of water is in storage in the aquifer. This storage is equivalent to an average yield of 34 million gallons per day for about 21 years without recharge. \r\n\r\nAn electrical-analog model was built to analyze the aquifer system and determine the effects of development. Analysis of the model indicates that there is more than enough water to meet the estimated needs of the city of Columbus without seriously depleting the aquifer. Additional withdrawals will affect the flow in the Flatrock River, but if the withdrawals are made south of the city, they will not affect the river any more than present pumping. Future pumping should be confined to the deepest part of the outwash aquifer and (or) to the area adjacent to the streams. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of an hypothesized amount and distribution of pumping, the decline in water levels in the Columbus area as predicted by the model for the period 1970-2015 ranged from about 20 feet in the center of the areas of pumping to 3 feet or less in the areas upstream and downstream from these areas of pumping.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1981","usgsCitation":"Watkins, F., and Heisel, J.E., 1970, Electrical-analog-model study of water resources of the Columbus area, Bartholomew County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1981, iv, 22 p. :3 fold. maps (in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1981.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :3 fold. maps (in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94726,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/plate-1.pdf","size":"927","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94727,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/plate-2.pdf","size":"808","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94728,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/plate-3.pdf","size":"1567","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29541,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1981/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkins, Frank A.","contributorId":21140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Frank A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heisel, J. E.","contributorId":103252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2124,"text":"wsp1983 - 1970 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55910,"text":"ofr69150 - 1969 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","indexId":"ofr69150","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2124,"text":"wsp1983 - 1970 - An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1983","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:14:40","indexId":"wsp1983","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1983","title":"An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Wadena area is part of a large sandy plain in central Minnesota whose soils have low water-holding capacity. Drought conditions which adversely affect plant growth frequently occur in the summer when moisture is most needed. To reduce the risk of crop failure in the area supplemental irrigation is on the increase.

\n

This study was made to evaluate the ground-water resources of the area and to determine possible effects of development on them. About half the area's approximately 102,000 acres is considered irrigable at the present time. In 1967, about 1,100 acres were under irrigation.

\n

Outwash sand and gravel, which forms the water-table aquifer, is the main source of water presently known. Saturated thickness ranges from 0 to 70 feet and averages about 36 feet. Sandy till underlies the outwash. Within the till are sand and gravel lenses whose distribution and water-yielding characteristics were not determined.

\n

Average annual precipitation at the U.S. Weather Bureau station in Wadena from 1934 to 1967 was 26.4 inches, of which about 22.5 inches was lost by evapotranspiration, and the balance of 3.9 inches was surface runoff. Even in wet years, evapotranspiration during the .summer months exceeds precipitation, and a moisture deficiency for optimum plant growth occurs.

\n

In 1967, about 8 inches of the total precipitation of 19.3 inches reached the water table. Recharge to the water table in 1967 was about 70,000 acre-feet.

\n

Result of field aquifer (pumping) tests were used to estimate transmissivity values at test-hole sites. Information gained by auger test drilling was the basis for estimating transmissivity values elsewhere. Transmissivity of the watertable aquifer in most of the Wadena area ranges from 15,000 to 120,000 gallons per day per foot. A map was prepared to show the maximum yield, in gallons per minute, which might be obtained from individual wells completed in the water-table aquifer. The map indicates that in about 60 percent of the area, individual wells can be pumped at rates greater than 300 gallons per minute for a 30-day period if drawdown in the pumped well is two-thirds the saturated thickness after correction for dewatering.

\n

Quality of both ground and surface waters is such that they are well suited for irrigation. Locally, nitrate concentrations in ground water, in excess of the U.S. Public Health Service's drinking water standards, might be related to a local source of organic pollution or to the increased use of fertilizers which accompanies irrigation.

\n

An electric analog model of the water-table aquifer in the Wadena area was built and used to analyze possible effects of ground-water development of the hydrologic system. The model was designed to .simulate existing hydrologic conditions and used to predict changes in the system which might result from development. The withdrawal of large quantities of ground water would lower the water table, thereby reducing evapotranspiration losses and making more water available for beneficial use. Additional water would be salvaged when normal ground-water discharge to streams is intercepted by pumping from wells.

\n

Analyses were made to determine effects of development on ground-water levels under different development schemes both after a single irrigation season and after 5 and 20 successive years of irrigation. Where development is concentrated, some interference between wells can be expected. Although water levels recover rapidly when pumps are shut off, recovery will not be complete prior to the next irrigation season in heavily developed areas. After several years of watertable lowering, yields from wells will decrease because of deceased saturated thickness, unless climatic changes result in abnormally high amounts of recharge.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1983","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Central Minnesota Resource Conservation and Development Project and the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Soils and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, F., 1970, An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1983, Document: v, 56 p.; 12 Plates: 24 x 19 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1983.","productDescription":"Document: v, 56 p.; 12 Plates: 24 x 19 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27719,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27720,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27723,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27722,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27724,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27712,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27713,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27721,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27714,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27715,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27716,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27717,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27718,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1983/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Wadena area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.25,\n 46.541667\n ],\n [\n -95.25,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -94.75,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -94.75,\n 46.541667\n ],\n [\n -95.25,\n 46.541667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, F.G.","contributorId":41807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1049,"text":"wsp1899C - 1970 - Sediment transport by streams in the Palouse River basin, Washington and Idaho, July 1961-June 1965","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T22:12:36.12682","indexId":"wsp1899C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"C","title":"Sediment transport by streams in the Palouse River basin, Washington and Idaho, July 1961-June 1965","docAbstract":"The Palouse River basin covers about 3,300 square miles in southeastern Washington and northwestern Idaho. The eastern part of the basin is composed of steptoes and foothills which are generally above an altitude of 2,600 feet; the central part is of moderate local relief and is mantled chiefly by thick loess deposits; and the western part is characterized by low relief and scabland topography and is underlain mostly by basalt. \r\n\r\nPrecipitation increases eastward across the study area. It ranges annually from 12 to 18 inches in the western part and from 14 to 23 inches in the central part, and it exceeds 40 inches in the eastern part. \r\n\r\nSurface runoff from the basin for the 4-year period of study (July 1961-June 1965) averaged 408,000 acre-feet per year, compared with 445,200 acre-feet per year for the 27-year period of record. The eastern part of the basin contributed about 55 percent of the total, whereas the central and western parts contributed 37 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Most sediment transport from the Palouse River basin and the highest sediment concentrations in streams occurred in the winter. Of the several storms during the study period, those of February 3-9, 1963, December 22-27, 1964, and January 27-February 4, 1965, accounted for 81 percent of the total 4-year suspended-sediment load; the storm of February 3-9, 1963, accounted for nearly one-half the total load. The discharge-weighted mean concentration of suspended sediment carried in the Palouse River past Hooper during the study period was 2,970 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nThe average annual sediment discharge of the Palouse River at its mouth was about 1,580,000 tons per year, and the estimated average annual sediment yield was 480 tons per square mile. The yield ranged from 5 tons per square mile from the western part of the basin to 2,100 tons per square mile from the central part. The high yield from the central part is attributed to a scarcity of vegetal cover, to the fine-grained loess soils, and to rapid runoff during winter storms. Sediment yield from the eastern part of the basin ranged from 460 to more than 1,000 tons per square mile.\r\n\r\nDuring high flow, silt particles make up the largest part of the suspended-sediment load, whereas during low flow, clay particles represent the greatest part. On the average, the suspended sediment transported by the Palouse River past Hooper contained 3 percent sand, 68 percent silt, and 29 percent clay. Unmeasured sediment discharge was estimated to have been 5 percent of the total sediment discharge. \r\n\r\nData collected during the 4-year period of study show that sediment loads were higher than those recorded by V. G. Kaiser during the longer period 1939-65. Whereas Kaiser's study showed an average annual soil loss of 9.6 million tons, the average annual loss during the recent study was 14.2 million tons. \r\n\r\nThe factor that has had the greatest effect on the increase of sediment yields is land use. Lands once covered and protected by natural vegetation have been extensively, cultivated, and much of the soil has become susceptible to erosion, particularly in areas mantled by loessal soils.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899C","usgsCitation":"Boucher, P.R., 1970, Sediment transport by streams in the Palouse River basin, Washington and Idaho, July 1961-June 1965: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, Report: iv, 37 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 × 24.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 37 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 × 24.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25118.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25118"},{"id":137923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25713,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Palouse River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.508,\n 47.483\n ],\n [\n -118.322,\n 47.483\n ],\n [\n -118.322,\n 46.517\n ],\n [\n -116.508,\n 46.517\n ],\n [\n -116.508,\n 47.483\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e94ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boucher, P. R.","contributorId":108088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucher","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3369,"text":"cir629 - 1970 - Water laws and concepts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T12:59:32","indexId":"cir629","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"629","title":"Water laws and concepts","docAbstract":"Throughout human history various laws and customs have developed concerning the individual rights and rights in common to the waters of the earth. Many existing laws and concepts are clearly influenced by the environment in which they originated and reflect the relative abundance or scarcity of water. Many concepts reflect the people's original interests in the water and once established have been passed from generation to generation with little modification. Some laws and concepts have been carried by people in their migrations and colonial expansions to vastly different environments, with rather curious consequences. In many places water laws that had been well adapted to the natural environment have become less tenable because of man's activities in modifying that environment, or because of increasing use of water: Increasing consumptive use shifts the water economy toward lesser abundance or increasing deficiency; increasing nonconsumptive use results in pollution of the water resources, so that they become less suitable for other users. The water-rights systems in the United States vary from State to State: some are reasonably fitted to their environment, some have outlived their place in history, some are wasteful of water, some show favoritism to certain special interests or segments of the population. Water-use rights are universally recognized as real property, with constitutional protection against deprivation without due process of law.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir629","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1970, Water laws and concepts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 629, iii, 18 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir629.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30379,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0629/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0629/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15346,"text":"ofr70257 - 1970 - Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15346,"text":"ofr70257 - 1970 - Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70257","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042736,"text":"70042736 - 1971 - Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1","indexId":"70042736","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042736,"text":"70042736 - 1971 - Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1","indexId":"70042736","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T20:32:08.220514","indexId":"ofr70257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-257","title":"Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The recent discovery of major oil resources on Alaska's North Slope has rekindled interest in the petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk province, a vast tract of Cretaceous rocks stretching along the west coast of Alaska from the Brooks Range to the Yukon delta. Attention was first focused on this region in the early 1950's, after oil and gas were discovered in the Cretaceous of the North Slope by the U.S. Navy. The presence of similar Cretaceous strata in the Yukon-Koyukuk province and the possibility that some of the broad alluviated lowlands within the province might be underlain by Tertiary basins were pointed out by Gryc and others (1951) and Payne (1955). Between 1954 and 1961 large parts of the province were reconnoitered by oil company surface parties and a small amount of geophysical work was carried out in the Nulato-Kateel and Bethel areas. The explorational activity culminated in 1960-61 with the drilling of two deep tests, a 12,000-foot hole near Nulato on the Yukon River and a 15,000-foot hole at Napatuk Creek in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland. Apparently neither test revealed oil shows or favorable reservoir rocks, as exploration and leasing activity in the province declined sharply thereafter.

Since 1954 the U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a modest but continuing program of reconnaissance geologic mapping of the province and its borderlands. Nearly all parts of this vast area have been visited either by helicopter or river boat. Although information in many places is still sketchy, the broad outlines of the surface geology are now known. Subsurface data, however, are almost totally lacking.

The mapping indicates that the petroleum possibilities over most of the province are limited because of complex structure and scarcity of promising reservoir rocks. Two areas where further exploration seems warranted are the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland and the western part of the Kobuk-Selawik Lowland.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70257","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., 1970, Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-257, Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70257.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Koyukuk Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.73174908925813,\n 66.77942177184187\n ],\n [\n -160.73174908925813,\n 60.34875981757247\n ],\n [\n -156.1810191082801,\n 60.34875981757247\n ],\n [\n -156.1810191082801,\n 66.77942177184187\n ],\n [\n -160.73174908925813,\n 66.77942177184187\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1912,"text":"wsp1608K - 1970 - Water resources and related geology of Dera Ismail Khan district, West Pakistan, with reference to the availability of ground water for development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp1608K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"K","title":"Water resources and related geology of Dera Ismail Khan district, West Pakistan, with reference to the availability of ground water for development","docAbstract":"Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan District contains an area of 3,450 square miles between the right bank of the Indus River and the Sulaiman Range in westcentral West Pakistan. Agriculture is the principal source of income in the District, but only a small part of the arable land is fully utilized. The region is semiarid and has an average annual rainfall of about 9 inches and a potential evapotranspirational rate of eight to nine times the annual rainfall. Thus, rainfall alone is not adequate for high-intensity cropping. \r\n\r\nIrrigation is practiced near the Indus River; the Paharpur Canal is used, as well as the traditional inundation method. Elsewhere in the District, adequate water is supplied to local areas by karezes, perennial streams from the mountains, and some recently installed tubewells (see 'Glossary'). Further development of ground-water supplies would permit a more effective utilization of most of the presently tilled land and would allow additional land to be farmed. \r\n\r\nD.I. Khan District is primarily an alluvial plain that slopes from the mountain ranges in the northern and western parts of the District toward the Indus River. Rocks in the bordering mountains are of Paleozoic to early or middle Pleistocene age. The unconsolidated rocks of the plain, of middle (?) Pleistocene to Holocene (Recent) age, consist of piedmont deposits derived from the hills to the north and west and of alluvium laid down by the Indus River. These deposits interfinger in a transitional zone about 8 to 12 miles west of the river. Lithologic and structural features indicate that the unconsolidated rocks possibly may be divided into broad units. \r\n\r\nThe investigations in D.I. Khan District have revealed two main areas of potential ground-water development based on considerations of both permeability and chemical quality of the ground water: \r\n\r\n1. A belt about 10 miles wide parallels the Indus River from the Khisor Range southward to the area immediately south of D.I. Khan town. In this belt, the material penetrated by test holes and tubewells consists predominantly of sand, which in tubewells can yield from 2 to 3 cfs (cubic feet per second) of water with only moderate drawdown. Also in this belt, ground water of good chemical quality extends to depths of 1,000 feet or more. \r\n\r\n2. The area from the mouth of the Gumal River gorge to the vicinity of Kot Azam contains sand and gravel strata that may yield from 1 to 3 cfs of water, which contains 500 to 1,500 ppm (parts per million) of total dissolved solids. \r\n\r\nOther marginal parts of the District also contain water of good chemical quality, but developmental prospects are somewhat poorer because of greater depths to water, lower permeabilities, or greater depths to aquifers, all of which would require greater costs in the tubewell installations. The stratification or zoning of water of different chemical qualities to some extent governs the local availability of useful water. Generally, the \r\nground water of poorest quality is found in the shallow zone, and quality improves with depth. The central part of the District, in a belt reaching from the vicinity of Tank southward to the Indus River near Dera Ghfizi Khan District, contains highly mineralized water and few aquifers. The mineralization of water in this belt is due primarily to large concentrations of sodium and sulfate and thus differs from the main part of the Punjab \r\nregion where highly mineralized waters are generally chloride waters. Radical changes in water quality, both horizontally and vertically, are common in the District. Changes in chemical quality of water from large-capacity wells near areas of highly mineralized water are taking place, and further changes may be expected as withdrawals continue and increase in magnitude. Under present conditions, surface-water supplies are fully utilized, and ground water is the largest supply available for development-other than \r\nthat from the Indus River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608K","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., Khan, L.A., and Jawaid, K., 1970, Water resources and related geology of Dera Ismail Khan district, West Pakistan, with reference to the availability of ground water for development: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, viii, 74 p. :ill., maps (2 folded col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608K.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p. :ill., maps (2 folded col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608k/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Khan, Lutfe Ali","contributorId":102459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"Lutfe","email":"","middleInitial":"Ali","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jawaid, Khalid","contributorId":20309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jawaid","given":"Khalid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20699,"text":"ofr70280 - 1970 - Silica sand deposits in the Monrovia area, Liberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T14:19:46","indexId":"ofr70280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-280","title":"Silica sand deposits in the Monrovia area, Liberia","docAbstract":"

Thin surficial deposits of white silica sand occupy much of the flat coastal area of Liberia from Monrovia to Buchanan 100 km southeast; most of the sand is of good quality for glass manufacture. A lagoonal mode of origin is suggested for these essentially monomineralic deposits. Based on the average thickness of one meter and a conservative bulk density of 1.6, the easily accessible deposts along the Freeway, the Kakata highway, and the Schieffelin road cover about 68 square kilometers and contain at least 109 million metric tons of silica sand.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70280","usgsCitation":"Rosenblum, S., and Srivastava, S., 1970, Silica sand deposits in the Monrovia area, Liberia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-280, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70280.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":350470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Liberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -11.0,\n 6\n ],\n [\n -10.25,\n 6\n ],\n [\n -10.25,\n 6.4\n ],\n [\n -11.0,\n 6.4\n ],\n [\n -11.0,\n 6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Srivastava, S.P.","contributorId":89166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Srivastava","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15716,"text":"ofr70281 - 1970 - Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr70281","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-281","title":"Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines","docAbstract":"Peridotite and gabbro form an intrusive complex which is exposed over an area about 35 km wide and 150 km long in the center of the Zambales Range of western Luzon. The Zambales Complex is remarkable for its total known resources, mined and still remaining, of about 15 million metric tons of chromite ore. Twenty percent of Free World production was obtained from this area between 1950 and the end of 1964; in 1960 production reached a high of 606,103 metric tons of refractory-grade ore, mostly from the Coto mine near Masinloc, and 128,426 metric tons of metallurgical ore from the Acoje mine. The United States imports 80 to 90 percent of its refractory-grade chromite from the Philippines, and its basic refractory technology has been designed upon the chemical and physical characteristics of Coto high-alumina chromite ore. Continuation of this pattern will depend upon discovery of additional ore reserves to replace those depleted by mining. \r\n\r\nThe Zambales Ultramafic Complex is of the alpine type in which lenticular or podiform deposits of chromite lie in peridotite or dunite, mostly near Contacts with gabbroic rocks. Layered structures, foliation, and lineation commonly are well developed and transect boundaries between major rock units, including chromite deposits, at any angle. Accordingly, these structures cannot be used as guides in exploration and mining as they are used in stratiform complexes such as the Bushveld, where chromite layers extend for many miles. Probably 90 percent of the known deposits in the Zambales Complex are located in two belts in its northern part. One zone containing high-aluminua refractory-grade deposits extends northeast from the Coto mine and Chromite Reservation No. I along a peridotite contact with olivine gabbro, and another of high-chromium metallurgical grade chromite extends south through the Zambales and Acoje properties, and swings westward around the south side of Mount Lanai along a peridotite contact with norite. The textures of ores, association of chromite with dunite as gangue and as halos, and the transecting nature of the layering, foliation, and lineation in relation to chromite, are similar in all deposits regardless of composition of the chromite mineral itself. Textures in chromite ores, and structural relationships between chromite deposits and country rocks, show that layering and related foliation and lineation were formed or modified by flowage. Gabbro is believed to form the upper part of the Complex in general. \r\n\r\nGeophysical methods have been rather unsuccessful in finding chromite in the Zambales Complex. Gravity surveys, in order to be successful, must correct for all features influencing gravity except for the chromite itself. Too often the uncertainties in position of rock units and in knowledge of rock densities or position of hidden geologic features (dikes, zones of alteration) preclude the possibility of making adequate corrections. Magnetic surveys have failed to reveal any magnetic patterns attributable to the presence of chromite. \r\n\r\nExploration for chromite should be guided by the knowledge that chromite occurs only in certain geologic environments. Thus because nearly all known chromite deposits in the Zambales Complex lie in peridotite near the gabbro contact, search for chromite should be concentrated there. Likewise it is evident from structural evidence presented here that there is little relation between layering and distribution of either major rock units or chromite deposits. Thus one is not justified in using the layered structure to predict either the position or attitude of major rock unit contacts, or presence or position of chromite deposits. \r\n\r\nIn such a productive complex it is geologically certain that unknown deposits still remain undiscovered. The most promising areas for exploration are near known groups of large deposits like Acoje and Chromite Reservation No. 1. Underground drilling has been very successful in finding buried tabular ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr70281","usgsCitation":"Rossman, D.L., 1970, Chromite deposits of the north-central Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-281, 65 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70281.","productDescription":"65 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44713,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44714,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44715,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44716,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44717,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44718,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44719,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44720,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44721,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44722,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44723,"rank":417,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44724,"rank":418,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44725,"rank":419,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44726,"rank":420,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44727,"rank":421,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44728,"rank":422,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44729,"rank":423,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44706,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44707,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44708,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44709,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44710,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44711,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44712,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0281/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e3167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossman, Darwin L.","contributorId":94663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossman","given":"Darwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12426,"text":"ofr702 - 1970 - A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-2","title":"A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The mineralized zone at the remotely located Ash Sha'ib ancient mine contains only a small tonnage of moderately low grade sulfide- bearing rock. Based on present data the gross value of the deposit, with a value of $25.00 or more per ton, is $20,000,000. A belt of metasedimentary rocks, intruded by gabbro to the south and granite to the north, was the host for fissure vein-replacement type mineralization. Most of the mineralization is in a siliceous dolomite transected by fissures. The main sulfide mineral is sphalerite, but minor amounts of chalcopyrlte and argentlferous galena contribute to the value of the mineralized sections.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr702","usgsCitation":"Allcott, G.H., 1970, A geochemical evaluation of the Ash Sha'ib mineral prospect, Asir quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-2, 38 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr702.","productDescription":"38 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40664,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40665,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40666,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40667,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40668,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allcott, Glenn H.","contributorId":29422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allcott","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1670,"text":"wsp1984 - 1970 - Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T20:01:38.704886","indexId":"wsp1984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1984","title":"Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas","docAbstract":"

The Texas District of the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey has collected and analyzed hydrologic data since 1953 to define the effects of systems of floodwater-retarding structures on downstream water and sediment yield. The district project includes 11 study areas ranging from 18 to 80 square miles in size and from 0 to 67 in percent of study area controlled by floodwaterretarding structures. The 11 study areas are within that part of Texas where the west-to-east average annual runoff ranges from about 2 to 7 inches. This report presents results of analyses, development of methodolgy, and results of application of methods for defining the downstream effects of systems of floodwaterretarding structures.

\n

Annual inflow to and outflow from the system of floodwater-retarding reservoirs in seven of the 11 study areas were found to be related by the equation: O=0.98/ 0.68, where O is annual outflow, in inches, and / is annual net inflow, in inches. Transmission loss of structure outflow to the downstream study-area stream-gaging station was determined and compared with the transmission loss of natural flood flow between tandem stream-gaging stations on Denton Creek, a tributary to Elm Fork Trinity River above Dallas.

\n

Trap efficiency of most floodwater-retarding structures was found by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to be about 97 percent. Downstream increases in suspended-sediment concentration in the outflow were found to be large in a study area with mostly silt and clay sediments, but even a large increase in suspendedsediment concentration did not represent a significant quantitative pickup of sediment by the outflow water.

\n

Water consumption in floodwater-retarding reservoirs from the combined actions of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and seepage was found to be as much as twice the average annual consumption attributable to evaporation alone. Average annual consumption in reservoirs in the seven study areas analyzed ranged from 1.57 inches of equivalent runoff in the easternmost study area, where annual runoff averaged 6.96 inches, to 0.77 inch of equivalent runoff in the westernmost study area, where the average annual runoff was 2.35 inches. The effect of consumption on downstream flow is partially offset by rainfall on pool surface. Studies covering as much as 15 years of streamflow record at the stream-gaging stations that gage outflow from the Deep and Honey Creek study areas indicated no increase in base flow.

\n

Multiple-linear-regression techniques were used in developing methodology to determine reservoir consumption in seven study areas. The physical and climatic fnctors influencing consumption were grouped as variables in regard to their relative effect on the actions of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and seepage. The resulting generalized equation was then used in synthesizing the consumptive effects of a planned system of 162 floodwater-retarding reservoirs controlling 26 percent of a 1,660-square-mile drainage basin upstream from a major water-supply reservoir. The analyses were based on the assumption that all water consumed at the floodwater-retarding reservoirs would have reached the downstream watersupply reservoir. Water-sediment discharge relationships were derived for the runoff into the structures as well as for the runoff through and below the structures. A mathematical response model of the floodwater-retarding reservoir systems and the entire drainage basin was computer programed to yield monthly water and sediment inflow to the water-supply reservoir.

\n

Results of the response model showed that with full development, depletion of annual yield to the large reservoir would be as much as 10 percent in the early years; but after the permanent pools of the floodwater-retarding structures had mostly filled with sediment, depletion of annual yield would be generally less than 1 percent. The depletion of yield to Garza-Little Elm Reservoir during the 39-year synthesized period of study was estimated as 296,800 acre-feet out of 18,256,000 acre-feet total yield. During the same period, the floodwater-retarding structures were estimated to have kept 19,700 acre-feet of sediment from being deposited in the reservoir.

\n

\"Firm\"- or \"critical\"-yield studies were made of the large reservoir on the basis of two sets of conditions : with floodwater-retarding structures in the drainage basin, and without such structures. Results of the firm-yield studies indicated that with full development, annual firm yield would be initially reduced by 10 percent. After 30 or more years, when the permanent pools of the floodwaterretarding reservoirs would be mostly filled with sediment, the firm yield would be almost the same with or without the upstream development.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1984","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, C.R., and Sauer, S.P., 1970, Hydrologic effects of floodwater-retarding structures on Garza-Little Elm Reservoir, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1984, Report: vii, 95 p.; 3 Plates: 39.48 x 33.34 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1984.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 95 p.; 3 Plates: 39.48 x 33.34 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414124,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25366.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":94719,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94718,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94717,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1984/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Garza-Little Elm Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.775,\n 33.083\n ],\n [\n -96.775,\n 33.625\n ],\n [\n -97.617,\n 33.625\n ],\n [\n -97.617,\n 33.083\n ],\n [\n -96.775,\n 33.083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60703b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, Clarence R.","contributorId":30965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, Stanley P.","contributorId":38966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4168,"text":"cir633 - 1970 - Standards for the classification of public coal lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"cir633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"633","title":"Standards for the classification of public coal lands","docAbstract":"In order to provide uniformity in the classification of coal lands in the public domain, certain standards have been prepared from time to time by the U.S. Geological Survey. The controlling factors are the depth, quality, and thickness of the coal beds. The first regulations were issued April 8, 1907; others followed in 1908, 1909, and 1913. Except for minor changes in 1959, the regulations of 1913, which were described in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 537, have been the guiding principles for coal-land classification. Changes made herein from the standards previously used are: (1) a maximum depth of 6,000 feet instead of 5,000 feet, (2) a maximum depth of 1,000 feet instead of 500 feet for coals of minimum thickness, (3) use of Btu (British thermal unit) values for as-received foal instead of air-dried, and (4) a minimum Btu value of 4,000 for as-received coal instead of 8,000 for air-dried. An additional modification is that the maximum thickness of 8 feet which was designated in the Classification Chart for Coal Lands in 1959 is changed to 6 feet. The effect of these changes will be the classification of a greater amount of the withdrawn land as coal land than was done under earlier regulations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior,","doi":"10.3133/cir633","usgsCitation":"Bass, N.W., Smith, H., and Horn, G.H., 1970, Standards for the classification of public coal lands: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 633, iii, 10 p. :illus. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir633.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. :illus. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0633/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0633/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e47c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bass, N. Wood","contributorId":51720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wood","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Henry L.","contributorId":23115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Henry L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horn, George Henry","contributorId":91475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4706,"text":"twri07C1_1970 - 1970 - A digital model for aquifer evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri07C1_1970","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"07-C1","title":"A digital model for aquifer evaluation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/twri07C1_1970","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Pinder, G.F., 1970, A digital model for aquifer evaluation: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 07-C1, v, 18 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri07C1_1970.","productDescription":"v, 18 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pinder, George Francis","contributorId":99964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinder","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}