{"pageNumber":"1615","pageRowStart":"40350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41062,"records":[{"id":1376,"text":"wsp1899A - 1970 - Ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:44:35","indexId":"wsp1899A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oregon","docAbstract":"Although the average annual precipitation of the Clatsop Plains is 78.5 inches, the area is not without problems of water supply. The Clatsop Plains area ix underlain by Tertiary bedrock of low permeability that stores and yields small quantities of ground water, which may be of poor chemical quality. This Tertiary bedrock furnishes only minor ground-water discharge to maintain the base flow of streams. The flow of rivers and creeks, normally abundant during the wet season, decreases greatly during the dry summer months. \r\n\r\nThe lowlands are overlain by extensive deposits of dune and beach sand. The dune sand is permeable and can absorb and store, as fresh water, a large percentage of the annual precipitation. In the central part of the dune area, the saturated thickness of the sand ranges from 95 to more than 150 feet. Most of the ground water in the sand discharges to the ocean through beach-line seeps and underflow. Much of the water now being discharged to the ocean could be recovered by pumping from properly located, designed, and constructed wells. Three test wells drilled as part of this study are capable of yielding 100 gallons per minute although they are equipped with only short lengths of well screen. It is estimated that 2,500 acre-feet of ground water per year per square mile of area may be available for withdrawal in the 10 square mile area that is most favorable for development. \r\n\r\nThe water from the dune sand is soft to moderately hard, has a low chloride concentration, and is of generally good chemical quality; however, at places it is weakly acidic and contains sufficient dissolved iron to make iron removal necessary for some uses. Ground water from shallow depths beneath a few swampy low-lying areas is brown and contains excessive concentrations of iron.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899A","usgsCitation":"Frank, F.J., 1970, Ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, iv, 41 p. :illus., maps (part col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899A.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :illus., maps (part col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26475,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26476,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":110034,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25116.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25116"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, F. J.","contributorId":95037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22527,"text":"ofr7033 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T21:17:09.982113","indexId":"ofr7033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-33","title":"A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana","docAbstract":"<p>An evaluation of the streamflow data available in Montana was made to provide guidelines for planning future programs. The basic steps in the evaluation procedures were (1) definition of the long-term goals of the streamflow data program, (2) examination and analysis of all available data to determine which goals have already been met, and (3) consideration of alternate programs and techniques to meet remaining goals. Only one of the goals was met by generalization of the data for gaged basins by regression analysis. The regression method may be more successful at a future time if a more suitable model can be developed, and if an adequate sample of streamflow records can be obtained. In the meantime, other methods of transferring flow characteristics which require some information at the ungaged site may be used. A streamflow data program based on the guidelines developed in this study is proposed. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7033","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Boner, F.C., and Buswell, G., 1970, A proposed streamflow-data program for Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-33, Report: 96 p.; 2 Plates: 39.06 x 22.92 inches and 39.23 x 22.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7033.","productDescription":"Report: 96 p.; 2 Plates: 39.06 x 22.92 inches and 39.23 x 22.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393339,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393338,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393337,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0033/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boner, F. C.","contributorId":32136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boner","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buswell, G.W.","contributorId":44795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buswell","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5856,"text":"pp546 - 1970 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Lessons and conclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T20:37:20.151989","indexId":"pp546","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"546","title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Lessons and conclusions","docAbstract":"One of the greatest earthquakes of all time struck south-central Alaska on March 27, 1964. Strong motion lasted longer than for most recorded earthquakes, and more land surface was dislocated, vertically and horizontally, than by any known previous temblor. Never before were so many effects on earth processes and on the works of man available for study by scientists and engineers over so great an area. The seismic vibrations, which directly or indirectly caused most of the damage, were but surface manifestations of a great geologic event-the dislocation of a huge segment of the crust along a deeply buried fault whose nature and even exact location are still subjects for speculation. Not only was the land surface tilted by the great tectonic event beneath it, with resultant seismic sea waves that traversed the entire Pacific, but an enormous mass of land and sea floor moved several tens of feet horizontally toward the Gulf of Alaska. Downslope mass movements of rock, earth, and snow were initiated. Subaqueous slides along lake shores and seacoasts, near-horizontal movements of mobilized soil (“landspreading”), and giant translatory slides in sensitive clay did the most damage and provided the most new knowledge as to the origin, mechanics, and possible means of control or avoidance of such movements. The slopes of most of the deltas that slid in 1964, and that produced destructive local waves, are still as steep or steeper than they were before the earthquake and hence would be unstable or metastable in the event of another great earthquake. Rockslide avalanches provided new evidence that such masses may travel on cushions of compressed air, but a widely held theory that glaciers surge after an earthquake has not been substantiated. Innumerable ground fissures, many of them marked by copious emissions of water, caused much damage in towns and along transportation routes. Vibration also consolidated loose granular materials. In some coastal areas, local subsidence was superimposed on regional tectonic subsidence to heighten the flooding damage. Ground and surface waters were measurably affected by the earthquake, not only in Alaska but throughout the world. Expectably, local geologic conditions largely controlled the extent of structural damage, whether caused directly by seismic vibrations or by secondary effects such as those just described. Intensity was greatest in areas underlain by thick saturated unconsolidated deposits, least on indurated bedrock or permanently frozen ground, and intermediate on coarse well-drained gravel, on morainal deposits, or on moderately indurated sedimentary rocks. Local and even regional geology also controlled the distribution and extent of the earthquake's effects on hydrologic systems. In the conterminous United States, for example, seiches in wells and bodies of surface water were controlled by geologic structures of regional dimension. Devastating as the earthquake was, it had many long-term beneficial effects. Many of these were socioeconomic or engineering in nature; others were of scientific value. Much new and corroborative basic geologic and hydrologic information was accumulated in the course of the earthquake studies, and many new or improved investigative techniques were developed. Chief among these, perhaps, were the recognition that lakes can be used as giant tiltmeters, the refinement of methods for measuring land-level changes by observing displacements of barnacles and other sessile organisms, and the relating of hydrology to seismology by worldwide study of hydroseisms in surface-water bodies and in wells. The geologic and hydrologic lessons learned from studies of the Alaska earthquake also lead directly to better definition of the research needed to further our understanding of earthquakes and of how to avoid or lessen the effects of future ones. Research is needed on the origins and mechanisms of earthquakes, on crustal structure, and on the generation of tsunamis and local waves. Better earthquake-hazard maps, based on improved knowledge of regional geology, fault behavior, and earthquake mechanisms, are needed for the entire country. Their preparation will require the close collaboration of engineers, seismologists, and geologists. Geologic maps of all inhabited places in earthquake-prone parts of the country are also needed by city planners and others, because the direct relationship between local geology and potential earthquake damage is now well understood. Improved and enlarged nets of earthquake-sensing instruments, sited in relation to known geology, are needed, as are many more geodetic and hydrographic measurements. Every large earthquake, wherever located, should be regarded as a full-scale laboratory experiment whose study can give scientific and engineering information unobtainable from any other source. Plans must be made before the event to insure staffing, funding, and coordination of effort for the scientific and engineering study of future earthquakes. Advice of earth scientists and engineers should be used in the decision-making processes involved in reconstruction after any future disastrous earthquake, as was done after the Alaska earthquake. The volume closes with a selected bibliography and a comprehensive index to the entire series of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers 541-546. This is the last in a series of six reports that the U.S. Geological Survey published on the results of a comprehensive geologic study that began, as a reconnaissance survey, within 24 hours after the March 27, 1964, Magnitude 9.2 Great Alaska Earthquake and extended, as detailed investigations, through several field seasons. The 1964 Great Alaska earthquake was the largest earthquake in the U.S. since 1700. Professional Paper 546, in 1 part, describes Lessons and Conclusions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp546","usgsCitation":"Eckel, E.B., 1970, The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Lessons and conclusions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 546, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp546.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400553,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99040.htm"},{"id":277795,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0546/"},{"id":32645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0546/pp546.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0546/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156,\n              56.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              56.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              56.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623b7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckel, Edwin B.","contributorId":26680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68260,"text":"ha356 - 1970 - Water resources of the River Rouge basin, southeastern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T22:40:00.911686","indexId":"ha356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"356","title":"Water resources of the River Rouge basin, southeastern Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>The River Rouge basin is characterized by moderately hilly topography to the northwest graduating to a relatively level land surface to the south east.</p><p>Stream gradients near the northwestern basin divide are relatively steep; but many become more steep in reaches where they cross beach lines of former glacial lakes. In the lower reaches of the River Rouge gradients lessen.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha356","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Knutilla, R., 1970, Water resources of the River Rouge basin, southeastern Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 356, Document: 12 p.; 2 Plates: 40.5 x 30.5 inches and 36.26 x 35.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha356.","productDescription":"Document: 12 p.; 2 Plates: 40.5 x 30.5 inches and 36.26 x 35.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395741,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15733.htm"},{"id":89657,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89656,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"River Rouge basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.636,\n              42.224\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.636,\n              42.604\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.068,\n              42.604\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.068,\n              42.224\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.636,\n              42.224\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutilla, R. L.","contributorId":65451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutilla","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":56042,"text":"ofr70246 - 1970 - A continuing program for estimating ground-water pumpage in California--Methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T11:24:14","indexId":"ofr70246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-246","title":"A continuing program for estimating ground-water pumpage in California--Methods","docAbstract":"<p>Municipal and agricultural ground-water pumpage is being estimated for the principal ground-water basins in California. Because of its anticipated use in analog or digital hydrologic models, agricultural pumpage is estimated for unit areas.</p><p>Estimated municipal pumpage is based on census figures and population projections and on pumpage reported by organizations in the San Joaquin Valley supplying water to communities. On the average, 0.25 to 0.40 acre- foot of water is used annually per capita, depending upon the population and number of industries in the community. The product of population by appropriate per capita use factor gives an estimated annual pumpage for a municipality.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Ogilbee, W., and Mitten, H.T., 1970, A continuing program for estimating ground-water pumpage in California--Methods: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-246, ii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70246.","productDescription":"ii, 22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":342536,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0246/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.24 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogilbee, William","contributorId":106093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilbee","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitten, Hugh T.","contributorId":103652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitten","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":56024,"text":"ofr70205 - 1970 - A modified streamflow-data program for New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"ofr70205","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-205","title":"A modified streamflow-data program for New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr70205","usgsCitation":"McCall, J., and Lendo, A., 1970, A modified streamflow-data program for New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-205, 66 p., 3 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70205.","productDescription":"66 p., 3 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adea6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCall, J.E.","contributorId":66846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCall","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lendo, A.C.","contributorId":84735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendo","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":47929,"text":"ofr71109 - 1970 - Chemical and biological conditions in Bald Eagle Creek and prognosis of trophic characteristics of Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir, Centre County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T11:03:18","indexId":"ofr71109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-109","title":"Chemical and biological conditions in Bald Eagle Creek and prognosis of trophic characteristics of Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir, Centre County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Foster Joseph Sayers. Reservoir will b.e impounded on moderately fertile soils; however, its water source, Bald Eagle Creek, is a bicarbonate-water stream that is over~y-enriched with nutrients. About 650 of the 1,730 acres to be inundated in summer are subject to infestation with aquatic weeds. Nuisance algal \"blooms\" are expected to occur in summer. The reservoir will stratify in early summer and water · releas·ed for conservation purposes and acid neutralization will consist mostly of hypolimnetic water. This water will be nearly depleted in. dissolved oxygen and will, at times, contain relatively high concentrations of heavy metallic ions and hydrogen:!sulfide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","doi":"10.3133/ofr71109","usgsCitation":"Flippo, H.N., 1970, Chemical and biological conditions in Bald Eagle Creek and prognosis of trophic characteristics of Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir, Centre County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-109, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71109.","productDescription":"48 p.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330313,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Centre County","otherGeospatial":"Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.03108215332031,\n              40.73581157695217\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.03108215332031,\n              41.06848078599166\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.57034301757812,\n              41.06848078599166\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.57034301757812,\n              40.73581157695217\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.03108215332031,\n              40.73581157695217\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flippo, Herbert N. Jr.","contributorId":36597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flippo","given":"Herbert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","indexId":"pp545D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:33:33.73754","indexId":"pp545D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","docAbstract":"In the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the federally owned Alaska Railroad sustained damage of more than $35 million: 54 percent of the cost for port facilities; 25 percent, roadbed and track; 9 percent, buildings and utilities; 7 percent, bridges and culverts; and 5 percent, landslide removal. Principal causes of damage were: (1) landslides, landslide-generated waves, and seismic sea waves that destroyed costly port facilities built on deltas; (2) regional tectonic subsidence that necessitated raising and armoring 22 miles of roadbed made susceptible to marine erosion; and (3), of greatest importance in terms of potential damage in seismically active areas, a general loss of strength experienced by wet waterlaid unconsolidated granular sediments (silt to coarse gravel) that allowed embankments to settle and enabled sediments to undergo fiowlike displacement toward topographic depressions, even in fiat-lying areas. The term “landspreading” is proposed for the lateral displacement and distension of mobilized sediments; landspreading appears to have resulted largely from liquefaction. Because mobilization is time dependent and its effects cumulative, the long duration of strong ground motion (timed as 3 to 4 minutes) along the southern 150 miles of the rail line made landspreading an important cause of damage. Sediments moved toward natural and manmade topographic depressions (stream valleys, gullies, drainage ditches, borrow pits, and lakes). Stream widths decreased, often about 20 inches but at some places by as much as 6.5 feet, and sediments moved upward beneath stream channels. Landspreading toward streams and even small drainage ditches crushed concrete and metal culverts. Bridge superstructures were compressed and failed by lateral buckling, or more commonly were driven into, through, or over bulkheads. Piles and piers were torn free of superstructures by moving sediments, crowded toward stream channels, and lifted in the center. The lifted piles arched the superstructures. Vertical pile displacement was independent of the depth of the pile penetration in the sediment and thus was due to vertical movement of the sediments, rather than to differential compaction. The fact that bridge piles were carried laterally without notable tilting suggests that mobilization exceeded pile depths, which averaged about 20 feet. Field observations, largely duplicated by vibrated sandbox models of stream channels, suggest that movement was distributed throughout the sediments, rather than restricted to finite failure surfaces. Landspreading generated stress that produced cracks in the ground surface adjacent to depressions. The distribution of this stress controlled the crack patterns: tension cracks parallel to straight or concave streambanks, shear cracks intersecting at 45° to 70° on convex banks where there was some component of radial spreading, and orthogonal cracks on the insides of tight meander bends or islands where spreading was omnidirectional. Ground cracks of these kinds commonly extended 500 feet, and occasionally about 1,000 feet, back from streams, which indicates that landspreading occurred over large areas. In areas of landspreading, highway and railroad embankments, pavements, and rails were pulled apart endways and were displaced laterally if they lay at an angle to the direction of sediment displacement. Sediment movement commonly skewed bridges that crossed streams obliquely. The maximum horizontal skew was 10 feet. Embankment settlement, nearly universal in areas of landspreading, also occurred in areas where there was no evidence for widespread loss of strength in the unconsolidated sediments. In the latter areas embankments themselves clearly caused the loss of bearing strength in the underlying sediment. In both areas, settlement was accompanied by the formation of ground cracks approximately parallel to the embankment in the adjacent sediments. Sediment-laden ground water was discharged from the cracks, and extreme local settlements (as much as 6 ft) were associated with large discharges. Landspreading was accompanied by transient horizontal displacement of the ground that pounded bridge ends with slight or considerable force. The deck of a 105-foot bridge was repeatedly arched up off its piles by transient compression. Bridges may also have developed high horizontal accelerations. One bridge deck, driven through its bulkhead, appears to have had an acceleration of at least 1.1 to 1.7 g; however, most evidence for high accelerations is ambiguous. Limited standard penetration data show that landspreading damage was not restricted to soft sediments. Some bridges were severely damaged by displacement of piles driven in sediments classified as compact and dense. Total thickness of unconsolidated sediments strongly controlled the degree of damage. In areas underlain by wet water-laid sediments the degree of damage to uniformly designed and built wooden railroad bridges shows a closer correlation with total sediment thickness at the bridge site than with the grain size of the material in which the piles were driven. Local geology and physiography largely controlled the kind, distribution, and severity of damage to the railroad. This relationship is so clear that maps of surficial geology and physiography of damaged areas of the rail belt show that only a few geologic-physiographic units serve to identify these areas: 1. Bedrock and glacial till on bedrock. No foundation displacements, but ground vibration increased toward the area of maximum strain-energy release. 2. Glacial outwash terraces. Landspreading and damage ranged from none where the water table was low and the terrace undissected to severe where the water table was near the surface and the terrace dissected by streams. 3. Inactive flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, flooding by ejected ground water, and damage were generally slight but increased to severe toward lower, wetter active flood plains or river channels. 4. Active flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, and flooding were nearly universal and were greater than on adjacent inactive flood plains. 5. Fan deltas. Radial downhill spreading and ground cracking were considerable near the lower edges of the fan deltas and were accompanied by ground-water discharge. Landslides were common from edges of deltas. Damage, landspreading, ground crack-ing, vibration, and flooding by ground water generally increased with (1) increasing thickness of unconsolidated sediments, (2) decreasing depth to the water table, (3) proximity to topographic depressions, and (4) proximity to the area of maximum strain-energy release.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on transportation, communications, and utilities (Professional Paper 545)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp545D","usgsCitation":"McCulloch, D.S., and Bonilla, M.G., 1970, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 545, Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp545D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"173","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396000,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99039.htm"},{"id":277819,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate4.pdf"},{"id":277818,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate3.pdf"},{"id":277817,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate2.pdf"},{"id":277816,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate1.pdf"},{"id":277815,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/index.html"},{"id":277814,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_text.pdf"},{"id":121756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.5,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.5,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloch, David S. dmccullo@usgs.gov","contributorId":3100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloch","given":"David","email":"dmccullo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":208797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39689,"text":"pp683A - 1970 - Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area, Cherry County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-28T09:38:49","indexId":"pp683A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"683","chapter":"A","title":"Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area, Cherry County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"<p>The Valentine Formation of A. L. Lugn, which is of late Miocene and early Pliocene age, contains diatomaceous and plant-bearing sediments at a locality on the north bluff of the Niobrara River, about 10 miles south of Kilgore, Cherry County, Nebr. The fossil flora has been studied by H. D. MacGinitie, who concluded that the deposit is of late Miocene age. Correlative strata near Valentine, Nebr., several miles east of this locality, are reported to contain a vertebrate fauna of late Miocene age. The Kilgore diatom assemblage consists of 45 taxa of nonmarine diatoms. Of these, four species are herein recorded as new, one species has been previously reported from the middle Pliocene of France, and the remaining 40 taxa are identified as still living in modern nonmarine environments. The diatom assemblage suggests deposition in a relatively shallow, small lake. The waters of this lake were probably hard, and perhaps at times somewhat alkaline or saline. It is difficult to separate the influences of ecology and geologic age on the composition of the diatom assemblage, but this problem should be resolved as other Tertiary assemblages are studied. The five presumably extinct species may prove to be useful for stratigraphic correlation when their geologic ranges are better known. The composition of the assemblage, the relative number of taxa, and the absence of several widespread modern genera and species of nonmarine diatoms should be of value in identifying other late Miocene assemblages and in distinguishing them from assemblages of different age.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to paleontology, 1970","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp683A","usgsCitation":"Andrews, G., 1970, Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area, Cherry County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 683, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp683A.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0683a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0683a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Cherry County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.0829,42.9979],[-102.0007,42.9973],[-101.9652,42.9971],[-101.7528,42.9958],[-101.6775,42.9953],[-101.2277,42.9953],[-100.7509,42.9947],[-100.6721,42.9949],[-100.3938,42.996],[-100.1984,42.997],[-100.1985,42.8461],[-100.1984,42.782],[-100.184,42.7829],[-100.1837,42.4338],[-100.1675,42.4348],[-100.1667,42.0881],[-100.2675,42.0871],[-100.6156,42.0872],[-100.73,42.0885],[-100.8444,42.0896],[-100.9582,42.0897],[-100.9841,42.09],[-101.1016,42.0913],[-101.1926,42.0914],[-101.3094,42.0925],[-101.3323,42.0927],[-101.4097,42.0942],[-101.4251,42.0936],[-101.4492,42.0933],[-101.6861,42.0945],[-101.7733,42.0938],[-101.803,42.0934],[-101.8902,42.0962],[-101.9199,42.0958],[-102.0065,42.0958],[-102.0393,42.0962],[-102.0387,42.1826],[-102.0402,42.4448],[-102.0669,42.4448],[-102.0664,42.5302],[-102.0665,42.7867],[-102.0846,42.7864],[-102.0836,42.9606],[-102.0829,42.9979]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cherry\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, G.W.","contributorId":106549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":47980,"text":"ofr71278 - 1970 - Preliminary digital model studies of the Rio Aconcagua Valley, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:23","indexId":"ofr71278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-278","title":"Preliminary digital model studies of the Rio Aconcagua Valley, Chile","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71278","usgsCitation":"Taylor, O., 1970, Preliminary digital model studies of the Rio Aconcagua Valley, Chile: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-278, 37 p. ill.,maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71278.","productDescription":"37 p. ill.,maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, O. James","contributorId":23958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O. James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":47990,"text":"ofr71322 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow-data program for Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T12:33:07","indexId":"ofr71322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-322","title":"A proposed streamflow-data program for Utah","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the streamflow data available in Utah was made to provide guidelines for planning future programs. The basic steps in the evaluation procedure were (1) definition of the long- term goals of the streamflow-data program in quantitative form, (2) examination and analysis of all available data to determine which goals have already been met, and (3) consideration of alternate programs and techniques to meet the remaining objectives. The principal goals are (1) to provide current streamflow data where needed for water management and (2) to define streamflow characteristics at any point on any stream within a specified accuracy. It was found that the first goal generally is being satisfied but that flow characteristics at ungaged sites cannot be estimated within the specified accuracy by regression analysis with the existing data and model now available. This latter finding indicates the need for some changes in the present data program so that the accuracy goals can be approached by alternate methods. The regression method may be more successful at a future time if a more suitable model can be developed, and if an adequate sample of streamflow records can be obtained in all areas. In the meantime, methods of transferring flow characteristics which require some information at the ungaged site may be used. A modified streamflow-data program based on this study is proposed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr71322","usgsCitation":"Whitaker, G., 1970, A proposed streamflow-data program for Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-322, ii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71322.","productDescription":"ii, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0322/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84778,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0322/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitaker, G.L.","contributorId":36983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16142,"text":"ofr70316 - 1970 - Test of airborne fluorometer over land surfaces and geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-07T18:18:13.483942","indexId":"ofr70316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-316","title":"Test of airborne fluorometer over land surfaces and geologic materials","docAbstract":"<p>Response of an experimental Fraunhofer line discriminator(FLD) to a wide range of surficial deposits common in deserts and semideserts was tested in the laboratory and from an 1-1-19 helicopter. By design the instrument sensed radiation from the ground specifically at the sodium D2 Fraunhofer line (5890 angstroms). It is capable of detecting a fluorescence component emanating from ground targets irradiated by sunlight along the line of flight, provided the aircraft is nearly level. However, no signals attributable to fluorescence were recorded during 540 miles of aerial traverses over southeastern California and west-central Arizona. It is concluded that exposed surfaces of target materials throughout the traverses were either non-luminescent at 5890 A or not sufficiently so to be detectable. It cannot be ruled out that the lack of fluorescence is partly attributable to surficial coatings of non-luminescent weathered material.</p><p>The principal route surveyed from the air was from Needles, California to Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley and return via the Amargosa River valley, Silurian Lake (dry), Silver Lake (dry), and Soda Lake (dry). Principal targets traversed were unconsolidated elastic sediments ranging from silty clay to cobbles, and a wide range of evaporite deposits. Evaporite minerals thought to have been viewed in high concentrations are halite (sodium chloride), gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate), probably other sulfate minerals, borax and probably ulexite (hydrous sodium borates), possibly colemanite (hydrous calcium borate), and probably some carbonate minerals. Extensive manganese-rich outcrops midway between Needles and Prescott had to be by-passed because of low sun-angles, cloudiness, and a heavy load in relation to altitude (above 5,000 feet).</p><p>Several of the more common evaporite minerals were tested under the FLD on the ground, while being irradiated by bright sunlight. Minerals tested were chiefly from salt fiats (salars) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, and included halite, gypsum, ulexite, thenardite (sodium sulfate), aragonite (calcium carbonate) and nitrate ore containing soda niter (sodium nitrate). Crude oil from the Santa Barbara leak was tested in its natural state and in solutions of methyl-isobutyl-ketone (MIBK). Petroliferous sandstone samples containing both high and moderate concentrations of oil were tested on both fresh and weathered surfaces. No response definitely attributable to fluorescence at 5890 A was noted from any of the foregoing geologic materials, although a possible very weak response to one oil sample in MBK solution appears on the record.</p><p>Although no fluorescence was detected, the mechanical operation of the FLD was satisfactory throughout 8 hours of flight, with attendant vibrations, and during a wide range of sun angles, from 13° to 33°. In accord with design, the FLD showed no appreciable response to moderate contrasts in reflectivity among targets, although there was a marked response to strong contrasts in reflectivity. Airborne tests also established that a minimum instrumental warm-up time of seven minutes is required, and that response is not entirely independent of either the vertical angle (tilt) or horizontal angle (flight direction) of the aircraft.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70316","usgsCitation":"Stoertz, G.E., and Hemphill, W.R., 1970, Test of airborne fluorometer over land surfaces and geologic materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-316, iii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70316.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684bd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoertz, George Eimert","contributorId":99572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoertz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Eimert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemphill, William R.","contributorId":21970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":172314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":16140,"text":"ofr70315 - 1970 - Feasibility of surveying pesticide coverage with airborne fluorometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-07T18:28:58.922326","indexId":"ofr70315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-315","title":"Feasibility of surveying pesticide coverage with airborne fluorometer","docAbstract":"<p>Response of a Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD) to varying distributions of granulated corncobs stained with varying concentrations of Rhodamine WT dye was tested on the ground and from an H-19 helicopter. By design the instrument detected fluorescence specifically at the sodium D2 Fraunhofer line (5890 angstroms). The granules are used as a vehicle for airborne emplacement of poison to control fire ants in the eastern and southeastern United States. The granules are dropped with considerable precision but some targets are inevitably missed. It was hoped that the FLD could aid in detecting missed target areas. Test results showed that the granules are detectable by FLD but that the concentration must be too great to be practical with the present FLD. Possible methods for enhancement of response may include: (1) increasing dye concentration; (2) incorporating with the poisoned granules a second material to carry the dye alone; (3) use of a more strongly fluorescent substance (at 5890 A); (4) modifying the time interval after dyeing, or modifying the method of dyeing;(5) modifying the FLD for greater efficiency, increased field of view (FOV), or larger optics; or (6) experimenting with laser-stimulated fluorescence.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70315","usgsCitation":"Stoertz, G.E., and Hemphill, W.R., 1970, Feasibility of surveying pesticide coverage with airborne fluorometer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-315, ii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70315.","productDescription":"ii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498402,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6f35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoertz, George Eimert","contributorId":99572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoertz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Eimert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemphill, William R.","contributorId":21970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":172311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13941,"text":"ofr71140 - 1970 - Geologic evaluation of 3-5 micrometer infrared imagery and color photography in southern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T15:41:28.025693","indexId":"ofr71140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-140","title":"Geologic evaluation of 3-5 micrometer infrared imagery and color photography in southern Utah","docAbstract":"<p>A comparison of 3-5 micrometer, afternoon and midnight infrared (IR) imagery and color photography with conventional aerial photography shows that IR imagery and color photography have some unique capabilities. In general, the IR imagery provides in shades of gray a record of the relative ground temperature at the time the image was taken. It has day or night capabilities for imaging large areas of terrain. In sparsely vegetated areas, midnight IR imagery shows some tonal variations that may be relate to specific rock type based on temperature differences. In heavily vegetated areas, any temperature difference that might exist between rock units is masked by the temperature difference associated with different vegetation communities; although, isolated outcrops in such areas are generally apparent because they are brighter (warmer) on the afternoon IR. On the midnight IR they may or may not be brighter according to their differences in thermal inertia. The afternoon IR image showed one fault that was not visible on the aerial photographs. In contrast, only some of the faults visible in the stereoscopic model were recognized on the IR imagery. The interpreter using IR imagery must be aware of changes in heat patterns resulting from modification of the land by man and from the effect of cloud shadows. Apparent anomalies on IR image resulting from such factors might be misinterpreted. Compared to conventional photography with the added ability of stereoscopic viewing the day and night IR provided less geologic information in the area of study. IR imagery may be useful in hydrologic studies such as the relative temperatures of alpine lakes, ponds, and marshes during the night. and day. It should prove valuable in ecological studies involving the relative temperatures of different plant communities. Roads in heavily wooded areas are easier to see on the IR image, than on conventional photography because of their temperature differences.</p><p>Color photography, as might be expected, shows the terrain in a close approximation to its natural color, and delineates some stratigraphic units and rock alterations that are indistinguishable on black and white photography.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr71140","usgsCitation":"Hackman, R., and Williams, P., 1970, Geologic evaluation of 3-5 micrometer infrared imagery and color photography in southern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-140, iii, 43 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71140.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503306,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147079,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0140/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"47\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Utah\",\"nation\":\"USA  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Robert J.","contributorId":30999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackman","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Paul L.","contributorId":91086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Paul L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20171,"text":"ofr70229 - 1970 - Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T14:40:48.517304","indexId":"ofr70229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-229","title":"Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates of bearing capacities of lunar surfaces using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders shown in photographs taken by Lunar Orbiters II and III are the same order of magnitude as those reported by the Surveyor project, but they are generally less.&nbsp;</p><p>Static analyses of 48 lunar blocks and boulders and their tracks yield friction angles between 10° and 30° and averaging about 17°. These values were computed using: (1) Terzaghi's bearing capacity equations for circular footings, (2) Meyerhof's dimensionless numbers for general shear on level surfaces, (3) a cohesion of 10<sup>3</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup>, (4) a density of 1.35 gm per cm<sup>3</sup> for the near surface materials, (5) a density of 2.7 gm per cm<sup>3</sup> for the block or boulder, (6) spheroidal (triaxial) boulders unless definite shapes can be established, (7) footing radii equal to the half-width of the block or boulder, the half-width of the track, and(or) the half-width of the shadow near the base of the block or boulder.</p><p>For 115 secondary impact craters and their corresponding blocks, dynamic strengths are estimated using: (1) the product of one-half the mass per unit area of the block and the normal component of velocity squared divided by the crater depth, and (2) the ratio of the kinetic energy of the block and the volume of the secondary crater. Velocities of the blocks are calculated using a ballistics equation and assuming an ejection angle of 45°. Block densities are taken as 2.7 gm per cm<sup>3</sup>. Dynamic strengths of the near surface materials using the first procedure average 25.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup> (37 psi); and, for the second procedure, they average 19.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> dynes per cm<sup>2</sup> (28 psi). Comparison between dynamic strengths and expected static strengths, computed for each block using the assumptions above, show that most of the dynamic strengths correspond to the static strengths when the friction angle is 30° and larger.&nbsp;</p><p>Data on experimental low velocity impacts with natural targets are compared with the lunar data on secondary impacts. Nara's modified Poncelet equation for sand yields an average angle of internal friction near 34° using the appropriate block and soil constants mentioned above.&nbsp;</p><p>Comparison of coefficients computed using the equations for sand of Clark and McCarty, Mortensen, and Moore for the lunar data with the corresponding constants for terrestrial data indicate the lunar coefficients are generally low. These low values can be brought into better agreement with terrestrial data on sand by increasing the assumed ejection angles to 60° or 70° and considering the effect of the low acceleration of gravity at the lunar surface.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70229","usgsCitation":"Moore, H., 1970, Estimates of the mechanical properties of lunar surface using tracks and secondary impact craters produced by blocks and boulders: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-229, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70229.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498538,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13485,"text":"ofr70117 - 1970 - Schmidt hammer test method for field determination of physical properties of zeolitized tuff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-30T18:37:47.65572","indexId":"ofr70117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-117","title":"Schmidt hammer test method for field determination of physical properties of zeolitized tuff","docAbstract":"<p>The L-type Schmidt hammer is a hand-carried impact instrument that was originally designed and developed to test the compressive strength of concrete. When properly impacted against a stiff material the device measures the amount of rebound of a spring-loaded hammer, with the rebound of the hammer being directly proportional to the strength of the material tested. Application of this instrument to rock, specifically water-saturated zeolitized tuff, is demonstrated through a set of correlation diagrams that relate Schmidt hammer rebound values, obtained from core samples and from the sites where samples were taken, to physical properties measured on rock samples in the laboratory. The properties include compressive strength, compressional and shear velocities, and dynamic and static Young's shear and bulk moduli. The correlation diagrams apply only to zeolitized tuff of the type found at the Nevada Test Site in its natural state (freshly excavated). These diagrams enable the user of the L-type Schmidt hammer to immediately obtain values of physical properties of such rocks in place, a convenience desirable where conventional sampling is not feasible or is impossible, and when results are required on short notice. The charts apply to L-type hammers that are calibrated to a nominal rebound value of 74. Calibration is made on a 35-pound-(16-kg-) test anvil with a steel-hardened test surface of Brinell hardness = 500 kg/mm<sup>2</sup><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70117","usgsCitation":"Ege, J.R., Miller, D.R., and Danilchik, W., 1970, Schmidt hammer test method for field determination of physical properties of zeolitized tuff: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-117, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70117.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ege, John R.","contributorId":69534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ege","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Danny R.","contributorId":75536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danilchik, Walter","contributorId":70390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danilchik","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70112302,"text":"70112302 - 1970 - Color infrared film as a negative material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:11:43","indexId":"70112302","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T13:59:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Color infrared film as a negative material","docAbstract":"<p>Original problems encountered in endeavors to use color infraredfilm as a negative material have been overcome by a simple modification in processing. This makes more feasible the production of infrared color prints for field use and yields an infrared counterpart to Aero-Neg.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8","usgsCitation":"Pease, R.W., 1970, Color infrared film as a negative material: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, no. 3, p. 195-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288512,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(70)80026-8"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbeae4b0e83db6d08ed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pease, Robert W.","contributorId":43760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pease","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120899,"text":"70120899 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:38:06","indexId":"70120899","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:54:52","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","docAbstract":"<p>Leg 5 samples fall into two categories with respect to interstitial water composition: 1) rapidly deposited terrigenous or appreciably terrigenous deposits, such as in Hole 35 (western Escanaba trough, off Cape Mendocino, California); and, 2) slowly deposited pelagic clays and biogenic muds and oozes. Interstitial waters in the former show modest to slight variations in chloride and sodium, but drastic changes in non-conservative ions such as magnesium and sulfate. The pelagic deposits show only relatively minor changes in both conservative and non-conservative pore fluid constituents. As was pointed out in earlier Leg Reports, it is believed that much of the variation in chloride in pore fluids within individual holes is attributable to the manipulation of samples on board ship and in the laboratory. On the other hand, the scatter in sodium is due in part to analytical error (on the order of 2 to 3 per cent, in terms of a standard deviation), and it probably accounts for most of the discrepancies in total anion and cation balance.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>All constituents reported here, with the exception of bulk water content, were analyzed on water samples which were sealed in plastic tubes aboard ship and were subsequently opened and divided into weighed aliquots in the laboratory. Analytical methods follow the atomic absorption, wet chemical and emission spectrochemical techniques briefly summarized in previous reports, e.g. Manheim et al., 1969, and Chan and Manheim, 1970. The authors acknowledge assistance from W. Sunda, D. Kerr, C. Lawson and H. Richards, and thank D. Spencer, P. Brewer and E. Degens for allowing the use of equipment and laboratory facilities.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., and Sayles, F., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 5, p. 501-511, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b033341871892a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206976,"text":"70206976 - 1970 - Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:00:30","indexId":"70206976","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T12:32:25","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","docAbstract":"<p><span>A detailed input-output study of a small forested watershed draining the Wissahickon Formation in the Piedmont of Maryland revealed that chemical solution is five times as effective in removing material as is mechanical erosion. Solution weathering removes 16.9 tons/sq mi/yr of material compared with 3.2 tons/sq mi/yr by mechanical erosion. Plant activity during the growing season increased the concentration of silica, bicarbonate, calcium, and potassium, thus increasing total dissolved solids by one-third. Autumn leaf fall also caused a short-term increase of these ions. Rainfall does not simply dilute floodwaters as the concentration of sulfate, potassium, and calcium increases whereas silica and bicarbonate decrease in concentration during a flood cycle. Our data suggest that during the first half of a flood cycle, both the flood water and the dissolved solids in it come from an area in and immediately adjacent to the flood plain. The weathering model derived from our study suggests that on a long-term basis approximately one-half of the erosion of the Pond Branch watershed is caused by chemical solution of the silicate minerals kaolinite, vermiculite, biotite, and oligoclase. This contrasts to short-term ratio of solutional to mechanical weathering of five to one.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cleaves, E., Godfrey, A., and Bricker, O., 1970, Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3015-3032, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"3015","endPage":"3032","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland 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 \"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, A.E.","contributorId":57245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207549,"text":"70207549 - 1970 - A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T13:41:16.467859","indexId":"70207549","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-23T12:01:54","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems","docAbstract":"<p><span>Problems of petrologic mixing have been solved using a two-stage computer-based calculation. First, linear programming is used to obtain an approximate solution and to identify non-negative solution values. Then a conventional least squares calculation is performed using the analyses represented by non-negative solution values as input to yield an optimum set of solution values. The error attached to each solution value is estimated by an empirical procedure. Petrologic application of the program has been demonstrated with three types of calculations: chemical mode, magma mixing, and liquid line of descent.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1995:ALPALS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Doherty, P.C., 1970, A linear programming and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1995-2008, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1995:ALPALS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1995","endPage":"2008","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, Patrick C.","contributorId":94372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207253,"text":"70207253 - 1970 - Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-01T19:49:02.036548","indexId":"70207253","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-13T11:50:07","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960","docAbstract":"<p>The Chilean earthquake sequence of May 21–22, 1960, was accompanied by linear zones of tectonic warping, including both uplift and subsidence relative to sea level. The region involved is more than 200 km wide and about 1000 km long, and lies along the continental margin between latitude 37° and 48° S. Significant horizontal strains accompanied the vertical movements in parts of the subsided zone for which triangulation data are available. Displacements were initiated near the northern end of the deformed region during the opening earthquake of the sequence (M<sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≅ 7.5) on May 21 at 10h 02m 50s GMT and were extended over the remainder of the region during the culminating shock (M<sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≅ 8.5) on May 22 at 19h llm 17s GMT. During the latter event, sudden uplift of adjacent portions of the continental shelf and much or all of the continental slope apparently generated the destructive tsunami that immediately followed the main shock.</p><p>Available data suggest that the primary fault or zone of faulting along which displacement occurred probably is a complex thrust fault roughly 1000 km long and at least 60 km wide; it dips eastward at a moderate angle beneath the continental margin and intersects the surface on the continental slope. Dip slip required to satisfy the surface displacements is at least 20 m and perhaps as large as 40 m. There is some evidence that there was a minor component of right-lateral slip on the fault plane.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Savage, J.C., 1970, Mechanism of the Chilean Earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1001-1030, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1001","endPage":"1030","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile, Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              -56.170022982932046\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.9296875,\n              -56.170022982932046\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.9296875,\n              2.4601811810210052\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              2.4601811810210052\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              -56.170022982932046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70226166,"text":"70226166 - 1970 - Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:01:07.655321","indexId":"70226166","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T13:49:39","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Placer gold grains from the modern streams originating in the Colorado Mineral Belt were examined for silver and copper content on a quantitative basis utilizing the electron microprobe. The variation among grains from a particular locality is large, but the mean silver content of the interior of the placer gold grains from each locality and (or) the variation in copper content may be of value in distinguishing lode sources and gold mining districts. Microprobe analysis of the interior of gold grains is independent of chemical actions that affect the border of placer gold grains during their transport history, and it is shown that distinct compositional groups of different lode sources may be identified even in a single sample--information that may aid in recognizing the existence of concealed lodes that once contributed to a placer environment.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.937","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., Raymond, W.H., and Iagmin, P.J., 1970, Distribution of silver and copper in placer gold derived from the northeastern part of the Colorado Mineral Belt: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 8, p. 937-944, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.937.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"937","endPage":"944","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Mineral Belt","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.10458374023436,\n              39.26415795094216\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.85464477539061,\n              39.26415795094216\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.85464477539061,\n              39.49450361977246\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.10458374023436,\n              39.49450361977246\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.10458374023436,\n              39.26415795094216\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.57586669921875,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.35202026367188,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.35202026367188,\n              39.9571224404468\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.57586669921875,\n              39.9571224404468\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.57586669921875,\n              39.73253798438173\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.49758911132812,\n              39.099160259556236\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.44540405273438,\n              39.099160259556236\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.44540405273438,\n              39.13645165015621\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.49758911132812,\n              39.13645165015621\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.49758911132812,\n              39.099160259556236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raymond, William H.","contributorId":48555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iagmin, Paula J.","contributorId":268801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iagmin","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226547,"text":"70226547 - 1970 - Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T17:34:59.998108","indexId":"70226547","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T11:17:49","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Granitic gneisses in the vicinities of Morton and Montevideo in the Minnesota River Valley are dated at 3550 m.y. ago and are the oldest rocks so far found in North America. The gneisses were altered in varying degree by younger events of which two have been dated at 2650 m.y. and 1850 m.y. old.</p><p>The event which occurred 2650 m.y. ago was a high-grade metamorphism accompanied by the intrusion of a large volume of granitic magma. Only the U-Pb zircon and the Rb-Sr whole-rock ages survived this event, and both types are discordant. A two-stage model that explains the U-Pb discordant ages combines a primary discordance produced during the metamorphism of 2650 m.y. ago with a secondary discordance developed approximately 100 m.y. ago when uplift and erosion brought the rocks close to the surface. This secondary discordance is also shown by the zircon from granite near Sacred Heart (2650 m.y. old) and from a younger granitic pluton (1850 m.y. old) near Granite Falls.</p><p>The discordance in the Rb-Sr whole-rock ages is attributed primarily to the loss of radiogenic Sr<sup>87</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>that probably occurred largely during the metamorphism of 2650 m.y. ago. Some later loss, however, is indicated in the younger ages of biotite and K-feldspar. Granitic material introduced or mobilized during the metamorphism is also a complicating factor.</p><p>The 1850-m.y.-ago event was a low-grade metamorphism that reset the K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of biotite in the rocks between Granite Falls and Ortonville. A number of small plutons, ranging in composition from gabbro to granite, and basaltic dikes were emplaced in the gneisses at this time, but only the granitic pluton near Granite Falls has been dated by both U-Pb and Rb-Sr methods.</p><p>The mineral ages show variations that are difficult to explain, and the low apparent ages of the biotite may be in some way related to epeirogeny and the stabilizing of the K-Ar and Rb-Sr systems. The southeastern part of the valley, underlain by the Morton Gneiss and the granite at Sacred Heart, was stabilized 2400 to 2600 m.y. ago, but the northwestern part, underlain by gneiss in the Granite Falls-Montevideo area and by granite in the Ortonville area, was not stabilized until 1700 to 1850 m.y. ago.</p><p>The Morton Gneiss was formed by synkine-matic intrusions of trondhjemitic and granitic magmas, and the structure dates back to the time of the intrusions, 3550 m.y. ago. A similar origin as a synkinematic intrusion of granite is favored to explain the gneiss at Montevideo. The country rock appears to have been a layered series of basaltic lavas, sedimentary rocks, and possibly some sill-like masses of diabase or gabbro. The structure of the region probably was considerably modified during the high-grade metamorphism 2650 m.y. ago.</p><p>The rock types that were involved in the Mortonian event 3550 m.y. ago are similar to more recent crustal rocks and do not represent a protocrust.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3671:AOTMAM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goldich, S., Hedge, C., and Stern, T.W., 1970, Age of the Morton and Montevideo gneisses and related rocks, southwestern Minnesota: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3671-3695, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3671:AOTMAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"3671","endPage":"3695","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Montevideo, Morton","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.416748046875,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.416748046875,\n              45.42929873257377\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              45.42929873257377\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldich, S. S.","contributorId":65536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldich","given":"S. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226168,"text":"70226168 - 1970 - Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:32:23.502527","indexId":"70226168","displayToPublicDate":"1970-11-01T14:19:14","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Uranium deposits of the Wyoming roll type and the Colorado Plateau peneconcordant type are the principal domestic resources of uranium. Both types occur in lenticular sandstone beds of continental origin, have a similar suite of elements and minerals, are associated with mildly altered rock, and are thought to have formed by reduction precipitation from ground waters before significant regional deformation. They differ in several respects. The Wyoming deposits are in unlithified sandstone that is highly arkosic, whereas the Colorado Plateau deposits are in lithified sandstone that is only slightly to moderately arkosic. Uranium is the only ore metal in the Wyoming deposits, whereas vanadium or copper is more abundant than uranium in some of the Plateau deposits. The Wyoming deposits are elongate crescent-shaped bodies that extend vertically through, or partly through, a sandstone unit and which are scattered, like widely spaced beads on a string, along miles-long interfaces between oxidized (altered) and unoxidized sandstone, whereas the Plateau deposits are thin tabular layers that are nearly concordant to bedding and which occur as discrete bodies, like raisins in raisin bread, enveloped in rock altered by reduction. The Wyoming ore rolls and interfaces were dynamic, having been pushed downdip by downward-moving oxygen-bearing water that passed through the interfaces and deposited the ore minerals on the reducing side, whereas the Plateau deposits seemingly formed as static bodies, localized by intensive reducing \"patches\" in a mildly reducing environment. These differences focus attention on genetic problems relating to the Eh of the ore-bearing and altering solutions, the shape and localization of deposits, and the source of the uranium.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.7.778","usgsCitation":"Fischer, R.P., 1970, Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 7, p. 778-784, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.7.778.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"778","endPage":"784","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391693,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.81884765624999,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.81884765624999,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.81884765624999,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.77636718749999,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.77636718749999,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.77636718749999,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.896484375,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5234375,\n              43.02071359427862\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.896484375,\n              43.02071359427862\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.896484375,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, R. P.","contributorId":89958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220625,"text":"5220625 - 1970 - Determining parameters for populations by using structural models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:13:14.45456","indexId":"5220625","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining parameters for populations by using structural models","docAbstract":"A method for calculating parameters necessary to maintain stable populations is described and the management implications of the method are discussed.  This method depends upon knowledge of the population mortality rate schedule, the age at which the species reaches maturity, and recruitment rates or age ratios in the population.  Four approaches are presented which yield information about the status of the population: (1) necessary production for a stable population, (2) allowable mortality for a stable population, (3) annual rate of change in population size, and (4) age ratios in the population which yield a stable condition.  General formulas for these relationships, and formulas for several special cases, are presented.  Tables are also presented showing production required to maintain a stable population with the simpler (more common) mortality and fecundity schedules.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799133","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Overton, W., and Wight, H.M., 1970, Determining parameters for populations by using structural models: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 4, p. 690-703, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799133.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"703","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overton, W.S.","contributorId":47488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wight, H. M.","contributorId":10497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wight","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}