{"pageNumber":"162","pageRowStart":"4025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16461,"records":[{"id":70040700,"text":"70040700 - 2012 - Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-13T12:40:33","indexId":"70040700","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2846,"text":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems","docAbstract":"Drylands constitute the most extensive terrestrial biome, covering more than one-third of the Earth's continental surface. In these environments, stress limits animal and plant life, so life forms that can survive desiccation and then resume growth following subsequent wetting assume the foremost role in ecosystem processes. In this Review, we describe how these organisms assemble in unique soil- and rock-surface communities to form a thin veneer of mostly microbial biomass across hot and cold deserts. These communities mediate inputs and outputs of gases, nutrients and water from desert surfaces, as well as regulating weathering, soil stability, and hydrological and nutrient cycles. The magnitude of regional and global desert-related environmental impacts is affected by these surface communities; here, we also discuss the challenges for incorporating the consideration of these communities and their effects into the management of dryland resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publisherLocation":"London, U.K.","doi":"10.1038/nrmicro2854","usgsCitation":"Pointing, S.B., and Belnap, J., 2012, Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems: Nature Reviews Microbiology, v. 10, no. 8, p. 551-562, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2854.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"562","ipdsId":"IP-036400","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2854","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263105,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2854"}],"volume":"10","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3b9dde4b0855e233c071a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pointing, Stephen B.","contributorId":8347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pointing","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040704,"text":"tm5B9 - 2012 - Determination of steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered and unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T14:56:07","indexId":"tm5B9","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-B9","title":"Determination of steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered and unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"A new analytical method has been developed and implemented at the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory that determines a suite of 20 steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered water (using laboratory schedule 2434) and in unfiltered water (using laboratory schedule 4434). This report documents the procedures and initial performance data for the method and provides guidance on application of the method and considerations of data quality in relation to data interpretation. The analytical method determines 6 natural and 3 synthetic estrogen compounds, 6 natural androgens, 1 natural and 1 synthetic progestin compound, and 2 sterols: cholesterol and 3--coprostanol. These two sterols have limited biological activity but typically are abundant in wastewater effluents and serve as useful tracers. Bisphenol A, an industrial chemical used primarily to produce polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins and that has been shown to have estrogenic activity, also is determined by the method.\n\nA technique referred to as isotope-dilution quantification is used to improve quantitative accuracy by accounting for sample-specific procedural losses in the determined analyte concentration. Briefly, deuterium- or carbon-13-labeled isotope-dilution standards (IDSs), all of which are direct or chemically similar isotopic analogs of the method analytes, are added to all environmental and quality-control and quality-assurance samples before extraction. Method analytes and IDS compounds are isolated from filtered or unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction onto an octadecylsilyl disk, overlain with a graded glass-fiber filter to facilitate extraction of unfiltered sample matrices. The disks are eluted with methanol, and the extract is evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in solvent, passed through a Florisil solid-phase extraction column to remove polar organic interferences, and again evaporated to dryness in a reaction vial. The method compounds are reacted with activated -methyl--trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide at 65 degrees Celsius for 1 hour to form trimethylsilyl or trimethylsilyl-enol ether derivatives that are more amenable to gas chromatographic separation than the underivatized compounds. Analysis is carried out by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using calibration standards that are derivatized concurrently with the sample extracts.\n\nAnalyte concentrations are quantified relative to specific IDS compounds in the sample, which directly compensate for procedural losses (incomplete recovery) in the determined and reported analyte concentrations. Thus, reported analyte concentrations (or analyte recoveries for spiked samples) are corrected based on recovery of the corresponding IDS compound during the quantification process. Recovery for each IDS compound is reported for each sample and represents an absolute recovery in a manner comparable to surrogate recoveries for other organic methods used by the National Water Quality Laboratory. Thus, IDS recoveries provide a useful tool for evaluating sample-specific analytical performance from an absolute mass recovery standpoint. IDS absolute recovery will differ and typically be lower than the corresponding analyte’s method recovery in spiked samples. However, additional correction of reported analyte concentrations is unnecessary and inappropriate because the analyte concentration (or recovery) already is compensated for by the isotope-dilution quantification procedure.\n\nMethod analytes were spiked at 10 and 100 nanograms per liter (ng/L) for most analytes (10 times greater spike levels were used for bisphenol A and 100 times greater spike levels were used for 3--coprostanol and cholesterol) into the following validation-sample matrices: reagent water, wastewater-affected surface water, a secondary-treated wastewater effluent, and a primary (no biological treatment) wastewater effluent. Overall method recovery for all analytes in these matrices averaged 100 percent, with overall relative standard deviation of 28 percent. Mean recoveries of the 20 individual analytes for spiked reagent-water samples prepared along with field samples and analyzed in 2009–2010 ranged from 84–104 percent, with relative standard deviations of 6–36 percent. Concentrations for two analytes, equilin and progesterone, are reported as estimated because these analytes had excessive bias or variability, or both. Additional database coding is applied to other reported analyte data as needed, based on sample-specific IDS recovery performance.\n\nDetection levels were derived statistically by fortifying reagent water at six different levels (0.1 to 4 ng/L) and range from about 0.4 to 4 ng/L for 16 analytes. Interim reporting levels applied to analytes in this report range from 0.8 to 8 ng/L. Bisphenol A and the sterols (cholesterol and 3-beta-coprostanol) were consistently detected in laboratory and field blanks. The minimum reporting levels were set at 100 ng/L for bisphenol A and at 200 ng/L for the two sterols to prevent any bias associated with the presence of these compounds in the blanks. A minimum reporting level of 2 ng/L was set for 11-ketotestosterone to minimize false positive risk from an interfering siloxane compound emanating as chromatographic-column bleed, from vial septum material, or from other sources at no more than 1 ng/L.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm5B9","collaboration":"Book 5, Chapter B9 of U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods","usgsCitation":"Foreman, W., Gray, J.L., ReVello, R., Lindley, C.E., Losche, S.A., and Barber, L.B., 2012, Determination of steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered and unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 5-B9, x, 118 p.; ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm5B9.","productDescription":"x, 118 p.; ill.","startPage":"i","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"131","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_5_B9.gif"},{"id":263089,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/5b9/TM5-B9.pdf"},{"id":263088,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/5b9/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3b9c4e4b0855e233c0706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"ReVello, Rhiannon C. rcrevell@usgs.gov","contributorId":4128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ReVello","given":"Rhiannon C.","email":"rcrevell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindley, Chris E. clindley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindley","given":"Chris","email":"clindley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Losche, Scott A. salosche@usgs.gov","contributorId":4694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Losche","given":"Scott","email":"salosche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040697,"text":"sir20125178 - 2012 - Bankfull-channel geometry and discharge curves for the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T14:45:25","indexId":"sir20125178","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5178","title":"Bankfull-channel geometry and discharge curves for the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Regional curves relate bankfull-channel geometry and bankfull discharge to drainage area in regions with similar runoff characteristics and are used to estimate the bankfull discharge and bankfull-channel geometry when the drainage area of a stream is known. One-variable, ordinary least-squares regressions relating bankfull discharge, cross-sectional area, bankfull width, and bankfull mean depth to drainage area were developed from data collected at 35 streamgages in or near Wyoming. Watersheds draining to these streamgages are within the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region of Wyoming and neighboring states.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125178","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Region 2","usgsCitation":"Foster, K., 2012, Bankfull-channel geometry and discharge curves for the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5178, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125178.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5178.gif"},{"id":263070,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5178/"},{"id":263071,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5178/sir2012-5178.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,45.5 ], [ -104.0,45.5 ], [ -104.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e25e7e4b0cbd9af3af6fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Katharine","contributorId":38664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Katharine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040694,"text":"sim3228 - 2012 - Flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T11:57:32","indexId":"sim3228","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3228","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 1.7-mile reach of the Leaf River were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Hattiesburg, City of Petal, Forrest County, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi Department of Homeland Security, and the Emergency Management District. The Leaf River study reach extends from just upstream of the U.S. Highway 11 crossing to just downstream of East Hardy/South Main Street and separates the cities of Hattiesburg and Petal, Mississippi. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>, depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to selected water-surface elevations (stages) at the USGS streamgage at Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi (02473000). Current conditions at the USGS streamgage may be obtained through the National Water Information System Web site at <a href=\"http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ms/nwis/uv/?site_no=02473000&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060\" target=\"_blank\">http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ms/nwis/uv/?site_no=02473000&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060</a>. In addition, the information has been provided to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood-warning system (<a href=\"http://water.weather.gov/ahps/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.weather.gov/ahps/</a>). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often collocated at USGS streamgages. The forecasted peak-stage information, available on the AHPS Web site, may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation. In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated using the most current stage-discharge relations at the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi, streamgage and documented high-water marks from recent and historical floods. The hydraulic model was then used to determine 13 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1.0-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from bankfull to approximately the highest recorded water-surface elevation at the streamgage. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model [derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data having a 0.6-foot vertical accuracy and 9.84-foot horizontal resolution] in order to delineate the area flooded at each 1-foot increment of stream stage. The availability of these maps, when combined with real-time stage information from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stage from the NWS, provides emergency management personnel and residents with critical information during flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Hattiesburg, City of Petal, Forrest County, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi Department of Homeland Security, and the Emergency Management District","usgsCitation":"Storm, J.B., 2012, Flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3228, Pamphlet: vi, 8 p.; 13 Sheets: 17 x 22 inches; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3228.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 8 p.; 13 Sheets: 17 x 22 inches; Downloads directory","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3228.jpg"},{"id":263052,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/download/"},{"id":263053,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":263054,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":263055,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":263056,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":263057,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet6.pdf"},{"id":263050,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/"},{"id":263051,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/pdf/sim_3228.pdf"},{"id":263058,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet5.pdf"},{"id":263059,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet7.pdf"},{"id":263060,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet8.pdf"},{"id":263061,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet9.pdf"},{"id":263062,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet10.pdf"},{"id":263063,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet11.pdf"},{"id":263064,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet12.pdf"},{"id":263065,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet13.pdf"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983 and North American Vergical Datum of 1988","country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Forrest County","otherGeospatial":"Leaf River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.32,31.3 ], [ -89.32,31.37 ], [ -89.25,31.37 ], [ -89.25,31.3 ], [ -89.32,31.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e2601e4b0cbd9af3af70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, John B. 0000-0002-5657-536X jbstorm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-536X","contributorId":3684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"John","email":"jbstorm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040698,"text":"sir20125187 - 2012 - Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T10:44:00","indexId":"sir20125187","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5187","title":"Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Groundwater is essential for water supply and plays a critical role in maintaining the environmental health of freshwater and estuarine ecosystems in the Atlantic Coastal basins of New Jersey. The unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system and the confined Atlantic City 800-foot sand are major sources of groundwater in the area, and each faces different water-supply concerns. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), conducted a study to simulate the effects of withdrawals in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, and the Rio Grande water-bearing zone and to evaluate potential scenarios. The study area encompasses Atlantic County and parts of Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Ocean, Cape May, and Cumberland Counties. The major hydrogeologic units affecting water supply in the study area are the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, a thick diatomaceous clay confining unit in the upper part of Kirkwood Formation; the Rio Grande water-bearing zone; and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation. Hydrogeologic data from 18 aquifer tests and specific capacity data from 230 wells were analyzed to provide horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifers. Groundwater withdrawals are greatest from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, and 65 percent of the water is used for public supply. Groundwater withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand are about half those from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. Ninety-five percent of the withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand is used for public supply. Data from six streamgaging stations and 51 low-flow partial record sites were used to estimate base flow in the area. Base flow ranges from 60 to 92 percent of streamflow. A groundwater flow model of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand was developed and calibrated using water-level data from 148 wells and base-flow data from 22 gaging or low-flow partial record stations. The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system within the Great Egg Harbor River and the Mullica River Basins was simulated on a monthly basis from 1998 through 2006. An existing regional model of the New Jersey Coastal Plain was revised to provide boundary conditions for the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basin model (referred to as the Great Egg-Mullica model). In the Great Egg-Mullica model, monthly groundwater recharge rates used in the model ranged from 10-15 inches per year in 2001 to 20-25 inches per year in 2005. The mean-absolute error for 10 of the 14 long-term hydrographs used in model calibration was less than 5 ft. Groundwater flow budgets for the Great Egg-Mullica model calibration periods, May 2005 and September 2006, and for the entire model calibration period 1998 to 2006, showed that nearly 70 percent of the water entering the Atlantic City 800-foot sand came from the horizontal connection with the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in updip areas. The groundwater flow model was used to simulate scenarios under three possible conditions: average 1998 to 2006 withdrawals (Average scenario), full-allocation withdrawals (Full Allocation scenario), and projected 2050-demand withdrawals (2050 Demand scenario). Withdrawals in the Full Allocation scenario are nearly twice the withdrawals from the Average scenario, primarily because of the potential for large agricultural withdrawals if all allocations are used. Withdrawals for the 2050 Demand scenario are about 50 percent greater than those for the Average scenario, primarily due to expected increases in withdrawals for public supply. Monthly base-flow depletion criteria were determined using the Low-Flow Margin method, currently under consideration by NJDEP, to estimate available water on an annual basis at the Hydrologic Unit Code 11 (HUC11) level and to determine whether a water-supply deficit exists. Simulations of various groundwater-withdrawal scenarios were made using the calibrated model, and results were compared with baseline conditions (no withdrawals) to determine where and when base-flow deficits may be occurring and may be expected to occur in the future. Scenarios were simulated to assess base-flow depletion that could occur from different groundwater-withdrawal situations. In the Average scenario, deficits occurred in 7 of the 14 subbasins. In the Full Allocation scenario, deficits occurred in 11 of the subbasins. In the 2050 Demand scenario, deficits occurred in 9 of the 14 subbasins. The largest deficits occurred in the Absecon Creek subbasin because the base-flow depletion criteria for this subbasin is small due to the surface-water diversions that are already occurring there and because existing groundwater withdrawals in the subbasin have resulted in base-flow depletion under current (1998-2006) conditions. Three adjusted scenarios, variations of the Average, Full Allocation, and 2050 Demand scenarios, were simulated; for the adjusted scenarios, the withdrawals were modified in stages with the intent to successively eliminate or minimize the base-flow deficits. Modifications included shifting withdrawals to a deeper part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, implementing seasonal conjunctive use of shallow and deep aquifers, and specifying reductions in withdrawals within a HUC11 subbasin in deficit. The adjusted scenarios are intended to show the relative effectiveness of each of the three approaches in reducing the deficits. Most of the deficits under the Average, Full Allocation, and 2050 Demand scenarios were eliminated by reductions in withdrawals or allocations. Shifting withdrawals to a deeper part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system or seasonal conjunctive use did not eliminate deficits for any subbasin. Reductions in withdrawals accounted for more than 95 percent of the total reduction of deficits in all but one subbasin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Pope, D.A., Carleton, G.B., Buxton, D.E., Walker, R.L., Shourds, J.L., and Reilly, P.A., 2012, Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5187, Report: x, 139 p.; Appendixes: 2-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125187.","productDescription":"Report: x, 139 p.; Appendixes: 2-3","numberOfPages":"153","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5187.png"},{"id":263086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187-appendix3.xls","text":"Appendix 3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":263083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263084,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263085,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187-appendix2.xls","text":"Appendix 2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":361403,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F70G3J3J","text":"MODFLOW-2000 model used to evaluate alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Great Egg Harbor;Mullica River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,39.0 ], [ -75.5,40.25 ], [ -73.75,40.25 ], [ -73.75,39.0 ], [ -75.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e2607e4b0cbd9af3af711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carleton, Glen B. 0000-0002-7666-4407 carleton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-4407","contributorId":3795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"Glen","email":"carleton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buxton, Debra E. dbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Debra","email":"dbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, Richard L.","contributorId":38961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shourds, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-7631-9734 jshourds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-9734","contributorId":5821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shourds","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshourds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040695,"text":"sir20125168 - 2012 - Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T12:15:41","indexId":"sir20125168","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5168","title":"Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER)","docAbstract":"Flow- and load-duration curves were constructed from the model outputs of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) application for streams in Kentucky. The WATER application was designed to access multiple geospatial datasets to generate more than 60 years of statistically based streamflow data for Kentucky. The WATER application enables a user to graphically select a site on a stream and generate an estimated hydrograph and flow-duration curve for the watershed upstream of that point. The flow-duration curves are constructed by calculating the exceedance probability of the modeled daily streamflows. User-defined water-quality criteria and (or) sampling results can be loaded into the WATER application to construct load-duration curves that are based on the modeled streamflow results. Estimates of flow and streamflow statistics were derived from TOPographically Based Hydrological MODEL (TOPMODEL) simulations in the WATER application. A modified TOPMODEL code, SDP-TOPMODEL (Sinkhole Drainage Process-TOPMODEL) was used to simulate daily mean discharges over the period of record for 5 karst and 5 non-karst watersheds in Kentucky in order to verify the calibrated model. A statistical evaluation of the model's verification simulations show that calibration criteria, established by previous WATER application reports, were met thus insuring the model's ability to provide acceptably accurate estimates of discharge at gaged and ungaged sites throughout Kentucky. Flow-duration curves are constructed in the WATER application by calculating the exceedence probability of the modeled daily flow values. The flow-duration intervals are expressed as a percentage, with zero corresponding to the highest stream discharge in the streamflow record. Load-duration curves are constructed by applying the loading equation (Load = Flow*Water-quality criterion) at each flow interval.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Unthank, M.D., Newson, J.K., Williamson, T., and Nelson, H.L., 2012, Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5168, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125168.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5168.gif"},{"id":263067,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5168/"},{"id":263068,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5168/pdf/sir2012-5168_report_508_rev110612.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.5715,36.4972 ], [ -89.5715,39.1475 ], [ -81.965,39.1475 ], [ -81.965,36.4972 ], [ -89.5715,36.4972 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e3412e4b0cbd9af3af72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unthank, Michael D. 0000-0003-2483-0431 munthank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-0431","contributorId":3902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"Michael","email":"munthank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newson, Jeremy K. jknewson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newson","given":"Jeremy","email":"jknewson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047276,"text":"70047276 - 2012 - Characterizing the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: hydrology and geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:30:07","indexId":"70047276","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T14:23:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Characterizing the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: hydrology and geochemistry","docAbstract":"This hydrology and geochemistry volume is a companion volume to the 2007 Geological Society of America Memoir 199, <i>The Geology and Climatology of Yucca Mountain and Vicinity, Southern Nevada and California</i>, edited by Stuckless and Levich. The work in both volumes was originally reported in the U.S. Department of Energy regulatory document <i>Yucca Mountain Site Description</i>, for the site characterization study of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as the proposed U.S. geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. The selection of Yucca Mountain resulted from a nationwide search and numerous committee studies during a period of more than 40 yr. The waste, largely from commercial nuclear power reactors and the government's nuclear weapons programs, is characterized by intense penetrating radiation and high heat production, and, therefore, it must be isolated from the biosphere for tens of thousands of years. The extensive, unique, and often innovative geoscience investigations conducted at Yucca Mountain for more than 20 yr make it one of the most thoroughly studied geologic features on Earth. The results of these investigations contribute extensive knowledge to the hydrologic and geochemical aspects of radioactive waste disposal in the unsaturated zone. The science, analyses, and interpretations are important not only to Yucca Mountain, but also to the assessment of other sites or alternative processes that may be considered for waste disposal in the future.\n\nGroundwater conditions, processes, and geochemistry, especially in combination with the heat from radionuclide decay, are integral to the ability of a repository to isolate waste. Hydrology and geochemistry are discussed here in chapters on unsaturated zone hydrology, saturated zone hydrology, paleohydrology, hydrochemistry, radionuclide transport, and thermally driven coupled processes affecting long-term waste isolation. This introductory chapter reviews some of the reasons for choosing to study Yucca Mountain as a repository site.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2012.1209(01)","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J.S., and Levich, R.A., 2012, Characterizing the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: hydrology and geochemistry, chap. <i>of</i> Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California, v. 209, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(01).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-002741","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278840,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278832,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(01)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.01,35.0 ], [ -120.01,42.0 ], [ -114.04,42.0 ], [ -114.04,35.0 ], [ -120.01,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a217fe4b051792d0194ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levich, Robert A.","contributorId":93374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levich","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047233,"text":"70047233 - 2012 - Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:19:10","indexId":"70047233","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T13:50:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain was investigated as a possible site for the nation's first high-level nuclear waste repository. Scientific investigations included infiltration studies, matrix properties testing, borehole testing and monitoring, underground excavation and testing, and the development of conceptual and numerical models of the hydrologic processes at Yucca Mountain. Infiltration estimates by empirical and geochemical methods range from 0.2 to 1.4 mm/yr and 0.2–6.0 mm/yr, respectively. Infiltration estimates from numerical models range from 4.5 mm/yr to 17.6 mm/yr. Rock matrix properties vary vertically and laterally as the result of depositional processes and subsequent postdepositional alteration. Laboratory tests indicate that the average matrix porosity and hydraulic conductivity values for the main level of the proposed repository (Topopah Spring Tuff middle nonlithophysal zone) are 0.08 and 4.7 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m/s, respectively. In situ fracture hydraulic conductivity values are 3–6 orders of magnitude greater. The permeability of fault zones is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of the surrounding rock unit. Water samples from the fault zones have tritium concentrations that indicate some component of postnuclear testing. Gas and water vapor movement through the unsaturated zone is driven by changes in barometric pressure, temperature-induced density differences, and wind effects. The subsurface pressure response to surface barometric changes is controlled by the distribution and interconnectedness of fractures, the presence of faults and their ability to conduct gas and vapor, and the moisture content and matrix permeability of the rock units. In situ water potential values are generally less than −0.2 MPa (−2 bar), and the water potential gradients in the Topopah Spring Tuff units are very small. Perched-water zones at Yucca Mountain are associated with the basal vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Tuff or the Calico Hills bedded tuff. Thermal gradients in the unsaturated zone vary with location, and range from ~2.0 °C to 6.0 °C per 100 m; the variability appears to be associated with topography. Large-scale heater testing identified a heat-pipe signature at ~97 °C, and identified thermally induced and excavation-induced changes in the stress field. Elevated gas-phase CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and a decrease in the pH of water from the condensation zone also were identified. Conceptual and numerical flow and transport models of Yucca Mountain indicate that infiltration is highly variable, both spatially and temporally. Flow in the unsaturated zone is predominately through fractures in the welded units of the Tiva Canyon and Topopah Spring Tuffs and predominately through the matrix in the Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units and Calico Hills Formation. Isolated, transient, fast-flow paths, such as faults, do exist but probably carry only a small portion of the total liquid-water flux at Yucca Mountain. The Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units act as a storage buffer for transient infiltration pulses. Faults may act as flow boundaries and/or fast pathways. Below the proposed repository horizon, low-permeability lithostratigraphic units of the Topopah Spring Tuff and/or the Calico Hills Formation may divert flow laterally to faults that act as conduits to the water table. Advective transport pathways are consistent with flow pathways. Matrix diffusion is the major mechanism for mass transfer between fractures and the matrix and may contribute to retardation of radionuclide transport when fracture flow is dominant. Sorption may retard the movement of radionuclides in the unsaturated zone; however, sorption on mobile colloids may enhance radionuclide transport. Dispersion is not expected to be a major transport mechanism in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. Natural analogue studies support the concepts that percolating water may be diverted around underground openings and that the percentage of infiltration that becomes seepage decreases as infiltration decreases.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2012.1209(02)","usgsCitation":"LeCain, G.D., and Stuckless, J.S., 2012, Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, chap. <i>of</i> Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California, v. 209, p. 9-72, https://doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02).","productDescription":"64 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"64","ipdsId":"IP-009120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278774,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Calico Hills Formation;Paintbrush Tuff;Tiva Canyon;Topopah Spring Tuff;Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2379,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,35.4976 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2188e4b051792d019550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCain, Gary D.","contributorId":52207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048188,"text":"70048188 - 2012 - MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-16T12:24:24","indexId":"70048188","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T12:17:04","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","docAbstract":"Abandoned hard-rock mines can be a significant source of acid mine drainage (AMD) and toxic metal pollution to watersheds. In Colorado, USA, abandoned mines are often located in remote, high elevation areas that are snowbound for 7–8 months of the year. The difficulty in accessing these remote sites, especially during winter, creates challenging water sampling problems and major hydrologic and toxic metal loading events are often under sampled. Currently available automated water samplers are not well suited for sampling remote snowbound areas so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a new water sampler, the MiniSipper, to provide long-duration, high-resolution water sampling in remote areas. The MiniSipper is a small, portable sampler that uses gas bubbles to separate up to 250 five milliliter acidified samples in a long tubing coil. The MiniSipper operates for over 8 months unattended in water under snow/ice, reduces field work costs, and greatly increases sampling resolution, especially during inaccessible times. MiniSippers were deployed in support of an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) project evaluating acid mine drainage inputs from the Pennsylvania Mine to the Snake River watershed in Summit County, CO, USA. MiniSipper metal results agree within 10% of EPA-USGS hand collected grab sample results. Our high-resolution results reveal very strong correlations (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9) between potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) and specific conductivity at the Pennsylvania Mine site. The large number of samples collected by the MiniSipper over the entire water year provides a detailed look at the effects of major hydrologic events such as snowmelt runoff and rainstorms on metal loading from the Pennsylvania Mine. MiniSipper results will help guide EPA sampling strategy and remediation efforts in the Snake River watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083","usgsCitation":"Chapin, T.P., and Todd, A., 2012, MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring: Science of the Total Environment, v. 439, p. 343-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"353","ipdsId":"IP-038379","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277598,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52382865e4b0c7d45ef06110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, Thomas P.","contributorId":96184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S.","contributorId":33162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040652,"text":"pp1789A - 2012 - Physiography, geology, and land cover of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:18:16","indexId":"pp1789A","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"A","title":"Physiography, geology, and land cover of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Four watersheds with differing geology and land cover in eastern Puerto Rico have been studied on a long-term basis by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets. These watersheds are typical of tropical, island-arc settings found in many parts of the world. Two watersheds are located on coarse-grained granitic rocks that weather to quartz- and clay-rich, sandy soils, and two are located on fine-grained volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks that weather to quartz-poor, fine-grained soils. For each bedrock type, one watershed is covered with mature forest, and the other watershed, like most of Puerto Rico, has transformed from relatively undisturbed pre-European forest to intensive agriculture in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and further to ongoing reforestation that began in the middle of the 20th century. The comparison of water chemistry and hydrology in these watersheds allows an evaluation of the effects of land-use history and geology on hydrologic regimes and erosion rates. This chapter describes the physiography, geology, and land cover of the four watersheds and provides background information for the remaining chapters in this volume.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789A","collaboration":"This report is Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Stallard, R.F., Larsen, M.C., and Gould, W.A., 2012, Physiography, geology, and land cover of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789A.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_A.jpg"},{"id":262984,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262985,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterA.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e11a0ee4b0fec3206f312e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509085,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gould, William A.","contributorId":103535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040571,"text":"sir20125231 - 2012 - Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon, for downstream temperature management","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70005682,"text":"ofr20111268 - 2011 - Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon-Interim Results","indexId":"ofr20111268","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon-Interim Results"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70040571,"text":"sir20125231 - 2012 - Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon, for downstream temperature management","indexId":"sir20125231","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon, for downstream temperature management"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-12T10:07:25","indexId":"sir20125231","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5231","title":"Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon, for downstream temperature management","docAbstract":"Detroit Dam was constructed in 1953 on the North Santiam River in western Oregon and resulted in the formation of Detroit Lake. With a full-pool storage volume of 455,100 acre-feet and a dam height of 463 feet, Detroit Lake is one of the largest and most important reservoirs in the Willamette River basin in terms of power generation, recreation, and water storage and releases. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operates Detroit Dam as part of a system of 13 reservoirs in the Willamette Project to meet multiple goals, which include flood-damage protection, power generation, downstream navigation, recreation, and irrigation. A distinct cycle in water temperature occurs in Detroit Lake as spring and summer heating through solar radiation creates a warm layer of water near the surface and isolates cold water below. Controlling the temperature of releases from Detroit Dam, therefore, is highly dependent on the location, characteristics, and usage of the dam's outlet structures. Prior to operational changes in 2007, Detroit Dam had a well-documented effect on downstream water temperature that was problematic for endangered salmonid fish species, releasing water that was too cold in midsummer and too warm in autumn. This unnatural seasonal temperature pattern caused problems in the timing of fish migration, spawning, and emergence.  In this study, an existing calibrated 2-dimensional hydrodynamic water-quality model [CE-QUAL-W2] of Detroit Lake was used to determine how changes in dam operation or changes to the structural release points of Detroit Dam might affect downstream water temperatures under a range of historical hydrologic and meteorological conditions. The results from a subset of the Detroit Lake model scenarios then were used as forcing conditions for downstream CE-QUAL-W2 models of Big Cliff Reservoir (the small reregulating reservoir just downstream of Detroit Dam) and the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers. Many combinations of environmental, operational, and structural options were explored with the model scenarios. Multiple downstream temperature targets were used along with three sets of environmental forcing conditions representing <i>cool/wet, normal, and hot/dry</i> conditions. Five structural options at Detroit Dam were modeled, including the use of existing outlets, one hypothetical variable-elevation outlet such as a sliding gate, a hypothetical combination of a floating outlet and a fixed-elevation outlet, and a hypothetical combination of a floating outlet and a sliding gate. Finally, 14 sets of operational guidelines for Detroit Dam were explored to gain an understanding of the effects of imposing different downstream minimum streamflows, imposing minimum outflow rules to specific outlets, and managing the level of the lake with different timelines through the year. Selected subsets of these combinations of operational and structural scenarios were run through the downstream models of Big Cliff Reservoir and the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers to explore how hypothetical changes at Detroit Dam might provide improved temperatures for endangered salmonids downstream of the Detroit-Big Cliff Dam complex.\r\nConclusions that can be drawn from these model scenarios include: \r\n*The water-temperature targets set by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for releases from Detroit Dam can be met through a combination of new dam outlets or a delayed drawdown of the lake in autumn.\r\n*Spring and summer dam operations greatly affect the available release temperatures and operational flexibility later in the autumn. Releasing warm water during midsummer tends to keep more cool water available for release in autumn. \r\n*The ability to meet downstream temperature targets during spring depends on the characteristics of the available outlets. Under existing conditions, although warm water sometimes is present at the lake surface in spring and early summer, such water may not be available for release if the lake level is either well below or well above the spillway crest. \r\n*Managing lake releases to meet downstream temperature targets depends on having outlet structures that can access both (warm) lake surface water and (cold) deeper lake water throughout the year. The existing outlets at Detroit Dam do not allow near-surface waters to be released during times when the lake surface level is below the spillway (spring and autumn). \r\n*Using the existing outlets at Detroit Dam, lake level management is important to the water temperature of releases because it controls the availability and depth of water at the spillway. When lake level is lowered below the spillway crest in late summer, the loss of access to warm water at the lake surface can result in abrupt changes to release temperatures. \r\n*Because the power-generation intakes (penstocks) are 166 feet below the full-pool lake level, imposing minimum power production requirements at Detroit Dam limits the amount of warm surface water that can be expelled from the lake in midsummer, thereby postponing and amplifying warm outflows from Detroit Lake into the autumn spawning season. \r\n*Likewise, imposing minimum power production requirements at Detroit Dam in autumn can limit the amount of cool hypolimnetic water that is released from the lake, thereby limiting cool outflows from Detroit Lake during the autumn spawning season. \r\n*Model simulations indicate that a delayed drawdown of Detroit Lake in autumn would result in better control over release temperatures in the immediate downstream vicinity of Big Cliff Dam, but the reduced outflows necessary to retain more water in the lake in late summer are more susceptible to rapid heating downstream. \r\n*Compared to the existing outlets at Detroit Dam, floating or sliding-gate outlet structures can provide greater control over release temperatures because they provide better access to warm water at the lake surface and cooler water at depth. These conclusions can be grouped into several common themes. First, optimal and flexible management and achievement of downstream temperature goals requires that releases of warm water near the surface of the lake and cold water below the thermocline are both possible with the available dam outlets during spring, summer, and autumn. This constraint can be met to some extent with existing outlets, but only if access to the spillway is extended into autumn by keeping the lake level higher than called for by the current rule curve (the typical target water-surface elevation throughout the year). If new outlets are considered, a variable-elevation outlet such as a sliding gate structure, or a floating outlet in combination with a fixed-elevation outlet at sufficient depth to access cold water, is likely to work well in terms of accessing a range of water temperatures and achieving downstream temperature targets. Furthermore, model results indicate that it is important to release warm water from near the lake surface during midsummer. If not released downstream, the warm water will build up at the top of the lake as a result of solar energy inputs and the thermocline will deepen, potentially causing warm water to reach the depth of deeper fixed-elevation outlets in autumn, particularly when the lake level is drawn down to make room for flood storage. Delaying the drawdown in autumn can help to keep the thermocline above such outlets and preserve access to cold water. Although it is important to generate hydropower at Detroit Dam, minimum power-production requirements limit the ability of dam operators to meet downstream temperature targets with existing outlet structures. The location of the power penstocks below the thermocline in spring and most of summer causes the release of more cool water during summer than is optimal. Reducing the power-production constraint allows the temperature target to be met more frequently, but at the cost of less power generation.\r\nFinally, running the Detroit Dam, Big Cliff Dam, and North Santiam and Santiam River models in series allows dam operators to evaluate how different operational strategies or combinations of new dam outlets might affect downstream temperatures for many miles of critical endangered salmonid habitat. Temperatures can change quickly in these downstream reaches as the river exchanges heat with its surroundings, and heating or cooling of 6 degrees Celsius is not unusual in the 40–50 miles downstream of Big Cliff Dam.  The results published in this report supersede preliminary results published in U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1268 (Buccola and Rounds, 2011). Those preliminary results are still valid, but the results in this report are more current and comprehensive.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125231","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Version 1.1, June 2013","usgsCitation":"Buccola, N., Rounds, S.A., Sullivan, A.B., and Risley, J.C., 2012, Simulating potential structural and operational changes for Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River, Oregon, for downstream temperature management (Originally posted October 30, 2012; Revised June 11, 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5231, viii; 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125231.","productDescription":"viii; 68 p.","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5231.jpg"},{"id":262862,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5231/"},{"id":262863,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5231/pdf/sir20125231.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"UTM, Zone 10","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Big Cliff Dam;Detroit Dam;Detroit Lake;North Santiam River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.333333,44.583333 ], [ -122.333333,44.833333 ], [ -121.750000,44.833333 ], [ -121.750000,44.583333 ], [ -122.333333,44.583333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted October 30, 2012; Revised June 11, 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5094ec06e4b0e5cfc2acdcfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buccola, Norman L. nbuccola@usgs.gov","contributorId":4295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buccola","given":"Norman L.","email":"nbuccola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rounds, Stewart A. 0000-0002-8540-2206 sarounds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-2206","contributorId":905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"Stewart","email":"sarounds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040665,"text":"pp1789C - 2012 - Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:17:26","indexId":"pp1789C","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"C","title":"Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Puerto Rico lies directly in the path of the easterly trade winds, which deliver steady rainfall to the mountains and steer tropical wave systems toward the island. Hurricanes and tropical storms derived from these tropical waves differ in frequency and intensity, contributing to substantial interannual variation in precipitation and stream discharge. Puerto Rico's steep topography and small water-storage capacity leave the island's water supply and developed flood plains vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. This vulnerability may increase in the future owing to ongoing change, both local (such as land-cover shifts, water-supply projects, and construction of roads and other infrastructure) and regional (climate variability and change). Climate change, which could lead to more intense and prolonged droughts as well as an increase in the magnitude and frequency of destructive storms in the Caribbean, may alter temperature and affect the availability of water for human and ecosystem needs. Accurate assessment of hydrologic regimes and water budgets is therefore crucial for effective management of water resources. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets program, hydrologic and geomorphologic processes and stream chemistry of four small watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico, which differ in geology and land cover, have been studied since 1991. Spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation and stream discharge, along with water budgets, were determined for the watersheds for the period 1991 to 2005. The locations of the watersheds relative to the Luquillo Mountains and the range's associated rain shadow dominate hydrological processes, dwarfing influences of land cover. The influence of geology is reflected in recession characteristics of the rivers (recession is faster in soils overlying volcaniclastic bedrock) and in hillslope geomorphic processes (sediment is delivered at higher rates from soils overlying granitic bedrock).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789C","collaboration":"This report is Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., and Stallard, R.F., 2012, Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789C.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_C.jpg"},{"id":263003,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterC.pdf"},{"id":263002,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50deff4ae4b0dfbe79e68323","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509094,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509095,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70192878,"text":"70192878 - 2012 - Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T15:23:06","indexId":"70192878","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Estimates of mean annual watershed sediment discharge, derived from long-term measurements of suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow, often are not available at locations of interest. The goal of this study was to develop multivariate regression models to enable prediction of mean annual suspended-sediment discharge from available basin characteristics useful for most ungaged river locations in the eastern United States. The models are based on long-term mean sediment discharge estimates and explanatory variables obtained from a combined dataset of 1201 US Geological Survey (USGS) stations derived from a SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes (SPARROW) study and the Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow (GAGES) database. The resulting regional regression models summarized for major US water resources regions 1–8, exhibited prediction&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values ranging from 76.9% to 92.7% and corresponding average model prediction errors ranging from 56.5% to 124.3%. Results from cross-validation experiments suggest that a majority of the models will perform similarly to calibration runs. The 36-parameter regional regression models also outperformed a 16-parameter national SPARROW model of suspended-sediment discharge and indicate that mean annual sediment loads in the eastern United States generally correlates with a combination of basin area, land use patterns, seasonal precipitation, soil composition, hydrologic modification, and to a lesser extent, topography.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.011","usgsCitation":"Roman, D.C., Vogel, R.M., and Schwarz, G., 2012, Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 472-4723, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.011.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","ipdsId":"IP-023743","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"472-4723","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610553e4b06e28e9c2553a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman, David C.","contributorId":198831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogel, Richard M.","contributorId":66811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189352,"text":"70189352 - 2012 - Difference infiltrometer: a method to measure temporally variable infiltration rates during rainstorms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T15:52:36","indexId":"70189352","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Difference infiltrometer: a method to measure temporally variable infiltration rates during rainstorms","docAbstract":"<p><span>We developed a difference infiltrometer to measure time series of non-steady infiltration rates during rainstorms at the point scale. The infiltrometer uses two, tipping bucket rain gages. One gage measures rainfall onto, and the other measures runoff from, a small circular plot about 0.5-m in diameter. The small size allows the infiltration rate to be computed as the difference of the cumulative rainfall and cumulative runoff without having to route water through a large plot. Difference infiltrometers were deployed in an area burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire near Boulder, Colorado, USA, and data were collected during the summer of 2011. The difference infiltrometer demonstrated the capability to capture different magnitudes of infiltration rates and temporal variability associated with convective (high intensity, short duration) and cyclonic (low intensity, long duration) rainstorms. Data from the difference infiltrometer were used to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil affected by the heat from a wildfire. The difference infiltrometer is portable and can be deployed in rugged, steep terrain and does not require the transport of water, as many rainfall simulators require, because it uses natural rainfall. It can be used to assess infiltration models, determine runoff coefficients, identify rainfall depth or rainfall intensity thresholds to initiate runoff, estimate parameters for infiltration models, and compare remediation treatments on disturbed landscapes. The difference infiltrometer can be linked with other types of soil monitoring equipment in long-term studies for detecting temporal and spatial variability at multiple time scales and in nested designs where it can be linked to hillslope and basin-scale runoff responses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.9424","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Ebel, B.A., 2012, Difference infiltrometer: a method to measure temporally variable infiltration rates during rainstorms: Hydrological Processes, v. 26, no. 21, p. 3312-3318, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9424.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3312","endPage":"3318","ipdsId":"IP-034604","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"21","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965bacfe4b0d1f9f05b38d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040667,"text":"pp1789E - 2012 - Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:18:38","indexId":"pp1789E","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"E","title":"Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Water quality of four small watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico has been monitored since 1991 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets program. These watersheds represent a montane, humid-tropical environment and differ in geology and land cover. Two watersheds are located on granitic rocks, and two are located on volcaniclastic rock. For each bedrock type, one watershed is covered with mature rainforest in the Luquillo Mountains, and the other watershed is undergoing reforestation after being affected by agricultural practices typical of eastern Puerto Rico. A subwatershed of the Icacos watershed, the Guab&aacute;, was also monitored to examine scaling effects. The water quality of the rivers draining forest, in the Icacos and Guab&aacute; (granitic watersheds) and Mameyes (a volcaniclastic watershed), show little contamination by human activities. The water is well oxygenated and has a nearly neutral pH, and nutrient concentrations are low. Concentrations of nutrients in the disturbed watersheds, the Cayagu&aacute;s (granitic rock) and Can&oacute;vanas (volcaniclastic rock), are greater than in the forested watersheds, indicating some inputs from human activities. High in-stream productivity in the Can&oacute;vanas watershed leads to occasional oxygen and calcite supersaturation and carbon dioxide undersaturation. Suspended sediment concentrations in all watersheds are low, except during major storms. Most dissolved constituents derived from bedrock weathering or atmospheric deposition (including sodium, magnesium, calcium, silica, alkalinity, and chloride) decrease in concentration with increasing runoff, reflecting dilution from increased proportions of overland or near-surface flow. Strongly bioactive constituents (dissolved organic carbon, potassium, nitrate, ammonium ion, and phosphate) commonly display increasing concentration with increasing runoff, regardless of their ultimate origin (bedrock or atmosphere). The concentrations of many of the bioactive constituents eventually decrease at runoff rates greater than 3 to 10 millimeters per hour, presumably reflecting an increased relative contribution from overland flow. Sulfate behaves like the nonbioactive constituents in the Can&oacute;vanas, Cayagu&aacute;s, and Mameyes watersheds but like a bioactive constituent in the Icacos and Guab&aacute; watersheds. Storms resulted in several anomalous sample compositions. Runoff waters from a number of storms - mostly hurricanes, but also other storms - have exceptionally high chloride concentrations, presumably resulting from windborne seasalt from the ocean, and low nitrate concentrations, reflecting a dominance of maritime air masses contributing moisture to the storms. High-potassium samples, without high chloride, are also associated with some smaller storms that followed Hurricane Georges in 1998; they are likely related to the breakdown of fallen vegetation. Finally, occasional low-silica events are observed in the Icacos and Guab&aacute; watersheds in the years prior to Hurricane Georges, but not after; this difference may be related to a change in hydrologic flow paths.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789E","collaboration":"This report is Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., and Murphy, S.F., 2012, Water quality and mass transport in four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter E in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789E.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263011,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":263012,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterE.pdf"},{"id":263013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_E.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e57445e4b0a4aa5bb070df","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509098,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509099,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040625,"text":"pp1789I - 2012 - Weathering processes in the Rio Icacos and Rio Mameyes watersheds in Eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter I in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:19:04","indexId":"pp1789I","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"I","title":"Weathering processes in the Rio Icacos and Rio Mameyes watersheds in Eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter I in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Streams draining watersheds of the two dominant lithologies (quartz diorite and volcaniclastic rock) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of eastern Puerto Rico have very high fluxes of bedrock weathering products. The R&iacute;o Blanco quartz diorite in the Icacos watershed and the Fajardo volcaniclastic rocks in the Mameyes watershed have some of the fastest documented rates of chemical weathering of siliceous rocks in the world. Rapid weathering produces thick, highly leached saprolites in both watersheds that lie just below the soil and largely isolate subsurface biogeochemical and hydrologic processes from those in the soil. The quartz diorite bedrock in the Icacos watershed weathers spheroidally, leaving large, relatively unweathered corestones that are enveloped by slightly weathered rock layers called rindlets. The rindlets wrap around the corestones like an onionskin. Within the corestones, biotite oxidation is thought to induce the spheroidal fracturing that leads to development of rindlets; plagioclase in the rindlets dissolves, creating additional pore spaces. Near the rindlet-saprolite interface, the remaining plagioclase dissolves, hornblende dissolves to completion, and precipitation of kaolinite, gibbsite, and goethite becomes pervasive. In the saprolite, biotite weathers to kaolinite and quartz begins to dissolve. In the soil layer, both quartz and kaolinite dissolve. The volcaniclastic bedrock of the Mameyes watershed weathers even faster than the quartz diorite bedrock of the Icacos watershed, leaving thicker saprolites that are devoid of all primary minerals except quartz. The quartz content of volcaniclastic bedrock may help to control watershed geomorphology; high-quartz rocks form thick saprolites that blanket ridges. Hydrologic flow paths within the weathering profiles vary with total fluid flux, and they influence the chemistry of streams. Under low-flow conditions, the R&iacute;o Icacos and its tributaries are fed by rainfall and by groundwater from the fracture zones; during storm events, intense rainfall rapidly raises stream levels and water is flushed through the soil as shallow flow. As a result, weathering constituents that shed into streamwaters are dominated by rindlet-zone weathering processes during base flow and by soil weathering processes during stormflow. The upper reaches of the Mameyes watershed are characterized by regolith more than 35 meters thick in places that contains highly fractured rock embedded in its matrix. Weathering contributions to stream chemistry at base flow are predicted to be more spatially variable in the Mameyes watershed than in the Icacos watershed owing to the more complex subsurface weathering profile of the volcaniclastic bedrocks of the Mameyes watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (PP 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789I","collaboration":"This report is Chapter I in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>. For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Buss, H.L., and White, A.F., 2012, Weathering processes in the Rio Icacos and Rio Mameyes watersheds in Eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter I in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789I.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"262","ipdsId":"IP-030158","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_I.jpg"},{"id":262987,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262988,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterI.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e583e8e4b0a4aa5bb09760","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509080,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509081,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Buss, Heather L. 0000-0002-1852-3657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-3657","contributorId":15478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buss","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040572,"text":"70040572 - 2012 - The hydrology of a drained topographical depression within an agricutlural field in north-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T18:53:14.329024","indexId":"70040572","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3627,"text":"Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrology of a drained topographical depression within an agricutlural field in north-central Iowa","docAbstract":"North-central Iowa is an agriculturally intensive area comprising the southeastern portion of the Prairie Pothole Region, a landscape containing a high density of enclosed topographical depressions. Artificial drainage practices have been implemented throughout the area to facilitate agricultural production. Vertical surface drains are utilized to drain the topographical depressions that accumulate water. This study focuses on the hydrology of a drained topographical depression located in a 39.5 ha agricultural field. To assess the hydrology of the drained depression, a water balance was constructed for 11 ponding events during the 2008 growing season. Continuous pond and groundwater level data were obtained with pressure transducers. Flows into the vertical surface drain were calculated based on pond depth. Precipitation inflows and evaporative outflows of the ponds were calculated using climatic data. Groundwater levels were used to assess groundwater/pond interactions. Results of the water balances show distinct differences between the inflows to and outflows from the depression based on antecedent conditions. In wet conditions, groundwater inflow sustained the ponds. The ponds receded only after the groundwater level declined to below the land surface. In drier conditions, groundwater was not a source of water to the depression. During these drier conditions, infiltration comprised 30% of the outflows from the depression during declining pond stages. Over the entire study period, the surface drain, delivering water to the stream, was the largest outflow from the pond, accounting for 97% of the outflow, while evapotranspiration was just 2%. Precipitation onto the pond surface proved to be a minor component, accounting for 4% of the total inflows.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.42367","usgsCitation":"Roth, J.L., and Capel, P.D., 2012, The hydrology of a drained topographical depression within an agricutlural field in north-central Iowa: Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, v. 55, no. 5, p. 1801-1814, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42367.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1801","endPage":"1814","ipdsId":"IP-034171","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.6395,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,43.5012 ], [ -90.1401,43.5012 ], [ -90.1401,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,40.3754 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"55","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e507d0e4b0e8fec6cea015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roth, Jason L. 0000-0001-5440-2775 jroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-2775","contributorId":4789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Jason","email":"jroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040504,"text":"70040504 - 2012 - A basin-scale approach for assessing water resources in a semiarid environment: San Diego region, California and Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T13:31:51","indexId":"70040504","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A basin-scale approach for assessing water resources in a semiarid environment: San Diego region, California and Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many basins throughout the world have sparse hydrologic and geologic data, but have increasing demands for water and a commensurate need for integrated understanding of surface and groundwater resources. This paper demonstrates a methodology for using a distributed parameter water-balance model, gaged surface-water flow, and a reconnaissance-level groundwater flow model to develop a first-order water balance. Flow amounts are rounded to the nearest 5 million cubic meters per year. </span><br><br><span>The San Diego River basin is 1 of 5 major drainage basins that drain to the San Diego coastal plain, the source of public water supply for the San Diego area. The distributed parameter water-balance model (Basin Characterization Model) was run at a monthly timestep for 1940–2009 to determine a median annual total water inflow of 120 million cubic meters per year for the San Diego region. The model was also run specifically for the San Diego River basin for 1982–2009 to provide constraints to model calibration and to evaluate the proportion of inflow that becomes groundwater discharge, resulting in a median annual total water inflow of 50 million cubic meters per year. On the basis of flow records for the San Diego River at Fashion Valley (US Geological Survey gaging station 11023000), when corrected for upper basin reservoir storage and imported water, the total is 30 million cubic meters per year. The difference between these two flow quantities defines the annual groundwater outflow from the San Diego River basin at 20 million cubic meters per year. These three flow components constitute a first-order water budget estimate for the San Diego River basin. The ratio of surface-water outflow and groundwater outflow to total water inflow are 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. Using total water inflow determined using the Basin Characterization Model for the entire San Diego region and the 0.4 partitioning factor, groundwater outflow from the San Diego region, through the coastal plain aquifer to the Pacific Ocean, is calculated to be approximately 50 million cubic meters per year. </span><br><br><span>The area-scale assessment of water resources highlights several hydrologic features of the San Diego region. Groundwater recharge is episodic; the Basin Characterization Model output shows that 90 percent of simulated recharge occurred during 3 percent of the 1982–2009 period. The groundwater aquifer may also be quite permeable. A reconnaissance-level groundwater flow model for the San Diego River basin was used to check the water budget estimates, and the basic interaction of the surface-water and groundwater system, and the flow values, were found to be reasonable. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity values of the volcanic and metavolcanic bedrock in San Diego region range from 1 to 10 m per day. Overall, results establish an initial hydrologic assessment formulated on the basis of sparse hydrologic data. The described flow variability, extrapolation, and unique characteristics represent a realistic view of current (2012) hydrologic understanding for the San Diego region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/hess-16-3817-2012","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., Stolp, B., and Danskin, W., 2012, A basin-scale approach for assessing water resources in a semiarid environment: San Diego region, California and Mexico: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 16, no. 10, p. 3817-3833, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3817-2012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3817","endPage":"3833","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3817-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Mexico","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Otay River, San Diego River, San Dieguito River, Sweetwater River, Tijuana River ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.08154296875001,\n              32.616243412727385\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.84533691406249,\n              32.46806060917602\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.87280273437499,\n              32.24532861404601\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              31.93817848559113\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              31.41460027631321\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.16943359374999,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              31.924192605327708\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.74621582031249,\n              32.06861069132688\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.971435546875,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11975097656249,\n              32.616243412727385\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2515869140625,\n              32.685619853722\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.26806640625,\n              32.91187391621322\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.3065185546875,\n              33.119150226768866\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.70227050781249,\n              33.33970700424026\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2738037109375,\n              32.90726224488304\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.08154296875001,\n              32.616243412727385\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508f9760e4b0a1b43c29ca03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danskin, W.R. 0000-0001-8672-5501","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":22713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040484,"text":"70040484 - 2012 - Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T06:26:16","indexId":"70040484","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States","docAbstract":"Understanding the role of permafrost in controlling groundwater flow paths and fluxes is central in studies aimed at assessing potential climate change impacts on vegetation, species habitat, biogeochemical cycling, and biodiversity. Recent field studies in interior Alaska show evidence of hydrologic changes hypothesized to result from permafrost degradation. This study assesses the hydrologic control exerted by permafrost, elucidates modes of regional groundwater flow for various spatial permafrost patterns, and evaluates potential hydrologic consequences of permafrost degradation. The Yukon Flats Basin (YFB), a large (118,340 km<sup>2</sup>) subbasin within the Yukon River Basin, provides the basis for this investigation. Model simulations that represent an assumed permafrost thaw sequence reveal the following trends with decreasing permafrost coverage: (1) increased groundwater discharge to rivers, consistent with historical trends in base flow observations in the Yukon River Basin, (2) potential for increased overall groundwater flux, (3) increased spatial extent of groundwater discharge in lowlands, and (4) decreased proportion of suprapermafrost (shallow) groundwater contribution to total base flow. These trends directly affect the chemical composition and residence time of riverine exports, the state of groundwater-influenced lakes and wetlands, seasonal river-ice thickness, and stream temperatures. Presently, the YFB is coarsely mapped as spanning the continuous-discontinuous permafrost transition that model analysis shows to be a critical threshold; thus, the YFB may be on the verge of major hydrologic change should the current permafrost extent decrease. This possibility underscores the need for improved characterization of permafrost and other hydrogeologic information in the region via geophysical techniques, remote sensing, and ground-based observations.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011595","usgsCitation":"Walvoord, M.A., Voss, C.I., and Wellman, T., 2012, Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 7, W07524, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011595.","productDescription":"W07524, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.23828125,\n              66.8265202749748\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.14990234375,\n              65.9554260417959\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.5458984375,\n              65.85675647909318\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.88720703125,\n              65.82978060097156\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.3935546875,\n              65.1922508517221\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              64.830253743883\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.1083984375,\n              68.50409320996688\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.23828125,\n              66.8265202749748\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508954d0e4b08c2511e770f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wellman, Tristan P.","contributorId":56500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Tristan P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038542,"text":"70038542 - 2012 - A random biogeochemical walk into three soda lakes of the western USA: With an introduction to a few of their microbial denizens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T12:23:59","indexId":"70038542","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A random biogeochemical walk into three soda lakes of the western USA: With an introduction to a few of their microbial denizens","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polyextremophiles -- Organisms living under multiple stress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht , Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., 2012, A random biogeochemical walk into three soda lakes of the western USA: With an introduction to a few of their microbial denizens, chap. <i>of</i> Polyextremophiles -- Organisms living under multiple stress.","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508954bde4b08c2511e770ec","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Seckbach, Joseph","contributorId":111501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seckbach","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508986,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oren, Aharon","contributorId":112120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oren","given":"Aharon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508987,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stan-Lotter, Helga","contributorId":113441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stan-Lotter","given":"Helga","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508988,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040405,"text":"ofr20121187 - 2012 - Preliminary assessment of channel stability and bed-material transport in the Tillamook Bay tributaries and Nehalem River basin, northwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-25T10:08:31","indexId":"ofr20121187","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1187","title":"Preliminary assessment of channel stability and bed-material transport in the Tillamook Bay tributaries and Nehalem River basin, northwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>This report summarizes a preliminary study of bed-material transport, vertical and lateral channel changes, and existing datasets for the Tillamook (drainage area 156 square kilometers [km<sup>2</sup>]), Trask (451 km<sup>2</sup>), Wilson (500 km<sup>2</sup>), Kilchis (169 km<sup>2</sup>), Miami (94 km<sup>2</sup>), and Nehalem (2,207 km<sup>2</sup>) Rivers along the northwestern Oregon coast. This study, conducted in coopera-tion with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Oregon Department of State Lands to inform permitting decisions regarding instream gravel mining, revealed that:</p><ul><li><p>Study areas along the six rivers can be divided into reaches based on tidal influence and topography. The fluvial (nontidal or dominated by riverine processes) reaches vary in length (2.4-9.3 kilometer [km]), gradient (0.0011-0.0075 meter of elevation change per meter of channel length [m/m]), and bed-material composition (a mixture of alluvium and intermittent bedrock outcrops to predominately alluvium). In fluvial reaches, unit bar area (square meter of bar area per meter of channel length [m<sup>2</sup>/m]) as mapped from 2009 photographs ranged from 7.1 m<sup>2</sup>/m on the Tillamook River to 27.9 m<sup>2</sup>/m on the Miami River.</p></li><li><p>In tidal reaches, all six rivers flow over alluvial deposits, but have varying gradients (0.0001-0.0013 m/m) and lengths affected by tide (1.3-24.6 km). The Miami River has the steepest and shortest tidal reach and the Nehalem River has the flattest and longest tidal reach. Bars in the tidal reaches are generally composed of sand and mud. Unit bar area was greatest in the Tidal Nehalem Reach, where extensive mud flats flank the lower channel.</p></li><li><p>Background factors such as valley and channel confinement, basin geology, channel slope, and tidal extent control the spatial variation in the accumulation and texture of bed material. Presently, the Upper Fluvial Wilson and Miami Reaches and Fluvial Nehalem Reach have the greatest abundance of gravel bars, likely owing to local bed-material sources in combination with decreasing channel gradient and valley confinement.</p></li><li><p>Natural and human-caused disturbances such as mass movements, logging, fire, channel modifications for navigation and flood control, and gravel mining also have varying effects on channel condition, bed-material transport, and distribution and area of bars throughout the study areas and over time.</p></li><li><p>Existing datasets include at least 16 and 18 sets of aerial and orthophotographs that were taken of the study areas in the Tillamook Bay tributary basins and Nehalem River basin, respectively, from 1939 to 2011. These photographs are available for future assessments of long-term changes in channel condition, bar area, and vegetation establishment patterns. High resolution Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) surveys acquired in 2007-2009 could support future quantitative analyses of channel morphology and bed-material transport in all study areas.</p></li><li><p>A review of deposited and mined gravel volumes reported for instream gravel mining sites shows that bed-material deposition tends to rebuild mined bar surfaces in most years. Mean annual deposition volumes on individual bars exceeded 3,000 cubic meters (m<sup>3</sup>) on Donaldson Bar on the Wilson River, Dill Bar on the Kilchis River, and Plant and Winslow Bars on the Nehalem River. Cumulative reported volumes of bed-material deposition were greatest at Donaldson and Dill Bars, totaling over 25,000 m<sup>3</sup> per site from 2004 to 2011. Within this period, reported cumulative mined volumes were greatest for the Donaldson, Plant, and Winslow Bars, ranging from 24,470 to 33,940 m<sup>3</sup>.</p></li><li><p>Analysis of historical stage-streamflow data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey on the Wilson River near Tillamook (14301500) and Nehalem River near Foss (14301000) shows that these rivers have episodically aggraded and incised, mostly following high flow events, but they do not exhibit systematic, long-term trends in bed elevation.</p><p>Multiple cross sections show that channels near bridge crossings in all six study areas are dynamic with many subject to incision and aggradation as well as lateral shifts in thalweg position and bank deposition and erosion.</p></li><li><p>In fluvial reaches, unit bar area declined a net 5.3-83.6 percent from 1939 to 2009. The documented reduction in bar area may be attributable to several factors, including vegetation establishment and stabilization of formerly active bar surfaces, lateral channel changes and resulting alterations in sediment deposition and erosion patterns, and streamflow and/or tide differences between photographs. Other factors that may be associated with the observed reduction in bar area but not assessed in this reconnaissance level study include changes in the sediment and hydrology regimes of these rivers over the analysis period.</p></li><li><p>In tidal reaches, unit bar area increased on the Tillamook and Nehalem Rivers (98.0 and 14.7 percent, respectively), but declined a net 24.2 to 83.1 percent in the other four tidal reaches. Net increases in bar area in the Tidal Tillamook and Nehalem Reaches were possibly attributable to tidal differences between the photographs as well as sediment deposition behind log booms and pile structures on the Tillamook River between 1939 and 1967.</p></li><li><p>The armoring ratio (ratio of the median grain sizes of a bar's surface and subsurface layers) was 1.6 at Lower Waldron Bar on the Miami River, tentatively indicating a relative balance between transport capacity and sediment supply at this location. Armoring ratios, however, ranged from 2.4 to 5.5 at sites on the Trask, Wilson, Kilchis, and Nehalem Rivers; these coarse armor layers probably reflect limited bed-material supply at these sites.</p></li><li><p>On the basis of mapping results, measured armoring ratios, and channel cross section surveys, preliminary conclusions are that the fluvial reaches on the Tillamook, Trask, Kilchis, and Nehalem Rivers are currently sediment supply-limited in terms of bed material - that is, the transport capacity of the channel generally exceeds the supply of bed material. The relation between transport capacity and sediment is more ambiguous for the fluvial reaches on the Wilson and Miami Rivers, but transport-limited conditions are likely for at least parts of these reaches. Some of these reaches have possibly evolved from sediment supply-limited to transport-limited over the last several decades in response to changing basin and climate conditions.</p></li><li><p>Because of exceedingly low gradients, all the tidal reaches are transport-limited. Bed material in these reaches, however, is primarily sand and finer grain-size material and probably transported as suspended load from upstream reaches. These reaches will be most susceptible to watershed conditions affecting the supply and transport of fine sediment.</p></li><li><p>Compared to basins on the southwestern Oregon coast, such as the Chetco and Rogue River basins, these six basins likely transport overall less gravel bed material. Although tentative in the absence of actual transport measurements, this conclusion is supported by the much lower area and frequency of bars and longer tidal reaches along all the northcoast rivers examined in this study.</p></li><li><p>Previous studies suggest that the expansive and largely unvegetated bars visible in the 1939 photographs are primarily associated with voluminous sedimentation starting soon after the first Tillamook Burn fire in 1933. However, USGS studies of temporal bar trends in other Oregon coastal rivers unaffected by the Tillamook Burn show similar declines in bar area over approximately the same analysis period. In the Umpqua and Chetco River basins, historical declines in bar area are associated with long-term decreases in flood magnitude. Other factors may include changes in the type and volume of large wood and riparian vegetation. Further characterization of hydrology patterns in these basins and possible linkages with climate factors related to flood peaks, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, could support inferences of expected future changes in vegetation establishment and channel planform and profile.</p></li><li><p>More detailed investigations of bed-material transport rates and channel morphology would support assessments of lateral and vertical channel condition and longitudinal trends in bed material. Such assessments would be most practical for the fluvial study areas on the Wilson, Kilchis, Miami, and Nehalem Rivers and relevant to several ongoing management and ecological issues pertaining to sand and gravel transport. Tidal reaches may also be logical subjects for indepth analysis where studies would be more relevant to the deposition and transport of fine sediment (and associated channel and riparian conditions and processes) rather than coarse bed material.</p></li></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Oregon Department of State Lands","usgsCitation":"Jones, K.L., Keith, M., O'Connor, J., Mangano, J.F., and Wallick, J., 2012, Preliminary assessment of channel stability and bed-material transport in the Tillamook Bay tributaries and Nehalem River basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1187, viii, 120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121187.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p.","numberOfPages":"131","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1187.bmp"},{"id":262708,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262709,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1187/pdf/ofr20121187.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 10 North","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Kilchis River, Miami River, Nehalem River, Tillamook River, Trask River, Wilson River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.000000,45.333333 ], [ -124.000000,45.666667 ], [ -123.333333,45.666667 ], [ -123.333333,45.333333 ], [ -124.000000,45.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508117dde4b00e5d41d20a84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Krista L. 0000-0002-0301-4497 kljones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-4497","contributorId":4550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Krista","email":"kljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Mackenzie K.","contributorId":16560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Mackenzie K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mangano, Joseph F. 0000-0003-4213-8406 jmangano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4213-8406","contributorId":4722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"Joseph","email":"jmangano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70040311,"text":"70040311 - 2012 - Passive thermal refugia provided warm water for Florida manatees during the severe winter of 2009-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-17T17:16:16","indexId":"70040311","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Passive thermal refugia provided warm water for Florida manatees during the severe winter of 2009-2010","docAbstract":"Haloclines induced by freshwater inflow over tidal water have been identified as an important mechanism for maintaining warm water in passive thermal refugia (PTR) used by Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris during winter in extreme southwestern Florida. Record-setting cold during winter 2009&ndash;2010 resulted in an unprecedented number of manatee deaths, adding to concerns that PTR may provide inadequate thermal protection during severe cold periods. Hydrological data from 2009&ndash;2010 indicate that 2 canal systems in the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI) region acted as PTR and maintained warm bottom-water temperatures, even during severe and prolonged cold periods. Aerial survey counts of live and dead manatees in TTI during the winter of 2009&ndash;2010 suggest that these PTR were effective at preventing mass mortality from hypothermia, in contrast to the nearby Everglades region, which lacks similar artificial PTR and showed high manatee carcass counts. Hydrological data from winter 2008&ndash;2009 confirmed earlier findings that without haloclines these artificial PTR may become ineffective as warm-water sites. Tidal pumping of groundwater appears to provide additional heat to bottom water during low tide cycles, but the associated thermal inversion is not observed unless salinity stratification is present. The finding that halocline-driven PTR can maintain warm water even under extreme winter conditions suggests that they may have significant potential as warm-water sites. However, availability and conflicting uses of freshwater and other management issues may make halocline-driven PTR unreliable or difficult to manage during winter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","publisherLocation":"Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany","doi":"10.3354/meps09732","usgsCitation":"Stith, B., Slone, D., de Wit, M., Edwards, H., Langtimm, C., Swain, E., Soderqvist, L., and Reid, J., 2012, Passive thermal refugia provided warm water for Florida manatees during the severe winter of 2009-2010: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 462, p. 287-301, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09732.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"301","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474306,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09732","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262657,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09732","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"462","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"507ee053e4b022001d87bb8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stith, B.M.","contributorId":53741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slone, D. H. 0000-0002-9903-9727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-9727","contributorId":33040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slone","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Wit, M.","contributorId":43223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Wit","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, H.H.","contributorId":99924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Soderqvist, L.E.","contributorId":16696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderqvist","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70040372,"text":"sir20125203 - 2012 - Changes in water budgets and sediment yields from a hypothetical agricultural field as a function of landscape and management characteristics--A unit field modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-16T17:16:16","indexId":"sir20125203","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5203","title":"Changes in water budgets and sediment yields from a hypothetical agricultural field as a function of landscape and management characteristics--A unit field modeling approach","docAbstract":"Crop agriculture occupies 13 percent of the conterminous United States. Agricultural management practices, such as crop and tillage types, affect the hydrologic flow paths through the landscape. Some agricultural practices, such as drainage and irrigation, create entirely new hydrologic flow paths upon the landscapes where they are implemented. These hydrologic changes can affect the magnitude and partitioning of water budgets and sediment erosion. Given the wide degree of variability amongst agricultural settings, changes in the magnitudes of hydrologic flow paths and sediment erosion induced by agricultural management practices commonly are difficult to characterize, quantify, and compare using only field observations. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used to simulate two landscape characteristics (slope and soil texture) and three agricultural management practices (land cover/crop type, tillage type, and selected agricultural land management practices) to evaluate their effects on the water budgets of and sediment yield from agricultural lands. An array of sixty-eight 60-year simulations were run, each representing a distinct natural or agricultural scenario with various slopes, soil textures, crop or land cover types, tillage types, and select agricultural management practices on an isolated 16.2-hectare field. Simulations were made to represent two common agricultural climate regimes: arid with sprinkler irrigation and humid. These climate regimes were constructed with actual climate and irrigation data. The results of these simulations demonstrate the magnitudes of potential changes in water budgets and sediment yields from lands as a result of landscape characteristics and agricultural practices adopted on them. These simulations showed that variations in landscape characteristics, such as slope and soil type, had appreciable effects on water budgets and sediment yields. As slopes increased, sediment yields increased in both the arid and humid environments. However, runoff did not increase with slope in the arid environment as was observed in the humid environment. In both environments, clayey soils exhibited the greatest amount of runoff and sediment yields while sandy soils had greater recharge and lessor runoff and sediment yield. Scenarios simulating the effects of the timing and type of tillage practice showed that no-till, conservation, and contouring tillages reduced sediment yields and, with the exception of no-till, runoff in both environments. Changes in land cover and crop type simulated the changes between the evapotransporative potential and surface roughness imparted by specific vegetations. Substantial differences in water budgets and sediment yields were observed between most agricultural crops and the natural covers selected for each environment: scrub and prairie grass for the arid environment and forest and prairie grass for the humid environment. Finally, a group of simulations was performed to model selected agricultural management practices. Among the selected practices subsurface drainage and strip cropping exhibited the largest shifts in water budgets and sediment yields. The practice of crop rotation (corn/soybean) and cover cropping (corn/rye) were predicted to increase sediment yields from a field planted as conventional corn.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125203","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Roth, J.L., and Capel, P.D., 2012, Changes in water budgets and sediment yields from a hypothetical agricultural field as a function of landscape and management characteristics--A unit field modeling approach: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5203, Report: viii, 42 p.; Appendixes: 2-4, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125203.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 42 p.; Appendixes: 2-4","numberOfPages":"54","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":453,"text":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5203.bmp"},{"id":262602,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262603,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5203/pdf/sir20125203.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.800000,24.500000 ], [ -124.800000,49.383333 ], [ -66.950000,49.383333 ], [ -66.950000,24.500000 ], [ -124.800000,24.500000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"507edfd9e4b022001d87bb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roth, Jason L. 0000-0001-5440-2775 jroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-2775","contributorId":4789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Jason","email":"jroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040317,"text":"ofr20121168 - 2012 - waterData--An R package for retrieval, analysis, and anomaly calculation of daily hydrologic time series data, version 1.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:25:21","indexId":"ofr20121168","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1168","title":"waterData--An R package for retrieval, analysis, and anomaly calculation of daily hydrologic time series data, version 1.0","docAbstract":"Hydrologic time series data and associated anomalies (multiple components of the original time series representing variability at longer-term and shorter-term time scales) are useful for modeling trends in hydrologic variables, such as streamflow, and for modeling water-quality constituents. An R package, called waterData, has been developed for importing daily hydrologic time series data from U.S. Geological Survey streamgages into the R programming environment. In addition to streamflow, data retrieval may include gage height and continuous physical property data, such as specific conductance, pH, water temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. The package allows for importing daily hydrologic data into R, plotting the data, fixing common data problems, summarizing the data, and the calculation and graphical presentation of anomalies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121168","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Ryberg, K.R., and Vecchia, A.V., 2012, waterData--An R package for retrieval, analysis, and anomaly calculation of daily hydrologic time series data, version 1.0 (Version 1.0 - October 12, 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1168, Report: iv, 8 p.; Appendixes 1-2, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121168.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 8 p.; Appendixes 1-2","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1168.gif"},{"id":262582,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1168/of12-1168.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - October 12, 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"507d2380e4b0905c2a76c029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryberg, Karen R. 0000-0002-9834-2046 kryberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-2046","contributorId":1172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Karen","email":"kryberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70157551,"text":"70157551 - 2012 - Quantification of water-level variability effect on plant species populations using paleoecological and hydrological time series data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:07:25","indexId":"70157551","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quantification of water-level variability effect on plant species populations using paleoecological and hydrological time series data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Soil cores provide valuable data on historical changes in vegetation and hydrologic conditions. Empirical models were developed to quantify the effect of meteorological and hydrologic forcing on plant species distributions over a 110-year period in Water Conservation Area 1 (WCA1) in the Florida Everglades, also known as the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge. Empirical models that predict plant species distributions at sites within WCA1 were developed by linking temporally sparse seed bank data from soil cores with continuous multi-decadal daily meteorological and hydrologic time series data. The meteorological data included rainfall and maximum daily temperatures that spanned the entire study period of 110 years. The hydrologic data included stage data from two gages in WCA1 established in 1954. These stage data were hindcasted to be concurrent with the meteorological data by using correlation models that fit measured stages as a function of the meteorological parameters. The historical plant species data came from seven peat cores from WCA1. Different depths from each core were carbon-dated and assayed for relative percentages of 83 plant species using pollen counts. The oldest dates were more than 1,000 years old; however, only core data that overlapped the study period were used, for a total of 67 assays among the seven cores. Twenty-three of the species had ratios of at least 5 percent for one or more of the 67 assays, hereafter referred to as the \"top23\". Using the assays as input vectors, the top23 were grouped using the k-means clustering into four plant classes that represented the extent to which the various species have historically appeared together. This reduced the modeling problem to one of predicting the relative ratios of the four plant classes from the hindcasted stage time-series data. A separate empirical model was developed for each class using a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network, which provides multivariate, nonlinear curve fitting. The models predicted the relative ratios of the classes, and the sums of the predictions are near 1. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the models varied from 0.87 to 0.96, indicating that the relative ratios of the plant classes are predictable, and therefore controllable, from stage forcing. Similar soil cores are available for the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and are planned for the Congaree National Park in South Carolina.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2012 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceTitle":"2012 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"October 10-11 2012","conferenceLocation":"Columbia, South Carolina","language":"English","publisher":"Clemson University Center for Watershed Excellence","usgsCitation":"Roehl, E.A., Conrads, P., and Bernhardt, C., 2012, Quantification of water-level variability effect on plant species populations using paleoecological and hydrological time series data, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 2012 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, October 10-11 2012, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Arthur R. 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