{"pageNumber":"162","pageRowStart":"4025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70010780,"text":"70010780 - 1955 - Determination of thorium and of rare earth elements in cerium earth minerals and ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T21:46:48.130345","indexId":"70010780","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of thorium and of rare earth elements in cerium earth minerals and ores","docAbstract":"<p>The conventional oxalate method for precipitating thorium and the rare earth elements in acid solution exhibits definite solubilities of these elements. The present work was undertaken to establish conditions overcoming these solubilities and to find optimum conditions for precipitating thorium and the rare earth elements as hydroxides and sebacates. The investigations resulted in a reliable procedure applicable to samples in which the cerium group elements predominate. The oxalate precipitations are made from homogeneous solution at pH 2 by adding a prepared solution of anhydrous oxalic acid in methanol instead of the more expensive crystalline methyl oxalate. Calcium is added as a carrier. Quantitative precipitation of thorium and the rare earth elements is ascertained by further small additions of calcium to the supernatant liquid, until the added calcium precipitates as oxalate within 2 minutes. Calcium is removed by precipitating the hydroxides of thorium and rare earths at room temperature by adding ammonium hydroxide to pH &gt; 10. Thorium is separated as the sebacate at pH 2.5, and the rare earths are precipitated with ammonium sebacate at pH 9. Maximum errors for combined weights of thorium and rare earth oxides on synthetic mixtures are <span>±</span>0.6 mg. Maximum error for separated thoria is <span>±</span>0.5 mg.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60103a006","usgsCitation":"Carron, M.K., Skinner, D.L., and Stevens, R., 1955, Determination of thorium and of rare earth elements in cerium earth minerals and ores: Analytical Chemistry, v. 27, no. 7, p. 1058-1061, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60103a006.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1058","endPage":"1061","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffdce4b0c8380cd4f429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carron, M. K.","contributorId":59492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carron","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, D. L.","contributorId":84072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, R.E.","contributorId":62954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39211,"text":"pp261 - 1954 - Rare-earth mineral deposits of the Mountain Pass District, San Bernardino County, California, with a foreword on history of the discovery at Mountain Pass, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-28T21:33:35.133378","indexId":"pp261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"261","title":"Rare-earth mineral deposits of the Mountain Pass District, San Bernardino County, California, with a foreword on history of the discovery at Mountain Pass, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp261","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., Shawe, D.R., Pray, L., Sharp, W.N., and Hewett, D.F., 1954, Rare-earth mineral deposits of the Mountain Pass District, San Bernardino County, California, with a foreword on history of the discovery at Mountain Pass, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 261, Report: viii, 75 p.; 9 Plates: 24.00 x 34.23 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp261.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 75 p.; 9 Plates: 24.00 x 34.23 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104409,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4241.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4241"},{"id":66852,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264243,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264249,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264247,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264250,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264244,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264246,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264248,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264242,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264245,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0261/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Pass district","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.60208947760178,\n              35.5153468705997\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.60208947760178,\n              35.41111251307052\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.47602421167734,\n              35.41111251307052\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.47602421167734,\n              35.5153468705997\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.60208947760178,\n              35.5153468705997\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648ba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, J. C.","contributorId":55403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shawe, D. R.","contributorId":6863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shawe","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pray, L.C.","contributorId":49433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pray","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharp, W. N.","contributorId":21958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hewett, D. F.","contributorId":19927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hewett","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":884500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70048214,"text":"tei353 - 1954 - Thorium and rare earth minerals in the Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T06:31:20","indexId":"tei353","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-09T10:20:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"353","title":"Thorium and rare earth minerals in the Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Thorium has been found since 1949 in at least 33 deposits in an area 6 miles wide and 20 miles long in the Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colo. The district is composed largely of pre-Jurassic metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are chiefly if not entirely pre-Cambrian in age. The metamorphic and igneous rocks are overlain by sandstone of the Morrison formation of Jurassic age, and by volcanic rocks of the Alboroto group and Hinsdale formation of Miocene and Pliocene (?) age, respectively.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The thorium deposits occur in or near alkalic igneous rocks in which such elements as titanium, rare earths, barium, strontium, and niobium occur in greater-than-average amounts. The greatest mass of the alkalic igneous rocks the Iron Hill composite stoc,- occupies an area of 12 square miles in the southeastern part of the district. The age of the thorium deposits, like that of the alkalic igneous rocks, is not known other than pre-Jurassic.</p> \n<br>\n<p>The thorium veins and mineralized shear zones range from a few inches to 18 feet in thickness and from a few feet to 3,500 feet in length. The veins are composed of calcite,.dolomite, siderite, ankerite, quartz, barite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, goethite,. apatite, alkali feldspar, and many other minerals. The thorium occurs at least partly in thorite or hydrothorite. Sparse xenotime has been tentatively identified in one deposit. Several minerals containing rare earths of the cerium group as major constituents are found in carbonate veins near Iron Hill. Bastnaesite has been identified by X-ray methods, and cerite and synchisite are probably present also.The fluorapatite in some veins and in parts of the carbonate rock mass that occupies 2 square miles in the central part of the Iron Hill complex contains rare earths of the cerium group, generally in amounts of a fraction of a percent of the rock.</p> \n<br>\n<p>The radioactivity of the deposits appears to be due almost entirely to thorium and its daughter products The ThO<sub>2</sub> content of selected highgrade samples from the Little Johnnie vein is as much as 4 percent. The ThO<sub>2</sub> content of the veins is generally less than 1 percent, however, and is only 0.05 to 0.1 percent in many of the veins studied.</p> \n<br>\n<p>The little Johnnie vein, which was mapped in detail, can be traced discontinuously for a distance of more than 3,500 feet. The thoriumbearing material occurs as irregular veinlets and thin films introduced into the fault zone. The mineralized shear zone ranges from less than 6 inches to 5 feet in thickness. Near its west end the vein is broken by many faults in a zone that marks the edge of a roughly circular fault block, 1<sub>1/2.</sub>miles in diameter, that has dropped 1,000 feet or more since the deposition of Miocene volcanic-rocks that now floor the Milkranch basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei353","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., and Wallace, S., 1954, Thorium and rare earth minerals in the Powderhorn district, Gunnison County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 353, Report: 58 p.; 2 Plates: 20.93 x 11.91 inches and 9.29 x 11.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei353.","productDescription":"Report: 58 p.; 2 Plates: 20.93 x 11.91 inches and 9.29 x 11.96 inches","numberOfPages":"58","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288851,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0353/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":288852,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0353/figure-3.pdf"},{"id":288853,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0353/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County","otherGeospatial":"Powderhorn District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0024 ], [ -102.0416,41.0024 ], [ -102.0416,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523979fde4b04b9308ae4fbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Jerry C.","contributorId":89202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Stewart R.","contributorId":53371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Stewart R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70111703,"text":"tei229 - 1954 - Radioactive deposits in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T06:25:32","indexId":"tei229","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T12:50:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"229","title":"Radioactive deposits in California","docAbstract":"<p>Reconnaissance examination by Government geologists of many areas, mine properties, and prospects in California during the period between 1948 and 1953 has confirmed the presence of radioactive materials in place at more than 40 localities. Abnormal radioactivity at these localities is due to concentrations of primary and secondary uranium minerals, to radon gas, radium (?), and to thorium minerals. Of the known occurrences only three were thought to contain uranium oxide (uranitite or pitchblende), 4 contained uranium-bearing columbate, tantalate, or titanate minerals, 12 contained secondary uranium minerals, such as autunite, carnotite, and torbernite, one contained radon gas, 7 contained thorium minerals, and, at the remaining 16 localities, the source of the anomalous radiation was not positively determined.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The occurrences in which uranium oxide has been tentatively identified include the Rathgeb mine (Calaveras County), the Yerih group of claims (San Bernardino County), and the Rainbow claim (Madera County). Occurrences of secondary uranium minerals are largely confined to the arid desert regions of south-eastern California including deposits in San Bernardino, Kern, Inyo, and Imperial Counties. Uranium-bearing columbate, tantalate, or titanate minerals have been reported from pegmatite and granitic rock in southeastern and eastern California.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Thorium minerals have been found in vein deposits in eastern San Bernardino County and from pegmatites and granitic rocks in various parts of southeastern California; placer concentrations of thorium minerals are known from nearly all areas in the State that are underlain, in part, by plutonic crystalline rocks.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The primary uranium minerals occur principally as minute accessory crystals in pegmatite or granitic rock, or with base-metal sulfide minerals in veins. Thorium minerals also occur as accessory crystals in pegmatite or granitic rock, in placer deposits derived from such rock, and, at Mountain Pass, in veins containing rare earths. Secondary uranium minerals have been found as fracture coatings and as disseminations in various types of wall rock, although they are largely confined to areas of Tertiary volcanic rocks. Probably the uranium in the uraniferous deposits in California is related genetically to felsic crystalline rocks and felsic volcanic rocks; the present distribution of the secondary uranium minerals has been controlled, in part, by circulating ground waters and probably, in part, by magmatic waters related to the Tertiary volcanic activity. The thorium minerals are genetically related to the intrusion of pegmatite and plutonic crystalline rocks.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>None of the known deposits of radioactive minerals in California contain marketable reserves of uranium or thorium ore under economic conditions existing in 1952. With a favorable local market small lots of uranium ore may be available in the following places: the Rosamund prospect, the Rafferty and Chilson properties, the Lucky Star claim, and the Yerih group. The commercial production of thorium minerals will be possible, in the near future, only if these minerals can be recovered cheaply as a byproduct either from the mining of rare earths minerals at Mountain Pass or as a byproduct of placer mining for gold.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei229","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Walker, G.W., and Lovering, T., 1954, Radioactive deposits in California: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 229, Report: 69 p.; Plate: 15.74 x 19.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei229.","productDescription":"Report: 69 p.; Plate: 15.74 x 19.77 inches","numberOfPages":"78","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288848,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0229/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":288849,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0229/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae77fde4b0abf75cf2c688","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, George W.","contributorId":101308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovering, Tom G.","contributorId":31679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"Tom G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048221,"text":"tei356 - 1954 - The copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T09:19:59","indexId":"tei356","displayToPublicDate":"1954-01-20T11:52:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"356","title":"The copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The copper and uranium-vanadium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, N. Mec, are confined to the lower 2,000 feet of the Sangre de Gristo formation of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. A narrow belt of deposits in steeply dipping or overturned rocks extends for 7 miles along Coyote Creek south of Guadalupita. Earlier studies showed that the copper deposits contained uranium, but both the reserves and the uranium content of the copper-bearing\nshale are too low to permit the recovery of uranium. However, small, commercial grade uranium deposits have been discovered in sandstone. Small lenses of copper-bearing carbonaceous shale, siltstone, limestone or sandstone, interbedded with predominantly red rocks, are present at intervals at 12 or more stratigraphic levels. The better deposits, in carbonaceous shale, average about 2 percent copper. The copper content of the other rocks is usually lower, but small concentrations may contain 6 percent copper. The principal copper minerals are chalcocite and malachite. Chalcocite replaces wood and forms nodules that contain small, variable amounts of pyrite, bornite, covellite, and rarely, uraninite. The uranium deposits occur as small closely spaced pockets that are commonly localized by sedimentary structures within one or more fluviatile arkosic sandstone beds near the middle of the formation, particularly\" where carbonized wood, clay galls, and rock fragments are abundant. The uraniferous sandstone is commonly stained pink by hematite that probably was introduced with the uranium. The color increases in intensity with the radioactivity. The outcrops of the uranium deposits are typically inconspicuous, but close inspection shows they contain malachite, chalcopyrite, black vanadium minerals of micaceous habit, metatyuyamunite and microscopic\ngrains of an unidentified black uraniferous substance. The proportion of copper, uranium, and vanadium is variable and any metal may be dominant. The metals probably were derived from pre-Cambrian granitic rocks. Copper and minor amounts of uranium were deposited in local stagnant basins by reaction with hydrogen sulfide. and decaying organic material. The uraniferous shales and the copper deposits are believed to be syngenetic, or nearly so, but the uranium deposits in sandstone are epigenetic and probably were deposited from ground waters with a possible hydrothermal admixture. The uranium and vanadium may have been\nreconcentrated from earlier, low-grade, syngenetic deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei356","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Tschanz, C., Laub, D., and Fuller, G., 1954, The copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 356, Report: 72 p.; Plate 2: 10.93 inches x 21.95 inches; Plate 6: 21.25 inches x 17.23 inches; Plate 8: 23.24 inches x 18.03 inches; Plate 9: 24.22 inches x 19.11 inches; Plate 10: 22.49 inches x 18.28 inches; Plate 12: 18.09 inches x 23.98 inches; Plate 13: 17.43 inches x 17.46 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei356.","productDescription":"Report: 72 p.; Plate 2: 10.93 inches x 21.95 inches; Plate 6: 21.25 inches x 17.23 inches; Plate 8: 23.24 inches x 18.03 inches; Plate 9: 24.22 inches x 19.11 inches; Plate 10: 22.49 inches x 18.28 inches; Plate 12: 18.09 inches x 23.98 inches; Plate 13: 17.43 inches x 17.46 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279516,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/report.pdf"},{"id":279517,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/plate-02.pdf"},{"id":279518,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/plate-06.pdf"},{"id":279519,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/plate-08.pdf"},{"id":279520,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/plate-09.pdf"},{"id":279521,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/plate-10.pdf"},{"id":279522,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/356/plate-13.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Mora County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.720284,35.755951 ], [ -105.720284,36.262924 ], [ -104.327354,36.262924 ], [ -104.327354,35.755951 ], [ -105.720284,35.755951 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523979fce4b04b9308ae4fb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tschanz, C.M.","contributorId":62659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tschanz","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laub, D.C.","contributorId":29493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laub","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, G.W.","contributorId":95540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70274622,"text":"70274622 - 1954 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1954","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:37:13.829867","indexId":"70274622","displayToPublicDate":"1954-01-01T10:35:30","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1954","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1954, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1954, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274622/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"}
,{"id":70009869,"text":"70009869 - 1954 - A chemical-spectrochemical method for the determination of rare earth elements and thorium in cerium minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T20:44:45.401379","indexId":"70009869","displayToPublicDate":"1954-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3462,"text":"Spectrochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A chemical-spectrochemical method for the determination of rare earth elements and thorium in cerium minerals","docAbstract":"<p><span>In a combined chemical-spectrochemical procedure for quantitatively determining rare earth elements in cerium minerals, cerium is determined volumetrically, a total rare earths plus thoria precipitate is separated chemically, the ceria content of the precipitate is raised to 80·0 percent by adding pure ceria, and the resulting mixture is analyzed for lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, yttrium, and thorium spectrochemically by means of the d.c. carbon arc. Spectral lines of singly ionized cerium are used as internal standard lines in the spectrochemical determination which is patterned after&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Fassel's</span><span>&nbsp;procedure [1]. Results of testing the method with synthetic mixtures of rare earths and with samples of chemically analyzed cerium minerals show that the coefficient of variation for a quadruplicate determination of any element does not exceed 5·0 (excepting yttrium at concentrations less than 1 percent) and that the method is free of serious systematic error.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0371-1951(54)80368-7","usgsCitation":"Rose, H.J., Murata, K.J., and Carron, M.K., 1954, A chemical-spectrochemical method for the determination of rare earth elements and thorium in cerium minerals: Spectrochimica Acta, v. 6, no. 2, p. 161-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/0371-1951(54)80368-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e340e4b0c8380cd45ee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, H. J. Jr.","contributorId":79465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carron, M. K.","contributorId":59492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carron","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":14771,"text":"ofr53167 - 1953 - Reconnaissance geology of placer deposits containing radioactive minerals in the Bear Valley district, Valley County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:04","indexId":"ofr53167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-167","title":"Reconnaissance geology of placer deposits containing radioactive minerals in the Bear Valley district, Valley County, Idaho","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of the Bear Valley district was undertaken to provide a geologic interpretation of placer deposits drilled by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The placer minerals are monazite and a group of uranium bearing rare earth columbates and tantalates here referred to loosely as radioactive blacks. The monazite is an accessory mineral in the granitic country rock; the radioactive blacks occur in pegmatite dikes. The supply of these minerals to the placers was controlled (1) by the geography of their occurrence in the parent rock, and (2) by the distribution of alpine glaciers during two late Pleistocene glacial stages. By reason of a favorable combination of these factors, the richest placer deposits of the district are in Big Meadow, a valley fill formed as a result of the blocking of Bear Creek by a glacier from a tributary valley during the Illinoian (?) stage. The Big Meadow fill consists of intertonguing depositional units formed by Bear Creek and its tributaries, including both normal alluvium and glacial outwash, and ranging from rich to barren. The richest phase that has been blocked out by drilling was derived from the drainage basin of Casner Creek, an east tributary of Bear Creek. The geologic relations suggest that a neighboring stream, Howard Creek, should have supplied equally rich material, but the part of the valley fill formed by Howard Creek has not been tested. The Howard Creek deposits and shallow alluvium in the upper valleys of Casner and Howard Creeks may considerably increase the reserves of the district.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr53167","usgsCitation":"Mackin, J.H., and Schmidt, D.L., 1953, Reconnaissance geology of placer deposits containing radioactive minerals in the Bear Valley district, Valley County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-167, 32 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53167.","productDescription":"32 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43547,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640ecf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mackin, J. Hoover","contributorId":18388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hoover","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Dwight Lyman","contributorId":54191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Lyman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71174,"text":"tei75 - 1953 - Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Nixon Fork mining district, Medfra Quadrangle, central Alaska, 1949","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-23T15:55:00","indexId":"tei75","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75","title":"Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Nixon Fork mining district, Medfra Quadrangle, central Alaska, 1949","docAbstract":"<p>Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Nixon Fork mining district, Medfra quadrangle, central Alaska, in 1949 disclosed the occurrence of allanite in sampled containing as much as 0.05 percent equivalent uranium from the dump of the Whalen mine; the presence of radioactive parisite (a rare-earth fluocarbonate) in a highly altered limestone containing about 0.025 percent equivalent uranium near the Whalen shaft; and radioactive idocrase in samples of altered garnet rock with about 0.025 percent equivalent uranium, form the Crystal shaft of the Nixon Fork mine. This radioactivity is due mostly to thorium rather than uranium. Placer concentrates\nfrom Ruby and Eagle Creeks contain 0.078 and 0.26 percent equivalent uranium respectively,\nin which the radioactivity is due chiefly to uraniferous thorianite. The\nbedrock source of the uraniferous thorianite was not located primarily because much of\nthe area is overlain by a relatively thick mantle of vegetation (mostly moss) which\nlimited the effectiveness of radiometric surveying. The uraniferous thorianite is\nbelieved to occur in a restricted zone or zones at or near the contact of limestone with\nmonzonite similar to the gold-copper ores of the district and the deposits of radioactive\nparisite and garnet rock at the Whelan and Crystal shafts respectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei75","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"White, M., and Stevens, J.M., 1953, Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Nixon Fork mining district, Medfra Quadrangle, central Alaska, 1949: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 75, Report: 27 p.; 1 Plate: 9.66 x 10.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei75.","productDescription":"Report: 27 p.; 1 Plate: 9.66 x 10.82 inches","numberOfPages":"53","temporalStart":"1949-01-01","temporalEnd":"1949-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285593,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0075/figure-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nixon Fork Mining District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.22,63.24 ], [ -155.22,63.25 ], [ -155.14,63.25 ], [ -155.14,63.24 ], [ -155.22,63.24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6443a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Max G.","contributorId":22426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Max G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, John M.","contributorId":18746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3647,"text":"cir237 - 1953 - Monazite deposits of the southeastern Atlantic States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"237","title":"Monazite deposits of the southeastern Atlantic States","docAbstract":"Monazite, a phosphate of the rare earths, is the principal mineral from which the cerium earths and thorium are obtained. Fluviatile monazite placers were mined in the Piedmont province of North and South Carolina from 1887 to 1911, and again intermittently from 1915 to 1917; but the principal sources In recent years have been the beach placers of India and Brazil. In 1946, an embargo was placed on the exportation of Indian monazite, and the Brazilian production has not increased materially to replace this loss. Accordingly monazite in recent years has become a scarce commodity. \r\n\r\nThe principal domestic sources from which monazite may be recovered commercially are in Idaho and in the Piedmont province of the southeastern States. Some monazite is now being produced in Idaho, and a small output is being recovered as a byproduct of heavy mineral mining in Florida. The southeastern placers were not exhausted by the earlier mining and new deposits have been discovered; but production from this region awaits adequate exploration. \r\n\r\nThe country rock of the southeastern Piedmont province is a complex assemblage of metamorphic and igneous rocks. The monazite occurs in two belts. \r\n\r\nA western belt has been traced from east-central Virginia for 600 miles southwestward into Alabama; and an eastern belt has been traced from the vicinity of Fredericksburg, Va., south-southwestward for 200 miles into North Carolina. Monazite-bearing rocks near. Rion, S. C., appear to indicate a southwestward continuation of the eastern belt. \r\n\r\nThe western, or principal belt, includes the placers that were formerly mined in North and South Carolina. These placers were sampled, and the monazite was separated from the best of the samples, for mineralogical and chemical analysis. The tabulated results show a mean tenor, in the headwater placers of highest grade, of 8.4 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. Farther downstream where mining must be done to obtain larger yardages, the tenor will be much lower. The mean contents of ThO2 and U3O8 in the placer monazite are shown to be respectively about 5. 7 and 0.4 percents. \r\n\r\nThe western monazite belt was explored northeastward and southwestward from the sites of earlier mining by sampling the weathered bedrock; and the eastern monazite belt was discovered and sampled by the same technique. The principal source-rocks are certain types of granitic intrusives, granitized and pegmatitized country rock, and certain granitic gneisses of the Carolina gneiss. Some of the associated pegmatites also contain high percentages of monazite. Most of the monazite-bearing granitic intrusives are quartz monzonite or closely related rocks. The mean tenor of monazite in bedrock is about 0.006 percent. No search has yet been made for workable placers in these belts beyond the original sites of mining. \r\n\r\nMonazite derived from bedrock sources in the piedmont has been found in small quantities in all of the Coastal Plain formations, but the tenor is too low to warrant mining for this mineral alone. At favored localities, however, commercial deposits of heavy minerals may be found, similar to those now being mined in Florida, that may yield monazite as a byproduct. Small fluviatile deposits of heavy minerals, including monazite, that were reconcentrated from detrital deposits of Cretaceous age, have recently been found in Georgia and South Carolina, along the inner margin of the Coastal Plain. \r\n\r\nThe monazite belts are conceived to be the sites of early pre-Cambrian valleys, wherein detrital monazite derived from an earlier pre-Cambrian granite, was distributed. These ancient fluviatile deposits were later reconstituted into gneisses of Carolina age, and parts of the latter were remelted to form monazite-bearing granitic intrusives. Some of the monazite-bearing granites may also have originated by the remelting of earlier pre-Cambrian intrusives. The distribution of iron ores in the monazite-bearing rocks appears to accord with","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir237","usgsCitation":"Mertie, J.B., 1953, Monazite deposits of the southeastern Atlantic States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 237, 31 p. :maps (1 fold.) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir237.","productDescription":"31 p. :maps (1 fold.) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69920b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mertie, John Beaver","contributorId":11591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mertie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Beaver","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":71365,"text":"tei317 - 1953 - Reconnaissance for radioactive materials in northeastern United States during 1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-06T10:19:52","indexId":"tei317","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"317","title":"Reconnaissance for radioactive materials in northeastern United States during 1952","docAbstract":"<p>Reconnaissance for radioactive materials was made in parts of Maine, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The primary objective was to examine the iron ore deposits and associated rocks in the Adirondack Mountains of New York and the Highlands of New Jersey. In addition, several deposits known or reported to contain radioactive minerals were examined to delimit their extent. Most of the deposits examined are not significant as possible sources of radioactive elements and the data pertaining to them are summarized in table form.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Deposits that do warrant more description than can be given in table form are: Benson Mines, St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; Rutgers mine, Clinton County, N. Y.; Mineville Mines, Essex County, N. Y.l Canfield phosphate mine, Morris County, N. J.; Mullgan quarry, Hunterdon County, N. J.; and the Chestnut Hill-Marble Mountain area, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Old Bed in the Mineville district is the only deposit that may be economically significant. Apatite from Old Bed ore contains as much as 4.9 percent total rare earth. 0.04 percent thorium, and 0.018 percent uranium.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Magnetite ore at the Rutgers mine contains radioactive zircon and apatite. Radioactivity measurements of outcrops and dump material show that the ore contains from 0.005 to 0.010 percent equivalent uranium. One sample of lean magnetite ore contains 0.006 percent equivalent uranium.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Garnet-rich zones in the Benson Mines magnetite deposit contain as much as 0.017 equivalent uranium. Most of the rock and ore, however, contains about 0.005 percent equivalent uranium. Available data indicate that the garnet-rich zones are enriched in radioactive allanite.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A shear zone in the Kittatinny limestone of Cambrian age at the Mulligan quarry contains uraniferous material. Radioactivity anomalies elsewhere in the quarry and in adjacent fields indicate that there may be other uraniferous shear zones. Assays of samples and measurements of outcrop radioactivity indicate that the uranium content of these zones is low; samples contain from 0.008 to 0.068 percent equivalent uranium. The anomalies, however, may indicate greater concentrations of uranium below surficial leached zones.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Chestnut Hill-Marble Mountain area contains radioactivity anomalies for about 2 miles along the strike of the contact of pre-Cambrian Pickering gneiss and Franklin limestone formations. In places this contact is injected with pegmatite, which probably was the source of the radioelements. The most favorable area for further study is at Marble Mountain, where a nearly continuous anomaly extends for about 1500 feet. Samples from part of this area contain as much as 0.044 percent equivalent uranium and 0.005 percent uranium. Radioactive hematite and florencite, in which thorium may have substituted for cerium, are the only radioactive minerals observed in the Marble Mountain area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei317","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"McKeown, F., and Klemic, H., 1953, Reconnaissance for radioactive materials in northeastern United States during 1952: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 317, Report: 72 p.; 2 Plates: 10.66 x 15.59 inches and 17.06 x 14.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei317.","productDescription":"Report: 72 p.; 2 Plates: 10.66 x 15.59 inches and 17.06 x 14.93 inches","numberOfPages":"72","temporalStart":"1952-01-01","temporalEnd":"1952-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei317.jpg"},{"id":285635,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0317/figure-5.pdf"},{"id":285636,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0317/figure-6.pdf"},{"id":285637,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0317/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey;New York;Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.7575,38.9286 ], [ -75.7575,41.6249 ], [ -73.831,41.6249 ], [ -73.831,38.9286 ], [ -75.7575,38.9286 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559532e4b0120853e8c191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, Francis A.","contributorId":48607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"Francis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klemic, Harry","contributorId":49767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemic","given":"Harry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70274621,"text":"70274621 - 1953 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:32:52.382334","indexId":"70274621","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T10:30:17","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1953","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1953, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1953, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503184,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274621/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503183,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70110593,"text":"tei222 - 1953 - Radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T08:32:31","indexId":"tei222","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T09:58:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","title":"Radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p>This report summarizes the data available on radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela accumulated by geologists of the Direccions Tecnica de Geolgia and antecedent agencies prior to June 1951, and the writers from June to November 1951.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The investigation comprised preliminary study, field examination, office studies, and the preparation of this report, in which the areas and localities examined are described in detail, the uranium potentialities of Venezuela are summarized, and recommendations are made. Preliminary study was made to select areas and rock types that were known or reported to be radioactive or that geologic experience suggests would be favorable host for uranium deposits, In the office, a study of gamma-ray well logs was started as one means of amassing general radiometric data and of rapidly scanning many of ye rocks in northern Venezuela; gamma-ray logs from about 140 representative wells were examined and their peaks of gamma intensity evaluated; in addition samples were analyzed radiometrically, and petrographically.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Radiometic reconnaissance was made in the field during about 3 months of 1951, or about 12 areas, including over 100 localities in the State of Miranda, Carabobo, Yaracuy, Falcon, Lara, Trujillo, Zulia, Merida, Tachira, Bolivar, and Territory Delta Amacuro. During the course of the investigation, both in the filed and office, information was given about geology of uranium deposits, and in techniques used in prospecting and analysis. All studies and this report are designed to supplement and to strengthen the Direccion Tecnica de Geologias's program of investigation of radioactive source in Venezuela now in progress.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The uranium potentialities of Los Estados de Venezuela are excellent for large, low-grade deposits of uraniferous phospahtic shales containing from 0.002 to 0.027 percent uranium; fair, for small or moderate-sized, low-grade placer deposits of thorium, rare-earth, and uranium minerals; poor, for high-grade hydrothermal pitchblende deposits; and highly possible for small, medium- to high-grade despots of carnotite-or copper-uranium bearing sandstone.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Recommendations for the Venezuelan uranium program include 1) the systematic collection of a mass general radiometric data by examining sample collections, expanding the gamma-ray program, encouraging the use of Geiger counter by field geologists, and by enlisting the aid of the general public; 2) , the examination of specific areas or localities, chosen on the basis of geologic favorability from the results of the amassing of data, or obtained by hints and rumors; 3), the organization of a unit within the Direccion Tecnica de Geologica to direct, collection, and collate metric data.</p>\n<br>\n<p>It is emphasized that to be most fruitful the program requires the application of sounds and imaginative geologic theory.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei222","usgsCitation":"Wyant, D., Sharp, W.N., and Rodriguez, C.P., 1953, Radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 222, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei222.","productDescription":"116 p.","numberOfPages":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288255,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0222/report.pdf"}],"country":"Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.35,0.65 ], [ -73.35,12.49 ], [ -59.81,12.49 ], [ -59.81,0.65 ], [ -73.35,0.65 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3fde4b09e18fc023a8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyant, Donald G.","contributorId":75950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyant","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, William N.","contributorId":18751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, Carlos Ponte","contributorId":26223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"Ponte","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":71244,"text":"tei172 - 1953 - Preliminary reconnaissance survey for thorium, uranium, and rare-earth oxides, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-03T12:51:26","indexId":"tei172","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T09:23:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"172","title":"Preliminary reconnaissance survey for thorium, uranium, and rare-earth oxides, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>An area about 6 miles north of Sundance, in the Bear Lodge Mountains, in Crook County, Wyo., was examined during August 1950 for thorium, uranium, and rare-earth oxides and samples were collected.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Uranium is known to occur in fluorite veins and iron-manganese veins and in the igneous rocks of Tertiary age that compose the core of the Bear Lodge Mountains. The uranium content of the samples ranges from 0.001 to 0.015 percent in those from the fluorite veins, from 0.005 to 0.018 percent in those from the iron-manganese veins, and from 0.001 to 0.017 percent in those from the igneous rocks. The radioactivity of the samples is more than that expected from the uranium content. Thorium accounts for most of this discrepancy. The thorium oxide content of samples ranges from 0.07 to 0.25 percent in those from the iron-manganese veins and from 0.07 to 0.39 percent in those from the sedimentary rocks, and from0.04 to 0.30 in those from the igneous rocks.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Rare-earth oxides occur in iron-manganese veins and in zones of altered igneous rocks. The veins contain from 0.16 to 12.99 percent rare-earth oxides, and the igneous rocks, except for two localities, contain from 0.01 to 0.42 percent rare-earth oxides. Inclusions of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in the intrusive rocks contain from 0.07 to 2.01 percent rare-earth oxides.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei172","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Wilmarth, V., and Johnson, D.H., 1953, Preliminary reconnaissance survey for thorium, uranium, and rare-earth oxides, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 172, Report: 26 p.; 2 Plates: 30.99 x 29.34 inches and 15.10 x 20.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei172.","productDescription":"Report: 26 p.; 2 Plates: 30.99 x 29.34 inches and 15.10 x 20.60 inches","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei172.jpg"},{"id":285601,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0172/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":285602,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0172/table-4.pdf"},{"id":285603,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0172/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Crook County","otherGeospatial":"Bear Lodge Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.0874,44.1791 ], [ -105.0874,45.0004 ], [ -104.0546,45.0004 ], [ -104.0546,44.1791 ], [ -105.0874,44.1791 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559528e4b0120853e8c151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilmarth, V.R.","contributorId":20803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmarth","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011074,"text":"70011074 - 1953 - Systematic variation of rare earths in monazite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-23T18:00:21.140045","indexId":"70011074","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Systematic variation of rare earths in monazite","docAbstract":"<p>Ten monazites from widely scattered localities have been analyzed for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Y and Th by means of a combined chemical and emission spectrographic method. The analytical results, calculated to atomic percent of total rare earths (thorium excluded), show a considerable variation in the proportions of every element except praseodymium, which is relatively constant.</p><p>The general variation trends of the elements may be calculated by assuming that the monazites represent different stages in a fractional precipitation process, and by assuming that there is a gradational increase in the precipitability of rare earth elements with decreasing ionic radius. Fractional precipitation brings about an increase in lanthanum and cerium, little change in praseodymium, and a decrease in neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, and yttrium.</p><p>Deviations from the calculated lines of variation consist of a simultaneous, abnormal increase or decrease in the proportions of cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium with antipathetic decrease or increase in the proportions of the other elements. These deviations are ascribed to abnormally high or low temperatures that affect the precipitability of the central trio of elements (Ce, Pr, Nd) relatively more than that of the other elements.</p><p>The following semiquantitative rules have been found useful in describing the composition of rare earths from monazite:</p><dl class=\"list\"><dt class=\"list-label\">1. The sum of lanthanum and neodymium is very nearly a constant at 42 ± 2 atomic percent.</dt><dt class=\"list-label\">2. Praseodymium is very nearly constant at 5 ± 1 atomic percent.</dt><dt class=\"list-label\">3. The sum of Ce, Sm, Gd, and Y is very nearly a constant at 53 ± 3 atomic percent. No correlation could be established between the content of Th and that of any of the rare earth elements.</dt></dl>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(53)90058-1","usgsCitation":"Murata, K.J., Rose, H.J., and Carron, M.K., 1953, Systematic variation of rare earths in monazite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 4, no. 6, p. 292-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(53)90058-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba370e4b08c986b31fcd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, H. J. Jr.","contributorId":79465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carron, M. K.","contributorId":59492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carron","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011089,"text":"70011089 - 1953 - Method for determination of small amounts of rare earths and thorium in phosphate rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:28","indexId":"70011089","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Method for determination of small amounts of rare earths and thorium in phosphate rocks","docAbstract":"In laboratory investigations, interest developed in the possible rare-earth content of phosphate samples from Florida and the northwestern United States. Because of the difficulty of making chemical determinations of traces of individual rare earths, a combined chemical-spectrographic method was investigated. After removal of iron by the extraction of the chloride with ether, the rare earths and thorium are concentrated by double oxalate precipitation, using calcium as a carrier. The rare earths are freed from calcium by an ammonium hydroxide precipitation with a fixed amount of aluminum as a carrier. The aluminum also serves as an internal standard in the final spectrographic analysis. The method will determine from 0.02 to 2 mg. of each rare earth with an error no greater than 10%. The investigation has resulted in a fairly rapid and precise procedure, involving no special spectrographic setup. The method could be applied to other types of geologic materials with the same expected accuracy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Waring, C.L., and Mela, H., 1953, Method for determination of small amounts of rare earths and thorium in phosphate rocks: Analytical Chemistry, v. 25, no. 3, p. 432-435.","startPage":"432","endPage":"435","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a554ee4b0c8380cd6d1a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waring, C. L.","contributorId":96355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waring","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mela, H. Jr.","contributorId":68033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mela","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70159230,"text":"tei138 - 1952 - Geology of the Quartz Creek Pegmatite District, Gunnison County Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T10:48:25","indexId":"tei138","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"138","title":"Geology of the Quartz Creek Pegmatite District, Gunnison County Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The Quartz Creek pegmatite district includes an area about 29 square miles in the vicinity of Quartz Creek in Gunnison County,. Colo. This area contains 1,803 pegmatites that are intruded into pre-Cambrian rocks.</p>\n<p>The rocks exposed in the district range in age from pre-Cambrian to Recent. The oldest pre-Cambrian rocks are chiefly quartzites interbedded with a few arkoses and conglomerates. These rocks are surrounded by more abundant hornblende gneiss and tonalite. A small body of biotite tonalite was intruded and two thin layers of dacitic pillow lava were extruded into this series. The hornblende gneiss and tonalite have the same composition and differ only in texture. The older material (hornblende gneiss) has a well-marked lineation, whereas the younger (tonalite) is equigranular. Subsequently, a large body of quartz monzonite was intruded along the northern boundary of the mapped area. Later, coarse-grained granite was intruded into the southern part of the area. Dikes of fine-grained granite cut the coarse-grained variety.&nbsp; The last period of intrusive activity in pre-Cambrian time is marked by a large number of pegmatites.</p>\n<p>The pre-Cambrian rocks were tilted and eroded, and the flatlying&nbsp; Jurassic Morrison formation was deposited on the irregular surface. This formation is conformably overlain by the Cretaceous Dakota sandstone. Faulting produced a vertical offset of 410 feet in the Mesozoic sediments along the only large fault in the area. At the end of Mesozoic time there was another period of erosion. Tertiary (?) tuff is exposed in small, scattered areas in the southern part of the district. It overlies both the Dakota sandstone and pre-Cambrian formations. Glacial till occurs along the edges of Quartz Creek and Wood Gulch. Quaternary alluvium fills the valley bottoms.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Although the composition of the country rock has little effect on the shape of the pegmatites, the foliation imposed on this rock has a localizing effect and in part controls the ultimate shape of pegmatites.&nbsp; &nbsp;Zoned and related internal structures are not well developed in the pegmatites of this region. &nbsp;Many of the pegmatites are homogeneous and those that are zoned usually contain a large wall zone and small discontinuous cores. In addition to the more common homogeneous and zoned pegmatites, 7 percent of the pegmatites show a layered structure of textural and mineralogical units not repeated on the opposite side of the pegmatite. Other internal structural units include pegmatites which vary in composition along strike, multiple or &ldquo;line-rock pegmatites&rdquo; and fracture fillings.</p>\n<p>The mineralogy of the pegmatites is described in detail. &nbsp;Specific attention was given to most of the 27 observed minerals. A study of the index of refraction of 439 specimens of plagioclase showed that the variation from zone to zone and layer to layer is minor and that there is no systematic variation in respect to the entire district. No correlation could be found between the refractive index of plagioclase in the pegmatites and the type country rock, or the presence of various accessory minerals.</p>\n<p>Index of refraction determinations on 95 specimens of muscovite showed no constant variation from wall zone to core or from layer to layer. &nbsp;Curved muscovite has identical optical properties with the flat variety. The index of refraction was determined for 189 beryl specimens. The beryl in the pegmatites containing only a wall zone and a core showed no difference between zones, but in pegmatites that have intermediate zones, the indices of refraction of the beryl showed an inward increase in the alkali content from the contact. Beryl occurs with almost all of the pegmatite minerals and is not restricted in its mineral associations.</p>\n<p>Tourmaline, except the black variety, is associated with lepidolite. Dark green and blue tourmaline is found in the outer zones of pegmatites containing lepidolite, and the pink and light green varieties are found in direct contact with lepidolite.</p>\n<p>Lepidolite occurs in aggregates of fine grains, in flat plates, and in curved plates; the three varieties are optically identical. The lighter-colored varieties have higher indices of refraction and contain less lithia than the darker varieties.</p>\n<p>In addition, the occurrence of the following minerals is described in detail: perthite, quartz, martite, biotite, garnet, columbite-tantalite, monazite, microlite, topaz, gahnite, allanite, and an unidentified mineral.</p>\n<p>The lack of alteration in the wall rocks adjacent to the pegmatites is interpreted as indicating that the original pegmatite&nbsp; magma did not have an excess of materials such as B, OH-, and P that are needed to form alteration minerals. Because of their low concentration, the above materials were available only in the pegmatitic magma during its crystallization. Pegmatites that contain the rare minerals such as beryl, tourmaline, curved muscovite, biotite, magnetite, monazite, columbite-tantalite, cleavelandite, topaz, lepidolite, and microlite show a grouping in clusters within the district.</p>\n<p>Beryl-bearing pegmatites occur most abundantly in hornblende gneiss and are only rarely found in either granite or quartz monzonite. The types of minerals that form in a pegmatite appear to be determined by the character of the material segregated from the original magma and the period in which it segregated. The elements escape at one period and may be from only-a specific pocket in the magma. These liquids tend to form groups of pegmatites in which the later bodies contain a high proportion of volatiles.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Inferred reserves of the district are estimated for beryl, scrap mica, both hand-cobbing and milling feldspar, lepidolite, columbite-tantalite, topaz, monazite, and microlite. No sheet mica was found. Reserves are small and transportation costs are high so substantial production of low-priced feldspar and scrap mica will depend on the adoption of economica milling techniques for recovering the large quantities of feldspar available.&nbsp; Beryl is irregularly distributed and its recovery as a byproduct will depend on the establishment of a stable market for feldspar and scrap mica.&nbsp; Lepidolite reserves are small low grade.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei138","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., and Trites, A., 1952, Geology of the Quartz Creek Pegmatite District, Gunnison County Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 138, Report: 288 p.; 11 Plates: 29.61 x 46.75 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei138.","productDescription":"Report: 288 p.; 11 Plates: 29.61 x 46.75 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"297","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei138.PNG"},{"id":310797,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":310796,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":310798,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 9"},{"id":310799,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-16.pdf","text":"Figure 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 16"},{"id":310800,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-17.pdf","text":"Figure 17","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 17"},{"id":310801,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-18.pdf","text":"Figure 18","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 18"},{"id":310802,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-19.pdf","text":"Figure 19","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 19"},{"id":310803,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-20.pdf","text":"Figure 20","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 20"},{"id":310804,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-21.pdf","text":"Figure 21","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 21"},{"id":310805,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-22.pdf","text":"Figure 22","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 22"},{"id":310806,"rank":12,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-27.pdf","text":"Figure 27","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 27"},{"id":310807,"rank":13,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/138/figure-28.pdf","text":"Figure 28","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 28"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison 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Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trites, A.F.","contributorId":25196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trites","given":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20331,"text":"ofr52110 - 1952 - Geologic setting of the Mountain Pass rare earth deposits, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr52110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"52-110","title":"Geologic setting of the Mountain Pass rare earth deposits, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The Mountain Pass district is in a block of pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks bounded on the east and south by the alluvium of Ivanpah Valley. This block is separated from Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks on the west by the Clark Mountain normal fault, and the northern boundary of the district is a prominent transverse fault. The pre-Cambrian metamorphic complex comprises a great variety of lithologic types including garnetiferous mica gneisses and schists; biotite-garnet-sillimenite gneiss; hornblende gneiss, schist, and amphibolite; biotite gneiss and schist; granitic gneisses and migmatites; pegmatites; and minor amounts of foliated mafic rocks.\r\n\r\nThe rare earth-bearing carbonate rocks are related to potash-rich igneous rocks, of uncertain age, that cut the metamorphic complex. The larger potash-rich intrusive masses, 300 or more feet wide, comprise one granite, two syenite, and four composite shonkinite-syenite bodies. One of the shonkinite-syenite stocks is more than a mile long. Several hundred relatively thin dikes of these potash-rich rocks range in composition, and generally decreasing age, from biotite shonkinite through syenite to granite. A few thin fine-grained shonkinite dikes cut the granite. These potash-rich rocks are cut by east-trending andesitic dikes and by faults.\r\n\r\nVeins of carbonate rock are most abundant in and near the southwest side of the largest shonkinite-syenite body. Although most veins are less than 6 feet thick, one mass of carbonate rock near the Sulphide Queen min4e is 600 feet in maximum width and 2,400 feet long. About 200 veins have been mapped in the district; their aggregate surface area is probably less than one-tenth that of the large carbonate mass.\r\n\r\nThe carbonate materials, which make up about 60 percent of the veins and the large carbonite body, are chiefly calcite, dolomite, ankerite, and siderite. The other constituents are barite, bastnaesite and perisite, quartz, and variable small quantities of crocidolite, biotite, phlogopite, chlorite, muscovite, apatite, iron oxides, fluorite, monazite, galena, allanite, sphene, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, malachite, azurite, corussite, wulfenite, aragonite, and thorite. The rare earth oxide content in most of the carbonate rock is less than 13 percent, but in some local concentrations of bastnaesite the content is as high as 40 percent.\r\n\r\nThe origin of the carbonate rocks and related potash-rich igneous rocks is considered in the light of similar associations of carbonate and alkalinic rocks in Sweden, Norway, Russia, South Africa, and the United States. The carbonate rock may have originated (1) as a pre-Cambrian limestone or evaporate sequence in the gneisses; (2) by reaction between magma and the Paleozoic dolomite and limestone overlying the pre-Cambrian complex; (3) by alteration of pre-Cambrian gneisses by emanations from an unknown deep-seated source; or (4) by differentiation of an alkaline magma from shonkinite to syenite to granite, leading to a final carbonate-rich fraction, containing the rare elements, which was emplaced either as a concentrated or a dilute solution. The fourth hypothesis is considered the most plausible.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr52110","usgsCitation":"Olson, J.C., 1952, Geologic setting of the Mountain Pass rare earth deposits, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 52-110, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr52110.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49860,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0110/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49861,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0110/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6881a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Jerry Chipman","contributorId":57869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"Chipman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":71298,"text":"tei239 - 1952 - The determination of small amounts of rare earths in phosphate rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:33","indexId":"tei239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"239","title":"The determination of small amounts of rare earths in phosphate rocks","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei239","usgsCitation":"Waring, C., and Mela, H., 1952, The determination of small amounts of rare earths in phosphate rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 239, 20 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei239.","productDescription":"20 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66866e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waring, Claude L.","contributorId":52241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waring","given":"Claude L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mela, Henry Jr.","contributorId":31472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mela","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14921,"text":"ofr53166 - 1952 - The Permian phosphorite deposits of western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-08T17:09:17.21084","indexId":"ofr53166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-166","title":"The Permian phosphorite deposits of western United States","docAbstract":"<p>The Permian marine phosphorite deposits of the western United States were laid down in the Phosphoria formation and its partial stratigraphic equivalents over an area of about 135,000 square miles in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. The deposits in the eastern part of the field lie on the western margin of the structurally simple North American craton. The rocks there consist of a few thin, locally glauconitic, nodular phosphorites, generally containing less than 30 percent P<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub>, interbedded with nodular limestones, calcareous mudstones, and sandstones. Eastward these marine beds tongue out into continental redbeds. The deposits in the western part of the field are a part of the complexly folded Cordilleran miogeosyncline. The facies there are of a deeper-water type and include thick phosphorite layers containing as much as 35 percent P<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5&nbsp; </sub><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">b</span>lack phosphatic mudstones, limestones, and well-bedded black cherts.</p><p>The phosphorite deposits are composed chiefly of colloform carbonate-fluorapatite, quartz, and clay. In addition to phosphorus, they contain several minor elements that are of potential economic interest. The most important of these are fluorine, vanadium, chromium, nickel, rare earths, zinc, and uranium.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr53166","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., Swanson, R.W., and Sheldon, R.P., 1952, The Permian phosphorite deposits of western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-166, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53166.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0166/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n   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,{"id":60854,"text":"mf4 - 1952 - Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits, Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15942,"text":"ofr52137 - 1952 - Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits of the Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California","indexId":"ofr52137","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits of the Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":60854,"text":"mf4 - 1952 - Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits, Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California","indexId":"mf4","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits, Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T14:17:58","indexId":"mf4","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits, Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"<p>In April 1949 a deposit containing considerable quantities of the rare mineral bastnaesite - the fluorocarbonate of cerium, lanthanum, and other rare earths - was discovered near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, Calif.&nbsp; Small quantities of bastnaesite have been found in several places in the United States, but this area is the first that offers promise of being a commercial source of cerium, lanthanum, and other rare earths.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf4","usgsCitation":"Sharp, W.N., and Pray, L., 1952, Geologic map of bastnaesite deposits, Birthday claims, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 4, 47.39 x 41.05 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf4.","productDescription":"47.39 x 41.05 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"600","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.5,35.5 ], [ -115.5,35.5 ], [ -115.5,35.5 ], [ -115.5,35.5 ], [ -115.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a29f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, W. N.","contributorId":21958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pray, L.C.","contributorId":49433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pray","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71237,"text":"tei139 - 1952 - Pegmatites of the Crystal Mountain district, Larimer County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T13:28:29","indexId":"tei139","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T11:37:40","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"139","title":"Pegmatites of the Crystal Mountain district, Larimer County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The Front Range of Colorado is composed chiefly of schists of the pre-Cambrian Idaho Springs formation which have been intruded by a variety of granitic batholiths. In the Crystal Mountain district the Mount Olympus granite, a satellite of the Longs Peak batholith, forms sills and essentially concordant multiple intrusions in quartz-mica schist that dips southward at moderate to steep angles. A great number of pegmatites accompanied and followed the intrusion of the sills, and formed concordant and discordant bodies in schist and granite.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Over 1,300 pegmatites in the Hyatt area north of the Big Thompson River are mapped and individually described. There are 27 pegmatites in the area that are made up of a wall zone and a core, and one, the pegmatite at the Hyatt mine, is composed of five zones. The largest pegmatites in the area are discordant in schist and occupy zones that are interpreted to be tear faults and tension fractures produced by the successive intrusions of granite that formed multiple sills. The majority of pegmatites in the large multiple sills were emplaced along the foliation and fractures.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The composition of 96 percent of the pegmatites is granitic, 3.5 percent are quartz-rich pegmatites, and a few are tourmaline-rich. The pegmatites were intruded over a period of time and probably were derived from a granitic magma at different stages during differentiation. Solutions escaping from many of the pegmatites tournalinized and silicified the wall rocks for a few inches to two feet, but chemical and spectrographic analyses fail to show the transport of any other constituents.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Perthite, plagioclase, and quartz are the essential minerals of the pegmatites, and muscovite is a minor but widespread constituent. Tourmaline, garnet, beryl, and apatite are common accessory minerals, and lithiophillitite-triphylite, bismuthinite, uraninite, columbite-tantalite, and chrysoberyl are rare constituents. Beryl is found in 250 or 27 percent of the pegmatites and makes up 0.01 percent or more of 77 bodies. The beryl-bearing pegmatites are richest in two of the three large granite masses, and are somewhat less rich at a distance of more than a thousand feet from the margins of the intrusives, but contain the least beryl in the thousand-foot belt immediately surrounding the intrusives. The Hyatt pegmatite is by far the richest deposit of beryl in the area mapped.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Most of the pegmatites mapped are \"unzoned\" or homogeneous pegmatites. All gradations are visible between bodies consisting of uniform texture and mineral distribution to zoned pegmatites. The interpretation is made that, for most pegmatites, the initial composition determines whether or not zones will form. Pegmatites containing many zones can form from a magma composed of the elements in perthite, plagioclase, quartz, and muscovite, depending on the proportions of the components crystallizing at any given time. The complexly zoned deposits depend for their formation on the presence of a number of the rarer elements, principally lithium. Replacement textures in zones result from the interaction of the rest-liquid with the earlier-formed solid crystals. No mappable pegmatite in the Crystal Mountain district formed from the replacement of pre-existing pegmatite by solutions escaping from the rest-liquid, or by solutions originating outside the pegmatite.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Three beryl-bearing zoned pegmatites, the Hyatt, Big Boulder, and Buckhorn Mica deposits, were explored by core drilling. Each deposit is mapped and described in detail, and the mineral reserves evaluated. The exploration indicates a total of 2,000 tons of beryl, of which 480 tons is estimated to be recoverable by hand sorting. The mapping of the 3 3/4-square mile Hyatt area indicates beryl in sufficient abundance to infer beryl resources of an additional 1,150 tons.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Small tonnages of scrap mica and perthite may be obtained from the Hyatt and Big Boulder prospects, and columbite-tantalite may occur in sufficient amounts at the Buckhorn Mica mine and Tantalum claim to produce several hundred pounds as a byproduct of beryl mining. Dumps at the various deposits contain 25 to 50 tons of beryl.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei139","usgsCitation":"Thurston, W.R., 1952, Pegmatites of the Crystal Mountain district, Larimer County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 139, 167 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei139.","productDescription":"167 p.","numberOfPages":"168","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289924,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0139/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Larimer County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.1954,40.2578 ], [ -106.1954,40.9984 ], [ -104.9431,40.9984 ], [ -104.9431,40.2578 ], [ -106.1954,40.2578 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa9dfae4b065055fab1674","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurston, William R.","contributorId":9712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurston","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70274620,"text":"70274620 - 1952 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:26:41.686143","indexId":"70274620","displayToPublicDate":"1952-01-01T10:23:19","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1952","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1952, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1952, 261 p.","productDescription":"261 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503182,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274620/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":50940,"text":"ofr5138 - 1951 - Geologic map of the baritic carbonate body near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-20T20:10:45.108918","indexId":"ofr5138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51-38","title":"Geologic map of the baritic carbonate body near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"<p>A geologic map of an important deposit of rare earth metals studied recently by Geological Survey geologists near Mountain Pass, California has been completed Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman announced today. The discovery of this deposit was announced on January 16, and because of the great interest that has been shown in the deposit, the map is being made available for public inspection immediately, Secretary Chapman explained.</p><p>The deposit covered by this map is in San Bernardino County, California near where prospectors made the original discovery on the Birthday claims in 1949. Subsequent studies by the Geological Survey have shown that an area roughly 6 miles long and 2 miles wide, extending southeast from the original discovery, contains a number of other rare carth-bearing deposits, including the large ore body covered by this map.</p><p>This ore body is made up largely of a carbonate mineral and barite, but contains significant quantities of the rare earth mineral, bastnasite as well. It is exposed over an area 2,400 feet long and 400 feet wide.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr5138","usgsCitation":"Sharp, W.N., and Olson, J.C., 1951, Geologic map of the baritic carbonate body near Mountain Pass, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 51-38, Report: 6 p.; 1 Plate: 25.01 x 27.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5138.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; 1 Plate: 25.01 x 27.99 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86409,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0038/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177954,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":465414,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0038/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.89975427742033,\n              35.42429043114734\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89975427742033,\n              32.545930620983015\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.00850381183034,\n              32.545930620983015\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.00850381183034,\n              35.42429043114734\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89975427742033,\n              35.42429043114734\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, William N.","contributorId":18751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Jerry Chipman","contributorId":57869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"Chipman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70222243,"text":"70222243 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Shaviovik and upper Sagavanirktok Rivers area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T18:56:35.587678","indexId":"70222243","displayToPublicDate":"1951-11-01T17:28:33","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"36","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Shaviovik and upper Sagavanirktok Rivers area, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>During the 1951 field season, U. S. Geological Survey Navy Oil Unit party 1 conducted stratigraphic and structural studies of the rocks in the area between the westernmost fork of the Shaviovik River and the East Kuparuk River. This area is drained by the Sagavanirktok River and its major tributaries; the Echooka River, the Ivishak River, and Lupine River. Owing to the nature of the investigation, the studies were confined to a relatively narrow geographic strip, rarely exceeding a distance of 20 miles north of the northernmost occurrence of the Lisburne limestone of the Brooks Range province. The work was thus conducted in an area of approximately 2,000 square miles, which lies wholly within the Brooks and Arctic Foothill provinces; within this area approximately 1,000 square miles was mapped geologically.</p><p>The party consisted of six men: A. S. Keller and R. L. Detterman, geologists; I. W. Marine and D. E. Reed, field assistants; L. G. Barbin, cook-field assistant; and T. F. Derrington, weasel mechanic. The party utilized 3 weasels for transportation of equipment and personnel during the season, during which time 15 camps ware established. Work was initiated on the Shaviovik River on May 24, 1951, and the party concluded its investigations on the Kuparuk River drainage on August 24, 1951.</p><p>In 1947, G. Gryc and E. H. Lathram conducted reconnaissance studies of the rocks in the vicinity of camps 12-15 (pl. 1); and during the same year, G. Gryn visited outcrops on the Ivishak River in the vicinity of camps 6-7 (pl. 1). These studies were made by the Navy Oil Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey in conjunction with the investigations of NPR-4. No other work of a geologic nature had been done in the area in the past.</p><p>The primary objective of the 1951 party was the correlation of the Mesozoic and upper Paleozoic strata of the foothills province west of the Itkillik River, with that of the Shaviovik and Canning Rivers region. A secondary objective was to determine the cause of the pronounced northeasterly swing in the trend of the Brooks Range front in the Sagavanirktok drainage and to determine the structural implications of this swing.</p><p>The area was mapped at a scale of 1:20,000 on vertical photographs and transferred to trimetrogon drainage maps at a scale of 1:48,000 and 1:96, 00. An altimeter traverse was carried concurrently with the geologic mapping.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222243","usgsCitation":"Keller, A.S., and Detterman, R.L., 1951, Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the Shaviovik and upper Sagavanirktok Rivers area, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 36, Report: 19 p.; 5 Plates: 57.68 x 19.77 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222243.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p.; 5 Plates: 57.68 x 19.77 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401561,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396886,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":387351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74585.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401562,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401560,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401559,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401558,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401557,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Shaviovik and upper Sagavanirktok Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.25,\n              68.6167\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.1667,\n              68.6167\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.1667,\n              69.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.25,\n              69.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.25,\n              68.6167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, A. Samuel","contributorId":287142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Samuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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